Relevance

In the fields of pragmatics and semantics (among others), relevance
theory is the principle that the communication process involves not only

encoding, transfer, and decoding of messages, but also numerous other
elements, including inference and context. It is also called the principle of
relevance.
The foundation for relevance theory was established by cognitive scientists
Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in "Relevance: Communication and
Cognition" (1986; revised 1995). Since then, Sperber and Wilson have
expanded and deepened discussions of relevance theory in numerous
books and articles.
Examples and Observations

 "Every act of ostensive communication communicates a
presumption of its own optimal relevance."
 "Relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson, 1986) can be defined as an
attempt to work out in detail one of [Paul] Grice's maxims of
conversation. Even though relevance theory departs from Grice's
vision of communication on a number of fundamental issues, the
main point of convergence between the two models is the
assumption that communication (both verbal and nonverbal)
requires the ability to attribute mental states to others. Sperber and
Wilson do not completely reject the idea that communication
requires a code model, but reassess its scope by the addition of an
inferential component. According to Sperber and Wilson, the code
model only accounts for the first phase of linguistic treatment of
an utterance that provides the hearer with the linguistic input, that
is enriched through inferential processes in order to obtain the
speaker's meaning."
Intentions, Attitudes, and Contexts

 "Like most pragmatists, Sperber and Wilson emphasize that
understanding an utterance is not simply a matter of linguistic
decoding. It involves identifying (a) what the speaker intended to
say, (b) what the speaker intended to imply, (c) the speaker's
intended attitude to what was said and implied, and (d) the
intended context (Wilson 1994). Thus, the intended interpretation of
an utterance is the intended combination of explicit content,
contextual assumptions and implications, and the speaker's
intended attitude to these (ibid.). . . .
 "The role of context in communication and understanding has not
been studied in detail in Gricean approaches to pragmatics.
Relevance theory makes it a central concern, raising fundamental
questions such as: How is the appropriate context selected? How is
it that from the huge range of assumptions available at the time of
utterance, hearers restrict themselves to the intended ones?"
Cognitive Effects and Processing Effort
 "Relevance theory defines cognitive effects for an individual as
adjustments to the way an individual represents the world. Seeing a
robin in my garden means that I now know that there is a robin in
my garden so I have changed the way in which I am representing the
world. Relevance theory claims that the more cognitive effects a
stimulus has, the more relevant it is. Seeing a tiger in the garden
gives rise to more cognitive effects than seeing a robin so this is a
more relevant stimulus.
"The more cognitive effects a stimulus has, the more relevant it is.
But we can assess relevance not only in terms of the number of
effects derivable from a stimulus. Processing effort also plays a role.
Sperber and Wilson claim that the more mental effort involved in
processing a stimulus the less relevant it is. Compare (75) and (76):
(75) I can see a tiger in the garden.
(76) When I look outside, I can see a tiger in the garden.Assuming
that the tiger is the most significant thing to notice in the garden and
that nothing significant follows from the suggestion that I need to
look to see the tiger, then (75) is a more relevant stimulus than (76).
This follows because it will enable us to derive a similar range of
effects but with less effort needed to process the words."
Underdeterminacy of Meaning
 "Sperber and Wilson were among the first to explore the idea that
linguistically encoded material in an utterance typically falls short of
the proposition expressed by the speaker. In such cases, it is not
clear whether 'what is said' is what the words say or the proposition
the speaker expressed. Sperber and Wilson, therefore, coined the
term explicature for assumptions explicitly communicated by an
utterance.
"A lot of recent work in relevance theory and elsewhere has focused
on the consequences of this linguistic underdeterminacy of meaning.
One recent development is an account of loose use, hyperbole,
and metaphor in terms of occasion-specific broadening and
narrowing of the concept expressed in a word.
"Sperber and Wilson also have a radical theory of irony, partly put
forward before the publication of Relevance. The claim is that an
ironic utterance is one which (1) achieves relevance through
semblance to a thought or another utterance (i.e. is 'interpretive');
(2) expresses a dissociative attitude toward the target thought or
utterance, and (3) is not explicitly marked as interpretive or
dissociative.
"Other aspects of relevance theory's account of communication
include its theory of context selection, and of the place of
indeterminacy in communication. These aspects of the account rest
on the notions of manifestness and mutual manifestness."
Manifestness and Mutual Manifestness

 "In relevance theory, the notion of mutual knowledge is replaced by
the notion of mutual manifestness. It is enough, Sperber and Wilson
argue, for the contextual assumptions needed in interpretation to be
mutually manifest to communicator and addressee in order for
communication to take place. Manifestness is defined as follows: 'a
fact is manifest to an individual at a given time if and only if he is
capable of representing it mentally and accepting its representation
as true or probably true' (Sperber and Wilson 1995: 39). The
communicator and addressee do not need to mutually know the
contextual assumptions required for interpretation. The addressee
does not even have to have these assumptions stored in his memory.
He must simply be able to construct them, either on the basis of
what he can perceive in his immediate physical environment or on
the basis of assumptions already stored in memory."
Sources
 Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, "Relevance: Communication and
Cognition". Oxford University Press, 1986
 Sandrine Zufferey, "Lexical Pragmatics and Theory of Mind: The
Acquisition of Connectives". John Benjamins, 2010
 Elly Ifantidou, "Evidentials and Relevance". John Benjamins, 2001
 Billy Clark, "Relevance Theory". Cambridge University Press, 2013
 Nicholas Allott, "Key Terms in Pragmatics". Continuum, 2010
 Adrian Pilkington, "Poetic Effects: A Relevance Theory Perspective".
John Benjamins, 2000

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Relevance

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In the fields of pragmatics and semantics (among others), relevance

theory is the principle that the communication process involves not only

Examples and Observations

Intentions, Attitudes, and Contexts

Manifestness and Mutual Manifestness

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