ICT 306 Lab Reports

INDEX
Experiment Name of the experiment

no:
01 Calculate for Graded Index Fiber( Using Matlab)
a) Numerical aperture (NA)
b) V number (V)
c) Check whether the fiber is single or multi-mode.
d) Graph between V number and Wavelength(λ)
e) Cut-off wavelength (𝝀c)
f) Number of modes traveling in the fiber (Ms)
02 Calculate for Graded Index Fiber( Using Matlab)

a) Graphical representation of core refractive index n1[r] w.r.t. radius(a)
b) Of core for different profile parameters
c) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r] w.r.t. radius of
d) core (r) for different profile parameters
e) Acceptance Angle (θa) for given value of radius
f) Where 0 < r <= a , ∆ = refractive index difference
03 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

a) Numerical aperture
b) Acceptance angle
c) Solid acceptance angle
d) Propagation constant
04 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

a) Propagation constant (𝛽)
b) Normalized propagation constant (b)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single or multi-mode
e) Graph between normalized propagation constant and V number
f) Cut-off wavelength (𝝀c)
g) Number of modes traveling in the fiber (Ms)
05 To study and analyze FDM using MATLAB
06 To study and analyze TDM using MATLAB

Experiment no: 01
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Graded Index Fibers
(using MATLAB):
a) Numerical aperture (NA)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single mode or multi mode.
e) Graph between V number and wavelength (λ)
f) Cut off wavelength (λc)
g) Number of modes traveling in fiber (Ms)

Solved:
Experimental table:
Input Boundary limits for Formula Expected Units
inputs output
NA n1 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (n12 - n22 )1/ 2
and and 0.14 to unit
n2 n1 > n2 0.20 less
V (a 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2 0 to 12 unit

and and or and less
λ and n1 > n2 and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405
n1 and
1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm for single
n2) 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 mode
or μm and
(a and V>2.405
NA for
and multimode
λ) fiber
2w a and 0.8< V< 2.5 2a * [0.65+(1.619/ V3/2)+(2.879/ V6)] w<a μm

V

The Matlab Code:
clc;
clear all;
d=input('diameter of core in micrometer=');
n1=input('index of core=');
n2=input('index of cladding=');
%NA=((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);
NA = 0.13;
d=d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer
Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in

nanometer=');%800 to 1600 nanometer
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;
disp('Numerical Aperture = ');
disp(NA);
disp('V number = ');
disp(Vnumber);
if Vnumber < 2.405
disp('The fiber is singe-mode');
else
disp('The fiber is multi-mode');
end
MFD = 2*(d/2)*(0.65+(1.619/(Vnumber^(3/2)))+2.879/(Vnumber^6));
MFD = round(MFD);
MFD = MFD/1000;%convert MFD to micrometer
disp('mode field diameter in micrometer = ');
disp(MFD);
Experiment no: 02
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Graded Index
Fibers(using MATLAB):
a) Graphical representation of core refractive index n1[r] w.r.t. radius(a)
of core for different profile parameters.
b) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r] w.r.t. radius of
core (r) for different profile parameters.
c) Acceptance Angle (θa) for given value of radius
Where 0 < r <= a , ∆ = refractive index difference
Solved:
Experimental table:
Input Boundary limits Formula Expected Units
output
for inputs
∆ n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 (n1[0] 2 - n22) / ( 2 n12) 0.001 to 0.10 unit
less
and and
n2 n1[0] > n2
n1[r] n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 n1[0] * (1-2∆(r/a)α)1/2 n1[0] < n1[r] <
n2
and and unit
less
∆ n1[0] > n2
and and
a 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm
and and
α 0 < r <= a
1< α < ∞
NA[0] n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 (n1[0]2 - n22)1/ 2 0.14 to 0.20 unit
less
and and
n2 n1[0] > n2
NA[r] NA[0] 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm NA[0] * (1-(r/a)α)1/2 unit

less
and and
a 0 < r <= a
θa (n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1 [NA[0] *

