Whole Book Answers PDF
Whole Book Answers PDF
Whole Book Answers PDF
1 Functions
Fungsi
Smart Tip
Function involves two sets, domain and codomain. The elements in a domain are called objects. Images are found in
codomain. A function is a relation such that each object has only one image.
Fungsi melibatkan dua set, domain dan kodomain. Unsur dalam domain dikenali sebagai objek. Imej didapati daripada kodomain. Fungsi ialah
satu hubungan dengan keadaan setiap objek hanya mempunyai satu imej.
Exercise 1 Determine whether each of the following relations is a function or not. Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap hubungan yang berikut ialah fungsi atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang fungsi.
Example 1 1 2
2 6 3 15
1 a 8 20
2 b 5 4
10 24
3 c 7 35 7 28
4 d
3 4 5
6 3 2 p 14
4 0
9 5 q 21
5 2
20 10 6 r 28
This relation is not a function This relation is not a function This relation is a function
because there is object that has because there is object that has because each object has only
more than one image. no image. one image.
Exercise 2 Determine whether each of the following graphs is a function or not. Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap graf yang berikut ialah fungsi atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang fungsi.
Example 2 1 y 2 y
y
Solution
The graph x
x
is a function O O
x
O because when
tested with
vertical line, there is only one
The graph is not a function The graph is not a function
point that cuts the graph.
because when tested with because when tested with
Graf ini ialah satu fungsi kerana
apabila diuji dengan garis
vertical line, there is more than vertical line, there is more than
mencancang, hanya wujud satu titik one point that cuts the graph. one point that cuts the graph.
sahaja yang memotong graf itu.
x
x O
O x
O
Exercise 3 State the domain, codomain and the range of the following functions.
Nyatakan domain, kodomain dan julat bagi fungsi berikut.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang fungsi.
Example 3
x 4x
•4
Smart Tip
1•
•6 1 Domain contains the objects only.
2• •8 Domain mengandungi objek sahaja.
3• •10 2 Codomain contains the images and non-images.
•12 Kodomain mengandungi imej serta bukan imej.
3 Range contains the images only.
Set P Set Q Julat mengandungi imej sahaja.
Solution
Domain = {1, 2, 3} Codomain/Kodomain = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Domain = {1, 2, 3} Range/Julat = {4, 8, 12}
Common Error
{(1, 2), (–2, 5), (3, 8)}
Domain = (–2, 1, 3)
Codomain/Kodomain = (2, 5, 8)
Range/Julat = (2, 5, 8)
This is wrong because the set notation of domain, codomain and range is { }. The correct answer for domain is {–2, 1, 3}.
Salah kerana tatatanda set bagi domain, kodomain dan julat ialah { }. Jawapan yang betul bagi domain ialah {–2, 1, 3}.
1 2
7• • 49 4• •16
• 30 3• •12
2• •9
5• • 25
–3• •8
–5 • • 24 –4• •4
Set P Set Q Set G Set H
Domain = {–5, 5, 7} Domain = {–4, –3, 2, 3, 4}
Codomain/Kodomain = {24, 25, 30, 49} Codomain/ Kodomain = {4, 8, 9, 12, 16}
5 Set Q 6
Set G
8 4
0 3
–1 0
Set P Set F
–1 0 2 –1 0 2
Example 4 1 f : x → 3x + 2; x = 5 2 f:x→
3x – 2
;x=4
2
2x + 1 f(5) = 3(5) + 2
f:x→ ;x=2 3(4) – 2
3x + 4 = 15 + 2 f(4) =
2
= 17
Solution 12 – 2
The image of 5 is 17. =
2(2) + 1 2
f(2) = 10
3(2) + 4 =
5 2
= =5
10
1 The image of 4 is 5.
=
2 1
The image of 2 is .
2
1
Imej bagi 2 ialah 2 .
6 x+5
3 h:x→ + 8; x = –3 4 f : x → 2x2 + 3x – 4; x = –2 5 h:x→ ;x=3
x x–1
f(–2) = 2(–2)2 + 3(–2) – 4
6 (3) + 5
h(–3) = +8 = 2(4) – 6 – 4 h(3) =
(–3) (3) – 1
=8–6–4
= –2 + 8 8
= –2 =
=6 2
The image of –2 is –2.
The image of –3 is 6. =4
The image of 3 is 4.
2 It is given that f(x) = |x – 2|, find the object when 3 It is given that f(x) = |2x + 1|, find the object
f(x) = 3. when f(x) = 5.
Diberi bahawa f(x) = |x – 2|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 3. Diberi bahawa f(x) = |2x + 1|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 5.
|x – 2| = 3 |2x + 1| = 5
x – 2 = –3 or x – 2 = 3 2x + 1 = –5 or 2x + 1 = 5
x = –3 + 2 x = 3 + 2 2x = –5 – 1 2x = 5 – 1
x = –1 x = 5 2x = –6 2x = 4
x = –3 x = 2
3x – 1
4 It is given that f(x) = |2x – 5|, find the object 5 It is given that f(x) = , find the object
2
when f(x) = 9. when f(x) = 6.
Diberi bahawa f(x) = |2x – 5|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 9. 3x – 1
Diberi bahawa f(x) =
2
, cari objek apabila f(x) = 6.
|2x – 5| = 9 3x – 1
2x – 5 = –9 or 2x – 5 = 9 =6
2
2x = –9 + 5 2x = 9 + 5
3x – 1 3x – 1
2x = –4 2x = 14 = –6 or = 6
2 2
x = –2 x = 7
3x – 1 = –12 3x – 1 = 12
3x = –12 + 1 3x = 12 + 1
3x = –11 3x = 13
13
x = – 11 x =
3 3
3
x –1 3
2 f(x)
f(x) 5 0 3 f(x)
5
3
f(x) 4
5 1
x x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –2 –1 0 1 2
3 Range
Julat
Range/Julat: 0 f(x) 5 Range/Julat: 0 f(x) 3
x
–1 0 3 3
2
Range/Julat: 0 f(x) 5
h(x)
3
3 h(x) = |2x + 3|; –2 x 1 4 h(x) = |x2 – 1|; –2 x 2 5 f(x) = |x2 – 4|; – 2 x 3
3 x –2 –1 0 1 2 x –2 0 2 3
x –2 – 0 1 1
2
h(x) 3 0 1 0 3 f(x) 0 4 0 5
h(x) 1 0 3 5 x
–2 –1 0 1 2
h(x)
5
h(x) f(x)
3 3 5
1 1
x x x
–2 – 3 –1 0 1 –2 –1 0 1 2 –2 0 2 3
2
f(x)
x
–2 0 2 3
a
Example 8 1 2
gf
g f
f g P Q R P Q R
P Q R
Solution
fg f
gf
3 4 5
fg gf fg
P Q R P Q R P Q R
f g g
Example 9
g(x) = 5x – 9 Solution
h(x) = x + 3 (a) gh(x) = g(x + 3) (b) hg(x) = h(5x – 9) (c) gh(–2) = 5(–2) + 6
Find/Cari = 5(x + 3) – 9 = (5x – 9) + 3 = –10 + 6
(a) gh(x) = 5x + 15 – 9 = 5x – 9 + 3 = –4
(b) hg(x) = 5x + 6 = 5x – 6
(c) gh(–2)
1 g(x) = x – 8 (a) gh(x) = g(2x + 1) (b) hg(x) = h(x – 8) (c) gh(5) = 2(5) – 7
h(x) = 2x + 1 = (2x + 1) – 8 = 2(x – 8) + 1 = 10 – 7
= 2x + 1 – 8 = 2x – 16 + 1 =3
= 2x – 7 = 2x – 15
2 g(x) = x + 2 (a) g2(x) = g(x + 2) (b) hg(x) = h(x + 2) (c) hg(2) = 3(2) – 1
h(x) = 3x – 7 = (x + 2) + 2 = 3(x + 2) – 7 =6–1
= x + 4 = 3x + 6 – 7 =5
= 3x – 1
4 g(x) = x2 + 1 (a) gh(x) = g(x – 3) (b) hg(x) = h(x2 + 1) (c) hg(–4) = (–4)2 – 2
h(x) = x – 3 = (x – 3)2 + 1 = (x2 + 1) – 3 = 16 – 2
= (x2 – 6x + 9) + 1 = x2 – 2 = 14
= x2 – 6x + 10
Exercise 10 Find the image for each of the following composite functions.
Cari imej bagi setiap fungsi gubahan berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksankan tugasan mudah.
3 Given f(x) = x + 4 and 4 Given g(x) = x2 and 5 Given g(x) = 2x2 and
g(x) = 2x – 5. Find gf(3). h(x) = x + 3. Find hg(3). h(x) = 3x + 1. Find gh(4).
Diberi f(x) = x + 4 dan Diberi g(x) = x2 dan Diberi g(x) = 2x2 dan
g(x) = 2x – 5. Cari gf(3). h(x) = x + 3. Cari hg(3). h(x) = 3x + 1. Cari gh(4).
f(3) = (3) + 4 g(3) = (3)2 h(4) = 3(4) + 1
=7 =9 = 13
gf(3) = g(7) hg(3) = h(9) gh(4) = g(13)
= 2(7) – 5 = (9) + 3 = 2(13)2
=9 = 12 = 338
4 12 − x
3 f(x) = , x ≠ 0 4 f(x) = 5 h(x) = 6x − 7
x 2
g(x) = 2x + 1 h2(x) = 23
f 2(x) = 4
fg(x) = 15
f 2(x) = f 2 (
12 − x
) h2(x) = h(6x − 7)
= 6(6x − 7) − 7
fg(x) = f(2x + 1)
= (2x + 1)
4
=
12 −
2
(
12 − x
)
= 36x − 42 – 7
= 36x − 49
2
Given fg(x) = 15
4
(
24 − 12 + x
2 ) Given h2(x) = 23
= 36x − 49 = 23
2x + 1 = 15 2
12 + x 1 36x = 72
4 = 15(2x + 1) = 2
2 x = 2
4 = 30x + 15
12 + x
–15 + 4 = 30x = 4
–11 = 30x
11 Given f 2(x) = 4
x=– 12 + x
30
4 = 4
12 + x = 16
x = 4
10
Example 14 1 f : x → 14 − 3x 2 f : x → 2x − 7
g : x → 2 − 4x g : x → 3x
f : x → 2x + k fg : x → hx + k gf : x → ax + b
g:x→x−4
Find the value of h and of k. Find the value of a and of b.
fg : x → mx + 6
Cari nilai h dan nilai k. Cari nilai a dan nilai b.
Find the value of k and of m.
Cari nilai k dan nilai m.
fg(x) = f(2 − 4x) gf(x) = g(2x − 7)
= 14 − 3(2 − 4x) = 3(2x − 7)
Solution = 14 − 6 + 12x = 6x − 21
fg(x) = f(x − 4) = 8 + 12x Compare
= 2(x − 4) + k = 12x + 8 PAK-21
gf(x) = ax + b
= 2x − 8 + k
QR CODE
Compare gf(x) = 6x − 21
Compare/Bandingkan fg(x) = hx + k ∴ a = 6
fg(x) = 2x – 8 + k fg(x) = 12x + 8 b = −21
fg(x) = mx + 6 ∴ h = 12
− 8 + k = 6 , m=2 k=8
k = 14
∴ m = 2, k = 14
3 f : x → 8x + k 4 f : x → 6 − 4x 5 f : x → 2x + h
g:x→x–4 g : x → ax + b g : x → 3x − 9
fg : x → mx − 18 gf : x → 2 − 12x gf : x → kx + 12
Find the value of k and of m. Find the value of a and of b. Find the value of h and of k.
Cari nilai k dan nilai m. Cari nilai a dan nilai b. Cari nilai h dan nilai k.
fg(x) = f(x − 4) gf(x) = g(6 − 4x) gf(x) = g(2x + h)
= 8(x − 4) + k = a(6 − 4x) + b = 3(2x + h) − 9
= 8x − 32 + k = 6a − 4ax + b = 6x + 3h − 9
Compare = 6a + b − 4ax Compare
fg(x) = mx − 18 Compare gf(x) = kx + 12
fg(x) = 8x − 32 + k gf(x) = 2 − 12x gf(x) = 6x + 3h − 9
m = 8; −32 + k = −18 gf(x) = 6a + b − 4ax k = 6; 3h − 9 = 12
k = −18 + 32 −4a = −12; 6a + b = 2 3h = 12 + 9
= 14 a = 3 6(3) + b = 2 3h = 21
∴ m = 8, k = 14 18 + b = 2 h = 7
b = 2 − 18 ∴ h = 7, k = 6
= −16
∴ a = 3, b = −16
Example 15
2x + 3 From/Daripada , QR CODE
f(x) = x , x ≠ 0 3 Scan or visit https://
f –1(y) = y − 2 www.purplemath.com/
Solution modules/invrsfcn3.htm
3
x = f –1 (
2x + 3
x
)
∴ f –1(x) = x − 2 , x ≠ 2 for additional notes on
the inverse functions.
2x + 3
Let/Biarkan y = x Common Error
xy = 2x + 3 3
xy − 2x = 3 f –1(x) = x – 2 is incomplete./adalah tidak lengkap.
x(y − 2) = 3 The condition x ≠ 2 must be written in the answer.
3 Syarat x ≠ 2 mesti ditulis dalam jawapan.
x = y − 2
11
5 − x x − 6 6 f(x) = 7 + 7x
f(x) = f(x) = x ,x≠0
4 5
3
5 − x x − 6 f(x) = 7 + 7x
f(x) = 3 f(x) = x x = f –1 (7 + 7x)
( 5 − x
x = f –1 3 ) (
x = f –1 x
x − 6
) Let y = 7 + 7x
5 − x x − 6 y − 7 = 7x
Let y = 3 Let y = x
y − 7
xy = x − 6 = x
3y = 5 − x 7
x = 5 − 3y 6 = x − xy
6 = x(1 − y) Hence,
6 y − 7
Hence, 1 − y = x f –1(y) = 7
f –1(y) = 5 − 3y x − 7
f –1(x) = 5 − 3x f (x) = 7
–1
Hence,
6
f –1(y) = 1 − y
6
f –1(x) = 1 − x , x ≠ 1
Exercise 16 Find the values of p and q for each of the following. HOTS Applying
Cari nilai p dan q bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 16
f(x) = 4x + q
f –1(x) = px + 2
Solution
f(x) = 4x + q Compare/Bandingkan
x = f –1(4x + q) x q
f –1(x) = 4 − 4
Let/Biarkan y = 4x + q
f –1(x) = px + 2
y−q
Then/Maka x = 4 1 q
∴ 4 = p and/dan − = 2
y−q 4
f –1(y) = 4 1
p= 4 q = −8
x−q
f –1(x) = 4
x q
= 4 − 4
12
13
6 x = =
h4(x) = − =x 3 9
7 − x
−
6
x ( ) g (x) = –1
3
∴ (g 2
)–1
= (g )
–1 2
3x − 118
3 Mr Lim is a fried noodles hawker. The daily profit that he can obtain, in RM, is given by w : x → ,
4
where x is the number of packets of fried noodles sold in a day.
Encik Lim ialah seorang penjaja mi goreng. Keuntungan harian yang dapat diperolehnya, dalam RM, diberi oleh
3x – 118
w:x→ , dengan keadaan x ialah bilangan peket mi goreng yang dijual dalam sehari.
4
(a) Calculate the average daily profit obtained by Mr Lim if he sold 1 197 packets of fried noodles in a
week.
Hitung keuntungan harian yang diperoleh Encik Lim jika dia menjual 1 197 bungkusan mi goreng dalam seminggu.
(b) Find the minimum number of packets of fried noodles that must be sold in a day so that Mr Lim does
not experience any loss.
Cari bilangan minimum peket mi goreng yang perlu dijual dalam sehari supaya Encik Lim tidak mengalami sebarang
kerugian.
14
2 SPM
CLONE
and set R.
( 5m2 ) = 20.
`18 Rajah 3 menunjukkan hubungan antara set P, set Q dan set R.
nilai bagi m dengan keadaan h2 P1Q22
P
[4 marks/markah]
x 3 Q fg : x → x2 + 6x + 7
5 The function f : x → x – 7 and g : x → ,x≠ .
4x − 3 4
SPM
CLONE Find the value of gf(9).
`10 x 3 R
P1Q3 Fungsi f : x → x – 7 dan g : x → , x ≠ . Cari nilai
4x – 3 4
bagi gf(9). Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
[3 marks/markah] It is given that set P maps to set Q by the function
6 Given the functions g(x) = 6x – 9 and h(x) = 3x. x + 3 and maps to set R by fg: x → x2 + 6x + 7.
SPM Find the value of gh(4). 2
CLONE Diberi bahawa set P dipetakan kepada set Q oleh fungsi
`11 Diberi fungsi g(x) = 6x – 9 dan h(x) = 3x.
P1Q2 x+3
Cari nilai bagi gh(4). dan dipetakan kepada set R oleh fg: x → x2 + 6x + 7.
2
[2 marks/markah] (a) Write down the function which maps set P to
set Q by using the function notation.
7 It is given that g(x) = x + 4 , x ≠ . Find the value
5
2x – 5 2 Tuliskan fungsi yang memetakan set P kepada set Q
of 3 g–1(–3). dengan menggunakan tatatanda fungsi.
11 (b) Find the function which maps set Q to set R.
x+4 5 3 –1
Diberi bahawa g(x) = , x ≠ . Cari nilai g (–3). Cari fungsi yang memetakan set Q kepada set R.
2x – 5 2 11
[3 marks/markah] [4 marks/markah]
15
1 Diagram 1 shows the function g maps set P to set Q and the function h maps set Q to set R.
SPM Rajah 1 menunjukkan fungsi g memetakan set P kepada set Q dan fungsi h memetakan set Q kepada set R.
