Tidubv4a PDF
Tidubv4a PDF
VCC VSS
R
20 k 20 k V BIAS
Rb
25 k
R AIN+
C
C Rg VREF
C 25 k
20 k 20 k
R Rb C
ADS131E08 or
C
ADS1256 EVM
C
VBIAS
PCB Rogowski Coil INA188 R
AIN-
VIN VCC
V REF
LP5907 REF2025
VBIAS
VSS
LM2776
An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this TI reference design addresses authorized use, intellectual property matters and other
important disclaimers and information.
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www.ti.com System Description
2 System Description
A three-phase AC induction motor drive system has a feedback sensor for current, speed, and rotation
sensing, all integral parts for motor protection and motor drive systems.
For better system accuracy and stability, sensors need to be linear and highly accurate. Dynamic
responses need to be fast enough to capture fault signals. Figure 1 shows a typical sensor interface for a
motor starter or VFD drive system.
U V W
Motor starter
or drive
Current
sensing
M Rotation
sensing
Current sensing can be done using a simple resistor, current transformer, Hall-effect sensor, or Rogowski
coil. For a wide range of dynamic current sensing for motor and short circuit detection, the current sensor
needs to be linear with a wide bandwidth and fast response time.
The Rogowski coil is air core toroid, which measures EMF voltage generated by magnetic flux of a time-
varying current signal. The air core offers very high linearity for a wide current range. The PCB Rogowski
sensor can achieve very high signal bandwidth. A voltage isolation of 6 kV is possible using the Rogowski
sensor.
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The equivalent circuit per phase of a three-phase induction motor is as shown in Figure 2. There are two
current components: I1 is current due to magnetizing core, and I2 is current due to mechanical load R on
the rotor. The magnetizing current will be the no-load current upon which the minimum input resolution of
the motor current can be computed.
RS XS Rr Xr
I1
Due to the load change by load R, current amplitude I2 will increase. In case of a short circuit fault in the
rotor, the current is limited only by stator resistance, and current rise time is the ratio of stator inductance
and stator resistance. Current flowing due to short circuit decides the maximum current measurement. For
predicting motor failures, current amplitude, harmonics, phase angle, and motor waveform signatures must
be known. Figure 3 shows that motor currents are typically 7 times the full-load current during stall mode.
4 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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www.ti.com Block Diagram
3 Block Diagram
The TIDA-01063 design focuses on the design of the PCB Rogowski sensor and front-end design using a
precision instrumentation amplifier and delta-sigma ADC.
For highly accurate measurements, the front-end amplifier needs to have a very low offset, excellent
linearity, and low-noise density over the bandwidth of measurement. For high accuracy measurements of
the Rogowski coil output, the INA188 is used as the first stage amplification. See Figure 4 for an overview
of the complete front-end interface.
VCC VSS
R
20 k 20 k V BIAS
Rb
25 k
R AIN+
C
C Rg VREF
C 25 k
20 k 20 k
R Rb C
ADS131E08 or
C
ADS1256 EVM
C
VBIAS
PCB Rogowski Coil INA188 R
AIN-
VIN VCC
V REF
LP5907 REF2025
VBIAS
VSS
LM2776
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3.1.1 INA188
The INA188 is a precision instrumentation amplifier that uses TI proprietary auto-zeroing techniques to
achieve low offset voltage, near-zero offset and gain drift, excellent linearity, and exceptionally low-noise
density (12 nV/√Hz) that extends down to DC.
The INA188 is optimized to provide excellent common-mode rejection of greater than 104 dB (G ≥ 10). Its
superior common-mode and supply rejection supports high-resolution, precise measurement applications.
The versatile three op-amp design offers a rail-to-rail output, low-voltage operation from a 4-V single
supply as well as dual supplies up to ±18 V, and a wide, high-impedance input range. These specifications
make the INA188 ideal for sensor conditioning.
3.1.2 LP5907
The LP5907 is a linear regulator capable of supplying a 250-mA output current. Designed to meet the
requirements of analog circuits, the LP5907 provides low noise, high PSRR, low quiescent current, and
low line or load transient response figures. The LP5907 offers class-leading noise performance without a
noise bypass capacitor and the ability to place remote output capacitors.
