Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electron Transport Chain - Wikipedia
Electron Transport Chain - Wikipedia
chain
In mitochondria
Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria,
which produce ATP from products of the
citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and
amino acid oxidation. At the
mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons
from NADH and FADH2 pass through the
electron transport chain to oxygen, which
is reduced to water. The electron
transport chain comprises an enzymatic
series of electron donors and acceptors.
Each electron donor will pass electrons
to a more electronegative acceptor,
which in turn donates these electrons to
another acceptor, a process that
continues down the series until electrons
are passed to oxygen, the most
electronegative and terminal electron
acceptor in the chain. Passage of
electrons between donor and acceptor
releases energy, which is used to
generate a proton gradient across the
mitochondrial membrane by actively
"pumping" protons into the
intermembrane space, producing a
thermodynamic state that has the
potential to do work. This entire process
is called oxidative phosphorylation, since
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the
energy of hydrogen oxidation in many
steps.
NADH+H+ → Complex I → Q →
Complex III → cytochrome c
→ Complex IV → H2O
↑
Complex
II
↑
Succinate
Complex I
In Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone
oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or
NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.5.3 ), two
electrons are removed from NADH and
ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble
carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced
product, ubiquinol (UQH2), freely diffuses
within the membrane, and Complex I
translocates four protons (H+) across the
membrane, thus producing a proton
gradient. Complex I is one of the main
sites at which premature electron
leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one
of the main sites of production of
superoxide.[3]
Complex II
Complex III
Complex IV
Summary
Donor
Donor
Donor
↓
↓ ↓
dehydrogenase →
quinone → bc1 →
cytochrome
↓ ↓
oxidase(reductase)
oxidase(reductase)
↓ ↓
Acceptor
Acceptor
Electron donors
Dehydrogenases
Quinone carriers
Proton pumps
Electron acceptors
Summary
Photosynthetic
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons
are transferred from a low-energy
electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an
acceptor (e.g., O2) through an electron
transport chain. In
photophosphorylation, the energy of
sunlight is used to create a high-energy
electron donor and an electron acceptor.
Electrons are then transferred from the
donor to the acceptor through another
electron transport chain.
Summary
Electron transport chains are redox
reactions that transfer electrons from an
electron donor to an electron acceptor.
The transfer of electrons is coupled to
the translocation of protons across a
membrane, producing a proton gradient.
The proton gradient is used to produce
useful work. About 30 work units are
produced per electron transport.
See also
CoRR hypothesis
Electron equivalent
Hydrogen hypothesis
Respirasome
References
1. Murray, Robert K.; Daryl K. Granner;
Peter A. Mayes; Victor W. Rodwell (2003).
Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry . New
York, NY: Lange Medical Books/ MgGraw
Hill. p. 96. ISBN 0-07-121766-5.
2. Karp, Gerald (2008). Cell and Molecular
Biology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-470-
04217-5.
3. Lauren, Biochemistry, Johnson/Cole,
2010, pp 598-611
4. Garrett & Grisham, Biochemistry,
Brooks/Cole, 2010, pp 598-611
5. Garret and Grisham (2016).
biochemistry. University of Virginia.
p. 687. ISBN 978-1-305-57720-6.
6. Jonckheere, An I.; Smeitink, Jan A. M.;
Rodenburg, Richard J. T. (2017-03-10).
"Mitochondrial ATP synthase:
architecture, function and pathology" .
Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease.
35 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1007/s10545-
011-9382-9 . ISSN 0141-8955 .
PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 .
7. Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles
M. (2012). Biochemistry (5th ed.).
Cengage learning. p. 664. ISBN 1-133-
10629-3.
8. Fillingame, Robert H; Angevine,
Christine M; Dmitriev, Oleg Y (2003-11-
27). "Mechanics of coupling proton
movements to c-ring rotation in ATP
synthase" . FEBS Letters. 555 (1): 29–34.
doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01101-3 .
ISSN 1873-3468 .
9. Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.;
Stryer, Lubert (2002-01-01). "A Proton
Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP" .
10. Cannon, Barbara; Nedergaard, Jan
(2004-01-01). "Brown Adipose Tissue:
Function and Physiological Significance" .
Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 277–359.
doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003 .
ISSN 0031-9333 . PMID 14715917 .
11. Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander;
Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith;
Walter, Peter (2002-01-01). "Electron-
Transport Chains and Their Proton
Pumps" .
Fenchel T; King GM; Blackburn TH
(September 2006). Bacterial
Biogeochemistry: The Ecophysiology of
Mineral Cycling (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
ISBN 978-0-12-103455-9.
Lengeler JW (January 1999). Drews G;
Schlegel HG, eds. Biology of the
Prokaryotes. Blackwell Science.
ISBN 978-0-632-05357-5.
Nelson DL; Cox MM (April 2005).
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
(4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-
7167-4339-2.
Nicholls DG; Ferguson SJ (July 2002).
Bioenergetics 3. Academic Press.
ISBN 978-0-12-518121-1.
Stumm W; Morgan JJ (1996). Aquatic
Chemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-51185-4.
Thauer RK; Jungermann K; Decker K
(March 1977). "Energy conservation in
chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria" .
Bacteriol Rev. 41 (1): 100–80.
PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 .
White D. (September 1999). The
Physiology and Biochemistry of
Prokaryotes (2nd ed.). Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
512579-5.
Voet D; Voet JG (March 2004).
Biochemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-58651-7.
Kim HS.; Patel, K; Muldoon-Jacobs, K;
Bisht, KS; Aykin-Burns, N; Pennington,
JD; Van Der Meer, R; Nguyen, P; et al.
(January 2010). "SIRT3 is a
mitochondria-localized tumor
suppressor required for maintenance
of mitochondrial integrity and
metabolism during stress" . Cancer
Cell. 17 (1): 41–52.
doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.11.023 .
PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 .
External links
Electron+Transport+Chain+Complex+P
roteins at the US National Library of
Medicine Medical Subject Headings
(MeSH)
Khan Academy, video lecture
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=864369083"