CLONE
`14
P2Q3
g h
P Q R
x 2x + 5 10x – 3
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
(a) Express in terms of x, the function
Ungkapkan dalam sebutan x, fungsi
(i) which maps set Q to set P,
yang memetakan set Q kepada set P,
(ii) h(x).
[5 marks/markah]
(b) Find the value of x such that gh(x) = 5x + 9.
Cari nilai x dengan keadaan gh(x) = 5x + 9.
[2 marks/markah]
H O TS Zo n e
1 Given fg : x → 6x + 5 and g : x → 2x + 1. Find f(x).
Diberi fg : x → 6x + 5 dan g : x → 2x + 1. Cari f(x).
3
2 Given fg(x) = 4x + 3 and g : x → , x ≠ 1. Find f(x).
x–1
3
Diberi fg(x) = 4x + 3 dan g : x → , x ≠ 1. Cari f(x).
x–1
6
4 Given f : x → 2x – 4 and fg : x → , x ≠ 2, find g(x).
x–2
6
Diberi f : x → 2x – 4 dan fg : x → , x ≠ 2, cari g(x).
x–2
5 Desa Kindergarten started operating in 2015 and the number of students for the first 12 years is given by
f : t → 16 + 7t, such that t is the number of years after 2015. HOTS Applying
Tadika Desa mula beroperasi pada tahun 2015 dan bilangan murid untuk 12 tahun yang pertama diberi oleh f : t → 16 + 7t, dengan
keadaan t ialah bilangan tahun selepas 2015.
(a) Find the number of students after 5 years.
Cari bilangan murid selepas 5 tahun.
(b) In which year will the number of students be 79?
Pada tahun berapakah bilangan murid akan menjadi 79 orang?
16
2 Quadratic Functions
Fungsi Kuadratik
Smart Tip
1 The general form of a quadratic equation is (b) Has an equal sign “=” and can be expressed in
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0. the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Bentuk am persamaan kuadratik ialah ax2 + bx + c = 0, dengan Mempunyai tanda “=” dan boleh dinyatakan dalam bentuk
keadaan a, b, c ialah pemalar dan a ≠ 0. ax2 + bx + c = 0.
2 Characteristics of a quadratic equation: (c) The highest power of the variable is 2.
Ciri-ciri suatu persamaan kuadratik: Kuasa tertinggi bagi pemboleh ubah ialah 2.
(a) Involves only one variable.
Melibatkan hanya satu pemboleh ubah.
Exercise 1 Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square. Give the answer correct
to three decimal places.
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan penyempurnaan kuasa dua. Beri jawapan betul kepada tiga
tempat perpuluhan.
Example 1 1 x2 − 4x − 5 = 0 2 x2 − 6x − 16 = 0
x2 + 4x − 3 = 0 x2 − 4x − 5 = 0 x2 − 6x − 16 = 0
Solution x2 − 4x = 5 x2 − 6x = 16
( )
x2 − 6x + – 6 = 16 + – 6 ( )
2 2
x2 + 4x − 3 = 0
( )
x2 − 4x + – 4 = 5 + – 4 ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
x2 + 4x = 3
( ) ( 6
)
2
4 2
()
x2 + 4x + 4 = 3 + 4 () x− = 16 + 9
2 2
x− =5+4 2
2 2 2
(x − 3)2 = 25
(x+ 4
2
2
=3+4) (x − 2)2 = 9
x − 2 = ± 9 x − 3 = ± 25
(x + 2) = 7
2
x =2±3 x =3±5
x + 2 = ± 7 x = 2 − 3 or x = 2 + 3 x = 3 − 5 or x = 3 + 5
x = –2 ± 7
x = –2 − 7 or/atau x = –2 +
7 x = –1 or x = 5 x = –2 or x = 8
x = –4.646 or x = 0.646
3 x2 + 3x − 7 = 0 4 x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 5 x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
x2 + 3x − 7 = 0 x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
x2 + 3x = 7 x2 + 5x = –2 x2 − 7x = –3
3 2 3 2 5 2 5 2 7 2 7 2
x2 + 3x +
2 2
=7+ 2 2 x2 + 5x +
2
= –2 +
2
x2 − 7x + – = –3 + –
2 2
3 2 9 5 2 25 7 2 49
x+2 =7+ 4 x+
2 = –2 +
4 x−
2 = –3 +
4
3 2 37 5 2 17 7 2 37
x+2 =
4 x+
2 =
4 x−
2 =
4
3 37 5 17 7 37
x+ =±� 4 x+ =±� 4 x− =±� 4
2 2 2
3
x+ = ±
37 5 17 7 37
x+ =± x− =±
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 37 5 17 7 37
x = – ± x = – ± x= ±
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 37 3
37 5 17 5
17 7 37 7 37
x = – − or x = – + x = – − or x = – + x = − or x = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x = –4.541 or x = 1.541 x = –4.562 or x = –0.438 x = 0.459 or x = 6.541
17
18
Example 3 1 x2 − 3x = 5 2 3x2 − 5x − 7 = 0
x2 − 3x = 5 3x2 − 5x − 7 = 0
3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0
x2 − 3x − 5 = 0 a = 3, b = –5, c = –7
a = 1, b = –3, c = –5 −(–5) ± (–5)2 − 4(3)(–7)
Solution x=
3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0 −(–3) ± (–3)2 − 4(1)(–5) 2(3)
x=
a = 3, b = –4, c = –6 2(1) 5 ± 25 + 84
=
3 ± 9 + 20 3 ± 29 6
−(–4) ± (–4)2 − 4(3)(–6) x= =
x= 2 2 5 ± 109
2(3) =
3 − 29 3 + 29 6
4 ± 16 + 72 x= or x = 5 − 109 5 + 109
= 2 2 x= or x =
6 6 6
x = –1.193 or x = 4.193
4 ± 88 x = –0.907 or x = 2.573
=
6
4 − 88 4 + 88 3 x2 + 4x = 6 4 2x2 − 3x = 8
x= or/atau x =
6 6 x2 + 4x = 6 2x2 − 3x = 8
x = –0.897 or/atau 2.230 x2 + 4x − 6 = 0 2x2 − 3x − 8 = 0
a = 1, b = 4, c = –6 a = 2, b = –3, c = –8
–4 ± 42 − 4(1)(–6) −(–3) ± (–3)2 − 4(2)(–8)
x=
Smart Tip x=
2(1) 2(2)
–4 ± 16 + 24 3 ± 9 + 64
x= x=
If/Jika ax2 + bx + c = 0 4
2(1)
–b ± b2 – 4ac 3 ± 73
then/maka x = –4 ± 40 x=
2a x= 4
2
3 − 73 3 + 73
x = –2 + 10 or x = –2 − 10 x= or x =
4 4
x = 1.162 or –5.162 x = –1.386 or x = 2.886
5 The diagram below shows a cuboid-shaped tissue 6 The diagram below shows a trapezium.
box. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah trapezium.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah kotak tisu berbentuk (x + 3) cm
kuboid.
(x + 4) cm (2x) cm
4 cm
(2x + 1) cm
19
Alternative Method x = 3, x = 2 x = 5, x = –3
x − 3 = 0, x − 2 = 0 x − 5 = 0, x + 3 = 0
x = 3, x = – 1 (x − 3)(x − 2) = 0 (x – 5)(x + 3) = 0
2 x2 − 2x − 3x + 6 = 0 x2 + 3x − 5x − 15 = 0
x − 3 = 0, 2x = –1 x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 x2 − 2x − 15 = 0
x − 3 = 0, 2x + 1 = 0
(x – 3)(2x + 1) = 0
2x2 + x – 6x – 3 = 0
2x2 − 5x – 3 = 0
20
Example 5
The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px + 6q = 12 are 3 and –5. Find the values of p and q.
Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 + px + 6q = 12 ialah 3 dan –5. Cari nilai p dan q.
Solution
Sum of roots Sum of roots Product of roots
Hasil tambah punca Hasil tambah punca Hasil darab punca
3 + (–5) = 3 − 5 = –2 p 3q − 6 = –15
– = –2
2 3q = –9
Product of roots ∴p=4 ∴q = –3
Hasil darab punca
(3)(–5) = –15 Smart Tip Alternative Method
2x + px + 6q = 12
2
To solve this question, the x = 3, x = –5
2x2 + px + 6q − 12 = 0 (÷2) equation must be expressed as (x – 3)(x + 5) = 0
x2 – (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0. x2 + 5x − 3x − 15 = 0
p 6q − 12 x2 + 2x − 15 = 0 (32)
x2 + 2 x + =0 Therefore, the coefficient of x2
2 must be reduced to 1. 2x2 + 4x − 30 = 0
p Compare/Bandingkan
x2 + 2 x + 3q − 6 = 0 Untuk menyelesaikan soalan ini,
persamaan perlu diungkap sebagai 2x2 + px + 6q − 12 = 0
x2 – (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0. Maka, p = 4, 6q − 12 = –30
Compare with/Bandingkan dengan 6q = –18
pekali bagi x2 mesti diturunkan kepada 1.
x2 − (S.O.R) x + (P.O.R) = 0 q
= –3
1 The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 − 8x + p = 5 2 The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px − 16 = 0
are 1 and 3. Find the value of p. are 2 and –4. Find the value of p.
Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 − 8x + p = 5 Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 + px − 16 = 0
ialah 1 dan 3. Cari nilai p. ialah 2 dan –4. Cari nilai p.
3 The roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 + px + 6 = q 4 Given p and 5 are the roots of 2x2 + 4x + q = 0.
are –2 and 6. Find the values of p and q. Find the values of p and q.
Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 3x2 + px + 6 = q Diberi p dan 5 ialah punca bagi 2x2 + 4x + q = 0. Cari nilai
ialah –2 dan 6. Cari nilai p dan q. p dan q.
21
Example 6
(a) a and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 3
(b) Given thatand β are the roots of
2x2 + 4x − 9 = 0. Form a new quadratic equation 4
with roots a + 2 and β + 2. 20x2 − 7x − 6 = 0, find the value of β.
dan ialah punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 + 4x − 9 = 0. 3
Bentukkan satu persamaan kuadratik yang baharu dengan 4 dan β ialah punca bagi persamaan
Diberi bahawa
punca + 2 dan + 2. kuadratik 20x − 7x − 6 = 0, cari nilai β.
2
Solution Solution
2x2 + 4x − 9 = 0 20x2 − 7x − 6 = 0
PAK-21 a = 2, b = 4, c = –9 a = 20, b = –7, c = –6
Roots: a, β 3
QR CODE
=
Sum of new roots 20
Hasil tambah punca-punca baharu 2
= –
a + 2 + β + 2 = (a + β) + 2 + 2 5
= (–2) + 4
=2
Alternative Method
Product of new roots 3 c Product of roots
Hasil darab punca-punca baharu 4 (β) = a Hasil darab punca-punca
(a + 2)(b + 2) –6 4 c
= aβ + 2a + 2β + 4 β = 20 3 3 αβ =
a
= aβ + 2(a + β) + 4 2
β = –
9 5
1 2
= – + 2(–2) + 4
2 Or/Atau
9
= –
2 20x2 – 7x − 6 = 0
(4x − 3)(5x + 2) = 0
New quadratic equation 4x − 3 = 0 or/atau 5x + 2 = 0
Persamaan kuadratik yang baharu 4x = 3 5x = −2
x2 − (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0 3 2
9 x = 4 x = –
5
2
x2 − (2)x + – = 0
2 3
Roots/Punca: 4 , β
9
x2 − 2x − = 0 2
2 ∴ β = –
5
2x2 − 4x − 9 = 0
Steps/Langkah-langkah:
1 Students are required to provide a question of forming quadratic equations from given
roots.
Scan or visit
Murid-murid dikehendaki menyediakan satu soalan mengenai membentuk persamaan https://www.
kuadratik daripada punca yang diberi. purplemath.
2 Students are divided into groups of 4. Trade the question with other members. com/modules/
Murid-murid dibahagi kepada kumpulan yang terdiri daripada 4 orang murid. Tukar quadform.htm
for additional
soalan dengan ahli yang lain.
notes on how to
3 Teacher hold a discussion of results of the problem solving for each group. solve quadratic
Guru membuat perbincangan bagi hasil penyelesaian masalah bagi setiap kumpulan. equations.
22
3x2 + 3x + 16 = 0
c
2x2 − 6x + k = 0 α(–1) =
a
a = 2, b = –6, c = k k
–α = , (α = 4)
Roots: α, –1 2
b k
α + (–1) = – –4 =
a 2
(–6) –8 = k
α − 1 = –
2
α − 1 = 3
α = 4
23
Smart Tip
(a) (x − m)(x − n) < 0 or/atau (x − m)(x − n) ≤ 0 (b) (x − m)(x − n) > 0 or/atau (x − m)(x − n) ≥ 0
m<x<n m ≤ x ≤ n x < m or/atau x > n x ≤ m, or/atau x ≥ n
x x
m n m n
24
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang fungsi kuadratik dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.
1 The graph of a quadratic function g(x) = px2 – 6x + q, where p and q are constants, has a minimum point.
Graf bagi fungsi kuadratik g(x) = px2 – 6x + q, dengan keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar, mempunyai satu titik minimum.
(a) Given p is an integer such that –2 < p < 2, state the value of p.
Diberi p ialah satu integer dengan keadaan –2 < p < 2, nyatakan nilai bagi p.
(b) Using the answer in (a), find the value of q when the graph touches the x-axis at one point.
Dengan menggunakan jawapan di (a), cari nilai bagi q apabila graf itu menyentuh paksi-x pada satu titik.
(c) Sketch the graph of g(x).
Lakarkan graf bagi g(x).
–4q = –36
q=9
Smart Tip
1 Given a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0./Diberi persamaan kuadratik ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(a) If b2 – 4ac > 0, then the equation has two different real roots.
Jika b2 – 4ac > 0, maka persamaan mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.
x x
a>0 a<0
(b) If b2 – 4ac = 0, then the equation has two equal real roots. x
Jika b2 – 4ac = 0, maka persamaan mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama.
x
a>0 a<0
x
a>0 a<0
2 The term ‘discriminant’ stands for b – 4ac./ Istilah ‘pembezalayan’ merujuk kepada b – 4ac.
2 2
Exercise 9 Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations.
Tentukan jenis punca bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut.
Example 8 1 x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 2 4x2 − 4x + 1 = 0
25
a = 2, b = 3, c = –5 a = 2, b = –1, c = 6 a = 9, b = –12, c = 4
b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – 4(2)(–5) b2 – 4ac = (–1)2 – 4(2)(6) b2 – 4ac = (–12)2 – 4(9)(4)
= 9 + 40 = 1 – 48 = 144 – 144
= 49 = –47 = 0
49 > 0 –47 < 0 So, the quadratic equation
So, the quadratic equation So, the quadratic equation 9x2 – 12x + 4 = 0 has two equal
2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 has two 2x2 – x + 6 = 0 has no real real roots.
different real roots. roots.
Exercise 10 Find the range of values of k if the quadratic equation has two different real roots.
Cari julat bagi nilai k jika persamaan kuadratik mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.
Example 9 1 x2 – 5x + 3 = k 2 3x2 + 2x + k = 5
2x2 + 6x + 5 = k x2 − 5x + 3 = k 3x2 + 2x + k = 5
x2 − 5x + 3− k = 0 3x2 + 2x + k – 5 = 0
Solution
∴ a = 1, b = –5, c = 3 – k ∴ a = 3, b = 2, c = k – 5
Given/Diberi
2x2 + 6x + 5 = k
2x2 + 6x + 5 − k = 0 With two different real roots, With two different real roots,
∴ a = 2, b = 6, c = 5 – k b2 − 4ac > 0 b2 − 4ac > 0
(–5)2 − 4(1)(3 − k) > 0 (2)2 − 4(3)(k − 5) > 0
With two different real roots, 25 – 12 + 4k > 0 4 − 12k + 60 > 0
Dengan dua punca nyata yang berbeza, 13 + 4k > 0 –12k + 64 > 0
b2 − 4ac > 0 4k > –13 –12k > –64
(6)2 − 4(2)(5 − k) > 0 12k < 64
13
36 − 40 + 8k > 0 k > – 64
–4 + 8k > 0 4 k <
12
8k > 4 16
1 k <
k > 3
2
26
Example 10 1 x2 − 6x + 1 = k 2 3x2 + 4x + k = 2
2x2 + 3x + 6 = k x2 − 6x + 1 = k 3x2 + 4x + k = 2
Solution x2 − 6x + 1 − k = 0 3x2 + 4x + k − 2 = 0
Given/Diberi ∴ a = 1, b = –6, c = 1 − k ∴ a = 3, b = 4, c = k − 2
2x2 + 3x + 6 = k
2x2 + 3x + 6 − k = 0 With two equal real roots, With two equal real roots,
∴ a = 2, b = 3, c = 6 − k b2 − 4ac = 0 b2 − 4ac = 0
(–6)2 − 4(1)(1 − k) = 0 (4)2 − 4(3)(k − 2) = 0
With two equal real roots, 36 − 4 + 4k = 0 16 − 12k + 24 = 0
Dengan dua punca nyata yang sama,
32 + 4k = 0 40 − 12k = 0
b2 − 4ac = 0
(3)2 − 4(2)(6 − k) = 0 4k = –32 –12k = –40
k = –8 10
9 − 48 + 8k = 0 k =
–39 + 8k = 0 3
8k = 39
39
k =
8
3 kx2 − 2x = 6 4 x2 + kx + 1 = –x 5 x2 + 2x = kx2 + 3
kx2 − 2x = 6 x2 + kx + 1 = –x x2 + 2x = kx2 + 3
kx2 − 2x − 6 = 0 x2 + kx + x + 1 = 0 x2 − kx2 + 2x – 3 = 0
∴ a = k, b = –2, c = –6 x2 + (k + 1)x + 1 = 0 (1 − k)x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
∴ a = 1, b = k + 1, c = 1 ∴ a = 1 − k, b = 2, c = –3
With two equal real roots,
With two equal real roots, With two equal real roots,
b2 − 4ac = 0
b2 − 4ac = 0 b2 − 4ac = 0
(–2)2 – 4(k)(–6) = 0
(k + 1)2 − 4(1)(1) = 0 (2)2 − 4(1 − k)(–3) = 0
4 + 24k = 0
(k + 1)2 − 4 = 0 4 + 12 − 12k = 0
24k = –4
(k + 1 + 2)(k + 1 − 2) = 0 16 − 12k = 0
1
k = – (k + 3)(k − 1) = 0 –12k = –16
6
k + 3 = 0 or k − 1 = 0 4
k =
k = –3 k = 1 3
Exercise 12 Find the range of values of k if the given quadratic equation has no real roots.
