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1 - PBR
1 - PBR
Engineering 2
CRE-2
Te k n i k K i m i a U n i v e r s i t a s P e r t a m i n a
Agung Nugroho
Catia Angli Curie
2020
Overall Course Content
Assignments: 20%
Quizes : 20%
UTS : 30%
UAS : 30%
Content Objectives
Advantage Disadvantage
➢ For most reactions, gives highest ➢ Difficult to control T (as with PFR)
conversion per weight of catalyst ➢ Difficult to replace the catalyst
(compare to any catalytic reactor) ➢ Channeling of the gas flow results in
➢ Gases approximate plug flow (easier to ineffective use of parts of the reactor
model) bed
➢ Hot spots may form and may ruin
(damage) the catalyst
Packed Bed Reactor
Hotspot and Channeling
Packed Bed Reactor
Reaction occurs on the surface of the catalyst (solids)
(for the same type of catalyst) if catalyst mass >> → reactive surface area >>
Reaction rate is based on mass of solid catalyst (rather than reactor volume)
3. Write the rate law for the following heterogeneous reaction assuming the reaction follows an elementary rate
law and gas phase reaction. Give the units of 𝑘.
A B + C.
Design Equation of PBR
Analogous with that of PFR (tubular reactor)
𝑑𝐹𝐴 𝑑𝑋
= 𝑟𝐴′ or 𝐹𝐴0
𝑑𝑊
= −𝑟𝐴′
𝑑𝑊
Design Equation of PBR
𝑑𝑋 Integration of design equation as a function of X
𝐹𝐴0 = −𝑟𝐴′
𝑑𝑊 (conversion) depends on the form of CA=f(X)
𝐹𝑖 Θ𝑖 + 𝜈𝑖 𝑋 𝑃 𝑇0
𝐶𝑖 = = 𝐶𝐴0
𝑣 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋 𝑃0 𝑇
Review of :
Concentration in continuous reactor as f(X) in system with variable
volumetric flow rate
To get Fi (stoichiometric table):
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
A +𝑎 B → C + D
𝑎 𝑎
Initial FA0 FB0 FC0 FD0
𝑏 c
FA0 X
d
Reacted - FA0 X - FA0 X 𝑎
FA0 X
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 c
FC0 + FA0 X
d
Remaining FA0 - FA0 X FB0 - FA0 X 𝑎
FD0 + FA0 X
𝑎 𝑎
c d 𝑏
Total Ftotal0 + ( + - - 1) FA0 X = FT0 + 𝛿. FA0 X
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑃0 𝑇 𝐹𝑇 𝑍
To get 𝑣 (simple EoS relation): 𝑣 = 𝑣0
𝑃 𝑇0 𝐹𝑇0 𝑍0
𝐹𝑖 𝐹𝐴 𝐹𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋) (1 − 𝑋) 𝑃 𝑇0
𝐶𝑖 = 𝐶𝐴 = = = 𝐶𝐴0
𝑣 𝑣 𝑃0 𝑇 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋 𝑃0 𝑇
𝑣0 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0
Review of :
Concentration in continuous reactor as f(X) in system with variable
volumetric flow rate
To get Fi (stoichiometric table):
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
A +𝑎 B → C + D
𝑎 𝑎
Initial FA0 FB0 FC0 FD0
𝑏 c
FA0.X
d
Reacted - FA0.X - FA0.X 𝑎
FA0. X
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 c
FC0 + FA0.X
d
Remaining FA0 - FA0.X FB0 - FA0.X 𝑎
F D0 + F A0. X
𝑎 𝑎
c d 𝑏
Total Ftotal 0 + ( + - - 1) FA0.X = FT0 + 𝛿. FA0.X
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑃0 𝑇 𝐹𝑇 𝑃0 𝑇
To get 𝑣 (simple EoS relation): 𝑣 = 𝑣0 = 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋
𝑃 𝑇0 𝐹𝑇0 𝑃 𝑇0
𝐹𝑖0 𝐹𝐴0
where Θ𝑖 = 𝑦𝐴0 =
𝐹𝐴0 𝐹𝑇0
𝐹𝑖 Θ𝑖 + 𝜈𝑖 𝑋 𝑃 𝑇0
The general form: 𝐶𝑖 = = 𝐶𝐴0
𝑣 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋 𝑃0 𝑇 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖
𝜈𝑖 =
Volumetric flow rate 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
Pressure Drop in a PBR
Ergun equation:
𝑃0 𝑇 𝐹𝑇 𝑃 𝑇0 𝐹𝑇𝑜
Since 𝑣 = 𝑣0 Hence, 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑜
𝑃 𝑇0 𝐹𝑇0 𝑃0 𝑇 𝐹𝑇
Or in shorter form:
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
If we need to express the pressure drop as a function of catalyst weight (mass) ⇒
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑊
Pressure Drop in a PBR
Let
𝐹𝑇 𝐹𝑇𝑜 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋
If we’re dealing with single reaction: = = 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋
𝐹𝑇𝑜 𝐹𝑇𝑜
The dP/dW equation become 𝑑𝑝 𝛼 𝑇
=− 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋
𝑑𝑊 2𝑝 𝑇𝑜
when 𝛿 is negative, the pressure drop ΔP < that when 𝛿=0, and vice versa
2 2
𝑑𝑋 𝑘 (1 − 𝑋) 𝑃 𝑇𝑜 𝑘 (1 − 𝑋) 𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑝 𝛼 𝑇
= 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0 𝑝 and =− 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋
𝑑𝑊 𝐹𝐴0 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋 𝑃0 𝑇 𝐹𝐴0 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋 𝑇 𝑑𝑊 2𝑝 𝑇𝑜
Pressure Drop in a PBR
However, in the case when 𝛿=0 or when 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋 <<<1 and isothermal
𝑑𝑝 𝛼 𝑇 𝑑𝑝 𝛼
=− 1 + 𝛿𝑦𝐴0 𝑋 =−
𝑑𝑊 2𝑝 𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑊 2𝑝
2𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝2
Rearranging: = −𝛼 or = −𝛼
𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑊
Levenspiel, O. 1999. “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons.