Navigate c1 Audioscripts

C1 Coursebook audioscripts
Unit 1 Exercise 7b
1.1 Up to speed? Audio 1.4

German-American psychologist Kurt Lewin, one of the
Exercise 5a & c pioneers of organizational psychology, devised a
Audio 1.1 three-step model for the effective management of
1 They’re much better organized than they used to be. change. The first step, which he calls ‘unfreezing’,
2 The more we rush around, the more stressed we concerns explaining why things should be done in
get. another way. This step is very important and a
3 I waited as long as I could. particular approach may be more effective in one
4 are moving far more quickly than we expected. culture than another.
In Anglo-Saxon countries, it’s important to show how

1.2 Managing change
change will benefit the individual. If people can see
Exercise 6 that doing things a different way will help their career
Audio 1.2 or bring a reward, they are more likely to respond
The management of change is one of the most difficult positively.
things for organizations to do well. Many people feel In Scandinavia and the Netherlands, people like to feel
threatened by change and fear of the unknown means a high level of autonomy in their work and believe that
workers often prefer things to stay as they are. they, not managers, fully understand their work. In this
Managers in turn are often anxious about culture, consultation and decision-making by the team
communicating change. This may mean that they don’t is very important.
communicate appropriately or that the team picks up
In countries such as Mexico, Russia and India, people
on their anxiety and becomes nervous in turn.
believe that the person at the top of the company has
a good overview and can make the best decisions.
Exercise 7a
Communication of change should also be done
Audio 1.3 formally, through written documents.
People in different cultures do not respond in the same
In Germany and Austria, the emphasis is on being an
way to approaches to change management. Factors
expert. An expert is believed to be in a position to
which affect the way people react include how much
define new directions. Therefore, anyone who wants to
respect people have for power and those in authority
implement change must first ensure that their
and the importance of the individual versus the group.
knowledge and expertise is recognized. It’s not enough
Another key factor would be how people react towards
just being a manager.
uncertainty – not being sure what is going to happen. If
managers fail to take these factors into account, they The next step in Lewin’s model is known as …
may find workers are highly resistant to change.
NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 1 of 47

building in China – and Pudong is also where the

1.4 Writing and speaking
airport is now. There are loads of shops, museums and
Exercise 2 restaurants – it’s a really lively part of the city.
Audio 1.5 But it’s not just the centre of the city that’s changed –
When we think of the world’s biggest cities, we might the way Shanghai’s growing means they’re constantly
think of places like Tokyo or Mexico City. While these putting up new tower blocks and residential areas all
are certainly big, the map shows us the six fastest- over town. I know some people aren’t happy about
growing cities in the world and the cities which are being moved out of their old houses, but I think the
likely to continue growing rapidly from now till 2020. quality of housing has improved a lot, and most people
None of them are in Europe or the Americas. Five of see it as something positive.
them are in Asia and one is in Africa. I suppose in some ways I think it’s becoming more
The world’s fastest-growing city in terms of population westernized, or maybe more globalized – you see all
is Beihai in the Guangxi region of China. Its location the same stores and chains you would in London or
near Vietnam, Hong Kong and Macao has aided its New York. I think it’s also getting a lot more expensive
economic development, and tourism is also on the because of this. There’s also a much bigger middle
increase. Its average population growth from 2006 to class.
2020 is estimated to be nearly 11% per year. I absolutely love what’s happened in the waterfront
Surat and Ghaziabad are both important industrial area – that’s all really changed. They always seem to
cities in India. Bamako, the capital of Mali, is a centre be building a new expressway or widening an existing
for shipping and industry which has grown due to rural one. The metro’s great – it’s now got, what, something
migration – as has Kabul in Afghanistan. The ancient like twelve lines? And I think they’re building or
city of Sana’a in the Middle Eastern country of Yemen planning to build somewhere in the region of seven
has existed for more than 2,500 years but has grown more – that’s a big improvement.
recently due to the oil industry. One thing that hasn’t changed too much, though, is the
pollution – Shanghai’s a lot better than Beijing, but the
Exercise 7a
air quality’s still not that great. But Shanghai is a much
Audio 1.6 greener city than it used to be – they’ve established a
Shanghai has changed enormously in the last thirty green belt, and there are dozens of parks now – a lot
years or so. I mean, it’s really grown a lot. There are more than there used to be. And, there doesn’t seem
now just under twenty-four million people living here – to be any sign of it stopping – more people are moving
that’s double the population of the late eighties; so the to Shanghai all the time.
past thirty years or so have seen some big changes.
I think the area that’s undergone the most dramatic

change is probably Pudong: it used to be a rural area,
but it’s been completely transformed. They’ve built an
incredible number of skyscrapers, and the skyline has
changed beyond recognition. A lot of the big financial
institutions which used to be in the Bund – that’s
another district – well, they’ve moved to Pudong.
You’ve got the Shanghai Tower – that’s the tallest

Z2 Oh, yes. Just think of a bird’s nest, for example. It’s

Review
so remarkably complex and beautiful that it was
Exercise 3a used as the model for the Olympic stadium in
Beijing. But, I think it’s beaten by the termite’s nest
Audio 1.7
which is utterly astonishing. It’s more like a city than
1 We’re living in a period of great transformation.
a nest. It involves highly sophisticated systems. Did
2 The internet has brought great benefits, but also
you know that inside the environment is
many problems.
temperature-controlled with special ventilation?
3 Change in modern life is being accompanied more
I So it’s air-conditioned?
and more by a sense of nostalgia.
Z2 It certainly is, and what’s more, there are special
4 Future generations will look back on the present day
rooms that store food, contain gardens …
as one of enormous technological advances.
I Gardens?
Z2 … gardens, and of course, house the queen. It’s an
Unit 2 exceedingly impressive piece of work – and just
2.1 Feats of nature made from simple materials like soil and saliva!
I So, Dr Johns, you study animals from which point
Exercises 8 & 9
of view?
Audio 2.1 Z3 Well, I’m particularly interested in how fast animals
I Welcome to Everyday Nature, our weekly look at can travel, but also how long they can travel at the
the world around us. Today we have three fastest speeds. For example, some birds,
zoologists who are going to tell us about animals especially hunting birds like the peregrine falcon,
and their astonishing powers! Let’s start with you, are extraordinarily fast over a short distance – even
Dr Marshall. What’s your area of interest? up to 320 kilometres an hour, if they want to catch a
Z1 OK, so I’ve been investigating sound. There are mouse, for example – but they can’t sustain that
some pretty noisy animals around. For example, over several minutes.
the lion has a seriously loud roar which can be I And it’s fair to say that humans are hopelessly slow
heard kilometres away. when it comes to running and swimming and so on,
I And isn’t there a kind of shrimp which makes an isn’t it?
awfully big click? Z3 That’s true, but we do have a critically important
Z1 That’s right. It’s called the snapping shrimp, and it advantage, which is that we can run for long
makes an astonishingly loud snap that lasts for just distances – much further than any other animal. It’s
one millisecond. But it’s so loud and powerful that it because we have a radically different body
heats up the water around it to a temperature hotter structure. And being able to run for a long time can
than the sun’s surface! But the blue whale is the give you advantages that pure speed doesn’t have.
most impressive of all. Its calls travel more than Not least, you can win marathon races!
1,600 kilometres through the ocean, and are I Well, thank you very much, Dr Johns …
roughly as loud as a very loud rock concert.
I But we humans are unable to hear it, right?
Z1 That’s right.
I Professor Green, I believe your field is building.
There are some notably good builders out there in
the animal world, am I right?

P That sounds like it from Trevor. Now on to our final

2.1 Feats of engineering
contestant in this first round, Lucy. Lucy your time
Exercise 5a on the most significant breakthrough in engineering
starts … now.
Audio 2.2
L OK, well, my answer to the question is a little
P Hello, and welcome to In My Opinion, the radio
unusual. You see, in my opinion the most significant
show in which three contestants have just sixty
breakthrough has not yet happened. According to
seconds to present the best answer to a topical
the National Academy for Engineering in the USA,
question. And of course as usual, our audience
some of the biggest breakthroughs are predicted to
here in the studio will vote after hearing the three
have taken place by the middle of the twenty-first
speakers.
century and I think the most significant is that
Our first question tonight is: ‘What was the most
experts say that by 2040 we will have found new
significant breakthrough in engineering?’ And over
types of fuel. This could have a dramatic effect on
now to our first contender, Marion. Your sixty
our current problems with energy supply and the
seconds starts now.
environment. Some say that in just a few decades,
M Good evening. In my opinion, the most significant
new energy sources will have been developed
breakthrough in engineering was … the wheel. Until
through nanotechnology –the engineering of matter
the invention of the wheel – in Mesopotamia about
at the level of molecules. And that’s a really …
6,000 years ago – early humans had made pots by
P Sorry to interrupt, Lucy, I’m afraid your time’s up.
hand, dressed in animal fur, and pulled heavy
And now having heard our three speakers, it’s over
objects from place to place. How inefficient! But
to our audience to decide who …
even once they’d invented the wheel, its use was
limited to things like making pots. In fact, early
Exercise 5c
humans had been using the wheel for 300 years
Audio 2.3
before they realized they could use it to transport
both themselves and heavy objects. But the wheel 1 Early humans had been using the wheel for 300
is not just about transport. It’s had a huge impact on years before they realized they could use it to
many later inventions – without the wheel transport both themselves and heavy objects.
inventions such as the watch, the car or the 2 Electricity has revolutionized virtually every aspect of
computer would have been impossible. modern life.
P Thank you, Marion. Now over to Trevor – your sixty 3 Some of the biggest breakthroughs are predicted to
seconds starts now. have taken place by the middle of the twenty-first
T Thanks. Well, in my opinion the most important century.
breakthrough was … electricity. In the past 100 4 In just a few decades, new energy sources will have
years, engineering is said to have produced some been developed.
of its greatest achievements to date. And the key to

most of these is electricity. Electricity has
revolutionized virtually every aspect of modern life.
Its use became widespread at the end of the
nineteenth century and it has been transforming our
lives ever since. Can you imagine our life today
without it?

2
2.3 Vocabulary and skills
A Can you tell me if you ever have to take notes?
development
C Oh yeah, all the time, in lectures and seminars,
Exercise 2b things like that.
A Have you ever been trained how to take notes?
Audio 2.4
C Not really. I just picked it up, through practice.
1 Most of the patients are asleep at this time, so it’s
A And your top tip?
important that you don’t …
C I guess, it would be to listen for key words.
2 This music is so loud! I just can’t work in …
A And how do you know what the key words are?
3 When I’m working, I have to have …
C They’re usually stressed in some way. Like, the
4 He’s a very shy kind of guy. When he’s at a party,
lecturer says, ‘so it was the economic situation,
and he doesn’t know anybody, he finds it difficult
rather than the political …’ so you know to write
to …
‘economic’ …
Exercise 2d 3
A So tell me how you take notes.
Audio 2.5
D My technique is to write down everything.
1 Eric, could you stop fiddling with your phone,
A Really? Everything?
please? This is supposed to be a serious meeting. I
D Yes, because you never know what information
wish you would …
you’re going to need later.
2 You mean you can see somebody standing on that
A Do you even write down words like ‘and’ and ‘the’?
bridge in the valley? I can’t see anything. You must
D Um, well, ye-e-es ….
have …
4
3 Haven’t you noticed that my husband speaks with a
A Hi. We’re doing some research into how people
Mexican accent, and I speak with a Spanish accent?
take notes.
Or maybe you don’t …
E OK … well, I take notes at meetings, usually.
4 Now, Lukasz, when you said that there is no
A And do you have any particular technique or
relationship between the two events, I thought that
strategy?
was a very …
E Not really. I just type straight onto a tablet. I can
type much faster than I can write.
Exercise 5b
A And you put down everything?
Audio 2.6 E Um, I never write details – . things like statistics
1 or … examples.
A Do you ever have to take notes? 5
B Yes, I usually take notes in business meetings at A Any advice for note-taking?
work. F Well, when I was at school, I was taught a lot of
A And do you have a particular way of doing that? abbreviations, like the plus sign for ‘and’, and three
B I usually make notes about the agenda. I use the dots for ‘therefore’, and so on. And I’ve found that
agenda items as headings. And I highlight the to be really useful. Also bullet points are great,
action points, particularly mine, so I don’t forget because if you’re writing a list, you can make it very
what to do for the next meeting. clear which are the items on the list, and which is
extra information.

A So you have a special system?

F Not really. I don’t think it matters what your system Exercise 9a
is, as long as you can reconstruct the lecture from Audio 2.8
your notes afterwards. In fact, if you think about it, we have been able to build
6 machines that can hear for many years. Scientists are
A You’ve been studying here for a couple of years now getting interested in the skill of listening.
now so I guess you’ve been to a load of lectures.
Because machines, and we’re talking about computers
G Sure have. And talks, and seminars …
now, actually find it tougher to listen than to hear. You
A And have you developed a particular way of taking
can tell the difference if you listen to a recording of a
notes?
noisy party. You can hear lots of different sounds – the
G Not especially, but I find it’s very useful to try and
chatter of people engaging in conversation, the sound
listen for the structure of the argument. The best
of glasses clinking, maybe music, too. But they all
lecturers really signal the direction their talk is
sound the same volume or loudness – it’s not possible
going. So I would say listen out for discourse
to notice any real difference between them.
markers, linkers, and conjunctions …
A Such as? But we can. When we’re at a party, we can focus or
G Things like ‘because’ and ‘therefore’ and ‘in concentrate on the conversation we are having and cut
addition’. Also words and phrases which introduce out or ignore the music or other background noise. In
examples. Then I use little symbols like three dots other words, we can sort out what is important to us,
for ‘because’ or ‘e.g.’ for an example, or a plus sign and what isn’t.
for ‘in addition’. It’s easy to get confused and not be In the same way, computers are good at certain
sure if something is an example or a new point. aspects of listening to music. Computers can
distinguish rhythm – da da DA da DA da da – and they
Exercise 8b
can tell if a note is high or low DAAAA – DAAAAA.
Audio 2.7 Some computers can now even tell the difference
One of the most amazing feats of the human brain is between a violin and a piano.
that of hearing and listening. Of these, I think that
listening is the more mysterious. Exercise 10a
Don’t get me wrong. Hearing is an incredible feat, too. Audio 2.9

The human ear is a complex and wonderful organ. But A scientist called Mounya Elhilali and a group of
we understand, more or less, how it works. That is to university researchers are working on this. They’re
say, we understand it from the medical or biological trying to find out how the human brain perceives all
point of view. The transformation of sound into these different sounds in a noisy environment.
electrical signals to the brain is reasonably well Whether you’re at work, in the street or in the home,
understood. And of course, there are many animals, you’re surrounded by a cacophony of sounds, and all
including famously bats, who have much superior these sounds compete for your attention. How does
hearing mechanisms to humans. the brain deal with this?
The researchers claim there are two types of activity

going on in the brain when you’re listening in these
environments. The first hears all the sounds. But the
second can zero in, can focus, on a particular sound