Cari julat bagi bagi nilai k jika persamaan kuadratik yang diberi tidak mempunyai punca nyata.
Example 11 1 x2 – 5x + 3 = k 2 2x2 + 4x + k = 1
3x2 + 2x + 1 = k x2 − 5x + 3 = k 2x2 + 4x + k = 1
x2 − 5x + 3 − k = 0 2x2 + 4x + k − 1 = 0
Solution ∴ a = 1, b = –5, c = 3 − k ∴ a = 2, b = 4, c = k − 1
Given/Diberi
3x2 + 2x + 1 = k Has no real roots, Has no real roots,
3x2 + 2x + 1 − k = 0 b2 − 4ac < 0 b2 − 4ac < 0
∴ a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 − k (–5)2 − 4(1)(3 − k) < 0 (4)2 − 4(2)(k − 1) < 0
25 − 12 + 4k < 0 16 – 8k + 8 < 0
Has no real roots 13 + 4k < 0 –8k < –24
Tidak mempunyai punca nyata, 4k < –13 8k > 24
b2 − 4ac < 0 13 k > 3
(2)2 − 4(3)(1 − k) < 0 k < –
4
4 − 12 + 12k < 0
–8 + 12k < 0
12k < 8
2
k<
3
27
Smart Tip
1 If a is positive (a > 0), the graph of the function has a minimum point.
Jika a ialah positif (a > 0), graf fungsi itu mempunyai satu titik minimum.
2 If a is negative (a < 0), the graph of the function has a maximum point.
Jika a ialah negatif (a < 0), graf fungsi itu mempunyai satu titik maksimum.
Exercise 13 Determine whether the graph of each of the following quadratic functions has a maximum
point or minimum point.
Tentukan sama ada graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut mempunyai titik maksimum atau titik minimum.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik.
Common Error
f(x) = 2x – 4x2 – 3 a = 2
Incorrect because 2 is the value for b. Students must be aware of the
arrangement of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c in the equation given.
Salah kerana 2 ialah nilai bagi b. Pelajar perlu berhati-hati dengan susunan
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c dalam persamaan yang diberi.
Since a = –3 < 0, the graph of Since a = –5 < 0, the graph of Since a = 3 > 0, the graph of
the function is a parabola with the function is a parabola with the function is a parabola with
a maximum point. a maximum point. a minimum point.
28
f(x)
x
0
3
3
–3
x x
0 0
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
x
3 0
x
0
–3
x
0
–3
Smart Tip
1 (a) If b2 − 4ac > 0, then the function has two different real roots.
Jika b2 − 4ac > 0, maka fungsi mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.
(b) Graph f(x) intersects the x-axis at two distinct points. x x
Graf f(x) menyilang paksi-x pada dua titik yang berlainan. a>0 a<0
2 (a) If b2 − 4ac = 0, then the function has two equal real roots.
Jika b2 − 4ac = 0, maka fungsi mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama. x
(b) Graph f(x) intersects the x-axis at one point only, where x-axis is the
tangent to the curve.
x
Graf f(x) menyilang paksi-x pada satu titik sahaja, dengan keadaan paksi-x ialah tangen a>0 a<0
kepada lengkung itu.
29
Example 14 1 f(x) = x2 + 6x + k
f(x) = 3x2 − 2x + k − 5 a = 1, b = 6, c = k
Solution
a = 3, b = –2, c = k − 5 b2 – 4ac > 0
If the curve intersects with the x–axis at two different points, then f(x) (6)2 − 4(1)(k) > 0
has two different real roots. 36 − 4k > 0
Jika lengkung menyilang paksi-x pada dua titik yang berlainan, maka f(x) –4k > –36
mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza. 4k < 36
b2 − 4ac > 0 k<9
(–2)2 – 4(3)(k − 5) > 0 Common Error
4 – 12k + 60 > 0 –12k > –64 When multiplying or dividing an
–12k + 64 > 0 –64 inequality by a negative number, reverse
–12k > –64 k > –12 the direction of the inequality notation.
16 16 Apabila mendarab atau membahagi suatu
k < k > 3 ketaksamaan dengan suatu nombor negatif,
3
songsangkan arah tatatanda ketaksamaan itu.
a = –1, b = 2, c = –k + 4 a = 4, b = k, c = 4 a = k – 3, b = –2, c = –4
b – 4ac > 0
2
b − 4ac > 0
2
b2 − 4ac > 0
(2)2 − 4(–1)(–k + 4) > 0 k2 − 4(4)(4) > 0 (–2)2 − 4(k − 3)(–4) > 0
4 + 4(–k + 4) > 0 k2 − 64 > 0 4 + 16k − 48 > 0
4 − 4k + 16 > 0 (k + 8)(k − 8) > 0 16k > 44
–4k + 20 > 0 k < –8 or k > 8 11
k >
–4k > –20 4
4k < 20
k < 5
Exercise 16 Find the value (or values) of m if the curve of each of the quadratic functions below intersects
with the x-axis at one point only.
Cari nilai (atau nilai-nilai) bagi m jika lengkung bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik di bawah menyilang paksi-x pada
satu titik sahaja.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
30
Exercise 18 By using the method of completing the square, express each of the following quadratic functions
in the form of f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. Hence, state the coordinates of the vertex of the function.
Dengan menggunakan kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua, ungkapkan setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut dalam
bentuk f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. Seterusnya, nyatakan koordinat verteks bagi fungsi itu.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
f(x) = 2x2 – 7x – 4 6 2
3
= 3 x2 – 4x + – 1 22 –
– 1 22
–8
4
1 22
2
7
= 2 x2 – x – 2
2 4 = (x – 3)2 – 9 – 8
– +5 4
= (x – 3)2 – 17 = 3[(x – 2) – 4 + 5]
2
7 7 2
= 2 x2 – x + –
2 4
– 1 2 a = 1 > 0, f(x) has a minimum = 3[(x – 2)2 + 1]
value. = 3(x – 2)2 + 3
7 2 Minimum vertex = (3 , –17) a = 3 > 0, f(x) has a minimum
1
–
4
–22 4 value.
7 2 49 Minimum vertex = (2 , 3)
=2 x– 1 4
–
162–2 4
7 2 81 3 f(x) = –x2 – 8x + 13 4 f(x) = –3x2 – 24x + 27
=2 x– 1 4
–
162 4 f(x) = –x2 – 8x + 13 f(x) = –3x2 – 24x + 27
7 2 81 = –[x2 + 8x – 13] = –3[x2 + 8x – 9]
=2 x– 1 4
– 28 8 2 8 2
3
= – x2 + 8x +
2 1 2
– 3
= –3 x2 + 8x +
2
– 1 2
a = 2 > 0, f(x) has a minimum
8 2 8 2
value. 1 2
– 13
2 4 – 91 2
2 4
a = 2 > 0, f(x) mempunyai nilai
minimum.
= –[(x + 4)2 – 16 – 13] = –3[(x + 4)2 – 16 – 9]
7 81 = –[(x + 4)2 – 29] = –3[(x + 4)2 – 25]
Minimum vertex = 14 ,–
8 2 = –(x + 4)2 + 29 = –3(x + 4)2 + 75
Verteks minimum a = –1 < 0, f(x) has a maximum a = –3 < 0, f(x) has a maximum
value. value.
Maximum vertex = (–4 , 29) Maximum vertex = (–4, 75)
31
1
f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 2 2
f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 2
When the value of h changes from –1 to 1, the When the value of k changes from 2 to –2,
graph with the same shape moves 2 units to the graph with the same shape moves 4 units
the right. The axis of symmetry is x = 1 and the downward. The minimum value becomes –2 and
minimum value does not change, that is 2. axis of symmetry does not change, that is x = –1.
When x = 0, When x = 0,
f(x) = (0 – 1)2 + 2 = 3 f(x) = (0 + 1)2 – 2 = –1
f(x) f(x)
3
x
2 –1 0
(1, 2)
–1
x –2
0 1 (–1, –2)
Exercise 20 Sketch the graph for each of the following quadratic functions. HOTS Analysing
Lakarkan graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 19
32
7 2 81 = 2[(x – 1)2 – 9]
= – x + 2
+
4 = 2(x – 1)2 – 18
7 81 The minimum point = (1, –18)
The maximum point = – ,
2 4 When f(x) = 0,
When f(x) = 0, 2x2 + 4x − 16 = 0
–x2 – 7x + 8 = 0 f(x) 2(x2 − 2x − 8) = 0 f(x)
(–x + 1)(x + 8) = 0 ( 7 —
–—,
2 4
81
) 7 —
81
2(x + 2)(x − 4) = 0
–x + 1 = 0 or x + 8 = 0 2 4 x + 2 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
8 x
x = 1 x = –8 x = –2 x=4 –2 0 1 4
When x = 0, When x = 0,
f(x) = –(0)2 – 7(0) + 8 x f(x) = 2(0)2 + 4(0) − 16 –16
= 8 –8 7 0 1
–—
2
= –16 –18
(1, –18)
33
Example 20
1 The number of students who graduated from a college is given by the function f(x) = x2 – 6x + 84. State the
first year that at least 100 students graduated.
Bilangan pelajar yang tamat pengajian di sebuah kolej diberi oleh fungsi f(x) = x2 – 6x + 84. Nyatakan tahun pertama yang
sekurang-kurangnya 100 orang pelajar tamat pengajian.
f(x) ≥ 100
x2 – 6x + 84 ≥ 100
x2 – 6x – 16 ≥ 0 x
–2 8
(x + 2)(x – 8) ≥ 0
2 A ball is thrown vertically upwards from a position. The height, h in metre, of the ball at time t seconds is
given by the function h(t) = –6t2 + 24t + 30.
Sebiji bola dilambung ke atas dari suatu kedudukan. Tinggi, h dalam meter, bola itu pada masa t saat diberi oleh fungsi
h(t) = –6t2 + 24t + 30.
(a) What is the height of the ball when t = 1 second?
Berapakah tinggi bola itu apabila t = 1 saat?
(b) In how many seconds will the object reach the maximum height?
Dalam masa berapa saatkah objek itu akan mencapai tinggi maksimum?
(c) What is the maximum height of the object?
Berapakah tinggi maksimum objek itu?
34
y = – 1 x2 + 8
50
When x = 0, y = – 1 (0)2 + 8 = 8
50
70 1
When x = = 35, y = – (35)2 + 8 = –16.5
2 50
8m
x
0
16.5 m
P Q
(35, –16.5)
12 m
E F
70 m
4 In an experiment, an object is launched at an acute angle from a horizontal plane. The height of the object,
y, is represented by the graph y = – 1 x2 + 2x, where x is the horizontal distance from the point of the
36
launching.
Dalam satu eksperimen, sebuah objek dilancarkan pada suatu sudut tirus dari satah mengufuk. Tinggi objek itu, y, diwakili oleh
1
graf y = – x2 + 2x, dengan keadaan x ialah jarak mengufuk dari titik pelancaran.
36
(a) What is the horizontal distance of the object from the point of launching when it reaches the
maximum point?
Berapakah jarak mengufuk objek itu dari titik pelancaran apabila ia mencapai titik maksimum?
(b) Determine the maximum height of the object.
Tentukan tinggi maksimum objek itu.
(c) How far has the object travelled horizontally before it falls to the horizontal plane again?
Berapa jauhkah objek itu telah bergerak secara mengufuk sebelum objek itu jatuh ke satah mengufuk semula?
1 2
(a) y = – x + 2x (b) 36 m
36 (c) When y = 0
1
= – [x2 – 72x] 1
36 – x2 + 2x = 0
36
1 2 72 2 72 2
= –
36 3
x – 72x + –
2 1
– – 2 1
2 24 x – 1 x+2 =0
1 2
36
1 2
= –
36 3
x – 72x + (–36)2 – 362 4 x = 0 or – 1 x + 2 = 0
36
1
= – [(x – 36)2 – 362] – 1 x = –2
36 36
1 x = 72
= – (x – 36)2 + 36
36 The object travelled 72 m horizontally before
Maximum point = (36, 36) it falls to the horizontal plane again.
When the object reaches the maximum
point, the horizontal distance is 36 m.
35
36
1 (a) The quadratic equation x2 – 8x + 12 = 0 has roots p and q, where p > q. Find
Persamaan kuadratik x2 – 8x + 12 = 0 mempunyai punca-punca p dan q, dengan keadaan p > q. Cari
(i) the values of p and q,
nilai bagi p dan q,
(ii) the range of values of x if x2 – 8x + 12 > 0.
julat nilai x jika x2 – 8x + 12 > 0.
[5 marks/markah]
(b) Using the values of p and q from (a)(i), form a quadratic equation with roots p + 3 and 2q + 3.
Menggunakan nilai p dan q dari (a)(i), bentukkan suatu persamaan kuadratik dengan punca p + 3 dan 2q + 3.
[2 marks/markah]
2 Given α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation x(x – 6) = 2m – 8, where m is a constant.
SPM Diberi α dan β ialah punca bagi persamaan kuadratik x(x – 6) = 2m – 8, dengan keadaan m ialah pemalar.
CLONE
`15 (a) Find the range of values of m if α ≠ β.
P2Q5
Cari julat nilai m jika α ≠ β.
[3 marks/markah]
α β
(b) Given and are the roots of another quadratic equation 2x2 + px – 16 = 0, where p is a constant. Find
2 2
the values of m and p.
α β
Diberi dan ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik lain 2x2 + px – 16 = 0, dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar. Cari
2 2
nilai bagi m dan p.
[4 marks/markah]
H O TS Zo n e
1 Azmi cut squares with sides measuring 5 cm from each corner of a square-shaped cardboard as shown in
Diagram 1(a). He then folded the cardboard to be an open box as shown in Diagram 1(b).
Azmi memotong segi empat sama bersisi 5 cm daripada setiap bucu sekeping kadbod yang berbentuk segi empat sama seperti dalam
Rajah 1(a). Dia kemudian melipat kadbod tersebut menjadi sebuah kotak terbuka seperti dalam Rajah 1(b).
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
37
3 Systems of Equations
Sistem Persamaan
3.1 Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables / Sistem Persamaan Linear dalam Tiga Pemboleh Ubah
Smart Tip
General form of system of linear equations in three variables is
Bentuk am bagi sistem persamaan linear dalam tiga pemboleh ubah ialah
ax + by + cz = d, where/dengan keadaan a, b and/dan c ≠ 0
2 Johan buys 4 kg durians, 3 kg jackfruits and 2 kg watermelons for RM95. Isyak buys 3 kg durians, 2 kg
jackfruits and 4 kg watermelons for RM75. The price of 1 kg durians is RM5 more than the price of 1 kg
jackfruits. Write down three equations that satisfy the above conditions.
Johan membeli 4 kg durian, 3 kg nangka dan 2 kg tembikai dengan harga RM95. Isyak membeli 3 kg durian, 2 kg nangka dan
4 kg tembikai dengan harga RM75. Harga 1 kg durian ialah RM5 lebih daripada harga 1 kg nangka. Tuliskan tiga persamaan
yang memuaskan syarat-syarat di atas.
38
Jamil 12 7 10 59
Saiful 10 11 6 56
Hasan 16 9 4 64
4 A stationery shop offers three sale packages for pencils, pens and erasers.
Sebuah kedai alat tulis menawarkan tiga pakej jualan untuk pensel, pen dan pemadam.
39
Example 2 1 x + 2y + z = 5
x + y + 2z = 8
x + 2y + z = 3 2x + y + z = 11
2x – y + 3z = 13
2x + 3y + 4z = 11 x + 2y + z = 5 ——— 1
x + y + 2z = 8 ——— 2
Solution
2x + y + z = 11 ——— 3
x + 2y + z = 3 ——— 1
2x – y + 3z = 13 ——— 2
Eliminate x from 1 and 2 ,
2x + 3y + 4z = 11 ——— 3
1 : x + 2y + z = 5
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 , 2 : x + y + 2z = 8 (–)
Hapuskan z daripada 1 dan 2 , y – z = –3 ——— 4
3 × 1 : 3x + 6y + 3z = 9
2 : 2x – y + 3z = 13 (–) Eliminate x from 2 and 3 ,
x + 7y = –4 ——— 4 2 × 2 : 2x + 2y + 4z = 16
3 : 2x + y + z = 11 (–)
Eliminate z from 1 and 3 , y + 3z = 5 ——— 5
Hapuskan z daripada 1 dan 3 ,
4 × 1 : 4x + 8y + 4z = 12 Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of y and z,
3 : 2x + 3y + 4z = 11 (–) 4 : y – z = –3
2x + 5y = 1 ——— 5 5 : y + 3z = 5 (–)
–4z = –8
Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of x and y, z = 2
Selesaikan 4 dan 5 untuk mencari nilai x dan y,
2 × 4 : 2x + 14y = –8 From 5 , y + 3(2) = 5
5 : 2x + 5y = 1 (–) y = –1
9y = –9
y = –1 From 1 , x + 2(–1) + (2) = 5
x – 2 + 2 = 5
From/Dari 5 , 2x + 5(–1) = 1 x = 5
2x – 5 = 1
2x = 6 Hence, x = 5, y = –1, z = 2
x = 3
Calculator Corner
A calculator can also be used to solve system of linear equations in three unknowns.