3.1.3 LM2776
The LM2776 CMOS charge-pump voltage converter inverts a positive voltage in the range of 2.7 to 5.5 V
to the corresponding negative voltage. The LM2776 uses three low-cost capacitors to provide 200 mA of
output current without the cost, size, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) related to inductor-based
converters.
With an operating current of only 100 μA and an operating efficiency greater than 90% at most loads, the
LM2776 provides ideal performance for battery-powered systems requiring a high-power negative power
supply.
3.1.4 REF2025
The REF2025 offers excellent temperature drift (8 ppm/°C, max) and initial accuracy (0.05%) on both the
VREF and VBIAS outputs while operating at a quiescent current of less than 430 μA. In addition, the VREF and
VBIAS outputs track each other with a precision of 6 ppm/°C (max) across a temperature range of –40°C to
85°C. All these features increase the precision of the signal chain and decrease board space while
reducing the cost of the system as compared to a discrete solution.
6 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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ò
f = dB ´ dA
a (4)
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Equation 5 substitutes 'dA', which is rectangular cross section area for element 'dr' with PCB height 'h' in
Equation 4.
b
æ æ I PRIMARY ö ö
ò
f = ç çç µ ´
ç ÷
2 ´ p ´ x ÷ø
´ (dr ´ h )÷
÷
a èè ø (5)
So, the total flux across the conductive trace is
µ ´ I PRIMARY ´ h b
f = ´ ln
2 ´ p a (6)
As per Lenz’s law, the voltage induced due to N turns is
df
V = N ´
dt (7)
Substituting flux from Equation 6, the voltage induced due to time-varying current is
µ´h b d I PRIMARY
V =N´ ´ ln ´
2´p a dt (8)
So, the mutual inductance (M) for the Rogowski coil is
µ´h b
M = N´ ´ ln
2´p a (9)
Assume the sinusoidal current of amplitude 'Im' and frequency 'fIN' is flowing through conductor located at
center of coil. So, the voltage induced is given as
V = M ´
(
d I m sin 2 ´ p ´ f IN ´ t )
dt (10)
Solving the derivative gets
(
V = M ´ 2 ´ f IN ´ p ´ I m ´ cos 2 ´ p ´ f IN ´ t ) (11)
At time t = 0, the cosine term is 1. So, the peak induced voltage is
V PEAK = M ´ 2 ´ f IN ´ p ´ I m (12)
Substituting RMS current (IRMS) which is (Im / 1.414) in Equation 12:
V RMS = M ´ 4.44 ´ f IN ´ I RMS (13)
So, induced voltage is proportional to RMS primary current flowing through the conductor and frequency
of primary current flowing through the conductor.
8 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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vh
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CO(1±n) CO(2±n±2)
The model is similar to an equivalent circuit in the transmission line with one end shorted. Computing the
inter-winding capacitance is not simple. Therefore, the sensor can be modeled as a simple RLC circuit up
to the first resonance as shown in Figure 8.
The voltage induced due to current flowing through the conductor is modeled as the voltage source. The
self-inductance, coil resistance, and total parasitic inter-winding capacitance is modeled to understand the
dynamic performance of the sensor.
The transfer function for the RLC circuit in an s domain circuit is as per Equation 18:
V O (s ) 1
=
V IN (s ) æ 1 æLO ö 1 R d + R O ö
L O ´ C O ´ ç s2 + s ´ ´ ç + C O ´ R O ÷ + ´ ÷
ç LO ´ CO èRd ç ÷ Rd ÷
è ø L O ´ C O ø (18)
Comparing the denominator with a standard second-order equation, the angular frequency and damping
factor can be derived with Equation 19.
d 2x dx
2
+ 2 ´ z ´ wO ´ + w O2 x = 0
dt dt (19)
So, the angular frequency for the RLC circuit is
1 R d + R O
w O = ´
L O ´ CO Rd
(20)
10 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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When Rd ≫ Ro, the angular frequency depends only upon self-inductance and equivalent capacitance.