(1-(r/a)α)1/2]
and and 00 to 250 degree
or
n2 n1[0] > n2
Sin-1(NA[r])
and r)
or
NA[r]
The Matlab Code:

clc;
clear all;
disp ('fundamentals of graded index fibers');
d = input('enter the diameter of core in micrometer =');
d = d*1000; %converting micrometer to nanometer
n1axis = input ('enter the index at core axis =');
n2 = input ('enter the index of cladding =');

alpha = input ('enter profile parameter =');
r = input ('enter the radius in micrometer at which acceptance angle is to be fined =');
a = d/2;
del = ((n1axis^2)-(n2^2))/(2*(n1axis^2));
NAaxis = (((n1axis) ^2)-(n2^2)) ^ (1/2);
R = [0:1:a];
n1r = n1axis;
NA = NAaxis;
l = a+1;
for i = R (1, 2): R(1,l)
n1r = [n1r, n1axis*((1-(2*del*((i/a) âlpha))) ^ (1/2))];
NA = [NA, NAaxis*((1- (i/a) âlpha) ^ (1/2))];
end
theta = asind (NAaxis*((1- (r/a) âlpha) ^ (1/2)));
disp ('the value of acceptance angle in degree is =');
disp (theta);
subplot (1, 2, 1);
plot(R, n1r);
title ('refractive index in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');
xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');
ylabel ('refractive index (unitless) ---->');
grid;
subplot (1, 2, 2);
plot(R, NA);
title ('Numerical Aperture in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');
xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');
ylabel ('numerical aperture (unitless) ---->');
grid;
Experiment no: 03
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Step Index Fibers(using
MATLAB):
a)Numerical aperture
b)Acceptance angle
c)Solid acceptance angle
d)Propagation constant
Solved:
Experimental table:
required inputs output
NA n1 and n2 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (n12 - n22 )1/ 2
and 0.14 to 0.20 unit
n1 > n2 less
θa (n1 and n2 ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1[(n12 - n22)1/ 2]
or
and or 00 to 250 degree
NA
n1 > n2 Sin-1(NA)
Ω (n1 and n2 ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 π(n12 - n22)
or
and or
NA
n1 > n2 π(NA)2 radian
or
or
θa
πθa2
β (n1 , n2 ,λ)
1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(θa)
or and or
(n1 ,θa , λ) n1 > n2 (2π n1 / (2πn1/ λ) < degree/μm
λ)Cos(Sin-1[(n12 -n22)1/2]) β<
and (2πn2 /λ)

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm
The matlab Code:
clc;
clear all;
disp('fundamental of step index fibers');
n1 = input('enter the index of core =');
n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');
lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer

=');
NA = ((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);
disp('numerical aperture of fiber is =');
disp(NA);
theta = asind(NA);
disp('Acceptance angle of fiber in degree is =');
disp(theta);
ohm = pi*(NA^2);
disp('solid acceptance angle of fiber in radian is =');
disp(ohm);
beta = (2*pi*n1/lamda)*cos(theta);
disp('Propagation constant of fiber in degree per micrometer is =');
disp(beta);
Experiment no: 04
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Step Index Fibers(using
MATLAB):

a) Propagation constant (β)

b) Normalized propagation constant (b)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single mode or multi mode.
e) Graph between normalized propagation constant (b) and V number
f) Cut off wavelength (λc)
g) Number of modes traveling in fiber (Ms)
Solved:
Experimental table:
required inputs output
NA n1 and n2 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (n12 - n22 )1/ 2
and 0.14 to 0.20 unit less
n1 > n2
θ (n1 and n2) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1[(n12 - n22)1/ 2]
a or
and or 00 to 250 degree
NA
n1 > n2 Sin-1(NA)
β (n1 , n2 ,λ)

1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(θa)
or and or
(n1 ,θa , n1 > n2 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(Sin-1[(n12 -n22)1/2]) (2πn2/λ) degree/μm
λ) < β<
and (2πn1/λ)
1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm
b n1 and
1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 k=2 π / λ 0 to 10 unit less
n2 and
and and
β and n1 > n2 [(β 2/ k2)- n22]/( n12 - n22)
λ and
1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm
and
(2πn2/ λ) < β<

(2πn1 /λ)
V (a and λ 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2 0 to 12 unit less
and n1 and
n2) and or And
or n1 > n2 and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405

for single
(a and NA 1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm mode fiber
and λ) 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 and
μm
V>2.405 for
multimode
fiber
Relation between b b = 1-[{a2(n12k2- β 2)}/ V2 ]

and V
λ (a and Vc 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Vc=2.405(fixed value) μm

c and n1 and

n2) and and
or n1 > n2 (2πa/Vc)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2
(a and NA and or
and Vc) 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 (2πa/Vc) * NA
μm
Ms V V>=10 V2/2 unit less

The Matlab Code:
%calculation of Vc,cutoff wavelength,MFD and their graphical

representation
clc;
clear all;
d = input('diameter of core in micrometer=');
n1 = input('enter the index of core =');
n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');
lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer

=');
NA = ((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);
disp('numerical aperture of fiber is = ');
disp(NA);
theta = asind(NA);
d = d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer
a = d/2;%radius of core
k = 2*pi/lamda;
beta = k*n1*cos(theta);%calculation of propogation constant
disp('propagation constant of fiber is = ');
disp(beta);
b = (((beta^2)/(k^2))-(n2^2))/((n1^2)-(n2^2)); %normalized
propogation constant
disp('Normalized propagation constant of fiber is = ');
disp(b);
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/lamda;
disp('V number = ');
disp(Vnumber);
%find wether fiber is single mode or multi mode

if Vnumber <=2.405
disp('fiber is single mode fiber at given wavelength');
else
disp('fiber is multimode fiber at given wavelength');
end
%graphical representation of V verses normalized propogation

constant(b)
x = [1:1:12];% X-axis b- 1 to 12
y = 1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(1^2))
for i = x(1,2):x(1,12)
y = [y,1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(i^2))];
end
figure(1);
plot(x,y);
grid;
xlabel('Vnumber(unitless)--->');
ylabel('normalized propogatio constant(b)unitless--->');
%graphical representation of V with wavelength
x1=[800:1:2000];% X-axis wavelength from 100 to 4000 range in

nanometer
y1=[(pi*d*NA)/800];
for j=x1(1,2):x1(1,1201)
k=2*pi/j;
y1=[y1,(k*d*NA/2)];
end
Vc = 2.405;
CutoffWavelength = pi*d*NA/Vc;
CutoffWavelength = round(CutoffWavelength);
disp('cutoff wavlength(nm) = ');

disp(CutoffWavelength);
figure(2);
plot(x1,y1);
hold on
h = stem(CutoffWavelength,Vc,'LineWidth',1);
set(h,'MarkerFaceColor','red');
hold off
annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.7976 0.2021

0.0524], 'FitHeightToText','off','BackgroundColor',[1 0.6431
1], 'String',{sprintf('Cutoff wavelength= %s',...
int2str(CutoffWavelength))});
title('variation of normalized frequency with wavelength in step

index fibers');
xlabel('wavelength(nm)--->');
ylabel('V(unitless)--->');
grid;
Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be

calculated in nanometer=');
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;
disp('V number=');
disp(Vnumber);
annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.6976 0.1021

0.0424], 'FitHeightToText', 'off','BackgroundColor',[1 0.6431
1],'String',{sprintf('Vnumber= %s' ,int2str(Vnumber))})
Ms = (Vnumber^2)/2;
disp('number of modes at operating wavelength=');
Ms = round(Ms);
disp(Ms);
Experiment no: 05
Name of the experiment: To study and analyze FDM using
MATLAB .
Solved:
The Matlab code:

% Design and simulation of Frequency Division Multiplexing in MATLAB
clc;
clear all
close all
samples=1000;
% number of users
nos=3;
% modulating signal frequency in Hz
mfreq=[30 40 50 ];
% carrier frequency allocated to the different users in Hz
cfreq=[ 1800 2100 2400];
% choose frequency deviation
freqdev=10;
% generate modulating signal
t=linspace(0,1000,samples);
parfor i=1:nos
m(i,:)=sin(2*pi*mfreq(1,i)*t)+2*sin(pi*8*t);
end
% Generate the modulated signal
parfor i=1:nos
y(i,:)=fmmod(m(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev);
end
% pass the modulated signal through the channel
ch_op=awgn(sum(y),0,'measured');
% demodulate the received signal at the base station
parfor i=1:nos
16
z(i,:)=fmdemod(y(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev);
end
% display the transmitted signal and received signal at the base station
% figure
C = {'k','b','r','g','y',[.5 .6 .7],[.8 .2 .6],[.3 .2 .2]}; % Cell array of colros.
for i=1:nos
figure (1)
hold on
plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i});
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal from different users combined in the channel');
figure
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(m(i,:)) % modulating signal
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulating Signal from user');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i}); % modulated signal
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulated Signal from user');
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(z(i,:),'color',C{i}); % demodulated signal
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('demodulated Signal from user at the base station');
end
figure
plot(ch_op) % combination of all modulated signals passed through the channel
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal after passing through the channel');