Kalkulator juga boleh digunakan untuk menyelesaikan persamaan linear dalam tiga pemboleh ubah.
Example:
x + 2y + z = 3
2x – y + 3z = 13
2x + 3y + 4z = 11
3 = 13 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 11 = = =
40
4 2x + y + z = 9 5 3x – y + 4z = 14
x–y+z=1 x + 6y – z = 2
–x – 3y + 2z = 3 2x – y + 3z = 10
2x + y + z = 9 ——— 1 3x – y + 4z = 14 ——— 1
x – y + z = 1 ——— 2 x + 6y – z = 2 ——— 2
–x – 3y + 2z = 3 ——— 3 2x – y + 3z = 10 ——— 3
Eliminate x from 1 and 2 , Eliminate x from 1 and 2 ,
1 : 2x + y + z = 9 1 : 3x – y + 4z = 14
2 × 2 : 2x – 2y + 2z = 2 (–) 3 × 2 : 3x + 18y – 3z = 6 (–)
3y – z = 7 ——— 4 –19y + 7z = 8 ——— 4
Eliminate x from 2 and 3 , Eliminate x from 2 and 3 ,
2 : x – y + z = 1 2 × 2 : 2x + 12y – 2z = 4
3 : –x – 3y + 2z = 3 (+) 3 : 2x – y + 3z = 10 (–)
–4y + 3z = 4 ——— 5 13y – 5z = –6 ——— 5
Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of y and z, Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of y and z,
3 × 4 : 9y – 3z = 21 5 × 4 : –95y + 35z = 40
5 : –4y + 3z = 4 (+) 7 × 5 : 91y – 35z = -42 (+)
5y = 25 –4y = –2
y = 5 y = 0.5
From 4 , 3(5) – z = 7 From 5 , 13(0.5) – 5z = –6
z = 8 5z = 12.5
z = 2.5
From 1 , 2x + (5) + (8) = 9
2x = –4 From 1 , 3x – (0.5) + 4(2.5) = 14
x = –2 3x = 4.5
x = 1.5
Hence, x = –2, y = 5, z = 8
Hence, x = 1.5, y = 0.5, z = 2.5
41
Example 3
Siti buys 2 kg carrots, 1 kg cabbages and 3 kg potatoes for RM21.50, while Salmah buys 4 kg carrots, 1 kg
cabbages and 2 kg potatoes for RM27.50. Given the total price of 1 kg carrots and 1 kg cabbages exceeds the
price of 1 kg potatoes by RM5. Find the price for a kilogram of each type of vegetable, in RM.
Siti membeli 2 kg lobak merah, 1 kg kubis dan 3 kg ubi kentang dengan harga RM21.50, manakala Salmah membeli 4 kg lobak
merah, 1 kg kubis dan 2 kg ubi kentang dengan harga RM27.50. Diberi jumlah harga 1 kg lobak merah dan 1 kg kubis adalah
melebihi harga 1 kg ubi kentang sebanyak RM5. Cari harga untuk setiap kilogram bagi setiap jenis sayur, dalam RM.
Let the price of 1 kg carrots = x
Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of x and z,
the price of 1 kg cabbages = y
Selesaikan 4 dan 5 untuk mencari nilai x dan z,
the price of 1 kg potatoes = z
Katakan harga 1 kg lobak merah = x 4 : –2x + z = –6
harga 1 kg kubis = y 5 : x + z = 7.5 (–)
harga 1 kg ubi kentang = z –3x = –13.5
2x + y + 3z = 21.5 ——— 1 x = 4.5
4x + y + 2z = 27.5 ——— 2
x + y – z = 5 ——— 3 From/Daripada 5 , (4.5) + z = 7.5
Eliminate y from 1 and 2 , z = 3
Hapuskan y daripada 1 dan 2 ,
1 : 2x + y + 3z = 21.5 From/Daripada 1 , 2(4.5) + y + 3(3) = 21.5
2 : 4x + y + 2z = 27.5 (–) y = 3.5
–2x + z = –6 ——— 4
Eliminate y from 2 and 3 , Hence, the price of 1 kg carrots = RM4.50, the
Hapuskan y daripada 2 dan 3 , price of 1 kg cabbages = RM3.50 and the price of
2 : 4x + y + 2z = 27.5 1 kg potatoes = RM3.
Maka, harga bagi 1 kg lobak merah = RM4.50, harga bagi
3 : x + y – z = 5 (–)
1 kg kubis = RM3.50 dan harga bagi 1 kg ubi kentang = RM3.
3x + 3z = 22.5
x + z = 7.5 ——— 5
1 Jamil, Minah and Chandran went to a shop to purchase some items to decorate their classroom. Jamil
bought two manila cards, three boxes of marker pens and four glue sticks for RM16.00. Minah bought six
manila cards, four boxes of marker pens and two glue sticks for RM23.00. Chandran bought two manila
cards, five boxes of marker pens and three glue sticks for RM21.00. Find the unit price of each item, in RM.
Jamil, Minah dan Chandran pergi ke sebuah kedai untuk membeli beberapa barang untuk menghias kelas mereka. Jamil membeli
dua keping kad manila, tiga kotak pen penanda dan empat botol gam dengan harga RM16.00. Minah membeli enam keping kad
manila, empat kotak pen penanda dan dua botol gam dengan harga RM23.00. Chandran membeli dua keping kad manila, lima
kotak pen penanda dan tiga botol gam dengan harga RM21.00. Cari harga seunit bagi setiap jenis barang tersebut, dalam RM.
Let the price of a manila card = x Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of x and y,
the price of a box of marker pens = y 4 : 10x + 5y = 30
the price of a glue stick = z 5 × 5 : 10x + 55y = 180 (–)
2x + 3y + 4z = 16 ——— 1 –50y = –150
6x + 4y + 2z = 23 ——— 2 y = 3
2x + 5y + 3z = 21 ——— 3 From 4 , 10x + 5(3) = 30
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 , 10x = 15
1 : 2x + 3y + 4z = 16 x = 1.5
2 × 2 : 12x + 8y + 4z = 46 (–) From 1 , 2(1.5) + 3(3) + 4z = 16
10x + 5y = 30 ——— 4 4z = 4
Eliminate z from 1 and 3 , z = 1
1 × 3 : 6x + 9y + 12z = 48 Hence, the price of a manila card = RM1.50, the
3 × 4 : 8x + 20y + 12z = 84 (–) price of a box of marker pens = RM3 and the price
2x + 11y = 36 ——— 5 of a glue stick = RM1.
42
Let the price of a stamp type P = x Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of x and y,
the price of a stamp type Q = y 2 × 4 : 160x + 20y = 44
the price of a stamp type R = z 5 : 40x + 20y = 20 (–)
8x + 10y + 20z = 23.6 ——— 1 120x = 24
30x + 15y + 25z = 35 ——— 2 x = 0.2
20x + 10y + 50z = 50 ——— 3 From 4 , 80(0.2) + 10y = 22
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 , 16 + 10y = 22
10y = 6
5 × 1 : 40x + 50y + 100z = 118
y = 0.6
4 × 2 : 120x + 60y + 100z = 140 (–)
–80x – 10y = –22 From 1 , 8(0.2) + 10(0.6) + 20z = 23.6
80x + 10y = 22 ——— 4 20z = 16
z = 0.8
Eliminate z from 2 and 3 ,
2 × 2 : 60x + 30y + 50z = 70 Hence, the price of a stamp type P = RM0.20, the
3 : 20x + 10y + 50z = 50 (–) price of a stamp type Q = RM0.60 and the price of
40x + 20y = 20 ——— 5 a stamp type R = RM0.80.
3 The table below shows the number of sales for three types of handphones by three stores in a week.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan jualan bagi tiga jenis telefon bimbit oleh tiga buah kedai dalam seminggu.
Number of sales
Store Bilangan jualan
Kedai Handphone A Handphone B Handphone C Total (RM)
Telefon bimbit A Telefon bimbit B Telefon bimbit C Jumlah (RM)
P 8 5 4 18 400
Q 2 6 9 22 300
R 4 6 8 22 400
Calculate the unit price of each type of handphone, in RM.
Hitung harga seunit bagi setiap jenis telefon bimbit, dalam RM.
Let the price of 1 unit handphone A = x Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of y and z,
the price of 1 unit handphone B = y 4 : –19y – 32z = –70 800
the price of 1 unit handphone C = z 5
3.2 × : 19.2y + 32z = 71 040 (+)
0.2y = 240
8x + 5y + 4z = 18 400 ——— 1 y = 1 200
2x + 6y + 9z = 22 300 ——— 2
4x + 6y + 8z = 22 400 ——— 3 From 5 , 6(1 200) + 10z = 22 200
10z = 15 000
Eliminate x from 1 and 2 , z = 1 500
1 : 8x + 5y + 4z = 18 400
4 × 2 : 8x + 24y + 36z = 89 200 (–) From 1 , 8x + 5(1 200) + 4(1 500) = 18 400
–19y – 32z = –70 800 ——— 4 8x = 6 400
x = 800
Eliminate x from 2 and 3 ,
2 × 2 : 4x + 12y + 18z = 44 600 Hence the price of 1 unit handphone A = RM800,
3 : 4x + 6y + 8z = 22 400 (–) the price of 1 unit handphone B = RM1 200 and the
6y + 10z = 22 200 ——— 5 price of 1 unit handphone C = RM1 500.
43
Let the price of a cap = x Solve 4 and 5 to find the values of x and y,
the price of a pair of slippers = y 4 : x – y = –9
the price of a shirt = z 5 : x + 3y = 91 (−)
–4y = –100
2x + y + z = 92 ——— 1 y = 25
x + 2y + z = 101 ——— 2
x + y + 2z = 111 ——— 3 From 5 , x + 3(25) = 91
x = 16
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 ,
1 : 2x + y + z = 92 From 1 , 2(16) + (25) + z = 92
2 : x + 2y + z = 101 (−) z = 35
x – y = – 9 ——— 4
Hence, the price of a cap = RM16, the price of a
Eliminate z from 2 and 3 , pair of slippers = RM25 and the price of a shirt
2 × 2 : 2x + 4y + 2z = 202 = RM35.
3 : x + y + 2z = 111 (−)
x + 3y = 91 ——— 5
3.2 Simultaneous Equations Involving One Linear Equation and One Non-Linear Equation
Persamaan Serentak yang Melibatkan Satu Persamaan Linear dan Satu Persamaan Tak Linear
Exercise 4 State whether each of the following equations is a linear or a non-linear equation.
Nyatakan sama ada setiap persamaan yang berikut ialah persamaan linear atau persamaan tak linear.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang sistem persamaan.
Example 4 1 x2 − 6 = y 2 x + y = 16
2x + 3y = 5 Non-linear Linear
Solution
Linear
2 4 y2 − 17 = x 5 30 − 5x = –7y
3 + 2y = x
x
2 + 2xy = x2 Non-linear Linear
Non-linear
44
Smart Tip
Steps to solve simultaneous equations: /Langkah-langkah untuk menyelesaikan persamaan serentak:
i-THINK Flow Map
QR CODE
(4) Solve the quadratic equation using factorisation (5) Substitute the solution in (4) one by one
–b ± b2 − 4ac into the linear equation to obtain the other
or formula x/y = .
2a related solutions.
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik itu menggunakan Gantikan penyelesaian di (4) satu demi satu ke
–b ± b2 − 4ac dalam persamaan linear untuk mendapatkan
pemfaktoran atau formula x/y = 2a . penyelesaian lain yang berkaitan.
Example 5
x + 3y = 5 Step 4/Langkah 4
x2 + 2y2 = 6 (11y − 19)(y − 1) = 0
11y − 19 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
Solution
19 QR CODE
Step 1/Langkah 1 y = y = 1
11
x + 3y = 5 ——— 1
Step 5/Langkah 5
x2 + 2y2 = 6 ——— 2 19
When/Apabila y = ,
11
Step 2/Langkah 2 Scan or visit
From/Daripada 1 , https://goo.gl/
19 2
11 2
x=5−3 = – m6Se9S for
x = 5 − 3y 11 additional
notes on the
Step 3/Langkah 3 When/Apabila y = 1, methods
Substitute into 2 , x = 5 − 3(1) = 2 of solving
non-linear
Gantikan ke dalam 2 ,
equations.
Hence,/Oleh itu,
(5 − 3y)2 + 2y2 = 6
2 19
25 − 30y + 9y2 + 2y2 = 6 x = – , y =
11 11
11y2 − 30y + 19 = 0 ——— 3
or/atau
x = 2, y = 1
Smart Tip
Always substitute the answers back into the non-linear 2 19
equation for checking. When/Apabila x = – , y =
11 11
Sentiasa ganti semula jawapan ke dalam persamaan tak linear untuk 2 2 19 2
semakan. – 11 + 2 11 = 6
x2 + 2y2 = 6 (non-linear/tak linear) When/Apabila x = 2, y = 1
(2)2 + 2(1)2 = 6
45
4 x−y=2 5 3x + y = 5 6 2x – y = 3
x2 + xy + y = 13 x2 – y2 = –3 x2 – 3xy + y2 = 5
x – y = 2 ——— 1 3x + y = 5 ——— 1 2x – y = 3 ——— 1
x2 + xy + y = 13 ——— 2 x2 – y2 = –3 ——— 2 x2 – 3xy + y2 = 5 ——— 2
From 1 , From 1 , From 1 ,
x=2+y y = 5 − 3x y = 2x − 3
Substitute into 2 , Substitute into 2 , Substitute into 2 ,
(2 + y)2 + (2 + y)y + y = 13 x2 – (5 − 3x)2 = –3 x2 – 3x(2x – 3) + (2x – 3)2 = 5
4 + 4y + y2 + 2y + y2 + y = 13 x2 – (25 − 30x + 9x2) = –3 x2 – 6x2 + 9x + 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 5
2y2 + 7y − 9 = 0 x2 – 25 + 30x – 9x2 = –3 –x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 [× (–1)]
(2y + 9)(y − 1) = 0 –8x2 + 30x − 22 = 0 [÷ (–2)] x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
2y + 9 = 0 or y − 1 = 0 4x – 15x + 11 = 0
2
(x – 1)(x + 4) = 0
(4x – 11)(x − 1) = 0 x – 1 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
y = – 9 y = 1
2 4x – 11 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 x = 1 x = –4
When y = – 9 , 11
x = x = 1
When x = 1, y = 2(1) − 3 = –1
2 4 When x = –4, y = 2(–4) – 3 =
x = 2 + – = – 5
9 11 –11
2 2
When x = ,
4
11 13 Hence,
When y = 1, x = 2 + (1) = 3 y=5–3
4
= –
4 x = 1, y = –1 or x = –4, y = –11
Hence, When x = 1, y = 5 − 3(1) = 2
x = – 5 , y = – 9 or x = 3, y = 1 Hence,
2 2
11 13
x = , y = – or x = 1, y = 2
4 4
46
When/Apabila x = 2,
y = 2(2) − 3 = 1
Hence/Oleh itu,
3 9
x = , y = –
5 5
or/atau
x = 2, y = 1
3 x + 3y = 5
2 1
+ =2
x y
x + 3y = 5 ——— 1 From 1 , 5 5 5
2 1 x = 5 − 3y
When y = , x = 5 − 3
6
6
=
2
+ = 2 ——— 2 Substitute into 3 , When y = 1, x = 5 − 3(1) = 2
x y
2y + (5 − 3y) = 2(5 − 3y)y Hence,
2 × (xy), 2y + 5 − 3y = 10y − 6y2 5 5
2y + x = 2xy ——— 3 6y2 − 11y + 5 = 0 x= ,y=
2 6
(6y − 5)(y − 1) = 0 or
6y − 5 = 0 or y − 1 = 0 x = 2, y = 1
5
y = y = 1
6
47
7 When x = , y = 2 − 2
2
2
=1
Therefore,
x = 7 − 2 – = 14
2 When x = 3, y = 2 − 2(3) = –4 1
x = 0, y =
When y = 3, x = 7 − 2(3) = 1 Hence, 3
Hence, or
1
7 x= ,y=1
x = 14, y = – 2 1 1
2 x= ,y=
or or 4 4
x = 1, y = 3 x = 3, y = –4
Steps/Langkah-langkah:
1 Teacher is required to provide questions on Systems of Equations on the coloured cards, where each card
has 3 questions.
Guru dikehendaki menyediakan beberapa soalan mengenai Sistem Persamaan pada kad berwarna, dengan
setiap kad perlu mempunyai 3 soalan.
2 Students perform this activity in groups of 3 students. A coloured card is randomly selected for each group.
Murid-murid melakukan aktiviti ini secara berkumpulan yang terdiri daripada 3 orang murid. Satu kad
berwarna dipilih secara rawak bagi setiap kumpulan.
3 Each group is required to answer all questions on the selected card. Write each answer on a mahjung paper.
Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki menjawab semua soalan yang terdapat pada kad yang dipilih. Tulis setiap
jawapan pada kertas mahjung.
4 The group work of each group is posted on the class’s notice board. Students are required to stand next to
their group work.
Hasil kerja setiap kumpulan ditampal pada papan kenyataan kelas. Murid-murid dikehendaki berdiri di
sebelah hasil kerja masing-masing.
5 A group is required to move to each group to evaluate the work of the group. Once completed, other groups
need to do the same step.
Satu kumpulan perlu bergerak ke setiap kumpulan bagi menilai hasil kerja kumpulan tersebut. Setelah
selesai, kumpulan lain perlu melakukan langkah yang sama.