(like the conversation you are engaged in) and that is

controlled by your state of mind. The scientists hope to Exercise 5
understand the relationship between these two Audio 2.11
activities. How many of you have children? Quite a few, I see.
The immediate aim of the research is to build a And how many of you have lost a loved one? Not so
computer model which can listen in the same way as a many, but still a significant minority. What about a new
human. But the eventual aim is to design better job? How many of you have started a new job in last
products that will improve and enhance two or three years? Yes, quite a few too.
communication. And how many of you received emotional or
psychological support while these life events were
2.4 Writing and speaking
happening? Hmm, not so many. Of course, that’s not
Exercise 3 surprising. Very few people seek help during times of
Audio 2.10 change such as these. It’s generally only when things
This leads us on to a consideration of the conventional become catastrophic for the individual that they make
thinking about what a challenge actually is. For most of the effort to seek out help or coping strategies. For
us, the meaning usually centres around an individual example, the new mother who can no longer cope due
task which is in some way demanding or difficult to to post-natal depression. For most of us, these are
complete. Physical or mental tasks commonly spring to events that people live through all the time. They are
mind and the outcome is often clearly a success or a part and parcel of human existence. Perhaps people
failure without much scope for any grey areas in the shouldn’t need extra attention or support – they might
middle. So we can probably all recognise that feats appear weak. But is this a sensible attitude? Should
such as running a marathon, climbing a mountain, or we expect people to soldier on regardless? In my view,
crossing the Grand Canyon on a tightrope present no. Through my research I have gathered concrete
enormous challenges to the individual. They require evidence that people who find themselves in a life-
physical and mental resilience that most of us cannot changing scenario are much less prone to stress or
identify with, and potentially offer a sense of depression when given support and coping strategies
achievement that is likely to contribute exponentially to from the outset. I’ve looked at medical data from the
the well-being of the individual. However, some last fifty years and at the beginning of this period,
definitions suggest a wider meaning, and that a concerns with mental health and associated terms
challenge may additionally involve the testing of such as counselling and coaching were significantly
abilities and character. There may not be an obvious less common than they are today. But this relative
end point, any recognizable achievement or an attempt absence of help in the past has allowed me to see the
which ends in disappointment. We can therefore differences in how effectively those both with and
include the everyday chores we face day after day without support during significant changes in life go on
within our concept of a challenge, and these daily to deal with their issues.
challenges should be seen in a different way to the

one-off tasks that arise from time to time in our lives.

However, we managed to launch our business last

Exercise 8a March. It was a source of tremendous satisfaction
Audio 2.12 when we finally achieved our goal.
achievements
Exercise 6
challenges
Audio 2.15
tests
I guess
successful
I reckon
Exercise 9b utterly
Audio 2.13 sort of
OK, so I guess my biggest achievement so far is dreadful

probably getting into university. I was a good student in
unbelievable
my early teens, but I kind of slacked off a bit at about
sixteen and then I suddenly realized that exams were you know what I mean
just around the corner so I really had a lot of catching ridiculous

up to do, which presented a challenge! However, I was
all the time
determined to get into university, so I suppose that
gave me the incentive. For years my parents had been I suppose
telling me to study, but in the end making the decision anyway
for myself was what made all the difference and so I
extremely
organized myself and tackled the problem and got the
grades I needed. When I heard I’d got in, I was utterly kind of
amazed. I’ve done other things since, but at the time, it
really was an incredible achievement. Unit 3
Review 3.1 The perfect team
Exercise 3b Exercise 2a
Audio 2.14 Audio 3.1
My brother and I had always wanted to have our own 1
taxi company. But it wasn’t easy. Things kept going A What’s the matter, Jack?
wrong. B I’ve just been talking to Meriel, and apparently the

company that supplies those handbags which are
Financing the business was hard and so was finding
so popular has gone bankrupt. So, somebody has
the right staff.
to ring about fifty customers to tell them they can’t
At first we couldn’t think what to do, but eventually we have the handbags they ordered. They’re not going
decided the best way to sort things out was to open a to be happy!
co-operative with other drivers. A Oh, I can do that. Maybe I can persuade them to
buy something else.
Of course getting everything organized wasn’t easy –
there was a lot of hard work.

B Oh, thanks, Natasha – you’re an angel. You never says that the perfect team has a balance between
mind doing work that other people don’t want to do. different personality types. Ideally, and I do stress that
I don’t know what I’d do without you! we are talking about the ideal team, not what happens
2 in real-life situations, we would have four different
A So we have to make this group presentation next roles.
week …
The first of these we call the contributor, and this role
B That’s right.
is that of the person who is interested in technical
A And we all want to make sure it’s really good,
detail, they provide data and information to the team,
yeah?
and they really get the team to concentrate on short-
B Of course, yeah.
term tasks. This person is usually very dependable
A So, no making jokes when we’re supposed to be
and punctual; they often carry a notepad with them to
working. I want it to be top class.
write down key ideas. Have you encountered this kind
B So do we, Jade. We’re right with you on that.
of person? I can see people nodding, so I guess you
3
have! And finally, they have high expectations of the
A How’s your new colleague?
team – they expect quality work. They are task-
B Marcel? He’s OK. He works really hard, and he’s
oriented.
very pleasant to everybody and all that. Trouble is,
The second role is called the collaborator, and this
he’s a bit of a ‘me-me-me’ person.
person is very much the visionary. They have a clear
A How do you mean?
idea of the long-term mission of the team; they focus
B Well, you know, when we have a meeting, and
on the long-term outcomes. This individual is a ‘big-
someone’s speaking, he’s always tapping his pen
picture’ person. They’re often high-spirited and help to
on the table, or making little jokes, or something
boost the morale of the team. You might think they
like that. You get the feeling that he can’t stand it
would act very inflexibly, but they don’t – they’re
when the spotlight’s on somebody else. And he
actually very flexible and open to new ideas. They’re
wears the most extraordinary clothes! Sometimes I
also willing to ‘get their hands dirty’, and they do so to
think he’d rather be a model than a sales rep …
achieve the team’s goals.
4
A How are you getting on with the new administrator? The third role is that of the communicator. This kind of
B I really don’t like him. He seems very friendly at individual really cares about how people get along with
first, but then he keeps making nasty little remarks each other, how well they communicate with each
about other people in the department. Little bits of other, and they want to build a positive, relaxed
gossip. But he doesn’t say anything to your face. atmosphere. They’re the kind of person who, if you ask
It’s like he’s trying to set people off against each them to organize a party or a social activity for the
other. Not nice. team, then they will do, and happily! They possess
excellent communication skills, they’re very open, and
Exercise 3a they have a sense of humour.
Audio 3.2 The fourth and final role is that of challenger. Do note
So, now we’re going to move on to have a quick look that another word for the challenger is ‘trouble-maker’
at the work of Glenn M Parker, who is a business so are you convinced this is a good person to have on
expert who has spent thirty years studying and writing the team? Well, neither was I, but I’ve come to realize
about how teams work – or don’t work! And Parker that rather than being just a pain in the neck, in fact

they do play a crucial part, because they question the 3.4 Speaking and writing
goals and processes of the team. They are willing to
disagree, even with the leader, and they ask tough Exercises 2 & 3a
questions. They are never satisfied with the outcomes; Audio 3.5
they push the team to take risks and be more creative. N OK, so Tracy has asked us to go through these
questionnaires and come up with the best ideas for
Exercise 6a better communication between the departments.
Audio 3.3 A So … am I right in thinking that we have to list as
1 I was waiting for you. many ideas as possible?
2 Where do you want to go tonight? N No, I think we should restrict it in some way.
3 I had got the time of our appointment wrong. R I agree. Let’s brainstorm first, then choose the best
4 We’ve heard there’s a strike on public transport. ideas from that list.
5 But did you make trouble for him? A Sorry, I don’t follow you. What do you mean?
6 She has been to the doctor. R What I’m saying is, we put all the ideas together,
then choose … four?
Exercise 6b A That sounds good. I wrote down a few ideas
Audio 3.4 already.
1 N OK, let’s hear them.
A Why didn’t you wait for me at the station? A So first up, a lot of people said: how about
B I was waiting for you – didn’t you see me? meetings between the departments?
2 R OK, but some of the departments have twenty staff.
A Where do you want to go tonight? How would that work?
B Let’s phone George and see if he fancies going A Well, they’d have to choose somebody to attend. In
bowling. other words, each department would send one
3 person. Are you with me?
A So did you manage to meet up with Hattie? N And this group of people, one from each
B No, it was a disaster. I had got the time of our department, would meet regularly – is that what you
appointment wrong, just as I thought, so we never mean?
saw each other. A Yes, maybe once a week.
4 R Sounds good. It’s pretty simple to organize. Next
A Why are we going by taxi? idea?
B We’ve heard there’s a strike on public transport. A The next one which loads of people mentioned was
5 for more socializing between departments, like
A David accused me of making trouble for him at more social events, you know, cinema trips or
work. meeting up after work. And there was a suggestion
B That’s a not very nice thing to say. But did you for team-building weekends …
make trouble for him? N Oh yeah, brilliant, that’s great. Let’s put that down.
R Hold on. What did you mean when you said there
6
was a suggestion for ‘team-building weekends’?
A Why didn’t Lucy go to the doctor?
A You know, where we all go away to a hotel for the
B She has been to the doctor. She went yesterday
weekend and play silly games.
morning.

R Oh no. I can’t think of anything worse! It all sounds Sorry, what was that again?
way too wishy-washy to me.
Expressions for rephrasing
N I beg your pardon?
What I’m saying is …
R Let me rephrase that. What I meant was that not
everybody would enjoy that sort of thing. But going In other words …
out after work is fine.
What I meant was …
N OK, let’s not put in team-building weekends. So
that’s two ideas so far. I thought the idea of job Let me rephrase that.
rotation between departments was a really good I’ll put that another way.
one.
Expressions to check if the listener has
A Oh cool, yeah. Then I could spend a week in the
understood
sales department trying to work out what they do all
day … Do you follow?
R Sorry, what was that again? Are you with me?

A I’m joking! But I think job rotation’s a great idea.
Do you understand so far?
R Me too. You would really find out what other people
are thinking. OK, we need one more. I’ve got a
couple of ideas from the questionnaires I read. One
Unit 4
would be for an in-house social media feed. Like a 4.1 Age of responsibility
Facebook page where anybody from any
Exercises 8 & 9
department could contribute ideas and suggestions.
A Hmm … maybe … and the other? Audio 4.1
R The last one was some kind of system where each 1
department has to email all the other departments A You should have heard Kevin from Accounts this
each week with information about what they’re morning.
doing. B Why? What was it this time?
A I think that just repeats the weekly meeting. I prefer A Well, he came down here to use the photocopier
the social media idea. and somebody had left it jammed again.
N Me too. Everybody knows how to use Facebook B Uh oh. What did he say?
these days. Great! That’s four ideas … now we just A Well, you can imagine. ‘Who did this? Is anyone
need to write the proposal! going to own up?’ As if anyone was going to
confess with him going on like that.
Exercise 4a B I bet I know who’s to blame for it. That Michael –
he’s useless with machines.
Audio 3.6
A I really don’t feel any of us can be held responsible
Expressions for checking
– we all know the machine’s at least ten years old –
Am I right in thinking that …? they need to get a new one. Simple as that.
Sorry, I don’t follow you. 2
What did you mean when you said …? OK, hi everyone. Welcome to English Now. I’m the
welfare officer here and my name’s Maria. I’m
… is that what you mean?
responsible for everything to do with your
Sorry I didn’t catch that.

accommodation and also things like health, banking what you look like. As for the neighbours, …
and so on. If you have any problems with your host 4
family or need to know anything about local transport A Right, so apart from the salary, what benefits are
or where to get a SIM card for your mobile phone, I’m there?
the person to see. I’m also in charge of reservations B OK, so as part of the package you get four weeks’
for the social programme, so if you want to sign up for holiday, free parking, and private …
any of the trips or activities on offer, come and let me
know. Exercise 5a
3 Audio 4.3
A Well, Scott, the reason I’ve called you in today is 1
that we’d like you to take care of the Miller account I Could you tell us a bit about your job?
from now on. A Well, I’m a warden at a sheltered housing complex
B Miller? But that’s one of our biggest customers. – that’s a kind of supported residential option for
A Indeed, which is why we feel you’re the man for the older people. The people who live here are all
job. You’ll answer to Melanie and you need to keep retired, they all have their own flat, and they don’t
her informed about what’s going on, but you’re tend to have any major health care issues, but
trustworthy and reliable, and we know we can count they’re also reaching a point in their lives when it’s
on you to get the job done. kind of comforting to have someone available, just
B Wow, I, er, don’t know what to say. I mean, thanks. in case they have any difficulties.
It’s a real vote of confidence. Um, yes, I’d be I’m on duty three nights a week – I have a
delighted to take it on. I hope I don’t let you down. colleague who covers other nights – and I’m around
A I’m sure you won’t. during the day. I don’t go round unless I’m asked,
but the residents know that I’m on hand should they
4.2 The caring generation
need anything. This can be small things like helping
Exercise 3 them change a light bulb, or taking care of minor
Audio 4.2 maintenance jobs that need to be done, say if
1 something gets broken, through to helping in the
A I think there’s something wrong with the remote event of some kind of medical emergency.
control. I OK, so you’re in what could be termed a ‘caring
B You mean you’ve dropped it again! Do you have to profession’ – what does caring mean to you?
be so …? A Well, in this job, I think it’s about allowing people to
2 have their independence, but knowing that there is
A I’m not happy about you driving tonight – the roads somebody who does care and is there if they need
are really icy. it.
B Don’t worry, I’ll be fine. I And the qualities needed for your job?
A Well, … A Well, you need to be patient, you need to be a good
3 listener. Some people in this situation can be a little
A Just look at you: green hair, long black clothes and lonely, but I think you also need to have respect for
all that jewellery. Whatever will the neighbours people’s independence and privacy. Yes, I think
think? that’s the most important thing, really.
B People should judge you on the person you are not

2 4.3 Vocabulary and skills

I What do you do? development
B I’m a Human Resources Manager. I have a
Exercise 2
background in psychology and I was hired because
Audio 4.5
of this, so although HR – Human Resources –
could be seen as just part of a business, for me it’s According to a nurse who works with elderly people,
very much a caring profession. there is a pattern of things they commonly regret when
I And what does your job entail? they look back on their life.
B Well, we work in various different areas like Every male patient she met shared the same wish: I
recruitment – taking on new staff, contracts, staff wish I hadn’t worked so hard. They felt they always put
development and so on, but I think one of the most work before wives and children and regretted missing
important things for me is staff welfare, making sure out on their children’s youth.
that people feel good and are looked after, because
Another commonly shared feeling was: I wish I’d
I think happy people will do their job better. We
stayed in touch with friends. People felt they’d been so
encourage our staff to come in and talk about any
focused on their own lives and responsibilities that
problems or concerns they may have and these
they’d let good friendships slip by over the years.
tend to be work-related – contracts, pay and so on
– but sometimes staff members come and talk to The most frequently expressed wish was: I wish I’d
me about more personal matters, other things that had the courage to live a life true to myself, not the life
might be having an impact on their work. others expected of me. Many people had ignored their
I So what does ‘caring’ mean to you? own feelings in order to satisfy the wishes of others. As
B I think being a good carer is about being a good a result, they had a strong sense of frustration that so
listener – I think it’s important to listen well and to many of their dreams had gone unfulfilled.
be present – that is, not distracted by your own stuff

Exercise 3a
when someone’s talking to you.
I OK, so apart from that, are there any other qualities Audio 4.6
you need in this job? Unlock the code: understanding word boundaries
B The other thing is total discretion. People often talk 1 When one word finishes in a consonant sound and
about very personal or private issues – my the next starts with a vowel sound, we often join the
relationship with them is a professional one, so it’s two words together:
important to keep that conversation private and to It’s all about
be careful that anything they say is treated in 2 When one word finishes in /d/ or /t/ and the next
complete confidence. starts with a consonant, we usually omit the /d/ or /t/:
just perfect
Exercise 6 3 When one word finishes in a vowel sound and the
Audio 4.4 next starts with a vowel sound, we insert /j/, /r/ or
I’m on duty three nights a week. I have a colleague /w/:
who covers other nights and I’m around during the day. the other
I don’t go round unless I’m asked, but the residents care of
know that I’m on hand should they need anything. Do it!