1
wO =
L O ´ C O
(21)
The damping factor for the RLC circuit is
1 Rd æLO ö
z = ´ ´ ç + C O ´ R O ÷
2 ´ L O ´ C O R d + R O ç ÷
èRd ø (22)
To get the fastest rise time without oscillation, the circuit must be critically damped. Assuming ζ = 0.707
for a quality factor of 0.707 for known values of the RLC circuit, load resistance for the circuit can be
computed.
The total resistance of coil is the sum of N turns resistance and via resistance. Resistance of N turns is
the sum of the resistance of N single turn. The standard equation of resistance at ambient temperature is
shown in Equation 23.
l
R=P´
A (23)
Where l is length of conductor, A is cross-sectional area, and Ρ is resistivity of copper. The cross-sectional
area of a trace of finite length is equal to the area of a rectangle. So, resistance for one turn with trace
length 'dl', trace width 'dw', and trace thickness 'dh' is
æ dl ö
R 1 = 2 ´ çP ´ ÷
ç d w ´ d h ÷ø
è (24)
The total resistance for N turns is given by Equation 25.
æ dl ö
R n = N ´ 2 ´ ç P ´ ÷
ç d w ´ d h ÷ø
è (25)
The self-inductance of the Rogowski coil can be calculated by using the standard inductance equation of
toroid with a rectangular cross section. See Equation 26 to calculate the self-Inductance of the coil.
µ´h b
L = N2 ´ ´ ln
2 ´ p a (26)
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Determine total capacitance by knowing the first resonant frequency of the circuit. To find out the resonant
frequency, use a vector signal analyzer. Set the analyzer on the S11 parameter, which gives the
coefficient of the input voltage reflection. The frequency at which the first dip in gain margin occurs is the
resonant frequency of the circuit. For the designed PCB Rogowski, the observed resonant frequency is at
20 MHz as shown in Figure 9.
So the equivalent capacitance for the designed PCB Rogowski coil of self-inductance of 8.34 µH is
7.58 pF. The total resistance of the PCB coil is 0.77 Ω.
Time constant for the RLC circuit is given by Equation 27.
2 ´ Lo ´ Co
t=
æ Lo ö
ç + C o ´ R o ÷
çRd ÷
è ø (27)
Settling time tS of circuit is 4 times the time constant.
t s = 4 ´ t (28)
12 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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The settling time of a circuit decides the sampling rate of ADC. Settling time must be much less than the
sampling period to measure stable data from the sensor. Simulating the step response gives a greater
understanding on the dynamic characteristics of the RLC circuit. An equivalent circuit for a designed
sensor is shown in Figure 10.
Simulating these values for a step response of time 150 ns shows that the output settles before 50 ns
without any oscillations.
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VCC VSS
20 k 20 k
VBIAS
100.1 k
25 k
VIN Rg VO
25 k
20 k 20 k
99.9 k
To achieve a 1% accuracy for full-scale current of 1000 A, the maximum resolution error of the operational
amplifier needs to be less than the voltage output of the Rogowski coil at 10 A. The output of the
Rogowski coil for a 50-Hz sine wave current signal with a 10-A amplitude is 107 µV. The worst case
resolution error must be less than 107 µV.
14 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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From Table 3 through Table 6, the worst case resolution error for the INA188 at a bandwidth of 1.5 kHz is 2.92 µV, which is less than expected
value.
æ V OS ö
1 Input offset voltage ç ÷ ´ 10 6 0.000065 V 6099 —
ç V DIFF ÷
è ø
æ æ Vo _ os öö
çç ÷÷
çè G ø ÷ ´ 10 6
2 Output offset voltage ç V ÷ 0.00018 V 168 —
ç DIFF ÷
ç ÷
è ø
ææ V CM öö
ç ç (CMRR/20 ) ÷ ÷
ç è 10 ø ÷ ´ 10 6
3 CMRR ç V DIFF ÷ 118 dB 0.62 —
ç ÷
ç ÷
è ø
4 Gain error Gain error (%) × 104 0.5 % 5000 —
5 Input offset current IOS 1.70E-10 A — —
6 Input bias current Ib 5.60E-10 A — —
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æ Vb ö
24 Bias current drift error ç ÷ ´ 10 6 — V 1631 —
ç V DIFF ÷
è ø
Best case drift error (B) 1798 19.1 µV
Worst case drift error (B) 5777 6.15 µV
space
space
space
space
space
space
16 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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18 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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The algorithm needs to have two high pass filters, one before and one after integration for offset
correction. Figure 13 gives the complete flow of the digital integration concept.