6 Teacher hold a discussion with students to enhance the students’ understanding on the Systems of Equations.
Guru mengadakan perbincangan dengan murid bagi menambahkan kefahaman murid bagi tajuk Sistem
Persamaan Serentak.
48
Example 7
2x + 3y = 1 a = 5, b = –6, c = –7 When/Apabila y = 1.927,
x2 − y2 = 2 1 − 3(1.927)
–b ± b2 − 4ac x= = –2.391
y= 2
Solution 2a
2x + 3y = 1 ——— 1 –(–6) ± (–6)2 − 4(5)(–7) Hence/Oleh itu,
y =
x2 − y2 = 2 ——— 2 2(5) x = 1.591, y = –0.727
6 ± 176 or/atau
From/Daripada 1 , =
10 x = –2.391, y = 1.927
2x = 1 − 3y
6 − 176 6 + 176
x=
1 − 3y
2
=
10
or/atau
10 Smart Tip
= –0.7266 or/atau 1.9266
Substitute into 2 , = –0.727 or/atau 1.927 –b ± b2 − 4ac
Formula y or x = is applied
Gantikan ke dalam 2 , 2a
1 − 3y 2 When/Apabila y = –0.727, when the quadratic equation cannot be
2 − y2 = 2
1 – 3(–0.727) solved by factorisation.
x= = 1.591 –b ± b2 – 4ac
1 – 6y + 9y2 2 Formula y atau x = digunakan apabila
− y2 = 2 — (×4) 2a
4 persamaan kuadratik tidak boleh diselesaikan
1 − 6y + 9y2 − 4y2 = 8 menggunakan pemfaktoran.
5y2 − 6y − 7 = 0
1 2x + y = 3 2 x + 2y = 1 3 x + 2y = x2 − y2 = 3
3x + y2 = 6 x2 − y = 3
x + 2y = 3 ——— 1
2x + y = 3 ——— 1 x + 2y = 1 ——— 1 x2 − y2 = 3 ——— 2
3x + y2 = 6 ——— 2 x2 − y = 3 ——— 2
From 1 ,
From 1 ,
From 1 , x = 3 − 2y
y = 3 − 2x
x = 1 − 2y Substitute into 2 ,
Substitute into 2 ,
Substitute into 2 , (3 – 2y)2 − y2 = 3
3x + (3 − 2x)2 = 6
(1 − 2y)2 − y = 3 9 − 12y + 4y2 − y2 = 3
3x + 9 − 12x + 4x2 = 6
1 − 4y + 4y2 − y − 3 = 0 3y2 − 12y + 6 = 0
4x2 − 9x + 3 = 0
4y2 − 5y − 2 = 0 y2 − 4y + 2 = 0
–(–9) ± (–9)2 − 4(4)(3)
x= –(–5) ± (–5)2 − 4(4)(–2) –(–4) ± (–4)2 − 4(1)(2)
2(4) y= y=
2(4) 2(1)
9 ± 33
= 5 ± 57 4 ± 8
8 = =
8 2
9 − 33 9 + 33
= or 5 − 57 5 + 57 4 – 8 4 + 8
8 8 = or = or
8 8 2 2
= 0.4069 or 1.8430 = –0.319 or 1.569 = 0.586 or 3.414
= 0.407 or 1.843 When y = 0.586,
When x = 0.407, When y = –0.319, x = 3 − 2(0.586) = 1.828
y = 3 − 2(0.407) = 2.186 x = 1 − 2(–0.319) = 1.638 When y = 3.414,
When x = 1.843, When y = 1.569, x = 3 − 2(3.414) = –3.828
y = 3 − 2(1.843) = –0.686 x = 1 − 2(1.569) = –2.138
Hence,
Hence, Hence, x = 1.828, y = 0.586
x = 0.407 , y = 2.186 x = 1.638, y = –0.319 or
or or x = –3.828, y = 3.414
x = 1.843, y = –0.686 x = –2.138, y = 1.569
49
4x + 3y = 1 ——— 1 2x − 3y = 1 ——— 1
–x2 + y2 = 2 ——— 2 4xy − x2 = 6 ——— 2
From 1 , From 1 ,
1 − 4x 3y = 2x –1
y=
3
2x − 1
Substitute into 2 , y=
3
1 − 4x 2 Substitute into 2 ,
–x2 + 3 =2
2x − 1
–x2 +
1 − 8x + 16x2
= 2 — (×9)
4x 3 − x2 = 6 —— (×3)
9
4x(2x − 1) − 3x2 = 18
–9x2 + 1 − 8x + 16x2 = 18 8x2 − 4x − 3x2 = 18
7x2 – 8x − 17 = 0 5x2 − 4x − 18 = 0
–(–8) ± (–8)2 − 4(7)(–17) –(–4) ± (–4)2 − 4(5)(–18)
x = x =
2(7) 2(5)
8 ± 540 4 ± 376
= =
14 10
8 − 540 8 + 540 4 − 376 4 + 376
= or = or
14 14 10 10
= –1.088 or 2.231 = –1.539 or x = 2.339
When x = –1.088, When x = –1.539,
1 − 4(–1.088) 2(–1.539) − 1
y= = 1.784 y= = –1.359
3 3
When y = 2.231, When x = 2.339,
1 − 4(2.231) 2(2.339) − 1
y= = –2.641 y= = 1.226
3 3
Hence, Hence,
x = –1.088, y = 1.784 x = –1.539, y = –1.359
or or
x = 2.231, y = –2.641 x = 2.339, y = 1.226
Example 8
33 − 2y
The diagram shows a right-angled triangle. From/Daripada 1 , x =
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut tegak. 3
P Substitute x into/Gantikan x ke dalam 2 ,
33 − 2y
x+2 2x + 1 3
y + 2y = 54
50
P
Given the perimeter is 14 cm and the area is 12 cm2.
Q y = –2x + 10
Find the values of x and y.
Diberi perimeter ialah 14 cm dan luas ialah 12 cm . Cari
2
11
x2 + y2 = 5 When x = ,
5
11 2
Find the coordinates of the points of intersection y=4−2
5
= –
5
P and Q.
When x = 1,
Cari koordinat bagi titik persilangan P dan Q.
y = 4 − 2(1) = 2
Given 2x + y = 4
Hence,
or
y = 4 − 2x ——— 1 11 2
and
P = (1, 2) and Q = 5 , –
5
x2 + y2 = 5 ——— 2
51
N T
9 cm Q x cm
Given MN + NT = 32
y + (9 + x) = 32 F G
x + y = 23 ——— 1 P M S
2x cm
MN PQ
= If the area of rectangle PQRS is 45 cm2, find the
NT QT
y 5 values of x and y.
= Jika luas segi empat tepat PQRS ialah 45 cm2, cari nilai bagi
9+x x
x dan y.
xy = 5(9 + x)
xy = 45 + 5x 16 Substitute y into 2 ,
FM = MG = = 8 cm
xy − 5x = 45 ——— 2
( )
2 120 − 15x
2x = 45
From 1 , y = 23 − x EM = 172 – 82 = 15 cm 8
Substitute into 2 ,
EM RS
MG SG
= x( 120 − 15x
4 )
= 45
x(23 − x) − 5x = 45 y x(120 − 15x) = 180
15
23x − x2 − 5x = 45 = 120x − 15x2 = 180
8 8−x
x2 − 18x + 45 = 0 15x2 − 120x + 180 = 0
15(8 − x) = 8y
(x − 15)(x − 3) = 0 x2 − 8x + 12 = 0
120 − 15x = 8y
x − 15 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 (x − 2)(x − 6) = 0
15x + 8y = 120 ——— 1
x = 15 x = 3 x − 2 = 0 or x − 6 = 0
Area of rectangle PQRS:
When x = 15, When x = 2,
(2x)(y) = 45
y = 23 − (15) = 8 120 − 15(2)
2xy = 45 ——— 2 y= = 11.25
When x = 5, 8
y = 23 − (5) = 18 From 1 , When x = 6,
∴ x = 15, y = 8 or x = 5, y = 18 120 − 15x 120 − 15(6)
y= y= = 3.75
8 8
6 A lorry travels at an average speed of u km h–1 30v + 20u = 0.9uv (× 10)
for the first 90 km and v km h–1 for the next 60 km 300v + 200u = 9uv
in a journey. The total time taken for the journey 200u + 300v = 9uv (shown)
is 2.7 hours. (b) u − v = 10
Sebuah lori bergerak pada laju purata u km j–1 bagi 90 km Solve
pertama dan v km j–1 bagi 60 km berikutnya dalam satu 200u + 300v = 9uv ——— 1
perjalanan. Jumlah masa perjalanan yang diambil ialah 2.7 jam. u − v = 10
(a) Show that 200u + 300v = 9uv. u = 10 + v ——— 2
Tunjukkan bahawa 200u + 300v = 9uv.
Substitute 2 into 1 ,
(b) It is given that the average speed of the first
part of the journey is more than the average 200(10 + v) + 300v = 9v(10 + v)
speed of the second part of the journey by 2 000 + 200v + 300v = 90v + 9v2
10 km h–1, find the values of u and v. 9v2 − 410v − 2 000 = 0
Diberi bahawa purata laju bagi bahagian pertama (9v + 40)(v − 50) = 0
perjalanan melebihi bahagian kedua sebanyak 9v + 40 = 0 or v − 50 = 0
10 km j–1, cari nilai bagi u dan v. 40
v = – v = 50
9
(a) Time taken = 2.7 hours Since v > 0, then v = 50
90 60 When v = 50,
u + v = 2.7 (÷ 3) u = 10 + v
30 20 = 10 + 50
u + v = 0.9 = 60
52
2 Halim, Daud and Firdaus bought some items for the preparation of Hari Raya. Halim bought 3 packs
of cooking chocolate, 2 packs of dates and a box of candy for RM56.00. Daud bought 4 packs of cooking
chocolate, 3 packs of dates and a box of candy for RM77.00. Firdaus bought 6 packs of cooking chocolate, a
pack of date and 4 boxes of candy for RM83.00. Find the unit price of each type of the item purchased.
Halim, Daud dan Firdaus membeli beberapa barang untuk persiapan Hari Raya. Halim membeli 3 pek coklat masakan, 2 pek kurma
dan sekotak gula-gula dengan harga RM56.00. Daud membeli 4 pek coklat masakan, 3 pek kurma dan sekotak gula-gula dengan
harga RM77.00. Firdaus membeli 6 pek coklat masakan, 1 pek kurma dan 4 kotak gula-gula dengan harga RM83.00. Cari harga
seunit bagi setiap jenis barang yang dibeli. [5 marks/markah]
3 Yati, Siti and Haili work in a shoes store. Their total sales in the last month was RM1 850. Yati’s sales was
RM150 more than Siti’s sales. The total sales of Siti and Haili was RM950 more than Yati’s sales. Calculate
the value of sales of each saleswoman, in RM.
Yati, Siti dan Haili bekerja di sebuah kedai kasut. Jumlah jualan mereka pada bulan lepas ialah RM1 850. Jualan Yati ialah RM150
lebih daripada jualan Siti. Jumlah jualan Siti dan Haili ialah RM950 lebih daripada jualan Yati. Hitung nilai jualan setiap jurujual,
dalam RM. [5 marks/markah]
H O TS Zo n e
1 Amir planted vegetables on a piece of land. The land is in right-angled triangular shape. Given the longest
SPM side of the land is y metre. The other two sides of the land are 2x metre and (2x + 6) metre respectively. He
CLONE
`16 fenced the land with 72 metres of barbed wire. Find the length, in metre, of each side of the land. HOTS Applying
P2Q3
Amir menanam sayur-sayuran di atas sebidang tanah. Tanah itu berbentuk segi tiga bersudut tegak. Diberi sisi yang paling
panjang tanah ini ialah y meter. Dua sisi yang lain tanah itu ialah masing-masing 2x meter dan (2x + 6) meter. Dia memagarkan
tanah itu dengan dawai berduri sepanjang 72 meter. Cari panjang, dalam meter, bagi setiap sisi tanah.
53
Smart Tip
The relationship between index equation and logarithm equation:
Hubungan antara persamaan indeks dan persamaan logaritma:
ax = N ⇔ loga N = x, a > 0, a ≠1
Exercise 1 Express each of the following in the form of man, where a is a prime number.
Ungkapkan setiap yang berikut dalam bentuk man, dengan keadaan a ialah nombor perdana.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma.
54
6 Determine the number of digits of the answer of 2321 × 5324. HOTS Applying
Tentukan bilangan digit bagi jawapan 2321 × 5324.
21 × 54 = 2 × 625 = 1 250 4
22 × 55 = 4 × 3 125 = 12 500 5
................. ...
................. ...
55
4 A monkey has a disease. It has 91.5 body cells affected on day 1. The number of body cells affected doubles
every following day. The disease becomes severe when 324 body cells are affected. On which day does the
disease become severe?
Seekor monyet mengidap sejenis penyakit. Monyet itu mempunyai 91.5 sel-sel badan yang terjejas pada hari pertama. Bilangan sel
badan yang terjejas menjadi dua kali ganda pada setiap hari berikutnya. Penyakit itu menjadi teruk apabila 324 sel badan terjejas.
Pada hari keberapakah penyakit tu menjadi teruk?
56
Multiply both sides with square root. Multiply both sides with square root.
Then, ABB
3 × ABB
5 = ABBBBB
3×5 Then, ABB
2 × ABB
5 = ABBBBB
2×5
= ABB
15 = ABB
10
4 Determine the value of (ABBm × ABBn )2. Hence, make 5 Determine the value of (ABB3 ÷ ABB
2 )2. Hence, make
a generalisation for the value of ABB
m × ABBn in the a generalisation for the value of ABB
3 ÷ ABB
2 in the
form of surd. form of surd.
Tentukan nilai (ABB
m × ABB n )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi Tentukan nilai (ABB
3 ÷ ABB2 )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi
bagi nilai ABB × ABB dalam bentuk surd.
m n bagi nilai ABB ÷ ABB dalam bentuk surd.
3 2
1 2
2
(ABB
m × ABB
n )2 = (ABB
m × ABBn )(ABB
m × ABB
n) (ABB
3 ÷ ABB
2 )2 =
ABB
3
= ABBm × ABB
n × ABB m × ABB
n ABB
2
= (ABB
= mn
m )2 × (ABB
n )2 = 1 21 2
ABB
3 ABB
ABB
2 ABB
3
2
(ABB
m × ABB
n )2 = mn (ABB
3 )2
= =3
2 )2 2
(ABB
Multiply both sides with square root.
3
Then, ABB
m × ABBn = ABBBB
mn (ABB
3 ÷ ABB
2 )2 =
2
Multiply both sides with square root.
3
Then, ABB
3 ÷ ABB2 =A
2
Example 5 1 ABB
52 2 ABBBB
147
(a) ABB
45 = ABBBBBB
4 × 13 = ABBBBBB
49 × 3
(b) 2ABB
50 – 3ABB
2 = ABB
4 × ABB
13 = ABB
49 × ABB
3
Solution = 2 × ABB
13 = 7 × ABB
3
(a) ABB
45 = ABBBBB
9×5 = 2ABB
13 = 7ABB
3
= ABB
9 × ABB
5
= 3 × ABB
5
= 3ABB
5
(b) 2ABB
50 – 3ABB
2 3
ABB
48
4
ABB
72
= 2ABBBBBB
25 × 2 – 3ABB 2 2 3
= 2(ABB
25 × ABB2 ) – 3ABB
2 =
ABBBBBB
16 × 3
=
ABBBBBBBB
9×4×2
= 2(5 × ABB
2 ) – 3ABB2 2 3
= 10ABB2 – 3ABB2 =
ABB
16 × ABB
3
=
ABB
9 × ABB
4 × ABB
2
= 7ABB
2 2 3
4 × ABB
3 3 × 2 × ABB
2
= =
2 3
= 2 × ABB
3 = 2 × ABB
2
= 2ABB
3 = 2ABB
2
57
= 3ABB
2 + 2ABBBBB
4×2 = 4ABBBBB
9 × 3 + 2ABB
3 = 9ABB
2 – 2ABBBBB
9×2
= 3ABB
2 + 2(ABB
4 × ABB
2) = 4ABB
9 × ABB
3 + 2ABB3 = 9ABB
2 – 2(ABB
9 × ABB
2)
= 3ABB
2 + 2(2 × ABB
2) = 4(3) × ABB
3 + 2ABB3 = 9ABB
2 – 2(3 × ABB
2)
= 3ABB
2 + 4 × ABB
2) = 12ABB
3 + 2ABB
3 = 9ABB
2 – 6ABB
2
= 3ABB
2 + 4ABB
2) = 14ABB
3 = 3ABB
2
= 7ABB
2
Example 6
10 3
(a) (b)
ABB
5 ABB
5 – ABB
2 Smart Tip
Solution
Multiply the numerator
(a)
10
=
10
×
ABB
5
(b)
3
=
3 ABB
5 + ABB
×
2 and denominators
ABB
5 ABB
5 ABB
5 ABB
5 – ABB
2 ABB
5 – ABB2 ABB 5 + ABB
2 by conjugate surd to
10ABB5 3(ABB
5 + ABB2) eliminate surds in the
= = denominator.
5 (ABB
5 )2 – (ABB
2 )2 Darabkan pengangka dan
= 2ABB
5 3(ABB
5 + ABB2) penyebut dengan surd konjugat
= untuk menghapuskan surd
5–2 daripada penyebut.