Exercise 4c B No, I was thinking more on the lines of reckless or

frivolous.
Audio 4.7 A Oh, lighten up a bit, you only live once.
A Oh, I meant to tell you – I read this great blog post
the other day. It was just perfect for you. 4.4 Writing and speaking
B Why, what do you mean? Exercise 6a
A Well, it was on a blog called the Freedom
Audio 4.10
Experiment by this life coach.
1
B Hmm, ‘life coach’! Makes me suspicious
A …. and the only solution is to reduce costs, and
straightaway.
relocating the whole company to our northern office
A No – listen! It’s all about getting rid of your to-do list
is the best way to do that.
and doing uninhibited and liberating things instead.
B But that’s nearly 500 kilometres away! Some of the
Exercise 5a staff in this office have been with the company
since the 1980s. Their lives and the lives of their
Audio 4.8
families are in this city. You can’t just suddenly
B Now you just keep your hands off my to-do list …
expect them to move to the other end of the
A OK, OK! Now there are some things that I know
country. There must be an alternative.
you’re not going to like …
A I’m afraid I think you’re missing the point here. If we
B Like what?
don’t do something, the whole company will go
A Like, ‘invent an illness and call in sick’.
under.
B Yup, you’re right – that’s just irresponsible.
C Perhaps if I could just say something here? It’s
A Or ‘climb a tree and sit there all day’.
nearly 4.00 now – that means we have another
B Right.
hour and I’m keen to make a decision today, so
A Yeah, but there are also some good ones …
perhaps if we just take a short break and then we
B Such as?
can come back …
A Let’s see, ‘Throw out your TV’ – now you’ve been
2
saying for ages how much time we waste watching
A Well, first of all, I’d like to thank you for your offer.
nonsense.
I’m certainly interested in the opportunity. I just
B Well, that’s true enough.
have a small problem with the conditions.
A OK, here’s another: ‘Drop at least one obligation ’ –
B Could you expand on that a little, Graham?
I mean, we all go round worrying about all our
A Sure, well in my current post I actually get twenty-
responsibilities and half the time we don’t even stop
four days’ leave a year, whereas you’re offering
to question the things we do.
twenty.
B Yeah, you’ve got a point.
B I’m afraid twenty-four days is out of the question.
A Now what about this one: number seventy-seven,
A OK, well, um, do we have any room for negotiation
‘Jump on a train to somewhere. Anywhere.’ I like
here?
the spontaneity of that – just go to the station and
B We could maybe take it up to twenty-two. I could
see where fate takes you.
put that to Human Resources and see what they
B Yeah, but don’t you think this is all a bit, I don’t
think.
know …
A I’d be very grateful if you could. Now in terms of my
A Carefree? Adventurous?
salary, I was thinking that …

Exercise 7b
Audio 4.14
Audio 4.11 dull, peaceful
I’m not sure we can accept that.
adventurous, reckless
If I could add something at this point …
slim, underweight
We’d like to make a decision at this meeting.
high-risk, challenging
What exactly do you mean by that?
curious, nosey
Would you be open to a reduction in …?
frivolous, carefree
No, I don’t see that at all.
That could work for us. Unit 5

Review 5.2 The power of the sun
Exercise 3b Exercise 2b
Audio 5.1
Audio 4.12
The sun: it wakes us up in the morning, provides us
1 He’s really dependable and trustworthy. If he says
with light and heat, and if it were a person, it would be
he’ll do something, he will.
about forty years old.
2 OK, I admit it. It was me who left the printer on all
weekend. I’m sorry. The sun is in fact around 4.5 billion years old and it’s
3 OK, so the emergency team are the people who about halfway through its life. At some point in the
have to coordinate in the event of a fire, for example. future, probably in about five billion years, the sun will
It’s up to them to call the police and fire brigade, start to die.
evacuate the building and check everyone is out.
In practical terms the sun is a star located about 150
4 If you don’t look enthusiastic, how can you expect
million kilometres from Earth. It’s made up of hydrogen
your team to feel excited about their work? I’m sorry,
and helium. At its equator the sun completes a rotation
but I think the problem with motivation in the
every twenty-six days. But the sun means much more
department is really down to you.
to us than this.
5 So if you need a room for a meeting or anything, the
person you have to speak to is Jo. Look at any of the ancient cultures and you’ll find the
6 Don’t let me down here. I told the others you’ll sun has an important role. There are over 3,000
definitely have the report finished by Monday and structures in dozens of countries from Stonehenge in
I’m depending on you to do so. England to the Mayan pyramids, from the Dancing
Stones of Kenya to solar temples in India. Each of the
Audio 4.13 constructions shows our fascination with the sun. The
The first patient to be treated with antibiotics was a sun was worshipped by Aztecs, Incas, Egyptians,
policeman in Oxford who developed sepsis after he Greeks and Romans. We can only guess at some of
pricked himself on a rose. the details, but all we know is that the sun was
worshipped across the whole planet. Both the sun and
the moon influence humanity’s view of time, and
calendars have been based on each of them.

Many people today still associate a suntan with health 3 One problem is where to put cupboards and shelves
and well-being, but in the past this was certainly not – with all those windows, there’s a real shortage of
always the case. Back in the sixteenth century in wallspace.
Europe, very pale skin was considered beautiful and
5.4 Speaking and writing
some people would either stay out of the sun
completely or use lead oxide and arsenic – two highly Exercise 2
toxic chemicals – to achieve the desired pale effect. As
Audio 5.4
you can imagine, neither of the two was very good for
1
you and poisoning was not uncommon. Today
A What’s that you’re taking?
however, some people have more than enough
B It’s a new vitamin complex pill. I came across it in
exposure to the sun and visits to tanning salons are
the health food store.
not uncommon: in the USA alone some twenty-two
A What’s it supposed to do?
million customers visit them.
B Well, it says on the box … it builds up your immune
The sun is vital to life on Earth. All plants depend on system … it helps prevent colds and other minor
sunlight for photosynthesis and in turn, plants are vital ailments …. it supplies all of your daily
for feeding humans. Neither plants nor humans could recommended dose of vitamins A, D and E. Sounds
exist without the sun. Without enough exposure to the like just what I need.
sun, the body fails to generate vitamin D which helps A It sounds too good to be true to me!
to regulate both the immune system and the correct B Ah no, that’s where you’re wrong. Vitamins are
functioning of proteins and minerals. Aside from this, a good for you.
number of other bodily functions such as our internal A Vitamins may be but I’m not so sure that vitamin
body clock, nervous system, and state of mind all supplements are!
depend on exposure to the sun. B Well, I don’t know about that, but I think it’s a good
idea.
Exercise 3b 2
Audio 5.2 A I’ve just discovered I’ve put on two kilos. I’ve got to
1 Look at any of the ancient cultures and you’ll find the do something about it – fast.
sun has an important role. B OK – if you’re really serious about getting fit you
2 The sun completes a rotation every twenty-six days. could take up running – you know – do five
3 Each of the constructions shows our fascination with kilometres a day. You could start running one a day
the sun. and build up …
4 All we know is that the sun was worshipped across A Aw no, you’re kidding, aren’t you? That sounds too
the whole planet. much like hard work.
B I guess so, you’ve got a point there. Perhaps you
Exercise 6a should try cutting down on fatty food – you do eat
Audio 5.3 fries with everything.
1 There’s loads of light in the house. A You’re absolutely right. Now … where’s that article I
2 Some people might think there’s a lack of privacy – was reading last week on superfoods. … Here it is
anyone can see inside. – Yeah, look it says here you should cut out potato
chips, fries and that sort of thing and eat more
superfoods.

B Superfoods – what are they? next day! So to be able to feel that I was helping out in
A You know things like blueberries, grapefruit, some way would be great. Maybe knowing these
pistachios … games are helping the world in some way would make
B Really? I’d no idea there were such things as me feel less guilty!
superfoods – but you can’t live on those alone –
3
you need to be sensible or you’ll never keep it up.
I I think you’ve actually played one of these games?
Review G3That’s right.

I That’s interesting. Would you tell us what
Exercise 4b happened?
Audio 5.5 G3The thing is, when I started playing, I didn’t realize
a scarcity of it would get so addictive, and that’s important,
because, let’s face it, most people would sooner
a complete lack of
spend their time gaining points than saving the
an excess of planet! I don’t think anyone would play these
a shade of games if they weren’t high quality in themselves.
a significant amount of 4
Funnily enough my all-time favourite game is Tetris,

Unit 6 which is the simplest, silliest game anybody has ever
6.1 Play games and save the planet? invented, and these games sound a bit similar. So I
wouldn’t mind having a go. Mind you, I’m not
Exercises 3 & 4 completely convinced by it. I asked some friends to try
Audio 6.1 them out, but they wouldn’t. They’d sooner play
1 shooting games, and I think that would be true of lots
I Would you be interested in playing games like this? of gamers – I don’t think they’d be interested in saving
G1Well, I’m not so sure. I’d have thought that the a tree!
games would turn out to be pretty dull. When I was
Exercise 7a
at school, the teachers would make us do these
educational games, and I ended up having a deep Audio 6.2
hatred of them! I think most gamers would say that 1 I’d rather not.
they play games because they enjoy them, and get 2 Would you give me a hand?
a buzz out of them, so the games would have to be 3 She wouldn’t say.
much better than the ones they play already. 4 I always knew I’d be a star!
2 5 Where would you live if money was no object?
6 I wouldn’t have thought so.
I would’ve loved to know about these sites before. You
know, so much money and resources and creativity go
into these games, and I’ve often asked myself:
wouldn’t it be good to use those resources in a
constructive way? I’ve always felt rather guilty about
playing games, especially when it’s two in the morning
and I’m still online and I have to get up for work the

6.2 The invention of leisure Exercises 8a & c

Exercises 3 & 4 Audio 6.4
Audio 6.3 1
I Mike, the whole idea of ‘having a holiday’ is quite a I work in a large school in Perth, Australia. My students
modern one, isn’t it? are aged between fifteen and eighteen, and most of
M That’s right. Until quite recently, people only took the time they’re really lovely but you know, they
one holiday in their lives – their honeymoon! The sometimes just get on my nerves. So I guess my job is
idea of ‘leisure’ is a modern one. In fact, most of the quite stressful, and it’s really essential for me to get
words we use for free time activities are quite new away from it all occasionally. And the way I do that is
– even the word ‘weekend’ is said to have been jet-skiing.
used in its modern sense for the first time as late as
2
the 1930s. Most people then worked sixty hours a
week over six days. I reckon most people wouldn’t think plumbing is a very
I It’s strange, isn’t it, when holidays and leisure are demanding job, and I’m a pretty laid-back kind of guy.
so important to us now – the idea of lying on a There are a few things that drive me up the wall,
beach, unwinding … and feeling relieved about mainly customers who keep changing their minds! The
having got away from it all … job’s fairly repetitive – 90% of my work is changing
But in fact, it seems as though the old, bad days of taps that have started leaking – so I need to do
not much free time might be coming back? something that’s completely different. My hobby is to
M That’s right. The amount of time devoted to leisure go on trips to art galleries. They’re very tranquil places,
is dropping, not increasing. In the Netherlands, for and that’s what I need.
example, it is reported to have gone down from 3

forty-eight to forty-four hours per week in just
I get pretty stressed out in my job. I work most
twenty-five years. People are tending to work
evenings and quite a lot of weekends. I get back from
longer and longer hours.
the office at 8 p.m. at the earliest. If I’ve got a big
I Yeah, I’ve noticed here at work the number of
presentation to make, I’m a bundle of nerves the night
colleagues who get to December and then
before. My girlfriend’s always telling me to reduce my
complain about not having taken all their holidays
workload, she says I’m always on edge but I just want
for the year …
to slump in front of the TV and watch the latest
M Yes, apparently, British workers only take 77% of
detective series.
the annual holiday to which they are entitled. That
means they work six days a year for free! At the 4
end of the year, people always say they would like Of course, different people have different ways of
to have taken all their holiday but just couldn’t get chilling out. I think it’s important to strike a balance
away from their desks. It does seem … between work and down-time. Being a streetcleaner
involves a lot of dirt, so I try to get right away from that.
My hobby is to find the best or the most interesting
restaurants around, and every two weeks or so, I eat
out with a group of friends.

