Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemical Coordination and Integration PDF
Chemical Coordination and Integration PDF
Sanjana Subramaniam
11B
Roll No: 19
November 17, 2019
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
& HORMONES
The endocrine system is a
chemical messenger system
comprising feedback loops
of hormones released by
internal glands of
an organism directly into
the circulatory system, regulating
distant target organs.
Functions:
1) Makes hormones that control
your moods, growth and
development, metabolism, organs,
and reproduction
Page 3
The Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus is present in the basal part of the Diencephalon in the Forebrain. It
performs a variety of functions.
The hormones released by the Hypothalamus regulate the synthesis and secretion of
pituitary hormones. The hormones produced by the gland in of two types;
Page 4
The Pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called sella tursica and is attached to
hypothalamus by a stalk. The gland is divided into two parts anatomically;
2. Prolactin regulates the growth of the mammary glands and formation of milk in
them.
3. TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid
gland.
5. LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called gonadotrophin.
Page 5
9. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates their contraction.
In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of child birth,
and milk ejection from the mammary gland.
10. Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and
electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine
(diuresis). Hence, it is also called as anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
Page 6
The Follicular cells synthesize two hormones, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine
(T3).
1. Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the basal metabolic
rate.
Page 7
2. These hormones also support the process of red blood cell formation.
5. Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which
regulates the blood calcium levels.
Formation of Thyroxine:
Iodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid. Deficiency of
iodine in our diet results in Hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland,
commonly called Goitre.
Page 8
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood. PTH acts on bones
and stimulates the process of bone resorption (dissolution/ demineralization).
PTH is a hyper-calcemic hormone, i.e., it increases the blood Ca2+ levels. Along with
TCT, it plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body.
The thymus plays a major role in the development of the immune system. This gland
secretes the peptide hormones called Thymosins.
Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-
mediated immunity. In addition, thymosins also promote production of antibodies to
provide humoral immunity.
Page 9
The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline or epinephrine and
noradrenaline or norepinephrine. These are commonly called as catecholamines.
1. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind
and during emergency situations and are called emergency hormones or hormones
of Fight or Flight.
3. Both the hormones increase the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and
the rate of respiration.
The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones, commonly called as corticoids. The
corticoids, which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoids.
Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid.
The corticoids, which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body are
called mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid in our body.
Page 10
4. Cortisol stimulates the RBC production. Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal
tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water and excretion of K+ and
phosphate ions.
6. Small amounts of androgenic steroids are also secreted by the adrenal cortex
which play a role in the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial hair during
puberty.
Page 11
The Pancreas
The Pancreas acts as both, an endocrine as well as an exocrine gland. The endocrine
pancreas consists of ‘Islets of Langerhans’. The two main types of cells in the Islet of
Langerhans are called α-cells and β-cells. The α-cells secrete a hormone called
glucagon, while the β-cells secrete insulin.
GLUCAGON:
• Glucagon is a peptide hormone.
• Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells (hepatocytes) and stimulates glycogenolysis
resulting in an increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
INSULIN:
• Insulin is a peptide hormone
• Insulin acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and
enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilization.
Testis
A pair of testis is present in the scrotal sac (outside abdomen) of male individuals.
Testis performs dual functions as a primary sex organ as well as an endocrine gland.
Testis produce hormones called androgens, mainly testosterone.
Functions of androgens:
2. These hormones stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair,
aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc.
Page 12
4. Androgens act on the central neural system and influence the male sexual
behaviour (libido).
Ovaries
Females have a pair of ovaries located in the abdomen.
Ovary is the primary female sex organ which produces one ovum during each
menstrual cycle.
In addition, ovary also produces two groups of steroid hormones called estrogen and
progesterone.
The estrogen is synthesized and secreted mainly by the growing ovarian follicles.
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called corpus luteum,
which secretes mainly progesterone.
Functions:
4. Progesterone also acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of
alveoli (sac-like structures which store milk) and milk secretion