3(ABB
5 + ABB
2)
= = ABB
5 + ABB
2
3
12 21 4
1 2 3
ABB
3 ABB
7 ABB
7 – ABB
3
12 ABB
3 21ABB
7 4 ABB7 + ABB
3
= × = × = ×
ABB
3 ABB 3 ABB
7 ABB 7 ABB
7 – ABB 3 ABB7 + ABB
3
12ABB
3 21ABB
7 4(ABB
7 + ABB 3) 4(ABB
7 + ABB
3)
= = = =
3 7 (ABB
7 ) 2
– ( ABB
3 ) 2
7 – 3
= 4ABB
3 = 3ABB
7 4(ABB
7 + ABB3)
= ABB ABB
= 7 + 3
4
4 21 2ABB
20
4 5 6
ABB
7 + ABB
3 3 – ABB
2 3 – ABB
5
4 ABB
7 – ABB
3 21 3 + ABB
2 2ABBBBB
4×5 3 + ABB
5
= × = × = ×
ABB
7 + ABB3 ABB
7 – ABB
3 3 – ABB2 3 + ABB
2 3 – ABB5 3 + ABB5
4(ABB
7 – ABB
3) 21(3 + ABB 2) (2 × ABB
4 × ABB
5 )(3 + ABB
5)
= = =
(ABB
7 ) – (ABB
2
3 )2 32 – (ABB
2 )2 3 – (ABB
2
5) 2
4(ABB
7 – ABB
3) 21(3 + ABB 2) (2 × 2 × ABB 5 )(3 + ABB5)
= = =
7–3 9–2 9–5
4(ABB
7 – ABB
3) 21(3 + ABB 2) 4ABB5 (3 + ABB5)
= = =
4 7 4
= ABB
7 – ABB3 = 3(3 + ABB2 ) = 9 + 3ABB
2 = ABB
5 (3 + ABB5)
= 3ABB
5 + (ABB 5 )2
= 3ABB
5 +5
58
A (ABB
45 + 4 ) cm B (3 – ABB
5 ) cm
2 The diagram below shows a right-angled triangle 3 The diagram below shows a trapezium EFGH.
ABC. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah trapezium EFGH.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut
tegak ABC. E
ABB
12 cm
F
A
ABB8 cm H (4ABB
3 + 2) cm G
B ABB
10 cm C Determine the area of the trapezium in the form
of surd.
Find the length of AC in the form aABB
b , where a Tentukan luas trapezium dalam bentuk surd.
and b are integers.
1
Cari panjang AC dalam bentuk aABB
b , dengan keadaan a dan Area = (EF + HG)(EH)
b ialah integer. 2
1
= [ABB 12 + (4ABB3 +2)](ABB
12 )
2
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 1
= (ABB
8 )2 + (ABB
10 )2 = (ABB 12 )(ABB
12 + 4ABB
3 +2)
2
= 8 + 10 1
= 18 = (2ABB 3 )(2ABB
3 + 4ABB
3 +2)
2
AC = ABB 18 = ABB3 (6ABB
3 +2)
= ABBBBBBB
(3 × 3 × 2) = 6(3) + 2ABB 3
= 3ABB
2 = 18 + 2ABB3
Hence, AC = 3ABB 2 cm Hence, the area of the trapezium = (18 + 2ABB
3 ) cm2
59
AB = ABB 48 BC
cos 60° =
= ABBBBB
16 × 3 4ABB
3
= ABB 16 × ABB3 BC = 4ABB 3 cos 60°
= 4ABB 3 1
AC
= 4ABB 3
2 1 2
sin 60° =
4ABB
3 = 2ABB 3
AC = 4ABB
3 1ABB
3
2 2
Perimeter = AB + BC + AC
= 4ABB
3 + 2ABB
3 +6
= 2(ABB
3 )2 = 6ABB
3 +6
= 2(3) Hence, the perimeter of the triangle = (6ABB
3 + 6) cm
= 6
Smart Tip
Logarithms/Logaritma:
ax = N if and only if loga N = x, a > 0, a ≠ 1/ax = N jika dan hanya jika loga N = x, a > 0, a ≠ 1
Laws of Logarithms/Hukum Logaritma:
1 loga x + loga y = loga (xy) 4 aloga x = x
2 loga x − loga y = loga 1 x 2 5 If log10 a = b, then a = antilog b
Jika y log a = b, maka a = antilog b 10
logc b
3 loga xn = nloga x 6 loga b =
logc a
Exercise 8 Express each of the following logarithms in the related equation of index. Hence, determine
the value of the logarithm.
Ungkapkan setiap logaritma berikut dalam persamaan indeks yang berkaitan. Seterusnya, tentukan nilai
logaritma tersebut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma.
log2 8 24 = 16 32 = 9
log2 16 = 4 log3 9 = 2
Solution
23 = 8
log2 8 = 3
60
Exercise 10 Write each of the following logarithmic expressions in the simplest form.
Tuliskan setiap ungkapan logaritma berikut dalam bentuk termudah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
61
Smart Tip
The logarithm of a number can be determined by changing the base of the logarithm to a suitable base.
Logaritma suatu nombor boleh ditentukan dengan menukar asas logaritma kepada asas yang sesuai.
logc b 1
(a) loga b = (b) loga b =
logc a logb a
62
Exercise 13 Evaluate each of the following. Give the answers correct to 4 decimal places.
Nilaikan setiap yang berikut. Beri jawapan betul kepada 4 tempat perpuluhan.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
log2 0.842
log10 7 log10 2
Solution = =
log10 2 log10 7
log2 0.842 0.8451 0.3010
log10 0.842 logc b = =
= loga b = 0.3010 0.8451
log10 2 logc a
= 2.8076 = 0.3562
= –0.07469 = –0.2481
0.3010
4x + 1 = 32 log3(2x − 5) = log3 9
Common Error x−1 2x − 5 = 9
4x + 1 = 9(x − 1) 2x = 14
log2 (3x – 4) = 3
log2 3x – log2 4 = 3 4x + 1 = 9x − 9 x = 7
log2 3x – 2 = 3 1 + 9 = 9x − 4x
log2 3x = 5 10 = 5x
x = 2
63
( )
log2 (x – 2), the logarithm is x + 8x + 16
2
∴x=4 x2 − 8x + 16 = 0
(x − 4)(x − 4) = 0
(x − 4) = 0
∴x=4
5.4 4.4 Applications of Indices, Surds and Logarithms / Aplikasi Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma
Exercise 15 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.
1 2
Nilai harga kereta susut 4% setiap tahun, maka peratus 103.5 n
yang tinggal ialah 96%. RM80 000 × > RM150 000
100
RM120 000 × (0.96)n < RM40 000 RM80 000 × (1.035)n > RM150 000
(0.96)n < 0.3333 (1.035)n > 1.875
log10 (0.96)n < log10 0.3333 log10 (1.035)n > log10 1.875
nlog10 (0.96) < log10 0.3333 nlog10 (1.035) > log10 1.875
n(–0.01773) < –0.4772 n(0.01494) > 0.2730
0.01773n > 0.4772 n > 18.273
n > 26.91 n = 19
n = 27
64
Review 4
Paper 1 Questions
1 Given 2a = 7b = 14m, state m in terms of a and b. 6 Given 8(2x − 2) = 16x, find the value of x.
Diberi 2 = 7 = 14 , nyatakan m dalam sebutan a dan b.
a b m
Diberi 8(2x − 2) = 16x, cari nilai bagi x.
[3 marks/markah] [3 marks/markah]
65
Paper 2 Questions
H O TS Zo n e
1 Hawa deposited RM30 000 in a bank. After n years, her savings will become 30 000(1.08)n. Find the number
of years when her savings will exceed RM75 000 for the first time. HOTS Applying
Hawa menyimpan RM30 000 di sebuah bank. Selepas n tahun, wang simpanannya akan menjadi 30 000(1.08)n. Cari bilangan
tahun apabila wang simpanannya akan melebihi RM75 000 buat kali pertama.
1
2 (a) Given a2 + 9b2 = 7ab, show that lg(a − 3b) = (lg a + lg b). HOTS Applying
2
1
Diberi a2 + 9b2 = 7ab, tunjukkan bahawa lg (a − 3b) = 2 (lg a + lg b).
1 1
(b) Determine the value of log mn + log mn . HOTS Evaluating
m n
1 1
Tentukan nilai bagi + .
logmmn lognmn
66
5 Progressions
Janjang
Smart Tip
An arithmetic progression is a number sequence such that the difference between each term (after the first term) and
its preceding term is a constant. The constant is called common difference, d.
Janjang aritmetik ialah suatu jujukan nombor dengan keadaan beza antara setiap sebutan (selepas sebutan pertama) dengan sebutan sebelumnya
ialah suatu pemalar. Pemalar ini disebut sebagai beza sepunya, d.
d = Tn + 1 – Tn , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
Exercise 1 Determine whether each of the following sequences is an arithmetic progression or not.
Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap jujukan berikut ialah janjang aritmetik atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang janjang.
12, 8, 5, 2, …. 1, 5 , 1, 7 , … 5 – 1 , – 5 , – 4 , – 11 , …
3 4
3 12 2 12 9 18 9 18
T2 – T1 = 8 – 12 = –4
T3 – T2 = 5 – 8 = –3 T2 – T1 = 5 – 1 = 1 T2 – T1 = – 5 – – 1 = – 1
1 2
12 3 12 18 9 6
T4 – T3 = 2 – 5 = –3
T3 – T2 = 1 – 5 = 1 4
T3 – T2 = – – – 5
1 2=–1
2 12 12 9 18 6
12, 8, 5, 2, … is not an
arithmetic progression T4 – T3 = 7 – 1 = 1 T4 – T3 = – 11 – – 4 = – 1
1 2
12 2 12 18 9 6
because there is no common
difference. 1 , 5 , 1 , 7 , … is an – 1 , – 5 , – 4 , – 11 , … is an
3 12 2 12 9 18 9 18
arithmetic progression with arithmetic progression with
common difference = 1 . common difference = – 1 .
12 6
67
68
69
Smart Tip
The sum of the first n terms, Sn, of an arithmetic progression is given by,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama, Sn, bagi suatu janjang aritmetik diberi oleh,
n
Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
where/dengan keadaan
a = the first term/sebutan pertama
d = the common difference/beza sepunya
Example 5
Solution
(a) a = 4, d = 7 – 4 = 3
(b) S20 = 20 [3(20) + 5]
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] 2
2 = 10(65)
n
Sn = [2(4) + (n – 1)3] = 650
2
= n [8 + 3n – 3]
2
= n [3n + 5]
2
70
(a) a = 2, d = 9 – 2 = 7 (a) a = 2, d = 7 – 2 = 5
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
2 2
Sn = n [2(2) + (n – 1)7] Sn = n [2(2) + (n – 1)5]
2 2
n
= [4 + 7n – 7] n
= [4 + 5n – 5]
2 2
n
= (7n – 3] n
= (5n – 1]
2 2
(b) Tn = 93 (b) S14 = 14 (5(14) – 1)
a + (n – 1)d = 93 2
2 + (n – 1)7 = 93 = 483
7(n – 1) = 91
n – 1 = 13
n = 14
14
S14 = (7(14) – 3)
2
= 665
3 Given the arithmetic progression 43, 39, 35, 31, …. 4 Given the arithmetic progression 70, 58, 46, 34, ….
Diberi janjang aritmetik 43, 39, 35, 31, …. Diberi janjang aritmetik 70, 58, 46, 34, ….
(a) Determine Sn. (a) Determine Sn.
Tentukan Sn. Tentukan Sn.
(b) Given the last term of the progression is –17, (b) Determine the sum of all the positive terms.
find the sum of all the terms. Tentukan hasil tambah bagi semua sebutan positif.
Diberi sebutan terakhir janjang itu ialah –17, cari hasil
tambah semua sebutan. (a) a = 70, d = 58 – 70 = –12
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
(a) a = 43, d = 39 – 43 = –4 2
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] Sn = n [2(70) + (n – 1)(–12)]
2 2
n
Sn = [2(43) + (n – 1)(–4)] n
= [140 – 12n + 12]
2 2
n
= [86 – 4n + 4] n
= (152 – 12n]
2 2
= n [90 – 4n] (b) Tn > 0
2
a + (n – 1)d > 0
(b) Tn = –17
70 + (n –1)(–12) > 0
a + (n – 1)d = –17
–12(n – 1) > –70
43 + (n – 1)(–4) = –17
n – 1 < 5.833
–4(n – 1) = –60
n < 6.833
n – 1 = 15
n = 6
n = 16
6
S6 = (152 – 12(6))
S16 = 16 (90 – 4(16)) 2
2 = 240
= 208
71
Smart Tip
1 The sum of the first n terms, Sn, of an arithmetic progression is given by,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama, Sn, bagi suatu janjang aritmetik diberi oleh,
n
Sn = [a + l]
2
where/dengan keadaan
a = the first term/sebutan pertama, l = the last term/sebutan terakhir.
2 This formula is used when the last term is given.
Rumus ini digunakan apabila sebutan terakhir diberikan.
Exercise 6 Determine the number of terms of each of the following arithemetic progressions. Hence,
find the sum of the progression.
Tentukan bilangan sebutan dalam setiap janjang aritmetik berikut. Seterusnya, cari hasil tambah janjang itu.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
72
2 Given the first three terms of an arithmetic progression are 72, 67, 62, … Find the sum from the 10th term
to the 20th term.
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah 72, 67, 62, … Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan ke-10 hingga sebutan
ke-20.
a = 72, d = 67 – 72 = –5
The sum from T10 to T20
= S20 – S9
= 20 [2(72) + (20 – 1)(–5)] – 9 [2(72) + (9 – 1)(–5)]
2 2
= 490 – 468
= 22
73
Example 8
Given the first three terms of an arithmetic progression are 5, 8, 11, … Find the number of the first terms
with the sum 258.
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah 5, 8, 11, … Cari bilangan sebutan pertama dengan hasil tambah 258.
Solution
a = 5, d = 8 – 5 = 3
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] (3n + 43)(n – 12) = 0
2 3n + 43 = 0, n – 12 = 0
258 = n [2(5) + (n – 1)3] 43
2 n = – n = 12
n [10 + 3n – 3] = 258 3
2 ∴ Number of terms/Bilangan sebutan = 12
n [3n + 7] = 258
2
3n2 + 7n – 516 = 0
1 The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic 2 Given the first three terms of an arithmetic
progression is given by Sn = 3n2 + n. Find progression are 4, 9, 14, … Find the number of
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang the first terms with the sum 216.
aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 3n2 + n. Cari Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah
(a) the first term, 4, 9, 14, … Cari bilangan sebutan pertama dengan hasil
sebutan pertama, tambah 216.
(b) the common difference,
a = 4, d = 9 – 4 = 5
beza sepunya,
(c) the n term.
th
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
sebutan ke-n. 2
n
216 = [2(4) + (n – 1)5]
(a) T1 = S1 = 3(1)2 + (1) = 4 2
(b) T1 + T2 = S2 = 3(2)2 + (2) 432 = n(5n + 3)
(4) + T2 = 14 5n2 + 3n – 432 = 0
T2 = 10 (5n + 48)(n – 9) = 0
d = 10 – 4 = 6 5n + 48 = 0, n – 9 = 0
(c) Tn = a + (n – 1)d 48
n=– n = 9
= 4 + (n – 1)6 5
= 4 + 6n – 6 Number of terms = 9
= 6n – 2
3 Given the first three terms of an arithmetic 4 The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic
progression are 2, 8, 14, … Find the number of progression is given by Sn = 2n2 – 5n. Find
the first terms with the sum more than 300. Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 2n2 – 5n. Cari
2, 8, 14, … Cari bilangan sebutan pertama dengan hasil (a) the first term,
tambah melebihi 300. sebutan pertama,
(b) the common difference,
a = 2, d = 8 – 2 = 6 beza sepunya,
n [2a + (n – 1)d] = S (c) the nth term.
n
2 sebutan ke-n.
n [2(2) + (n – 1)6] > 300
2 (a) T1 = S1 = 2(1)2 – 5(1)
n(4 + 6n – 6) > 600 = –3
6n2 – 2n – 600 > 0 (b) T1 + T2 = S2 = 2(2)2 – 5(2)
3n2 – n – 300 > 0 ——— 1 (–3) + T2 = –2
Let 3n2 – n – 300 = 0 T2 = 1
–(–1) ± (–1)2 − 4(3)(–300) d = 1 – (–3)
n= = 4
2(3)
(c) Tn = a + (n – 1)d
n < –9.83 or n > 10.16
= (–3) + (n – 1)4
From 1 , n = 11
= –3 + 4n – 4
= 4n – 7
74
2 The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic 3 The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic
progression is given by Sn = 6n2 – 3n. Find the progression is given by Sn = 72n – 2n2. Find the
eighth term. ninth term.
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 6n2 – 3n. Cari sebutan kelapan. aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 72n – 2n2. Cari sebutan
kesembilan.
Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
T8 = S8 – S7 Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
= [6(8)2 – 3(8)] – [6(7)2 – 3(7)] T9 = S9 – S8
= 360 – 273 = [72(9) – 2(9)2] – [72(8) – 2(8)2]
= 87 = 486 – 448
= 38
Example 10
In an arithmetic progression, the fourth term is 18 and the sum of the first eight terms is 160. Find
Dalam suatu janjang aritmetik, sebutan keempat ialah 18 dan hasil tambah bagi lapan sebutan pertama ialah 160. Cari
(a) the first term,
sebutan pertama,
(b) the common difference.
beza sepunya.