that’s worth studying. Indeed, one of the joys of

5
languages like English, which contain lots of
I really can’t bear just lazing around. I have to be on
homonyms, is that they allow for this kind of joke.
the go all the time. Studies have shown that a change
of activity is more important than just doing nothing. Exercise 7
For example, if you work in an office like I do, you want
Audio 6.7
to get outside and do something active but for me, the
Of course, plenty of people hate the use of these
best way to unwind is karaoke!
double meanings. The famous writer and scholar
6.3 Vocabulary and skills Samuel Johnson called it ‘the lowest form of humour’.
development However, they are frequent in the works of many great
authors, including Shakespeare, Lewis Carroll and,
Exercises 3 & 4
Vladimir Nabokov, and also in the Greek tragedies.
Audio 6.5
Double meanings are found in the literature of ancient
1 A small boy swallowed some coins and was taken to
Egypt, China and Iraq, and many other places.
hospital. The next day, his grandmother phoned the
hospital to see how he was getting on. ‘No change Language has often been described as fulfilling two
yet,’ said the nurse. functions: the first is called T-communication, with ‘T’
2 Why did the teacher wear sunglasses? Because her standing for ‘transactional’. This means it helps us to
students were so bright. get things done, like ordering a meal in a restaurant
(though if you do not know the local language, it’s
Exercise 6 enough to do this by simply pointing at the menu). The
second type is called I-communication, which means
Audio 6.6
‘interactional’. That is to say, language is an aid to
Good morning, everybody. Today’s talk continues our
building and maintaining relationships.
series of talks about different aspects of language. I’d
like to start with a joke. It’s very short! A small boy But I think there’s a third function, one that we might
swallowed some coins and was taken to hospital. The call P-communication – with ‘P’ standing for ‘play’. Just
next day, his grandmother phoned the hospital to see think how much we play with language, have fun with
how he was getting on. ‘No change yet,’ said the words, inventing new ones or using old ones in new
nurse. ways.
Now, as you will have realized, the joke depends on Unlike other aspects of play, until recently, this fun
the fact that the word ‘change’ has two meanings. aspect of language was rarely studied seriously. Why
Such words are called ‘homonyms’, and they’re very should this be so? Children are happy to sing
common in English. This kind of wordplay is meaningless rhymes in the playground, and so are
widespread in English, and in many other languages, adults at football matches. Many millions do
too. It seems to cut across national and cultural crosswords and other word puzzles that depend on
boundaries. I’m sure there are similar jokes in most wordplay. Italians have rebuses, the Argentinians have
languages. But despite this, wordplay (as in this joke) jeringozo, and the Japanese have shiritori, so we can’t
is often regarded as trivial and childish. But if you conclude that it’s a feature of one particular language.
enjoy this kind of word-play, and many people certainly Maybe we have simply taken wordplay for granted. Of
do, (including me!) then you start to think that it must course, plenty of …
be an important use of language, and certainly one

6.4 Speaking and writing Exercises 3a & b

Exercise 2 Audio 6.9
Audio 6.8 1 I didn’t enjoy it. The food ran out so it was a bit of a
A What did you think of the film, Marco? disaster really.
M Well, I thought it was a bit of a mess. I liked the 2 The palace belonged to a duke, or a lord, or
basic idea, but there were quite a few bits that I just someone like that.
couldn’t get my head round. 3 There’s extra stuff on the DVD, like interviews with
A Like what? the actors, some scenes they didn’t use, and that
M For a start, when was it supposed to be set? sort of thing.
A I guess it was the 1800s or something like that. 4 The shareholders’ meeting was actually quite
M And the plot was kind of strange. At the start, the exciting. One or two people got up and started
main female character seems to be a normal shouting while the CEO was speaking.
woman, then you realize she’s actually some sort of 5 She played in a couple of matches, and then had to
alien! Come on, Amy, that’s just daft. retire because she had something wrong with her
A Oh, I thought the bit when we found that out was leg. It was rather sad, really.
great – you can’t expect a story like that to be

Exercise 3c
realistic – it’s called Cowboys and Aliens, right?
M Yeah, I suppose so. But something else I didn’t get: Audio 6.10
how did the hero know about the alien ship? I found 1 it was a bit of a disaster really
it a bit confusing. And pretty silly – there were loads 2 a duke, or a lord, or someone like that
of times when I thought, ‘this is for teenagers’! 3 interviews with the actors, some scenes they didn’t
A Well, that’s the whole point, it is for teenagers! How use, and that sort of thing
about you, Ross? 4 One or two people got up
R No, I wasn’t confused, I was just bored. I thought it 5 something wrong with her leg
was pretty awful! There was something about the
Review
story that was really … mechanical, formulaic. I felt
the characters were all, you know, just like robots – Exercise 5b
there was nothing new or original about anything
Audio 6.11
they did. What a waste of time!
A Why’s the flight so delayed? It’s difficult to
A Isn’t that funny? It’s as if we’ve seen two completely
understand.
different films! I thought it was great. I agree there
B It looks like there’s a problem with the plane. I
were one or two twists in the plot, but I liked the
heard an announcement saying there was a
characters. And what about the stuff at the end
technical fault.
where the heroine sacrifices herself? Wasn’t that
A You always get announcements when something
really heart-wrenching?
goes wrong, but they never give you useful
R That just made me laugh. I finally realized it was a
information. It’s frustrating.
comedy! It was a comedy, right?
B There was some information on the screens a few
minutes ago, but it’s gone now.

I How do you mean?

Unit 7 P OK, the most famous example is the furniture
company IKEA, which sells you the different parts
7.1 Fooled by our feelings
of the table or cupboard or whatever, and asks you
Exercise 3 to build it. You feel you are doing the company a
favour and so you start to like them more. It’s
Audio 7.1
actually got a name – the ‘IKEA effect’. If the
I The idea that we can be fooled by our feelings – is
company had built the furniture as well, you might
that an area that has been proved by research?
not feel so good about them! Strange, isn’t it? Once
P Yes. There is considerable evidence that indicates
again, you’re fooled by your feelings.
we can be tricked by our emotional responses. I
heard recently of a piece of research by Cornell
Exercise 7a
University about eating.
I Eating? Audio 7.2
P Mmm. Let me explain. I want you to imagine this 1 Am I apathetic about politics? Older people often
scenario – supposing you were asked to judge a say the young are apathetic about politics
meal in a restaurant. What do you think the answer nowadays, but I don’t think that’s true at all. We’re
would depend on? The taste of the food? The look just not interested in the same things they are.
of the food? No. In this experiment, 139 customers 2 When do I feel apprehensive? Let me think … I’m
were asked to rate the tastiness of their meal at an always a bit apprehensive when I have to disagree
Italian buffet, but half of them had been told it cost with my boss about something. Sometimes he’s
$4, and the other half $8. The ones who had the happy to listen to suggestions and other times he’s
more ‘expensive’ – so-called – meal rated it 11% not.
higher. And this was because the ones who ate the 3 The last time I was astonished? That would have
cheaper meal reported loading up their plates and been when I won the award for employee of the
then feeling guilty about it, leading to the negative month. I was absolutely astonished … because I
results. never win anything!
I So had they thought they were eating a more 4 I can’t think of a time I felt devastated, but I know
expensive meal, they would have answered that my friend Alexander’s family were devastated
differently. when he gave up a great job in a bank and became
P That’s right. And of course companies and brands a clown. They thought he was throwing away a really
spend a huge amount of time and energy finding well-paid career.
ways to exploit these emotional responses. For 5 When did I last feel envious? Well, when my sister
example: How do you get someone to like you? bought a brand new car I was a bit envious. Mine’s
I Er … maybe I do something nice for them? ten years old now!
P No – the opposite! You get them to do you a favour. 6 Well, yes – I can definitely think of one time I felt
Because it turns out that if you do someone a frustrated recently. It was when my brand new laptop
favour, you’ll like them more. Why is this? The kept crashing while I was trying to write an important
answer is the brain is thinking like this: ‘I am doing assignment – very frustrating. I took it back to the
this person a favour, therefore I must like them.’ shop and demanded my money back.
And a lot of very successful companies actually
play on this kind of psychological trick.

7 I’m rarely indifferent about things. I find it’s hard not On the plus side, one reason is that embarrassment
to be affected by other people’s problems when I fulfils an important social function. After all, we humans
hear about them in the news. live in groups, and it helps our social living if we have a
8 What do I find irritating? I got very irritated with the way of saying ‘Ooops! I shouldn’t have done that’ when
road repairs outside my house last month. They we go against what people think is normal behaviour. If
started at 7 o’ clock every morning, including you break or depart from a social norm, then it helps to
Saturdays. Awful! maintain good social relations if you show you’re
9 Relieved? Definitely! I was very relieved when my embarrassed.
ten-year-old son arrived home yesterday evening –
But also people like us more when we show
he was over an hour late and I was getting very
embarrassment. I know it’s surprising, but there is
worried. He’d been playing football with a friend and
plenty of research which shows that, for example, if
hadn’t noticed the time – typical!
you praise somebody, and that person goes very red,
10 I tend not to get self-conscious these days, but I have
you’re more likely to find that person trustworthy.
a young colleague who was very self-conscious
Of course, embarrassment does have its dark side, so
when he had to give his first presentation last week.
to speak. As we know, the desire to avoid
You could tell he wasn’t relaxed in front of all those
embarrassment is very strong, and it can lead to real-
people.
world consequences. One common situation is that
11 I suppose the most sympathetic person I know is my
maybe you have some embarrassing health problems,
sister. She’ll always listen to people when they have
and you think ‘Well, I’d rather other people didn’t know
a problem and try to help them. I don’t think I’m very
about this. Maybe it will just go away’. So perhaps you
sympathetic though, I rarely have people telling me
don’t even go to the doctor, and that could lead to
their problems.
more serious health problems.
12 What makes me uncomfortable? Well, I’ll tell you –
it’s when my wife’s family get together, they love to Furthermore, at a very extreme level, severe
sing round the piano and that makes me really embarrassment can make people avoid social
uncomfortable. I can’t sing very well, you see. situations, and even not go out at all.
7.2 Embarrassment However, the good news is that we judge ourselves

much more harshly than other people do. When
Exercises 2b & c volunteers were put in embarrassing situations,
Audio 7.3 researchers found that observers were much kinder on
Today’s episode of ‘Fooled by our Feelings’ them than they expected.
concentrates on embarrassment. So maybe it’s time we stopped worrying about being
Most people don’t like being embarrassed. But we embarrassed, and accepted it as part of everyday life.
certainly remember it when it happens! I think we can After all, in most cases, it’s not as if what we’ve done
all recall those excruciating moments when we wished really matters.
we hadn’t said or done something. But since
embarrassment is a powerful force that nearly
everybody experiences, I think it’s worth trying to
understand. Why are we so quick to feel an emotion
that makes us so uncomfortable?

Exercise 3a Exercise 6b
Audio 7.4 Audio 7.5

One area that is particularly likely to produce 1
embarrassment is that of language. And this is A What would you do if your boss criticized your work
especially true when you are talking in a second in front of your team?
language, where maybe you don’t quite understand B That would really embarrass me. I’d probably go
the power of a phrase, or the exact meaning of a word. bright red and feel awful. It would be a bit
We asked some foreign language speakers about their humiliating.
experiences. 2
A How would you feel about your neighbours having
Yeah, I was invited to dinner at somebody’s house,
big noisy parties all hours of the night?
and I used to smoke, and I asked the host, ‘Do you
C Well, I know I wouldn’t be able to sleep so then I’d
mind if I smoke?’ and she replied ‘I’d rather you didn’t’,
get annoyed. If they ignored my protests, I’d get
and my English wasn’t very good then, and I thought
really mad and we’d probably end up shouting at
that ‘I’d rather you didn’t’ meant she didn’t mind, like, it
each other.
was the same for her, so I lit a cigarette, and she didn’t
3
say anything but later another guest explained to me
A Just imagine you arrived at the check-in desk at the
that that expression is really quite strong, it means
airport and you were told that your flight was
basically ‘No, you can’t.’ So, at the end of the evening,
overbooked and you couldn’t board.
I went to her and said I was really sorry – my English
D Oh, that would be awful. I’d be SO angry. But I’d try
was very bad, and I could only apologise.
to stay calm, not get angry, and think about what to
Yes, we had a very important man staying in our hotel,
do. Maybe I’d demand an upgrade on the next
and he was like a VIP, a ‘very important person’, and
flight.
he had this unfortunate habit of sleep-walking, and he
4
would go out of his hotel room, and walk down the
A What if your neighbour had a dog that barked all
corridor, fast asleep. And this woman, another guest in
day and night, how would you react?
the hotel, she came to Reception one day and actually
E Oh, I wouldn’t be able to stand that. I work at home
complained about the guy who was sleep-walking. And
and it would drive me mad after a while.
I said to her, well, really there is nothing we can do,
5
because he’s a lunatic. Because lunatic is the Russian
A What if your boss was in a terrible mood and
word for sleep-walker, do you understand? And the
shouted at you for no real reason?
woman said ‘Well, I think it’s time you stopped letting
F I’d try to keep out of his way. I’d know it wasn’t
lunatics stay here!’ And then I remembered that lunatic
directed at me; it was simply that he’d lost his
means something completely different in English. So, I
temper about something. He’d probably apologize
had just told a guest that this VIP guy was a madman.
afterwards.
6
A How would you react if your manager praised you
in front of your colleagues?
G To be honest, I’d be amazed as he never praises
any of us, even when we win a big order.

7.4 Speaking and writing C Oh right. Well, maybe we could … What if we were
to bring it down at bit?
Exercise 3a D Well, it depends what you mean when you say
Audio 7.6 ‘bring it down a bit’. What did you have in mind?
1 C How about 400? If we did the more important
A OK, so here are the house rules. We all have to things, and left the smaller things for another time?
agree to them, otherwise, it’ll be chaos. How do you feel about that?
B OK, fair enough. Let’s have a look. Hmm, I’m not D OK, that sounds reasonable. I could go along with
sure about number 4. ‘All house members must that.
clean the kitchen at least twice a week.’
A Is there a problem with that?
Exercise 4a
B Well, that’s not really fair on someone like me, who Audio 7.7
probably won’t be using the kitchen very much. Making suggestions and offers
Maybe if I could be excused the kitchen duty, then I
If I could be excused the kitchen duty, then I might do
might do more of something else. How does that
more of something else.
sound?
A Yeah, maybe, provided we don’t have to change Supposing you let me off the kitchen cleaning, I could
everything. I’d rather we didn’t start making too do more of the cleaning of the rest of the house.
many special rules for individual people. What if we were to bring it down at bit?
B Hmm, that sounds fair enough. I’ll tell you what.
Clarifying
Supposing you let me off the kitchen cleaning, I
could do more of the cleaning of the rest of the Is there a problem with that?
house. What do you have in mind?

A OK, we might be able to make an exception in this
What did you have in mind?
case. But I’ll have to ask the others if that’s OK with
them. It depends what you mean when you say ‘bring it down
2 a bit’.
C OK, so we had a look at your car, Mr Jones … Making adjustments to an offer
D Right. Is it bad news?
… provided we don’t have to change everything
C Yes and no. There’s nothing seriously wrong with it,
but there’s quite a lot of small things that need … we might be able to make an exception in this case
doing. Accepting and not accepting
D OK, that doesn’t sound too awful. Can you give me
That sounds reasonable.
an idea of how much you think it’s going to cost?
C We reckon about £500. That sounds a bit much.
D 500? Oh, right. That’s a lot more than I expected. I could go along with that.
You did say just small things. Frankly, I’m not really
I’m happy with that.
happy with that.
C Well, like I say, there’s quite a lot to do. I’m not very really happy with that.
D Actually, the other places I’ve taken it to have given
me a much better price.

obviously they’re transparent so I can see where I’m

Other
going, but because they’re plastic as opposed to glass
How does that sound?
they’re a lot tougher and far less fragile and there’s
How do you feel about that? less danger of them breaking. The strap is made of
some type of flexible plastic or rubber and they’re
I’ll have to ask the others.
elastic which means they fit well and don’t let water in.
Review
Exercise 2e
Exercise 4b
Audio 8.2
Audio 7.8
They’re made of plastic. This is good because it
1 This kind of boss I call ‘The Volcano’. Most of the
means they’re lightweight. The lenses are rigid and
time, they’re dormant, and they go about their
obviously they’re transparent so I can see where I’m
business quietly and peacefully. And then
going, but because they’re plastic as opposed to glass
occasionally, something gets on their nerves and
they’re a lot tougher and far less fragile and there’s
they erupt! Problem is: this reduces everybody’s
less danger of them breaking. The strap is made of
productivity, because they’re walking on eggshells
some type of flexible plastic or rubber and they’re
all the time.
elastic which means they fit well and don’t let water in.
2 It’s very frustrating for employees when they don’t
get feedback on their performance. You’re thinking Exercise 4a & b
‘the new sales rep is doing well’ but if you don’t let
Audio 8.3
them know, they’ll just start floating along. By the
When the Royal Swedish Academy awarded the 2010
same token, if you do have to criticize, make sure
Nobel Prize for Physics to two scientists from
that your criticism is informational – I mean, the
Manchester University, they described their discovery
employee needs to know what and why they’re
as having ‘a vast variety of practical applications
doing wrong, and how they can improve. Keep it
including the creation of new materials.’ Some people
objective. This kind of boss is ‘The Motivator’.
say that their work could represent as much of a
3 This kind of boss is sometimes called a ‘Social
change to humanity as plastic did in the past. But what
Director’. This means they always try to reach a
is it?
consensus in their team. They want to create a
community. The positive side of having this kind of Its name is graphene.
boss is that they consult with everybody before they Graphene has a unique set of physical properties. It’s
make up their mind about something. On the other really quite simple, because Graphene is carbon, a
hand, it takes them a long time to do it! one-atom thick layer of carbon. That makes it the
thinnest material ever discovered. But what else is
Unit 8 special about graphene? Well, it’s an excellent
8.1 The multi-purpose material conductor of heat and electricity. It’s tougher than a
diamond and stronger than steel. It’s also very elastic
Exercise 2d and can stretch up to 20% its original length. Because
Audio 8.1 of all this, it’s guaranteed to revolutionize the
They’re made of plastic. This is good because it production of hundreds of household objects.
means they’re lightweight. The lenses are rigid and

S Well, I thought I was doing OK, you know I’d been

With graphene, scientists say we’ll be able to produce
using reusable bags for my shopping for ages, but I
a new generation of flexible phones and tablets. In just
started taking a closer look at all the packaging
a few years they’re likely to be putting digital devices
food comes in before you even put it in your bag.
like phones inside your clothes, windows and walls.
I What, you mean like plastic on pre-packed meat
And you may well be able to read a display inside a
and plastic egg boxes and things like that?
transparent material like glass.
S Yeah, though being allergic to eggs that wasn’t a
But graphene could also help in the fight against
problem for me, but yes, for example cheese is
diseases such as Alzheimer’s and cancer because
wrapped in plastic, fruit comes in plastic bags – I
scientists believe it could help both in diagnosis and in
worked out that I was producing three bags of
new types of photo-therapy.
rubbish a week just from packaging – it’s
And if all this is true, graphene is sure to be as completely crazy.
important for the twenty-first century as plastic was for I Yes, I see what you mean.
the twentieth. S Then there’s all those plastic water bottles we seem
to get through now. So many people just seem to
8.2 My life without … drink up, throw it out and buy another one, without
Exercise 2a even thinking about it. Now I just use a glass or a
metal bottle.
Audio 8.4
I OK, so you’ve been trying this out for four weeks
I OK, Silvia, so first of all can you tell us why you
now. Since giving up, or rather cutting down on
decided to give up plastic?
plastic, do you think you’ve ended up spending
S First, I think I should point out that what I’ve been
more?
trying to do is cut down on my use of plastic – it’s
S Well, I’ve gone over to shopping more in local
pretty difficult to cut it out completely these days,
shops rather than supermarkets but I think it’s
but I was interested to find out if I could significantly
probably more a question of time than money – I
reduce the amount I used.
mean doing the shopping takes up more time, but
I And what made you decide to do this?
the quality of the experience also goes up – you
S Well, I was already aware that a huge proportion of
know, you get to actually have conversations with
my rubbish at home was made up of plastic but I
people when you use smaller shops. And given the
guess the main thing was that I saw something in a
choice, I think many people would prefer to buy
magazine about this massive island of waste plastic
their fruit and veg direct from the producer or from a
in the middle of the ocean – it was really horrifying.
local shop where you know it hasn’t travelled
When I saw the photo, I decided I couldn’t just sit
thousands of miles.
there so I found out about some people who were
I So you’re at the end of the initial experiment – what
trying to, you know, do something about it.
next? Do you think you’re going to keep it up?
I By reducing the amount of plastic in their lives?
S Definitely, no doubt about it. Looking back, it’s hard
S Exactly. And that’s why I decided to see how much I
to think why I hadn’t tried it before. It’s really just a
could reduce my plastic consumption in a month.
question of changing a few habits, becoming a little
Exercise 2b
more aware. Taking everything into consideration,
Audio 8.5
it’s been a great experience.
I So having made the decision, what was the first
thing to go?

Exercise 5a 8.3 Vocabulary and skills

development
Audio 8.6
a What I’ve been trying to do is cut down on my use of Exercise 1c
plastic – it’s pretty difficult to cut it out completely Audio 8.8
these days … Much of what we do in business, as well as outside
b … doing the shopping takes up more time, but the work, is concerned with human interaction. It’s
quality of the experience also goes up. therefore very important to understand some basic
principles.
Exercise 7
Whenever we speak, whether we know it or not, all
Audio 8.7
kinds of unspoken, or non-verbal, signals are being
Something I’ve had to put off? … Well, actually, last
exchanged. Of course a lot of this is down to instinct,
year I had to change all my holiday plans because of
it’s quite unconscious, and we often both deliver and
work. What happened was, my wife and I had been
receive these signals without being aware we are
planning a trip to the USA for ages and we were really
doing so.
looking forward to it. We’d always wanted to do a road
The study of non-verbal communication, or kinesics, is
trip – you know – just book the flights, get there and
vital to management and leadership, and to all aspects
then set off down the highway, stopping whenever and
of work and business where communication can be
wherever we felt like it. I’ve had friends who’ve gone
seen. By becoming aware of our body language – the
on similar trips and had a fantastic time.
way we move, our facial expressions and the effect it
But then something that we weren’t expecting came up
has on other people – we have in our hands a very
– one of the companies we do a lot of business with
powerful communicative tool. One very …
asked for a big order that needed to be sent out as
soon as possible. There was nothing for it – I had to Exercise 2a
put my trip off and get on with fulfilling the order. We
Audio 8.9
worked really hard and got the order out on time – the
Unlock the code: things to concentrate on while
company was so pleased they placed a second big
listening
order, and then another. By doing this one rush job,
we’ve been able to build on the relationship and they Listening is very intense if you try to understand
now give us at least one big order per month. everything you hear. When we listen, it’s important to
distinguish between important and less important
And in the end, we were able to have our trip – just a
information in order to understand the message. We
few weeks later than we’d planned. We got to New
can do this in two ways.
York and set off heading west. It was a fantastic trip –
* Focus on the stressed words, which tend to carry
I’ll never forget it …
information.
* Become aware of the low-key intonation used for the
words we can ignore, usually because they contain
repeated or irrelevant information.
Much of what we do in business, as well as outside

work, is concerned with human interaction.

Exercise 2b There’s no better way, according to research, to win a

customer over.
Audio 8.10
Whenever we speak, whether we know it or not, all 8.4 Speaking and writing
kinds of unspoken, or non-verbal, signals are being
Exercises 2a & b
exchanged.
Audio 8.14
Exercise 2c Right, the first card I’m going to choose is, well, I think
Audio 8.11 it’s probably – it’s a library card, I think it might be for a
By becoming aware of our body language, the way we university library or something like that and the second
move – our facial expressions and the effect it has on one is one of those ID cards that business people wear
other people – we have in our hands a very powerful round their neck. So both cards are used for the
communicative tool. purpose of identification. With the first one you’d be

likely to use it to identify yourself, but I guess it would
Exercise 2d also have the additional function of recording, perhaps,
the books that you’ve borrowed and the books that you
Audio 8.12
have yet to return. But I think the other one is one of
One very interesting aspect, of which most of us are
those cards that you have when you’re a visitor. So
unaware, is mirroring. Mirroring is when one person
this person could be some kind of visitor to the
copies the body language of another – if one person
building, to the office, and has to wear this card to
sits forward, the other person sits forward and so on.
identify themselves as someone who is permitted to be
Mirroring is a non-verbal way to say ‘I am like you. I
there. I suppose with the first one, the card would
feel the same’. Making this kind of connection, or
enable you to borrow books and obviously to use the
bond, will help us develop a good relationship with the
facilities of the library and to study there while the
other person, who will, as a consequence, perceive us
second one would simply enable you to access the
as being friendly.
building.
Exercise 3a In terms of how I'd feel about using a card in each
Audio 8.13 situation, well, I wouldn't have any issues I guess -

particularly in the example of the library. It seems to
But mirroring, or the Chameleon Effect, as it is
me to be something very practical – it’s nice to see the
sometimes known, is not restricted to body language.
digitalization of that kind of resource now. I think it’s a
People also mirror voices. In an effort to make a
lot more efficient, so I wouldn’t have any problem with
positive impression on another person, to show they’re
that. When it comes to the ID card for the office, I have
on the same side, the brain can cause people to adopt
to say whenever I’ve had to wear one of these I’ve
characteristics of their speech style – including
found them pretty uncomfortable – they’re difficult to
intonation and speed of speech – and even alter their
get on your clothes. But I suppose, you know, it’s
accent to fit that of the person they are talking to.
practical – it’s important that people can identify who
So, if we want to build understanding and trust – as of
should and shouldn’t be in the building – so I think in
course we do when we’re trying to get a new customer
both cases the use of the card is practical and justified.
or sell a product – we need to use all the tools at our
disposal. Become aware of kinesics – body language
and facial expressions – and think about mirroring.

Review
Unit 9
Exercise 1a 9.1 The best way to learn
Audio 8.15
Exercise 3a
bound to
Audio 9.1
unlikely to
A I’ve just finished reading a book by Ken Robinson
guaranteed to about how schools are killing off children’s
likely to creativity. It really made me think. All the stress

about exams and grades could be stifling children’s
might
creativity. In some ways it’s really sad – according
sure to to him right now, in a classroom somewhere in the
world, a child will be losing their excitement about
Exercise 3a new things and enthusiasm for learning. I think it’s
Audio 8.16 true that children won’t learn what they aren’t
absorbent interested in.
B You’re right there.
durable
A Yes, but it wasn’t just that, he was saying that this is
elastic actually causing a major problem for companies
flexible right now – one that experts are quite concerned

about.
strong
B What do you mean?
fragile A Well, he said that in tomorrow’s fast-moving world,
lightweight a company’s success will depend on its ability to

come up with innovative solutions, but it seems
magnetic
there’s a real problem with the way graduates have
rigid been taught to think. They are steered towards
bio-degradable more practical and technical degrees, but they

aren’t encouraged to experiment with ideas and
tough
make mistakes.
transparent B I suppose that’s true enough. If schools and
universities will focus so much on facts and
versatile
technology, it’s no surprise that many companies
water-resistant
can’t find graduates who can produce imaginative
solutions. But I think we have to remember that
students do have to learn some facts. I mean, they
can’t always just be creative all the time. That might
get a bit tedious too.
Anyway, he’s not the only one with some interesting
ideas on education. I was going to tell you about
that talk I saw by Sugata Mitra.

A I’ve heard of him, but aren’t his ideas a bit A You can’t disagree with that. I’m just not convinced I
controversial? could leave my class alone with a load of
B Well, yes, a lot of people don’t agree with him but computers and expect them to come up with any
he has done some amazing things. answers.
A Yes, I read about the Hole in the Wall experiment. It
sounded intriguing, but I wasn’t really convinced it Exercise 3b
would work. Audio 9.2
B Well, Mitra says if you give a child a computer, it 1 Right now, in a classroom somewhere in the world, a
won’t be long before he or she starts to use it. child will be losing their excitement about new things
That’s exactly what he tried out in the Hole in the and enthusiasm for learning.
Wall experiment. 2 Children won’t learn what they aren’t interested in.
A And those kids didn’t know how to use a computer 3 In tomorrow’s fast-moving world, a company’s
before, right? success will depend on its ability to come up with
B Not only that, they didn’t know English either, but innovative solutions.
Mitra says that left alone, children will come up with 4 If schools and universities will focus so much on
a solution to any problem, you know, find out how facts and technology, it’s no surprise that many
to do it or learn other things they need on the way. companies can’t find graduates who can produce
A Really? I find that a bit hard to believe. Did it work? imaginative solutions.
B Well, it seemed to – for a while anyway. More 5 Left alone, children will come up with a solution to
recently he’s started leaving children problems to any problem.
solve, you know, just asking a question and letting 6 To answer a question, the children will have had to
them research it on their own, without a teacher work out what they need to do.
around at all. And it’s amazing what they come up 7 Just by someone saying something like ‘Your project
with – to answer a question, the children will have sounds amazing. Will you tell me about it?’ that’s
had to work out what they need to do and then visit enough to keep the kids enthusiastic.
lots of different websites to find the answers.
A And they just do it on their own, right – no teacher? Exercise 6a
So how do they judge which sites are worth reading
Audio 9.3
and which are just rubbish? Wouldn’t they need
He will keep arriving late.
some help from someone with that?
B Um, I can see that is a problem. Something else he She would always interrupt.
told us about was a thing called the Granny Cloud.