The output:
Signal 1:
Signal 2:
Signal 3:
Combined Signal:
Experiment no: 06
Name of the experiment: To study and analyze TDM using
MATLAB .
Solved:
The Matlab Code:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
% Signal generation
x=0:.5:4*pi; % siganal taken upto 4pi
sig1=8*sin(x); % generate 1st sinusoidal signal
l=length(sig1);
sig2=8*triang(l); % Generate 2nd traingular Sigal
% Display of Both Signal
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(sig1);
title('Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(sig2);
title('Triangular Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
% Display of Both Sampled Signal
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(sig1);
title('Sampled Sinusoidal Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(sig2);
title('Sampled Triangular Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
l1=length(sig1);
l2=length(sig2);
for i=1:l1
sig(1,i)=sig1(i); % Making Both row vector to a matrix
sig(2,i)=sig2(i);
end
% TDM of both quantize signal
tdmsig=reshape(sig,1,2*l1);
% Display of TDM Signal
figure
stem(tdmsig);
title('TDM Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
% Demultiplexing of TDM Signal
demux=reshape(tdmsig,2,l1);
for i=1:l1
sig3(i)=demux(1,i); % Converting The matrix into row vectors
sig4(i)=demux(2,i);
end
% display of demultiplexed signal
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(sig3);
title('Recovered Sinusoidal Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(sig4);
title('Recovered Triangular Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
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​INDEX

Experiment Name of the experiment

02 Calculate for Graded Index Fiber( Using Matlab)

03 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

04 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

05 To study and analyze FDM using MATLAB

06 To study and analyze TDM using MATLAB

V (a 1.4 < (n​1 ,​ n​2​) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n​1​2 ​- n​2​2​)​1/ 2 0 to 12 unit

2w a and 0.8< V< 2.5 2a * [0.65+(1.619/ V​3/2​)+(2.879/ V​6​)] w<a μm

d=input('diameter of core in micrometer=');

d=d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer

Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in

disp('Numerical Aperture = ');

disp('V number = ');

if Vnumber < 2.405

disp('The fiber is singe-mode');

disp('The fiber is multi-mode');

MFD = MFD/1000;%convert MFD to micrometer

disp('mode field diameter in micrometer = ');

of core for different profile parameters.

b) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r] w.r.t. radius of

core (r) for different profile parameters.

c) Acceptance Angle (θa) for given value of radius

Where 0 < r <= a , ∆ = refractive index difference

n​2 n​1​[0] ​ >​ n​2

a 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm

n​2 n​1​[0] ​ ​> n​2

NA[r] NA[0] 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm NA[0] * (1-(r/a)​α​)​1/2 unit

θa (n​1​[0] 1.4 < (n​1​[0] , n​2​) < 1.5 Sin​-1​ [NA[0] *

The Matlab Code:

disp ('fundamentals of graded index fibers');

d = input('enter the diameter of core in micrometer =');

d = d*1000; %converting micrometer to nanometer

n1axis = input ('enter the index at core axis =');

n2 = input ('enter the index of cladding =');

NAaxis = (((n1axis) ^2)-(n2^2)) ^ (1/2);

for i = R (1, 2): R(1,l)

n1r = [n1r, n1axis*((1-(2*del*((i/a) ^alpha))) ^ (1/2))];

NA = [NA, NAaxis*((1- (i/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2))];

theta = asind (NAaxis*((1- (r/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2)));

disp ('the value of acceptance angle in degree is =');

subplot (1, 2, 1);

title ('refractive index in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('refractive index (unitless) ---->');

subplot (1, 2, 2);

title ('Numerical Aperture in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('numerical aperture (unitless) ---->');

and 0.14 to 0.20 unit

n​1 >​ n​2 less

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

The matlab Code:

disp('fundamental of step index fibers');

n1 = input('enter the index of core =');

n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');

lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer

disp('numerical aperture of fiber is =');

INDEX

V (a 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2 0 to 12 unit

2w a and 0.8< V< 2.5 2a * [0.65+(1.619/ V3/2)+(2.879/ V6)] w<a μm

n2 n1[0] > n2

n2 n1[0] > n2

NA[r] NA[0] 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm NA[0] * (1-(r/a)α)1/2 unit

θa (n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1 [NA[0] *

n1r = [n1r, n1axis((1-(2del*((i/a) ^alpha))) ^ (1/2))];

n1 > n2 less

n1 > n2

β (n1 , n2 ,λ)

(2πn2/ λ) < β<

or n1 > n2 and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405

Relation between b b = 1-[{a2(n12k2- β 2)}/ V2 ]

λ (a and Vc 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Vc=2.405(fixed value) μm

or n1 > n2 (2πa/Vc)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2

Ms V V>=10 V2/2 unit less

beta = kn1cos(theta);%calculation of propogation constant