Solution
Given/Diberi T4 = 18 Substitute into 2 /Ganti dalam 2 ,
a + 3d = 18 ——— 1 2(18 – 3d) + 7d = 40 ——— 2
Given/Diberi S8 = 160 36 – 6d + 7d = 40
8 [2a + (8 – 1)d] = 160 d=4
2 Substitute d = 4 into 1 /Gantikan d = 4 ke dalam 1
2a + 7d = 40 ——— 2 a = 18 – 3(4)
From 1 /Dari 1 , =6
a = 18 – 3d ∴ a = 6, d = 4
75
Given T5 = 16 Given T6 = 13
a + 4d = 16 ——— 1 a + 5d = 13 ——— 1
Given S10 = 175 Given S7 = 21
10 [2a + (10 – 1)d] = 175 7 [2a + (7 – 1)d] = 21
2 2
2a + 9d = 35 ——— 2 2a + 6d = 6
From 1 , a + 3d = 3 ——— 2
a =16 – 4d From 1 ,
Substitute into 2 a = 13 – 5d
2(16 – 4d) + 9d = 35 ——— 2 Substitute into 2 ,
32 – 8d + 9d = 35 (13 – 5d) + 3d = 3
d = 3 –2d = –10
Substitute d = 3 into 1 , d = 5
a = 16 – 4(3) Substitute d = 5 into 1 ,
=4 a = 13 – 5(5)
∴ a = 4, d = 3 = –12
∴ a = –12, d = 5
3 In an arithmetic progression, the second term is 4 A farmer has 5 600 chickens and 4 880 ducks.
35 and the sum of the first ten terms is 140. Find The farmer sells 240 chickens and 180 ducks to
Dalam suatu janjang aritmetik, sebutan kedua ialah 35 dan the wholesaler every day. After a few days, the
hasil tambah bagi sepuluh sebutan pertama ialah 140. Cari number of chickens and the number of ducks left
(a) the first term, are the same. On what day did the number of
sebutan pertama, chickens and the number of ducks left are the same?
(b) the common difference. Seorang penternak mempunyai 5 600 ekor ayam dan 4 880
beza sepunya. ekor itik. Penternak itu menjual 240 ekor ayam dan 180 ekor
itik kepada pemborong pada setiap hari. Selepas beberapa
Given T2 = 35 hari, bilangan ayam dan bilangan itik yang tinggal adalah
a + d = 35 ——— 2 sama banyak. Pada hari ke berapakah bilangan ayam dan
Given S10 = 140 bilangan itik yang tinggal adalah sama banyak?
10 [2a + (10 – 1)d] = 140
2 The number of chickens left: 5 600, 5 360, 5 120, …
2a + 9d = 28 ——— 2 a = 5 600, d = –240
From 1 , Tn = a + (n – 1)d
a = 35 – d = 5 600 + (n – 1)(–240)
Substitute into 2 , = 5 600 – 240n + 240
2(35 – d) + 9d = 28 = 5 840 – 240n
70 – 2d + 9d = 28 The number of ducks left: 4 880, 4 700, 4 520, ….
7d = –42 a = 4 880, d = –180
d = –6 Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Substitute d = –6 into 1 , = 4 880 + (n – 1)(–180)
a = 35 – (–6) = 4 880 – 180n + 180
= 41 = 5 060 – 180n
∴ a = 41, d = -6 5 840 – 240n = 5 060 – 180n
60n = 780
n = 13
On the 13th day, the number of chickens and the
number of ducks left are the same.
76
Smart Tip
A geometric progression is a number sequence such that the ratio between each term (after the first term) and its
preceding term is a constant. The constant is called common ratio, r.
Janjang geometri ialah suatu jujukan nombor dengan keadaan nisbah antara setiap sebutan (selepas sebutan pertama) dengan sebutan
sebelumnya ialah suatu pemalar. Pemalar ini disebut sebagai nisbah sepunya, r.
Tn + 1
r= , n = 1, 2, 3, …
Tn
Exercise 11 Determine whether each of the following sequences is a geometric progression or not.
Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap jujukan berikut ialah janjang geometri atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang janjang.
77
Smart Tip
The nth term, Tn, of a geometric progression is written as:
Sebutan ke-n, Tn, bagi suatu janjang geometri ditulis sebagai:
Tn = arn – 1
where/dengan keadaan
a = the first term/sebutan pertama
r = the common ratio/nisbah sepunya
78
Exercise 13 Determine the number of terms of each of the following geometric progressions.
Tentukan bilangan sebutan bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
3 , 3 , 3, ……, 49 152 4 3 125, 625, 125, ……, 0.008 5 6 144, 3 072, 1 536, ……, 0.75
3
16 4
a = 3 125
a = 6 144
a= 3 T
r = 2 = 625 = 0.2 T
16
3 T1 3 125 r = 2 = 3 072 = 0.5
T1 6 144
T2 4 Tn = arn – 1
r= = =4 Tn = arn – 1
T1 3 Tn = 3 125(0.2)n – 1
Tn = 6 144(0.5)n – 1
16 Given Tn = 0.008
Tn = arn – 1 Given Tn = 0.75
3 125(0.2)n – 1 = 0.008
6 144(0.5)n – 1 = 0.75
Tn = 3 (4)n – 1 (0.2)n – 1 = 0.00000256
(0.5)n – 1 = 0.00012207
16 log10 (0.2)n – 1 = log10 0.00000256
Given Tn = 49 152 log10 (0.5)n – 1 = log10 0.00012207
(n – 1)log10 0.2 = log10 0.00000256
3 (4)n – 1 = 49 152 (n – 1)log10 0.5 = log10 0.00012207
(n – 1)(–0.6990) = –5.5918
16 (n – 1)(–0.3010) = –3.9134
n – 1 = 8
(4)n – 1 = 262 144 n – 1 = 13
n = 9
log10 (4)n – 1 = log10 262 144 n = 14
(n – 1)log10 4 = log10 262 144
(n – 1)0.6021 = 5.4185
n – 1 = 9
n = 10
79
Exercise 14 Express Sn in terms of n for each of the following geometric progressions. Hence, solve the
problems.
Ungkapkan Sn dalam sebutan n bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut. Seterusnya, selesaikan masalah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 14
Given the first three terms of a geometric progression are 6, 24, 96, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah 6, 24, 96, …
(a) Determine the sum of the first n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama.
(b) If the last term of the progression is 24 576, find the sum of all the terms.
Jika sebutan terakhir janjang itu ialah 24 576, cari hasil tambah semua sebutan.
Solution
(a) a = 6, r = 24 = 4 (b) Tn = 24 576 S7 = 2(47 – 1)
6
arn – 1 = 24 576 = 32 766
a(rn – 1)
Sn = 6(4n – 1) = 24 576
r–1
4n – 1 = 4 096
6(4n – 1)
Sn = (n – 1)log10 4 = log10 4 096
4–1
n – 1 = 6
= 2(4n – 1) n = 7
1 Given the first three terms of 2 Given the first three terms of 3 Given the first three terms of
a geometric progression are a geometric progression are a geometric progression are
2, 10, 50, … 16, 24, 36, … 7, 14, 28, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu
janjang geometri ialah 2, 10, 50, … janjang geometri ialah 16, 24, 36, … janjang geometri ialah 7, 14, 28, …
(a) Determine the sum of the (a) Determine the sum of the (a) Determine the sum of the
first n terms. first n terms. first n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n Tentukan hasil tambah n Tentukan hasil tambah n
sebutan pertama. sebutan pertama. sebutan pertama.
(b) Find the sum of the (b) Find the sum of the (b) If the last term of the
first nine terms of the first seven terms of the progression is 7 168, find
progression. progression. the sum of all the terms.
Cari hasil tambah bagi sembilan Cari hasil tambah bagi tujuh Jika sebutan terakhir janjang itu
sebutan pertama janjang itu. sebutan pertama janjang itu. ialah 7 168, cari hasil tambah
semua sebutan.
(a) a = 2, r = 10 = 5 (a) a = 16, r = 24 = 1.5 (a) a = 7, r = 14 = 2
2 16 7
a(rn – 1) a(rn – 1) a(rn – 1)
Sn = Sn = Sn =
r–1 r–1 r–1
2(5n – 1) 16(1.5n – 1) 7(2n – 1)
Sn = Sn = Sn =
5–1 1.5 – 1 2–1
1 = 32(1.5n – 1) = 7(2n – 1)
= (5n – 1)
2 (b) S7 = 32(1.57 – 1) (b) Tn = 7 168
arn – 1 = 7 168
(b) S9 = 1 (59 – 1) = 514.75
2 7(2n – 1) = 7 168
= 976 562 2n – 1 = 1 024
(n – 1)log10 2 = log10 1 024
n – 1 = 10
n = 11
S11 = 7(211 – 1)
= 14 329
80
Smart Tip
The sum of the first n terms, Sn, of a geometric progression is given by,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama, Sn, bagi suatu janjang geometri diberi oleh,
a(1 – rn)
Sn = ,r<1
1–r
Exercise 15 Express Sn in terms of n for each of the following geometric progressions. Hence, solve the
problems.
Ungkapkan Sn dalam sebutan n bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut. Seterusnya, selesaikan masalah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 15
Given the first three terms of a geometric progression are 384, 96, 24, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah 384, 96, 24, …
(a) Determine the sum of the first n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama.
(b) If the last term of the progression is 0.375, find the sum of all the terms.
Jika sebutan terakhir janjang itu ialah 0.375, cari hasil tambah semua sebutan.
Solution
(a) a = 384, r = 96 = 0.25 (b) Tn = 0.375
384 arn – 1 = 0.375
a(1 – rn)
Sn = 384(0.25n – 1) = 0.375
1–r 0.25n – 1 = 0.0009766
384(1 – 0.25n)
Sn = (n – 1)log10 0.25 = log10 0.0009766
1 – 0.25 n – 1 = 5
384(1 – 0.25n)
= n = 6
0.75 S6 = 512(1 – 0.256)
= 512(1 – 0.25n) = 511.88
81
4 Given the first three terms of a geometric 5 Given the first three terms of a geometric
progression are 192, 96, 48, … progression are 108, 72, 48, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah
192, 96, 48, … 108, 72, 48, …
(a) Determine the sum of the first n terms. (a) Determine the sum of the first n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama. Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama.
(b) Find the sum from the fifth term to the eighth (b) Find the sum from the sixth term to the ninth
term. term.
Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan kelima hingga sebutan Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan keenam hingga sebutan
kelapan. kesembilan.
82
Exercise 16 Find the sum to infinity, S∞ for each of the following geometric progressions.
Cari hasil tambah hingga ketakterhinggaan,S∞ bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri.
Example 17
The first term and the sum to infinity of a 6
9 =
geometric progression are 6 and 9 respectively. 1–r
Find the common ratio.
1 – r = 6
Sebutan pertama dan hasil tambah hingga ketakterhinggaan 9
suatu janjang geometri masing-masing ialah 6 dan 9. Cari
nisbah sepunya. 1 – r = 2
3
Solution 3 – 3r = 2
a = 6, S∞ = 9 –3r = –1
S∞ = a r = 1
1–r 3
83
1–r
a = 24 a = 24
1 – r = 14 1– 2 1– –3
1 2
16 3 5
1 – r = 7 a = 24 a = 24
8 1 8
8 – 8r = 7 3 5
–8r = –1 a = 1 × 24 a = 8 × 15
3 5
r = 1 = 8 = 24
8
Exercise 18 Express the following recurring decimals as a fraction in its simplest form.
Ungkapkan nombor perpuluhan jadi semula berikut sebagai pecahan dalam bentuk termudah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 18 1 0.5555…
84
Example 19
Azrul deposited RM600 in a bank in March. From Solution
March to October, the total amount of money 100 + 20
a = 600, r = = 1.2
deposited increases by 20% per month. Calculate 100
the total amount of money (exclude interest) in a(rn – 1)
Azrul’s savings account until October. Sn =
r–1
Azrul menyimpan sebanyak RM600 di sebuah bank pada 600(1.28 – 1)
bulan Mac. Dari bulan Mac hingga Oktober, jumlah wang S8 =
1.2 – 1
yang disimpan bertambah sebanyak 20% setiap bulan. Hitung
jumlah wang (tidak termasuk faedah) dalam akaun simpanan
= 3 000(1.28 – 1)
Azrul sehingga bulan Oktober. = 9 899.45
∴ Total amount of money = RM9 899.45
Jumlah wang = RM9 899.45
85
3 Fauzi bought a car for RM80 000. The value of 4 The total collection of a movie on the first day
the car depreciates 14% from the value of the showing was RM150 000. The collection of the
previous year on every year. Calculate the value movie decreased by 20% on the following day.
of the car after 12 years. Calculate the total collection of the movie after
Fauzi membeli sebuah kereta dengan harga RM80 000. seven days showing.
Nilai kereta itu menyusut sebanyak 14% daripada harga Nilai kutipan sebuah filem pada hari pertama tayangan
tahun sebelumnya pada setiap tahun. Hitung nilai kereta ialah RM150 000. Nilai kutipan filem tersebut menurun
itu selepas 12 tahun. sebanyak 20% pada setiap hari berikutnya. Hitung jumlah
nilai kutipan filem itu selepas 7 hari tayangan.
a = 80 000
a = 150 000
r = 100 – 14 = 0.86
100 r = 100 – 20 = 0.8
Tn = arn – 1 100
T12 = (80 000)(0.86)12 – 1
Sn = a(1 – r )
n
= 15 225.55 1–r
150 000(1 – 0.87)
∴ The value of the car = RM15 225.55 S7 =
1 – 0.8
= 592 713.60
5 3 1 2
5 1 2
5 51 2 4
height it dropped from and so on for each of the a
subsequent bounce. What is the total distance = 50 + 2 3 4; where a = 50 3 , r = 3
1 2
1–r 5 5
travelled by the ball until it stops? 3
3 4 1 2
Sebiji bola dilepaskan dari ketinggian 50 cm. Selepas 50
= 50 + 2 5
3
mengena tanah, bola itu melantun setinggi daripada
5 1– 3
ketinggian bola itu dilepaskan dan seterusnya bagi setiap 5
lantunan yang berikutnya. Berapakah jumlah jarak yang = 50 + 150
dilalui oleh bola itu sehingga ia berhenti? = 200
86
3 It is given that x + 4, x – 2 and x – 5 are three 7 It is given that 6, 18, h, j and k are the first five
SPM
CLONE
consecutive terms of a geometric progression. SPM terms of a geometric progression. Find the value
`16 Find CLONE
`15 of k.
P1Q22
Diberi bahawa x + 4, x – 2 dan x – 5 ialah tiga sebutan P1Q8
Diberi bahawa 6, 18, h, j dan k ialah lima sebutan pertama
berturut-turut bagi suatu janjang geometri. Cari bagi suatu janjang geometri. Cari nilai k.
(a) the value of x, [2 marks/markah]
nilai bagi x,
(b) the first term if 3 is the tenth term of the 8 It is given that the nth term of a geometric
x SPM 5 (rn – 1), r ≠ h. Find
progression. CLONE progression is T =
3
`17
n
2
P1Q7
sebutan pertama jika ialah sebutan kesepuluh bagi Diberi bahawa sebutan ke-n bagi suatu janjang geometri
x
janjang itu. 5
ialah Tn = (rn – 1), r ≠ h. Cari
[4 marks/markah] 2
(a) the value of h,
4 It is given that the sum of the first n terms of an nilai h,
n (b) the first term of the progression.
CLONE arithmetic progression is Sn = (17 – 5n). Find the
SPM
87
1 At a certain day, a farmer has 4 000 ducks to supply to a wholesaler. The farmer sells 250 ducks every day.
SPM The farmer feeds the ducks before selling them to the wholesaler. If the cost to feed a duck is RM0.50 per
CLONE
`15 day, calculate the total cost until the number of ducks left is 1 000.
P2Q4
Pada hari tertentu, seorang penternak mempunyai 4 000 ekor itik untuk dibekalkan kepada pemborong. Penternak itu menjual
250 ekor itik pada setiap hari. Penternak itu memberi makanan kepada itik sebelum dijual kepada pemborong. Jika kos makanan
untuk seekor itik ialah RM0.50 sehari, hitung jumlah kos makanan sehingga bilangan itik yang tinggal ialah 1 000 ekor.
[6 marks/markah]
2 The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression is given by Sn = 5n(n – 27) . Find
SPM
2
CLONE 5n(n – 27)
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = . Cari
`18
P2Q1 2
(a) the sum of the first 12 terms,
hasil tambah bagi 12 sebutan pertama,
[1 mark/markah]
(b) the first term and the common difference,
sebutan pertama dan beza sepunya,
[3 marks/markah]
(c) the value of w, if the wth term is the first positive term of the progression.
nilai bagi w, jika sebutan ke-w ialah sebutan positif pertama bagi janjang itu.
[2 marks/markah]
3 A wire is cut into n parts. The length of each part increases in a geometric progression pattern. It is given
that the length of the sixth part is nine times the length of the fourth part of the wire.
Seutas dawai dipotong kepada n bahagian. Panjang setiap bahagian bertambah dalam bentuk janjang geometri. Diberi bahawa
panjang bagi bahagian keenam ialah sembilan kali panjang bagi bahagian keempat dawai itu.
(a) Calculate the common ratio.
Hitung nisbah sepunya.
[2 marks/markah]
(b) If the total length of the wire is 5 465 mm and the length of the first part of the wire is 5 mm, calculate
Jika jumlah panjang dawai itu ialah 5 465 mm dan panjang bahagian pertama dawai itu ialah 5 mm, hitung
(i) the value of n,
nilai n,
(ii) the length, in mm, of the last part of the wire.
panjang, dalam mm, bahagian terakhir dawai itu.
[4 marks/markah]
H O TS Zo n e
1 Halim is a fresh graduate. He is offered a job from two companies. Company P offers him an annual salary of
SPM RM31 800 with a 4% yearly increment from the basic salary. Company Q offers him a starting salary of RM27 600
CLONE
`14 per annum with an 8% yearly increment from the basic salary. Halim wants to choose the company which
P1Q10
offers a higher income and he wants to save 20% of the income to further his study after working for 10 years.