Exercise 6b
A I read about that too – the idea behind that was to
encourage the kids, wasn’t it? Audio 9.4
B Yes. He claims that just by someone saying 1 He will always call just as we’re sitting down to
something like ‘Your project sounds amazing. Will dinner.
you tell me about it?’ that’s enough to keep the kids 2 She would say that, wouldn’t she!
enthusiastic. I mean, we all know it’s a good idea to 3 If you will stay up late, it’s not surprising you’re tired!
involve as many people in the community as 4 He was a nice guy, but he would always have to
possible – then the children feel what they are have the last word.
doing is valued.

Exercise 2b
Exercise 7b
Audio 9.7
Audio 9.5
1 Before you can enrol, you need to send us proof of
1
your level of English. This needs to come from an
A I’m sure it won’t be long before we see classrooms
officially recognized examining body – if you look on
without teachers.
the webpage, you’ll see a list of those we accept.
B Really? I’ll believe it when I see it.
2 We’ve got three kids and in the next five years
2
they’re all going to be going to university. In the past,
A You always say you’re going to study harder but it
you had to worry about paying for the
never happens.
accommodation, books and so on, but at least the
B This time’s different – you’ll see.
classes themselves were free. But now we’ve got to
3
pay this on top of everything else. I really don’t know
A Let me pay for the coffees at least.
how we’re going to afford it.
B I won’t hear of it. You’re our guest.
3 I think in some countries everyone wants to go to
4
university, but here in Australia there are a lot of
A Can you come on Friday?
programmes which are more practical and combine
B I need to check with my wife. I’ll let you know.
work and study. That’s how I learned to be an
5
engineer. I think employers in many areas value this
A That’ll be Jim now. [SFX – door opening] Hi there.
type of practical experience more.
B Hello – ready to go?
4 When I finished school I wasn’t interested in
A I’ll just get my coat.
studying any more; I wanted to start work and start
6
earning some money. However, last year, I decided I
A Morning. I have an appointment with Dr Graydon.
did want to do a degree and I have to say I’m
B Ah, good morning, Mr Lambert. If you’ll just wait in
thoroughly enjoying it. My years of work experience
there a moment, I’ll let the doctor know you’re here.
are a real benefit and I definitely appreciate the
7
opportunity to study a lot more than I would have
A If we get everything finished, can we go home
done when I was eighteen.
early?
5 So this is where you log in … and then on the left
B We’ll see. Let’s get started.
you can see the courses I’m enrolled on. In the
9.2 The future of higher education centre, are the messages I’ve got from other people
on my course and also from my tutors – look, my
Exercise 1b psychology tutor’s uploaded a video for us. And
Audio 9.6 there are also assignments we do online.
Next slide … The map shows the proportion of the

Exercises 4 & 5a
population between 15 and 24 years of age who are
enrolled in tertiary education in different countries. Audio 9.8
Over 170 million students are in tertiary education. The If current trends continue, the number of students
country with the highest percentage is Finland where worldwide is set to increase by nearly 50% in the next
around 43% in this age group are studying. The two fifteen years, with developing economies leading the
countries with the biggest increase in students in way according to a recent report commissioned by
recent years are India and China. UNESCO.

Information technology is sure to play an increasing

role in higher education: more students will be
development
following blended learning programmes and it seems
clear that the use of virtual learning environments is on Exercise 2b
the point of changing the nature of both local and
Audio 9.10
distance learning dramatically in the very near future.
I Could you tell me about your job and what it
This is also going to lead to the development of more
entails?
mega-universities, like the Indira Gandhi National
D Well I’m a managing editor in the English Language
Open University in India which is due to reach two
Teaching dictionaries department. That means that
million students in the next decade or the African
I produce new dictionaries for learners of English,
Virtual University which works in over twenty-five
for example this year we produced our first ever
different countries.
dictionary of academic English for students
The study predicts that different countries will studying at university or college – but mostly what
dominate research in the twenty-first century and says we do is we revise and update existing dictionaries,
China will probably have overtaken the USA as the such as the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
world’s main producer of research by as early as 2020 I How has the dictionary business changed recently?
and India will be in the top five. D Well, there are two ways in which it’s changed: one
The current trend towards internationalism is also here is that there’s a lot more technology involved and
to stay: the development of offshore campuses is we now have more sophisticated tools for analysing
expected to continue and the number of international words. The other thing is the people who are using
students is likely to reach seven million by 2020. our dictionaries. There are many, many more
people learning English around the world and they
But measures may be needed if countries are to hold
have a really diverse range of needs; the result is
on to local talent; in Brazil the government is to fund
that we’re putting more and more words into the
tuition fees abroad for 100,000 students – on condition
dictionary. There are also more informal words and
that they return home after graduating.
more different varieties of English – it used to be
just British and American English but now we have
Exercise 5b
Australian English, South African English, Indian
Audio 9.9 English, West African English – we have words
1 Information technology is sure to play an increasing from all sorts of different places where English is
role in higher education. the first language.
2 … and more students will be following blended I What further changes do you foresee?
learning programmes. D Um, well technology is going to go on changing
3 The use of virtual learning environments is on the things because first we had print dictionaries and
point of changing the nature of both local and then it was print dictionary and CD-ROM – but CD-
distance learning. ROMs are on their way out now I think, so now it’s
4 China will probably have overtaken the USA as the all about apps and online and that’s going to get
world’s top main producer of research by as early as even more important – and it’ll also change how we
2020 and India will be in the top five. produce the dictionaries because instead of doing a
5 The development of offshore campuses is expected new print edition every five years, we can just keep
to continue. constantly updating when we’re online.

Exercises 2d & e keep our eyes and ears open for new things that
we read or that we hear in the media, things that
Audio 9.11
our kids say …
1 I’m a managing editor in the English Language
And of course we have a Word of the Year
Teaching dictionaries department. That means that I
competition where people vote for new words, like
produce new dictionaries for learners of English.
‘selfie’ which won a couple of years ago.
2 This year we produced our first ever dictionary of
I Oh yes, I remember that one. Now, recently there
academic English for students studying at university
seem to be a lot of new prefixes around – could you
or college – but mostly what we do is we revise and
tell us something about those?
update existing dictionaries, such as the Oxford
D Well, I think it’s worth saying that a lot of them
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
aren’t quite as new as you might think. If you take a
3 There are two ways in which it’s changed: one is that
very prominent one like ‘e-’, that was first used in
there’s a lot more technology involved and we now
‘e-mail’ and that term was around as far back as
have more sophisticated tools for analysing words.
1979 though it didn’t really become popular until the
4 There are many, many more people learning English
early nineties.
around the world and they have a really diverse
I And did ‘e-’ start being used for other words apart
range of needs; the result is that we’re putting more
from e-mail right from the start or is that much more
and more words into the dictionary.
of a recent thing?
5 There are also more informal words and more
D That’s more recent, we introduced ‘e-’ as a prefix in
different varieties of English – it used to be just
the dictionary in the year 2000 and now we have
British and American English but now we have
words like e-reader, e-learning, and actually a very
Australian English, South African English, Indian
recent one is e-cigarette, which is interesting
English, West African English – we have words from
because it’s not about electronic communication,
all sorts of different places where English is the first
it’s broadening the meaning of ‘e-’. In fact there
language.
seems to be a bit of a trend for single-letter
6 Technology is going to go on changing things
prefixes.
because first we had print dictionaries and then it
I Such as?
was print dictionary and CD-ROM – but CD-ROMs
D Well, ‘i’ – for interactive – that’s obviously a popular
are on their way out now I think, so now it’s all about
one, particularly as a brand name. ‘M’ – for mobile
apps and online and that’s going to get even more
as in m-learning. My favourite new one is p-book.
important – and it’ll also change how we produce the
I P-book –what’s a p-book?
dictionaries because instead of doing a new print
D It’s a print book.
edition every five years, we can just keep constantly
I Really! So that’s now known as a print book as
updating when we’re online.
opposed to an e-book!
D That’s an example of what we call a retronym – a
Exercise 3b
new or modified word for an old thing that now
Audio 9.12
needs clarifying like snail mail or landline.
I So how do you go about selecting new words for a I What about suffixes?
dictionary? D Let’s see … ‘-gate’ from the Watergate crisis in the
D Well, two ways really – we have a group of readers USA in the seventies is still being used in the press
and they send in new words that they notice, so we for any kind of scandal, not only in the USA and the
use that, but also the people in our team, well we UK but in lots of other countries too – so you have

‘Pizzagate’ in the UK, ‘Moggigate’ in Italy, testing and it seems many parents would also prefer to
‘Valijagate’ in Argentina. Then you have ‘-ista’ which see their children learning through experimentation
started off as a political thing – ‘Zapatista’ and and play in a natural environment. Aside from being
‘Blairista’ – meaning a follower of – and then happy and physically stronger, children develop
became things like ‘fashionista’ and ‘barista’, but greater autonomy and a wide range of problem-solving
that’s different because here ‘-ista’ means more like and interpersonal skills.
an expert rather than a follower. And one of the
According to scientists, the change in circadian
latest is ‘-tastic’ – from fantastic which expresses a
rhythms during adolescence means teens with an 8 or
rather indiscriminate enthusiasm I think, so you
9 o’clock start at school are expected to concentrate at
have things like ‘poptastic’ or ‘choc-tastic’ recipes.
a time which is incompatible with their body clock. In a
It’s not a very sophisticated word!
trial at the Hugh Christie Technology College in Kent,
starting school at 11.30 has meant an improvement in
Exercise 6a
attendance, attention, and even exam results for
Audio 9.13 students.
I What’s a p-book?
Many Taiwanese parents fear that their children lack
D It’s a print book.
confidence and courage compared to youngsters from
I Really! So that’s now known as a print book as
other countries. A kindergarten in Taichung has
opposed to an e-book!
responded to this by including one to two hours of
D That’s an example of what we call a retronym – a
military exercise and gymnastics designed to improve
new or modified word for an old thing that now
mental and physical strength. The change has been
needs clarifying like snail mail or landline.
welcomed by parents and the classes have proved to
9.4 Speaking and writing be a sell-out.
Exercises 1b & c Exercise 2a

A report has shown that the trend to start school The purpose of this presentation is to look at the
younger in many countries is far from ideal. A study in Bilingual Education Programme which has been
New Zealand showed that by secondary school, operational in schools in Madrid since the year 2004.
children who started literacy classes aged five had no
I’d like to start by providing some background to the
significant advantage over those who started aged
programme and why it was introduced in the first
seven and if anything, had less positive attitudes to
place. Despite being the first foreign language taught
reading.
in schools for the past thirty years, a lot of Spanish
Experts point to European countries such as Sweden people continue to have quite a poor level of English
and Estonia where formal schooling is delayed till the and for this reason, the regional government decided
age of seven and where children nevertheless display to launch a project to tackle the issue of language
higher levels of academic achievement and well-being. proficiency in Madrid. The project started in the year
At the Dandelion Forest School, children learn through 2004 with twenty-six primary schools and was rolled
outside play all year round in sun, rain and snow. out across the region so that currently 335 primary
Founder Emma Harwood was worried that even pre- schools –that’s about 44% of the total – are bilingual.
school was too centred on formal education and Moving on to how it works in practice in bilingual

primary schools, children have two class teachers. 5 Official approval given by an organization saying
Generally speaking one teaches subjects in Spanish, that someone or something has reached a required
such as Spanish language and maths, and the other standard.
teaches subjects through the medium of English – 6 The money you pay to be taught, especially in a
these include science, arts and crafts, and P.E. college or university.
In terms of the success of the project, on the whole the

results have been positive –where it works it can be Unit 10
very good: children speak with increased confidence 10.2 Live!
and in most cases take official exams and get external
Exercises 2 & 3b
accreditation much earlier than previously.
Audio 10.1
However, not everyone sees it in such a positive light.
Good afternoon. I’m going to talk to you today about
Critics say it’s largely been motivated by politics rather
an exciting revolution which is sweeping our world.
than education. And certainly the effectiveness of the
programme does depend to a large degree on the I notice many of you have smartphones, and some of
capacity of parents to support their children’s studies you are even filming me on them – don’t worry, I’m not
and also on the language proficiency of the teachers in going to take them away. See how nervous you got
the first place, because obviously a programme of this, when I just suggested it? But I’m proposing that all
of this nature would require huge amounts of funding these gadgets – laptops, tablets, smartphones – are
and there really is, you know, a relatively limited already out of date. The internet is so … last year.
amount of language training available to teachers. Because we’re living in the post-digital age …
The long-term implications of the programme remain to Let me give you some examples. In a recent art show
be seen. However, there can be no denying that a in London called ‘512 hours’, the public were required
whole generation of children are going to leave school to give up all cameras, recorders, smart phones and
with a far greater level of proficiency in English than even digital watches at the door. The reason for this
had ever been the case previously. so-called ‘technology hijack’ was so the public could
better experience ‘silence and mindfulness’. The
Review rationale was that because of all our technology, our
Exercise 4a ability to concentrate is a disaster. Life is short, art
should be longer.
Audio 9.16
1 The type of education connected with the practical Second example: this is an elementary school in
skills you need for a particular job. Seattle, USA, the home of technology. It’s also one of
2 A system of education in which a person works for the most exclusive schools in Seattle – where the
an employer for a fixed period of time in order to bosses of the most important technology companies
learn the particular skills needed in their job, while send their kids. So you might expect it to be full of
studying part-time. technology. But what do you notice? There are no
3 Money lent to a student to pay for the cost of screens – the kids spend most of their day playing with
education. mud.
4 An adult student who goes to college some years Third example: this is the biggest rock band in the
after leaving school. world – the Rolling Stones. But when I say biggest, I
mean highest earning. And here’s an interesting fact.