Sampled ADC code Offset correction Sampling time constant
D Gain
™[(n)
Offset
cycle-cycle
™\(1)
Offset
cycle-cycle
Copyright © 2016, Texas Instruments Incorporated
To get better curve fitting at a lower sampling rate, trapezoidal window integration can be implemented
using Equation 33.
ææ T ö ö
y (n ) = y (n - 1) + ç ç ÷ ´ (x (n ) + x (n - 1))÷
èè 2 ø ø (33)
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The board consists of two analog input channels, one for reference voltage signal and another for the PCB
Rogowski sensor input. The voltage reference signal is to compute phase error only. An AC voltage of
1.5 to 2.5 V needs to be applied externally.
5.1 Connectors
The interface board has four connectors as described in Table 7:
For pinout and software installation of the ADS1256 EVM or ADS131E08 EVM, see the following product
pages:
• ADS1256 EVM
• ADS131E08 EVM
This section describes the respective pinouts and locations for the connectors on the interface board.
Pin 1: GND
Pin 2: 5 V
20 High Accuracy AC Current Measurement Reference Design Using PCB TIDUBV4A – June 2016 – Revised July 2016
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J2
AN0- 1 2
AN1- 3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14 VREF
15 16
17 18
19 20
SSW-110-22-F-D-VS-K
GND
GND
Copyright © 2016, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Pad 1: Shield
Pad 2: Coil+
Pad 3: Coil±
Pad 4: Shield
The output of the PCB Rogowski coil can be connected to connector J1 of the interface board as shown in
Figure 18.
Pin 1: Coil+
Pin 2: Coil±
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Pin 1: VREF+
Pin 2: VREF±
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www.ti.com Getting Started Hardware
Click on "Analysis", select "CH8" and then inject current through the Rogowski coil from the AC power
source. Also apply a reference voltage from the AC power source with zero phase lag. Click on the
"Acquire" button and export data to Microsoft® Excel® as shown in Figure 23.
Copy the sample data of channel 7 and channel 8 from the exported Excel file and paste its values into
columns C26 through C425 (AIN1) for the reference voltage and D26 through D425 (AIN2) for the
Rogowski coil. Go to the sheet "Plot & RMS calculator" to check the RMS error and plots of the Rogowski
coil signal after integration.
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0.6
0.4
0.2
Voltage
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Time (t) D004
Enter in cell M12 the time at which the signal of plot 2 is zero in the first cycle, as shown in Figure 25.
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Time (t) D005
Enter in cell M15 the time at which the signal of plot 3 is zero in the first cycle as shown in Figure 26.
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Time (t) D006
After entering the observed zero crossing time in its respective cells, the tool computes the phase error of
90° for the Rogowski coil input and phase error of 0° after integration.
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www.ti.com Test Setup
6 Test Setup
The test setup consists of the boards that make up the TIDA-01063, the MTE current source, and the
ADS131E08 EVM as shown in Figure 27.
Test JIG
This design is tested to compute the RMS error using the ADS131E08 EVM and the phase error using the
Rogowski coil tool. In order to RMS error, gather samples for 1 min and compute RMS using scope
analysis of the ADS131E08 EVM.
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7 Test Results
7.1 Linearity
0.6 0.6
0.5 R2 = 1 0.5
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Input Primary Current (A) D002
Input Primary Current (A) D003
0.2%
INA188 Output Voltage Error
0.1%
-0.1%
-0.2%
-0.3%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Primary Current (A)
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www.ti.com Design Files
8 Design Files
8.1 Schematics
To download the schematics, see the design files at TIDA-01063.
9 References
1. Helix Technologies (http://www.helixtech.com.au/Images/Delta-T6_Dyn_Motor_StartingDOL.jpg)
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Revision A History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
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