In the last two years, the Rolling Stones have earned 4 These children only eat fresh food at school, and at
sixteen times more money from their live concerts than home they probably eat very unhealthily.
from their sales of CDs and downloads. Sixteen times!
Exercise 8
OK, so what am I saying here? Conventional wisdom
is that the internet and smartphones are changing our Audio 10.4
world. We only access the world through our screens. 1 From Newco … the masters of innovation … a
We are losing human contact. product that will change your experience of gaming
… a games console that breaks new ground in
But in fact the opposite is true. Everything ‘live’ is
terms of performance and price.
booming. Big rock festivals sell out in minutes, even at
2 It’s the latest thing in eating out. Come to Blackout,
£300 a ticket. Live conferences, seminars, cookery
the restaurant where you eat … in total darkness.
courses, musicals – these activities should be
Share a table with strangers who you can’t see! You
obsolete, but they’re actually more popular than ever.
will enter a new world where your other senses –
Here’s a good quote: ‘In the digital age, there is a real
especially taste! – will take over. Brilliant food, fine
necessity for a live experience, for physical
wines, an unbelievable trip … a radical departure in
interaction.’
the appreciation of food.
And you can see this happening in what we spend our 3 This is the story of a man who changed music
money on. Purchasing patterns are shifting rapidly forever. Buddy Holly was a pioneer in the world of
from ‘having’ to ‘being’, in other words, from owning rock and roll, and this biography explains why his
new products to buying an experience. music has lived on, unlike other stars from that
Digital is an astonishing means of communication. But period whose music now seems dated.
it has not satisfied the human appetite for meeting, for 4 Some people are always searching for the last word
touching and for experiencing. I find this hugely in design. Sofas, tables, bathrooms … but here at
reassuring. We still need the live experience. Marshall and company, we look back to the 1950s,
60s, and 70s for the best in retro and vintage. Want
Exercise 6a a reconditioned radio from 1953? Retro telephones
in gorgeous red plastic? Beautiful Italian lamps and
Audio 10.2
lights from the 1970s? Visit our website at retro and
1 She’s only been working in Copenhagen since
vintage objects dot com and just click on the photos.
January …
2 He’s only been writing the draft report … 10.3 Vocabulary and skills
3 Brazil only scored two goals in the first half … development
4 These children only eat fresh food at school …
Exercise 2a
Exercise 6c Audio 10.5
Audio 10.3 The ‘sharing economy’ is really a very simple idea. You
1 She’s only been working in Copenhagen since have something that you can share with other people:
January – she used to work just outside the city. let’s say you live close to the commercial zone of a big
2 He’s only been writing the draft report, because the city, where it is difficult to find somewhere to park, and
final one isn’t due for months. you have a space in front of your house which
3 Brazil only scored two goals in the first half, but they somebody could park in. Now out there are thousands
scored three in the second! of people who work near your house, and would be

very happy to park in that space – and pay for it too! C In that case, we could always go Californian and
So the sharing economy is a way of bringing together have a chill room, you know with pods and stuff like
you and all these people. that!
B That would be SO cool. Because, if you think about
So there’s a website called Parking Panda which does
it, we haven’t really got a communal space where
just that. And in fact it’s the internet which has allowed
workmates can meet up and just hang out.
all these different sites to spring up now.
A True. And most people I’ve talked to have said
It could be a spare room in your house, and in fact one
they’d really like something like that.
of the most successful sites is Airbnb which allows you
C Why don’t we suggest a chill room with a café
to stay in a stranger’s house; or maybe you drive to
attached? That might be a good option. It’s a pretty
work, and have a space in your car, and somebody
decent space.
would pay you to get a lift to work. So there’s a site for
A That’s a great idea. And we can sell it to Jack by
that as well.
saying we won’t need to keep popping out to the
10.4 Speaking and writing café every ten minutes. Right, so that’s decided
then. Let’s just recap what we’ve decided. One end
Exercises 2 & 3 of the room will be a chill room and the other end
Audio 10.6 will be some kind of café or …
A So Jack has asked us to come up with some ideas

Review
for the new room. What do you reckon?
B It’s quite a big space, isn’t it? Personally … I’d go Exercises 4a & b
for something that really exploits the space. Audio 10.7
C I think you could be right. It’s twenty square metres.
1 This object was the key to a fundamental shift in the
Maybe we’re looking at something like a table
economics of the world, because it provided
tennis room. We all need to relax!
Europeans especially with a reliable method of
A Well … I understand what you’re saying, but don’t
traversing the world’s oceans, and this gave Europe
forget that we’ve got the garden for sporty things
the wealth and power that later fuelled the Industrial
like that. It seems like a bit of a waste of a fantastic
Revolution. Ironic, really, because it was a Chinese
facility just to give it over to table tennis. I get the
invention.
idea from Jack that it should be something serious
2 I hate to say this, but I think the wristwatch is on the
and work-related.
way out. I wanted to buy one for my son’s twenty-
B Well, one way of keeping Jack happy would be to
first birthday, but he just said to me ‘Mom, I really
have some kind of decent meeting room. At present
don’t need a watch, that’s a bit last year or even last
we have to hold our meetings in that tiny room at
century! I just use my smartphone now.’ It’s such a
the top of the building.
pity, because they can be works of art as well as
A I’m not so sure I agree with you. That room at the
wonders of science.
top of the building is hardly used anyway. After all,
3 The first ones appeared in the early 1990s, though
we never really have big formal meetings. We meet
they didn’t start to get really popular until about
up more informally, in small groups. That’s the
2010. I think the key to their success was in the fact
company style if you like.
that you operated them with your finger so there was
no need for a mouse or for all that clicking. In that

sense, I think they were something genuinely while using extreme physical effort. However as
innovative and took computers in a fresh direction. linguists point out, this doesn’t account for all the
4 You know when you’re in a foreign city and you other words in our vocabulary. As yet, no linguists
really, really need to use the internet? So you’re have described the Bang-Bang theory!
constantly looking for a hotspot? Well, this will let 3 The answer’s logical. It’s generally agreed that
you know where all the perfect internet hotspots are. despite the fact that the brain was increasing in size,
It displays the strength of Wi-fi signals in your vicinity early humans didn’t start using tools extensively until
no matter where you happen to be in the world. Just they started communicating using speech. The
look down at your chest! (Or ask a passer-by how reason for this is that until this time, they couldn’t
strong your signal is … a great way to make use tools because their hands were being used for
friends ….) communicating in gestures.
5 The printing press is a fairly obvious example of a 4 Chimpanzees certainly don’t have the intellect that
crucial innovation, but I don’t think people realize humans do, but experiments have shown that they
how many different fields of study and behaviour it can be trained to work out logical connections and –
affected. From religion to science to the arts, it in the right environment – acquire a vocabulary of up
literally changed everything. Of course, as with most to 200 items. However, efforts to get chimps to
inventions, many different people were involved in speak have been a total failure. The reason they
its development, but it was mainly due to people like cannot speak is simple: their bodies are not
Gutenberg in Germany that it became so designed for speech.
widespread around Europe. 5 By the age of eighteen, the average person has a
vocabulary of some 60,000 words. This means he or
Unit 11 she must have learned an average of ten new words
every day, about one word every ninety minutes.
11.1 Origins of language
6 The Finno-Ugric languages are a group of
Exercise 2b languages which are alike in some respects and
share common roots. They’re spoken in the north of
Audio 11.1
Europe in Finland, Estonia and parts of northern
1 Africa is home to more languages than any other
Sweden, and in one country in central Europe:
continent. At the present time there are about 1,300
Hungary.
languages spoken by over 400 million speakers.
There are four main language groups and various 11.2 Origins of world food
lingua francas – languages used for communication
between people from different language groups Exercises 1a & b
across a wide area. Audio 11.2
2 The Bow-Wow theory states that language is based 1 Can you think of a food which reminds you of your
on imitation, that when language began, our childhood?
ancestors imitated natural sounds around them, 2 Is there any ingredient you really don’t like?
such as animal noises. However, critics say this is 3 What foreign restaurants are popular where you
unlikely as – while in English children describe a live?
dog’s call as ‘Bow Wow’ – in China for example, they 4 Which is the best region in your country in terms of
call it ‘Wang wang’. The Yo-He-Ho theory says that food?
language evolved from the noises people make 5 What’s the best type of street food in your country?

Exercise 2c undeniably become the national dish of Thailand in a

relatively short period of time.
Audio 11.3
Who ever thought of taking day-old tortillas, frying Paella was originally an easy lunch dish for
them, and serving them with melted cheese, chillies, farmworkers to cook in the fields near Valencia, Spain.
and tomato sauce? The answer is Nacho, or to give Whenever I think of paella I think of seafood, but this
him his full name Ignacio Anaya. The story goes that a was not one of the original ingredients. It was made
group of women – the wives of US servicemen – with rice, plus anything else found in the surrounding
walked into a restaurant in northern Mexico. It was the countryside: tomatoes, onions and beans with some
end of the day and Nacho threw together a meal with snails, rabbit or whatever. Traditionally it was shared
the ingredients he had to hand. The customers were and eaten straight from the pan. Later the recipes were
delighted and Nachos, as they became known, were refined and seafood was added and there are now
quickly exported over the border into the United some 200 paella recipes in the Valencia area alone
States. It just goes to show that no matter what with many more varieties in other parts of Spain and
ingredients you have, a tasty snack can be made. abroad.
Who invented the kebab? It seems whoever you ask, Exercise 6b

they’ll tell you a different story. From Greece to Iran,
Audio 11.4
Turkey to India, everyone is claiming responsibility.
P Let me introduce my next guest who is making us a
However, it does seem likely that the kebab started out
classic Greek dish here in the studio. Eleni
as a food for soldiers: while on duty they would put
Papadakis, you run a small but enormously popular
meat on their swords and grill it over an open fire.
Greek restaurant in East London, and you’ve also
Many kebabs today are still cooked horizontally on a
written two Greek recipe books.
metal skewer. However, the modern döner kebab, in
E That’s right.
which the meat is cooked vertically, is generally agreed
P And you’re making us one of your signature dishes,
to have been invented by Iskender Efendi of Bursa,
moussaka.
Turkey. Whichever direction you have your meat
E Mmhmm.
cooked, it’s sure to be delicious!
P Welcome to the show.
Pad Thai is arguably the most famous dish to come
E Thank you.
out of Thailand. A simple dish of rice noodles and meat
P So tell me, are you following a traditional recipe?
and vegetables, it’s the dish that Thai restaurants
E It’s my version of it, but it’s based on the traditional
around the world are judged on. In Thailand itself, you
recipe.
can find it in every café and street stall. Surprisingly,
P OK, so tell us what you’re doing.
though, the origins of this national dish don’t go back
E Well, I’ve already prepared the aubergine layer – I
that far. Before the 1940s Pad Thai didn’t really exist. It
thinly sliced two aubergines, seasoned them with
was the Prime Minister of the time who popularized the
salt and pepper and brushed them generously with
dish in an effort to promote national unity and advance
olive oil. They’re baking in the oven. What I’m
the country’s economy and health. The recipe was
making now is the meat layer: I’ve roughly chopped
rolled out across the country and street vendors were
up some onions and softened them in oil, then I
encouraged to make and sell it. It’s not known who
added garlic, cinnamon and oregano, and after that
invented the recipe, although it has strong Chinese
I stirred in the lamb. Then I added peeled tomatoes
influences. Whoever invented it, though, it has
(you have to peel them, as the skin goes bitter if

you leave it in the sauce), tomato puree and red

Songkran is a major festival in Thailand, it’s the
wine. So, this now needs to cook gently for at least
celebration of the Thai New Year, and apart from
half an hour to reduce the liquid.
anything else, it’s the biggest water fight in the world.
P Mmm, it smells delicious already!
It takes place each year in April, which is the hottest
E I know, it’s good isn’t it! Anyway, now I need to
time of the year. Originally, the date was determined by
make the white sauce for the top layer. So I’m
the lunar calendar but now it takes place officially from
melting the butter with some flour, and now I need
the thirteenth to the sixteenth of April although the
to add some warm milk and beat it in.
celebrations can go on for a whole week.
P How do you avoid getting lumps?
E I just beat it vigorously so they don’t have the Again going back to its origins, it was a religious
chance to form! … OK, that’s done. Now I’ve grated festival and it was all to do with cleaning and making
some pecorino cheese here and I’m going to melt fresh starts; people would clean out their houses, they
that into the white sauce. There you go. Now, this is would clean religious statues and very respectfully
what makes the white sauce special – I’m going to they would pour water on their family and on their
beat two eggs into it. The eggs make the sauce rise neighbours – just a little water, to symbolize the start of
when it’s cooked. the new year.
P It’s almost like a custard.
Now it’s all become an absolutely massive street party
E Yes, it goes nice and fluffy. And once the eggs are
and it’s totally fine and normal to soak complete
beaten in, I’ll season it and add some grated
strangers. The whole thing is designed to bring you
nutmeg.
good luck in the New Year and it’s a huge party with
….
dancing, drinking, and lots and lots of water.
P So, Eleni, all three elements are now ready. What
are you doing now? Thai people often go home to their villages, but for
E I’m putting layers of the aubergines and meat in an visitors the place where you can have the best
oven dish. There, that’s done. And the final touch – Songkran experience is Bangkok. It gets really busy
the white sauce covers the whole thing. Then back though, so you do need to book accommodation well
into the oven for 45 minutes. Some people like to in advance. The city gets incredibly busy and in terms
sprinkle cheese on top and grill it at the end. of advice, well, be super-careful with your cameras,
P Do you do that? your phones and any other valuables because
E No, I add the cheese to the sauce. I don’t think it everything will get wet. While your actual room is
needs any more. probably safe, the staff may ‘attack’ you elsewhere in
P Well, I can’t wait to try it. What would you serve with the hotel, that’s how serious it gets. Don’t try and use
your moussaka … public transport to get into the centre of town because
it’s just crazy. You must show respect for the religious
11.4 Speaking and writing elements of the ceremony which are still there and
what you absolutely have to remember is this: don’t
Exercise 1b
come to Songkran without a bucket or a water pistol
Audio 11.5 because you’ve got to fight back!
OK, so the best street festival in Asia is without any
doubt: Songkran. No way should you miss this
amazing party.

complete understanding of how memory works is a

Exercise 3a long way off. Work is being done all the time around
Audio 11.6 the world on the brain and how it processes
1 Now it takes place officially from the thirteenth to the information. I think most people know that memory
sixteenth of April, is basically divided into ‘short-term’ memory and
2 Thai people often go home to their villages for ‘long-term’ memory, though there are plenty of
Songkran, experts who disagree even with those two terms!
3 While your actual room is probably safe, But let’s stick with them for now.
I Can you define those terms?
Exercise 3c D So short-term memory lasts for just a few seconds.
And we know that with short-term memory, most
Audio 11.7
people are able to remember a telephone number
1 Now it takes place officially from the thirteenth to the
of, say, six digits but not of twenty-six. And that is
sixteenth of April, although the celebrations can go
down to the fact that short-term memory has
on for a whole week.
restricted capacity.
2 Thai people often go home to their villages, but for
I Whereas …
visitors the place where you can have the best
D Whereas long-term memory lasts for ever, and has
Songkran experience is Bangkok.
no upper limit as far as we know. But as always the
3 While your actual room is probably safe, the staff
situation is much more complicated than that. For a
may ‘attack’ you elsewhere in the hotel.
start, long-term memory is separated into two
Review types. These are sometimes called ‛implicit’
memories and ‛explicit’ memories …
Exercise 6a
I Implicit and explicit …
Audio 11.8 D That’s right. So implicit memories are things that
1 I’ll never forget that holiday. you don’t have to think about – like riding a bike or
2 The architecture really impressed me. playing a musical instrument.
3 I never thought about the danger we were in. I Don’t some people call this ‘muscle memory’?
4 When I got back to the village I stopped running. D Yes, especially in sports. You do an action so many
5 The food was the best thing. thousands of times that it becomes unconscious
and automatic. But it’s not just actions, it can be
Unit 12 things you have no control over. An example would
be the memory that comes back when we smell
12.1 Types of memory
fresh bread or taste a chocolate cake. Another
Exercises 2 & 3 crucial point about implicit memories is that they
Audio 12.1 often are non-verbal – you find it hard to describe
I Today’s visiting ‘expert’ is Dan Harrison. Dan, them to somebody. By the same token, with explicit
you’ve been studying the different types of memory. memories, you can get people to describe them –
Can you give us just a simple run-down of the and what’s more you could give details about the
different types? situation, such as who was there, what the weather
D Well, I’ll try! But it’s a very complex area. There’s a was like, and so on.
lot of debate over how memory works, and a

Exercise 3 Exercise 8b

I But I think you’re going to say that it’s even more imply ➞ implied ➞ implication
complex?
proportion ➞ proportionate ➞ disproportionate
D Absolutely! Because explicit memories are further
substance ➞ substantial ➞ substantially
sub-divided into episodic and semantic memories.
Obviously, episodic relates to episodes that happen associate ➞ associated ➞ association
to you. So in our experiments, we had the subjects
interpret ➞ interpretation ➞ interpretative
describe their first kiss, or when they met someone
famous, or when they had their car stolen. And that reproduce ➞ reproduction ➞ reproductive
was obviously very easy for them. fundamental ➞ fundamentally

I So what’s semantic memory?
D That’s the kind of memory for pieces of information,
development
like what’s the capital of China …
I Beijing! Exercise 1a
D Er, right, or the name of a good plumber to call
Audio 12.5
when you have water coming through your kitchen
1 What makes learning English words so difficult is the
ceiling, or the name of your hairdresser when you
pronunciation.
need to get your hair cut.
2 Memorizing lists of words, I find very unproductive.
I Well, thanks for that Dan – it’s been unforgettable!
3 Can’t be bothered with learning words, myself. I just
12.2 Improving your memory listen and then try to use them.
4 I’ve been learning French for I don’t know how long,
Exercise 5c
but I still love learning new words.
Audio 12.3
1 He complimented Andrea on the presentation she’d Exercise 3
made at the conference! Audio 12.6
2 She urged us never to believe the advertisements 1 People’s names, that’s what I can never remember.
that say that chocolate is good for your memory. It can be very embarrassing when you meet them
3 He suggested the management should change the again.
plan. 2 Always forget my own mobile number, I do. I never
4 He emphasized the need for older people to retain phone myself, you see.
their independence. 3 What I can never remember is the words to songs.
5 She insisted on having Japanese green tea for But as I can’t sing that’s probably a good thing.
breakfast. 4 My PINs, you know, the numbers you use for your
6 He claimed he had been accepted by a top German credit card, phone and so on, I’m always forgetting
university when he was fifteen. those – we have so many nowadays.
5 I’ve forgotten my parents’ birthdays I don’t know how
often! I forgot my mother’s last year and she didn’t
speak to me for a month.

Exercises 5 & 6 A Yeah, we had a lesson about them right at the start
of the course, but it’s good to be reminded about
Audio 12.7
these things every now and again. Just in case we
A What did you think of Professor Glazunov’s talk?
forget about them!
B For the most part I thought it was very interesting –
especially the bit about using rooms. I actually used 12.4 Speaking and writing
that technique last year for my final exam.
Exercise 1b
A So how does it work exactly? In that section, I got a
bit lost, he went so fast. Audio 12.8
B Well, the idea is that if you want to remember a lot A Did you read that intriguing story about the man
of different things in order, you imagine yourself in a who went swimming in the sea and then lost his
big house, and each room represents something memory?
you want to remember. Or it could be each item in a B No, what was that? I must have missed it. Sounds
room represents something. So let’s take the bones rather unlikely.
of the hand, you have to remember them for a test A It does, doesn’t it? But it was on the Guardian
or something, you associate, say, a vase with the website. Apparently what happened was, he was
first bone, then a mirror with the second bone, and on holiday in Scotland with his wife and grandson.
so on. They found this beautiful beach on the Isle of Mull, I
A So how does that really help? think it was, and he and his grandson decided to go
B Well, when you want to recall the names, you swimming.
imagine yourself in the house, and when you see B OK … this was in the summer, was it?
the vase, it triggers your memory of the name of the A Yes, I reckon it must have been… but the thing is
bone. That’s the theory, anyway. … Mull is actually quite a long way north. I mean it
A And does it work? looks beautiful and sunny in all the photos, but it’s
B Up to a point, I think it does. What they don’t tell still pretty cold even in the summer. I guess he
you is how to remember the objects in the room! thought the water would be warmer than it was.
You have to keep the picture of the room in your B Yes, I’ve been caught out like that in Scotland – the
head and if you’ve got a lot of things to learn – well, sea always seems to be absolutely freezing
it can get a bit complicated. What really interested whatever the time of year.
me was the research about learning words – the A … so anyway the grandson was wearing a
stuff that seems to prove that there’s not much wetsuit …
difference between learning something by heart B … sounds like a sensible lad …
and repetition and using other methods! A Yeah, but the grandfather was only wearing
A Yes, but there was only one source he cited. What swimming trunks.
about the research on learning in chunks? B Because he thought the water would be warm …
B That was quite good – especially the bit about A That’s right. In fact it wasn’t anything like as warm
learning words in phrases. It appears that’s how we as he was expecting. After about ten minutes, the
remember names – if you can remember their first grandfather comes out of the water and he can’t
name, the surname is like part of a chunk, so you remember where he is, or what he’s doing there.
remember the name as a whole. What made it really weird was that he could
A What did you think about the idea of mind maps? recognize his wife, and his grandson, and he could
B It was good stuff, that. I use mind maps all the time. do things like dry himself but all his recent

memories were gone!

B That must have been seriously upsetting Grammar reference
A And … oh yes, something I forgot to mention, it was
1.1 Comparing
his short term memory that seemed to be really
badly affected – he could only remember new Audio GR1.1
things for thirty seconds, so he kept repeating the 1 The USA is almost as big as Canada.
same things over and over, he kept asking the 2 The SR4 model is slightly less expensive than the
same questions … wouldn’t that be utterly SF4.
appalling? 3 I haven’t got nearly as many friends as I used to
B I can’t think of many worse things to happen out of have.
the blue like that. So what happened next? 4 The more you practise, the easier it gets.
A Well his family were really worried so they decided

1.2 Continuous forms
…
Audio GR1.2
Review 1 The internet isn’t working.
Exercise 4 2 Were you still living in London in 2012?

3 We’ve been waiting for ages.
Audio 12.9
4 How are you liking your new job?
1
a An awful thing happened to me yesterday. 2.1 Noun phrases (1)
b I had an awful thing happen to me yesterday.
Audio GR2.1
2
1 This is my last day at work.
a He had his house painted.
2 There are thousands of fossils along this coast.
b He had painted his house.
3 Who’s that person talking to the Managing Director?
3
4 It was the company’s most successful product.
a I refuse to let you bring your boyfriend home!
b I won’t have you bringing your boyfriend home! 2.2 Perfect forms
4 Audio GR2.2
a This product is endorsed by several celebrities.
1 Have you met before?
b This product is recommended by several celebrities.
2 They’ve been planning the development for years.
5
3 When I got into the house, I realized that I’d left my
a Please have the next applicant come in.
bag in the taxi.
b Please ask the next applicant to come in.
4 Do you think you’ll have left by noon?
6
5 Everything seems to have gone quite well.
a We got the neighbours to cut down the tree.
b We paid the neighbours to cut down the tree.

3.1 Auxiliary verbs 5.2 Quantifiers

Audio GR3.1 Audio GR5.2
1 I did enjoy that meal last night. 1 All three test flights were 100% successful.
2 I’m not so keen on football. I do like rugby, though. 2 You can take either bus. They both go to the station.
3 I’m not sure I’m going to go to the show, but I might 3 Neither Mercury nor Venus has any moons.
do. 4 Have you got much money on you?
4 RBC have reduced their prices and so have
6.1 Uses of would
CityLink.
Audio GR6.1
3.2 Articles
1 Where would you go, given the choice?
Audio GR3.2 2 Which would you prefer – Indian, Chinese or Italian?
1 I saw a great film last night. 3 Would you be able to help me for a few minutes?
2 Would you recommend the hotel you stayed in? 4 Sorry I’m late. My boss wouldn’t let me leave work
3 Did Oscar go to university? early.
5 I would often be at work until seven o’clock in my old
4.1 Expressing degrees of
job.
obligation
Audio GR4.1
6.2 Verb patterns: perfect infinitives
and perfect -ing forms
1 We had to wear a uniform when I was at school.
2 We don’t need to buy tickets in advance. Audio GR6.2
3 You can’t vote until you are eighteen 1 We hope to have set off by lunchtime.
2 He apologized for having eaten all the food.
4.2 Passives
3 We meant to have set off a bit earlier.
Audio GR4.2
7.1 Talk about hypotheses: present,
1 The rooms are cleaned every day.
future and past
2 A report has been commissioned.
3 The film is estimated to have cost over $200 million. Audio GR7.1
4 We should be told the verdict later today. 1 If I were to lose my job, I’ve no idea what I’d do.
2 Had I known about the meeting, I would’ve told you.
5.1 Relative clauses 3 If you’d been listening, you’d know what to do,
Audio GR5.1 wouldn’t you?
1 Where’s the magazine that I bought this morning? 4 I’d definitely have gone to the gig if I lived a bit
2 Jana’s the girl standing next to the door. nearer.
3 There are many things which I’m grateful for.
4 Is this the hotel where we stayed last year?

7.2 Past tenses and would for unreal 9.2 Talking about the future
situations
Audio GR9.2
Audio GR7.2 1 They’re going to move to a new office.
1 To be honest, I’d rather you hadn’t said anything to 2 I think I’ll go to the library this afternoon.
her. 3 I’ll be having a tutorial at 2.30.
2 It’s time we had a chat about things. 4 We’ll have finished lunch by the time you get here.
3 He’s acting as though he was in charge.
4 I wish it wasn’t raining.
10.1 Noun phrases (2)
Audio GR10.1
8.1 Expressing probability and
1 You can pay with a mixture of euros and pounds.
speculation
2 What was his reaction to hearing the news?
Audio GR8.1 3 We’re going to have a meeting about what we can
1 This can’t be right. There must be a mistake. do.
2 The government may make an announcement later 4 There’s no need to stay any longer.
today.
3 The board is likely to agree to your request.
10.2 Position of adverbials
4 We’re certain the new product will be a success. Audio GR10.2
5 Flowering plants probably evolved from green algae. 1 People are rarely happy with what they have.
2 I have really enjoyed myself.
8.2 Participle clauses
3 You’ll easily pass the exam.
Audio GR8.2 4 I saw Pedro at the gym.
1 She did well in her exams, getting six grade As and
three Bs.
11.1 Adjective position
2 Used correctly, it will last for several years. Audio GR11.1
3 Having got to work, he remembered he had the day 1 The neighbouring countries have very different
off. languages.
4 Since retiring, he’s taken up a number of hobbies. 2 It was a complete disaster.
3 The time available was running out.
9.1 Uses of will
4 I’m really glad you like it.
Audio GR9.1
1 Education will undergo several major reforms over
11.1 Whoever, whatever,
the next five years.
wherever …
2 Karina will be having her interview by now, I Audio GR11.2
imagine. 1 Whoever gets to the restaurant first can get the
3 Kim’s exam will have finished by now. table.
4 My brother will keep singing that awful song. 2 You can sit wherever you like.
5 The government won’t back down on the new 3 I’m happy to eat Chinese, Indian, Thai, whatever.
education bill. 4 Why ever would anyone want to eat pineapple with
chilli?!

12.1 Causatives and similar

structures with have and get
Audio GR12.1
1 My tutor had us resubmit our assignments.
2 I’m not having you ordering me around like that!
3 We’re having the office renovated at the moment.
4 They had several people complain about the event.
12.2 Reporting verbs

Audio GR12.2
1 Alex thinks he’s left his phone in the office.
2 She convinced me to stay a little longer.
3 I apologized for being late.
4 He congratulated me on my exam results.

Navigate c1 Audioscripts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Navigate c1 Audioscripts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Navigate c1 Audioscripts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

C1 Coursebook audioscripts

1.1 Up to speed? Audio 1.4

In Anglo-Saxon countries, it’s important to show how

Audio 1.2 or bring a reward, they are more likely to respond

The management of change is one of the most difficult positively.

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 1 of 47

building in China – and Pudong is also where the

I think the area that’s undergone the most dramatic

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 2 of 47

Z2 Oh, yes. Just think of a bird’s nest, for example. It’s

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 3 of 47

P That sounds like it from Trevor. Now on to our final

computer would have been impossible. modern life.

T Thanks. Well, in my opinion the most important century.

years, engineering is said to have produced some been developed.

of its greatest achievements to date. And the key to

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 4 of 47

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 5 of 47

A So you have a special system?

Don’t get me wrong. Hearing is an incredible feat, too. Audio 2.9

The researchers claim there are two types of activity

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 6 of 47

(like the conversation you are engaged in) and that is

challenges should be seen in a different way to the

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 7 of 47

However, we managed to launch our business last

Audio 2.12 when we finally achieved our goal.

Audio 2.13 sort of

OK, so I guess my biggest achievement so far is dreadful

just around the corner so I really had a lot of catching ridiculous

Audio 2.14 Audio 3.1

My brother and I had always wanted to have our own 1

wrong. B I’ve just been talking to Meriel, and apparently the

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 8 of 47

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 9 of 47

Audio 3.4 already.

1 N OK, let’s hear them.

2 R OK, but some of the departments have twenty staff.

A Where do you want to go tonight? How would that work?

bowling. other words, each department would send one

3 person. Are you with me?

appointment wrong, just as I thought, so we never mean?

saw each other. A Yes, maybe once a week.

4 R Sounds good. It’s pretty simple to organize. Next

A Why are we going by taxi? idea?

5 for more socializing between departments, like

work. meeting up after work. And there was a suggestion

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 10 of 47

R Sorry, what was that again? Are you with me?

R The last one was some kind of system where each 1

each week with information about what they’re morning.

doing. B Why? What was it this time?

NAVIGATE Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 Page 11 of 47

Audio 4.2 maintenance jobs that need to be done, say if

1 something gets broken, through to helping in the

control. I OK, so you’re in what could be termed a ‘caring

be so …? A Well, in this job, I think it’s about allowing people to

2 have their independence, but knowing that there is

are really icy. it.