Which company should he choose? How much is the savings for him to further his study? HOTS Applying
Halim ialah seorang graduan yang baru sahaja menamatkan pengajian. Beliau ditawarkan kerja oleh dua buah syarikat. Syarikat P
menawarkan beliau gaji tahunan sebanyak RM31 800 dengan kenaikan tahunan 4% daripada gaji pokok. Syarikat Q menawarkan
beliau gaji permulaan sebanyak RM27 600 setahun dengan kenaikan tahunan 8% daripada gaji pokok. Halim ingin memilih syarikat
yang menawarkan pendapatan yang lebih tinggi dan beliau ingin menyimpan 20% daripada gajinya untuk melanjutkan pelajaran
selepas bekerja selama 10 tahun. Syarikat yang manakah patut beliau pilih? Berapakah jumlah wang simpanan untuk beliau
melanjutkan pelajaran?
2 Benedict took 3.5 minutes to complete the first km of a 20 km run. He could not sustain his stamina. Thus,
for each subsequent km, he took 1 more time compared to the time he took for the previous km. The
SPM
CLONE
`16 12
P1Q23
participants who exceeded 150 minutes were not qualified for the medal. Did Benedict qualify? Show the
calculation to support your answer. HOTS Applying
Benedict mengambil masa selama 3.5 minit untuk menghabiskan km yang pertama bagi satu acara larian 20 km. Dia tidak dapat
1
mengekalkan staminanya. Maka, pada setiap km yang berikutnya, dia mengambil lebih masa berbanding dengan masa yang
12
diambil untuk km sebelumnya. Peserta-peserta yang menamatkan larian melebihi 150 minit adalah tidak layak untuk menerima
pingat. Adakah Benedict layak? Tunjukkan pengiraan untuk menyokong jawapan anda.
88
6 Linear Law
Hukum Linear
6.1 Linear and Non-Linear Relations / Hubungan Linear dan Tak Linear
Smart Tip
A graph of linear relation is a graph that forms a straight line while a graph of non-linear relation is a graph that does
not form a straight line.
Graf hubungan linear ialah graf yang membentuk satu garis lurus manakala graf hubungan tak linear ialah graf yang tidak membentuk garis lurus.
Exercise 1 Draw a graph of y against x for each of the following table of values. Hence, determine
whether the graph is a linear relation or a non-linear relation.
Lukis graf y melawan x bagi setiap jadual nilai berikut. Seterusnya, tentukan sama ada graf itu ialah
hubungan linear atau hubungan tak linear.
Example 1 1 x –2 –1 0 1 2
x 0 2 4 y 5 2 1 2 5
y 1 2 3 y
Solution 5
y
4
4
3
2 2
1
x
0 2 4
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
2 x 0 1 2 3 4 3 x –2 –1 0 1 2
y 4 3 2 1 0 y 0 3 4 3 0
y y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
0 1 2 3 4 –2 –1 0 1 2
89
Exercise 2 Plot a graph of y against x, using a suitable scale on the x-axis and the y-axis. Hence, draw
the the line of best fit.
Plot graf y melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala yang sesuai pada paksi-x dan paksi-y. Seterusnya, lukis
garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
Example 2
1 x 1 2 2.5 3 3.6
y 33 24 19 12 8 4
y
Solution
y 50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10 10
x x
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
y
y
40
40 30
30 20
20 10
10 x
0 1 2 3 4 5
x –10
0 1 2 3 4
90
1 y 2 y
Q(7, 6) E(1, 6)
F(5, 4)
x x
0 0
P(4, 0)
4–6 2 1
6–0 6 m= =– =–
m= = =2 5–1 4 2
7–4 3
Equation of the straight line, y = mx + c
Equation of the straight line, y = mx + c
At point E(1, 6)
At point P(4, 0)
1
0 = (2)(4) + c 2
6 = – (1) + c
2
c = –8
13
∴ y = 2x – 8 c=
2
1 13
∴y=– x+
2 2
Example 3
The table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen.
x 10 20 25 40 50 60
y 12 17 19.5 26 31 35
(a) Plot a graph of y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the
y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Plot graf y melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 10 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 5 unit pada paksi-y.
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the y-intercept and the gradient of the line of best fit.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-y dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best fit.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
Solution
(a) y
(b) y-intercept/Pintasan-y = 7.5
35 35 – 12
Gradient/Kecerunan = = 0.46
60 – 10
30
(c) The equation of the line of best fit is y = 0.46x + 7.5.
Persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik ialah y = 0.46x + 7.5
25
20
15
10
x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
91
g 10 20 25 40 50 60
h 131 139 143 156 164 173
(a) Plot a graph of h against g, using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the g-axis and 2 cm to 20 units on the
h-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Plot graf h melawan g, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 10 unit pada paksi-g dan 2 cm kepada 20 unit pada
paksi-h. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the h-intercept and the gradient of the line of best fit.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-h dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best fit.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(a)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
g
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
173 – 131
(b) m = = 0.84
60 – 10
c = 122
(c) The equation of the line of best fit
h = mg + c
h = 0.84g + 122
92
(a) Plot a graph of q against p, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the p-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the
q-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Plot graf q melawan p, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada paksi-p dan 2 cm kepada 5 unit pada paksi-q.
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the q-intercept and the gradient of the line of best fit.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-q dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best fit.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(a)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
p
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
17.0 – 40.0
(b) m = = –4.6
6.0 – 1.0
c = 44.5
(c) The equation of the line of best fit
q = mp + c
q = –4.6p + 44.5
93
(a) Plot a graph of log10 y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on
the log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Plot graf log10 y melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 0.1 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 0.2 unit pada
paksi-log10 y. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the log10 y-intercept and the gradient of the line of best fit.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-log10 y dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best fit.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(a)
log10 y
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
1.58 – 0.66
(b) m = = 1.586
0.68 – 0.1
c = 0.5
(c) The equation of the line of best fit
log10 y = mx + c
log10 y = 1.586x + 0.5
94
G(5, 6)
Q(6, 3)
A(0, 1) L(12, 1)
Time (second) Time (second)
O Masa (saat) O Masa (saat)
6.2 Linear Law and Non-Linear Relations / Hukum Linear dan Hubungan Tak Linear
Exercise 6 Convert the following non-linear equations to the linear form, Y = mX + c. Hence, state X,
m and c when Y is given.
Tukarkan persamaan tak linear berikut kepada bentuk linear, Y = mX + c. Seterusnya, nyatakan X, m dan c
apabila Y diberi.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang hukum linear untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 5 h
1 y= + 5px
x
y = hx3 + kx Given/Diberi Y = xy
y
Given/Diberi Y =
x h
Solution y = + 5px (× x)
1 x
y = hx + kx
3
1
×
x 2 xy = h + 5px2
y
= hx2 + k xy = 5px2 + h
x y
Y = , X = x2, m = h, c = k
x Y = xy, X = x2, m = 5p, c = h
Smart Tip
The equation of the line of best fit is represented by Y = mX + c where,
Persamaan bagi garis lurus penyuaian terbaik diwakili oleh Y = mX + c dengan keadaan,
Y = y-axis/paksi-y
X = x-axis/paksi-x
m = gradient/kecerunan
c = y-intercept/pintasan-y
95
Exercise 7 Convert the following non-linear equations to the linear form, Y = mX + c. Hence, state X,
m and c when Y is given.
Tukarkan persamaan tak linear berikut kepada bentuk linear, Y = mX + c. Seterusnya, nyatakan X, m dan c
apabila Y diberi.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang hukum linear untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 6 1 xy = c 2 y = 50nx
Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
y = pxn Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
Given/Diberi Y = log10 y xy = c
y = 50nx
log10 (xy) = log10 c
Solution log10 y = log10 (50nx)
log10 x + log10 y = log10 c
y = pxn log10 y = log10 50 + log10 nx
log10 y = –log10 x + log10 c
log10 y = log10 (pxn) log10 y = log10 50 + xlog10 n
log10 y = log10 p + log10xn log10 y = (log10 n)x + log10 50
Y = log10 y, X = log10 x, m = –1,
log10 y = log10 p + nlog10 x
c = log10 c
log10 y = nlog10 x + log10 p Y = log10 y, X = x, m = log10 n,
c = log10 50
Y = log10 y, X = log10 x, m = n,
c = log10 p
2p 4 y3 = hkx
3 y=
qx Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
y3 = hkx
2p log10 y3 = log10 (hkx)
y = x
q 3log10 y = log10 h + log10 kx
2p 3log10 y = log10 h + xlog10 k
log10 y = log10 1q 2
x
log10 k log10 h
log10 y = log10 (2p) – log10 qx 1
log10 y =
3 2x+
3
log10 y = log10 (2p) – xlog10 q log10 k log10 h
log10 y = –xlog10 q + log10 (2p) Y = log10 y, X = x, m = ,c=
3 3
log10 y = –(log10 q)x + log10 (2p)
96
Example 7
The diagram below shows a line of best fit obtained Solution
y 6–5 1
by plotting against x2. m= =
x 4–2 2
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik
y Let the coordinates of Y-intercept = (0, c)
yang diperoleh dengan memplot melawan x2. Anggap koordinat pintasan-Y = (0, c)
x
y 6–c 1
Then/Maka, =
x 4–0 2
2(6 – c) = 4
6 – c = 2
(4, 6) c = 4
Y = mX + c
(2, 5)
y 1 2
x
= 1 2
2
x +4
x2
O 1
y = x3 + 4x
2
Express y in terms of x.
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
1 The diagram below shows a line of best fit 2 The variables x and y are related by the equation
1 1 y = px + qx2, where p and q are constants. The
obtained by plotting against .
y x diagram below shows a straight line graph
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik y
1 1 obtained by plotting against x.
yang diperoleh dengan memplot melawan . x
y x Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan
y = px + qx2, dengan keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar. Rajah
1
y di bawah menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang diperoleh
y
dengan memplot melawan x.
x
y
x
F(6, 6)
(2, 10)
2 E
1 (6, 4)
O x
x
Express y in terms of x. O
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
Calculate the values of p and q.
6–2 2 Hitung nilai p dan q.
m= =
6–0 3
y = px + qx2 (÷ x)
c=2
y
Y = mX + c = p + qx
x
1 2 1 y
y
= 1 2
3 x
+2 = qx + p
x
y
1 2 Y = , m = q, X = x, c = p
= +2 x
y 3x 4 – 10 3
q = =–
1 2 + 6x 6–2 2
= Let the coordinates of Y-intercept = (0, p)
y 3x
3x p – 10 3
y= = –
2 + 6x 0–2 2
p – 10
21 –2 2 = –3
p – 10 = 3
p = 13
97
y = –4x2 + 6
O X
(0, 2)
log10 x
x O
O –4
5 The diagram below shows a straight line graph 6 The diagram below shows a straight line graph
obtained by plotting log10 y against x. obtained by plotting log2 y against log2 x.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang
diperoleh dengan memplot log10 y melawan x. diperoleh dengan memplot log2 y melawan log2 x.
log2 y
log10 y
(6, 2)
(4, 6)
log2 x
O 2
x
O (6, 0)
Express y in terms of x.
Express y in terms of x. Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x. 2–0 1
m= =
6–2 2
Y = log10y, X = x 1
Let the coordinates log2 y = log2 x + (–1)
0–6 2
m= = –3 of Y-intercept = (0, c) 1
6–4 2–c 1 log2 y = log2 x 2 – 1
Let the coordinates of Y-intercept = (0, c) = 1
6–0 2 log2 y – log2 x 2 = –1
c–6 2 – c = 3
= –3 y
0–4
c – 6 = 12
c = –1 log2 1 = –1 1 2
x2
c = 18 y
1
= 2–1
x2 1
log10y = –3x + 18 y = x 2 (2–1)
y = 10–3x + 18 1 1
y = x 2
2
x
y =
2
98
Example 8
It is given that the object distance, u, the image distance, v, and the focal length, f, of a lens are related by the
1 1 1
equation + = . The table below shows the values of variables, u and v, obtained from an experiment.
u v f
1 1 1
Diberi bahawa jarak objek, u, jarak imej, v, dan jarak fokus, f, bagi suatu kanta dihubungkan oleh persamaan + = . Jadual
di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai pemboleh ubah, u dan v, yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen. u v f
u 10 16 20 25 36
v 10.87 7.81 7.14 6.67 6.17
1 1
(a) Construct a table for the values of and .
u v
1 1
Bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai dan .
u v
1 1
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 0.02 unit on both axes, plot a graph of against . Hence, draw the line of best fit.
v u
1 1
Menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 0.02 unit pada kedua-dua paksi, plotkan graf melawan . Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus
penyuaian terbaik. v u
(c) Use the graph in (b) to find the value of
Gunakan graf di (b) untuk mencari nilai
1 1
(i) when/apabila = 0, (ii) f.
f u
Solution
1
(a) 0.1 0.0625 0.05 0.04 0.0278
u
1
0.092 0.128 0.14 0.15 0.162
v
(b) 1 1 1 1
v (c) + =
u v f
0.20
1 1 1
0.189 = – +
0.18 v u f
1
(i) When/Apabila = 0,
0.16 u
1 1
= = 0.189
f v
0.14
1
(ii) f =
0.12 0.189
= 5.29
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 u
99
L (cm) 20 30 50 70 80
T (s) 0.898 1.1 1.42 1.68 1.80
(a) Construct a table for the values of T2. Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
Bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai T2. Beri jawapan anda betul kepada dua tempat perpuluhan.
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the L-axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the T2-axis, plot a graph of T2
against L. Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 10 unit pada paksi-L dan 2 cm kepada 0.5 unit pada paksi-T2, plotkan graf T2 melawan L.
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Using the graph in (b), find the value of
Menggunakan graf di (b), cari nilai
(i) g,
(ii) T when/apabila L = 200 cm.
(a) L (cm) 20 30 50 70 80
T2 (s2) 0.81 1.21 2.02 2.82 3.24
(b)
T2
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
L
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
L 4p2 L
(c) (i) T = 2pA 0.0405 = T = 2pA
(ii)
g g 975
4p2 4p2
T2 = L g = When L = 200,
g 0.0405
4p 2
g = 975 cm/s2 200
Gradient = T = 2pA
g 975
3.24 – 0.81 4p2 = 2.846 seconds
=
80 – 20 g
100
(a) Construct a table for the values of x and log10 y. Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
Bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai x and log10 y. Beri jawapan anda betul kepada dua tempat perpuluhan.
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.25 unit on the log10 y-axis, plot a graph of
log10 y against x. Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 0.25 unit pada paksi-log10 y, plotkan graf log10 y
melawan x. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Using the graph in (b), find the value of
Menggunakan graf di (b), cari nilai
(i) p,
(ii) q,
(iii) the expected number of population of the bacteria after 24 hours.
anggaran jumlah populasi bakteria selepas 24 jam.
(a) x 1 2 3 4 5 6
log10 y 1.89 1.99 2.09 2.20 2.30 2.40
(b)
log10 y
2.50
2.25
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
101
`18 y x
x2 P1Q13
–6 O Rajah 5 menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang diperoleh
x2 1
dengan memplot melawan .
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2 y x
x2
Express y in terms of x. y
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
[3 marks/markah] (6, 5)
3 The variables x and y are related by the equation
SPM
CLONE y = 3x –
n
2
, where n is a constant. Diagram 3 1
`16
P1Q16
x O x
shows a straight line graph obtained by plotting
xy against x3. –4
Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan
n Diagram 5/ Rajah 5
y = 3x2 – , dengan keadaan n ialah pemalar. Rajah 3
x Express y in terms of x.
menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang diperoleh dengan Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
memplot xy melawan x3. [3 marks/markah]
102
1 Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are
SPM 2p
CLONErelated by the equation y = x , where p and t are constants.
`14
P2Q9
t
Jadual 1 menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada satu eksperimen. Pemboleh ubah x dan y
2p
dihubungkan oleh persamaan y = x , dengan keadaan p dan t ialah pemalar.
t
x 4 6 8 10 12 14
y 2.45 1.86 1.38 1.04 0.78 0.59
Table 1/ Jadual 1
(a) Based on Table 1, construct a table for the values of log10 y. Give your answer correct to two significant
figures.
Berdasarkan Jadual 1, bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai log10 y. Berikan jawapan anda betul kepada dua angka bererti.
[1 mark/markah]
(b) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Plot log10 y melawan x, menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 2 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 0.1 unit pada paksi-log10 y.
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
[3 marks/markah]
(c) Use the graph in (b) to find the value of
Gunakan graf di (b) untuk mencari nilai
(i) t, (ii)
p.
[6 marks/markah]
2 Table 2 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are
SPM related by the equation hx = ky + 2xy, where h and k are constants.
CLONE
`15 Jadual 2 menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada satu eksperimen. Pemboleh ubah x dan
P2Q11
y dihubungkan oleh persamaan hx = ky + 2xy, dengan keadaan h dan k ialah pemalar.
Table 2/ Jadual 2
1 1
(a) Based on Table 2, construct a table for the values of and .
x y
1 1
Berdasarkan Jadual 2, bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai dan .
x y
[2 marks/markah]
1 1 1 1
(b) Plot against , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the -axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the -axis.
y x x y
Hence, draw the line of best fit.
1 1 1 1
Plot melawan , dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 0.1 unit pada paksi- dan 2 cm kepada 0.5 unit pada paksi- .
y x x y
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
[3 marks/markah]
(c) Using the graph in (b), find the value of
Menggunakan graf di (b), cari nilai
(i) h, (ii)
k.
[5 marks/markah]
3 Table 3 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are
SPM b
CLONE related by the equation y = 3ax + , where a and b are constants.
`16 6x
P2Q10
Jadual 3 menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada satu eksperimen. Pemboleh ubah x dan
b
y dihubungkan oleh persamaan y = 3ax + , dengan keadaan a dan b ialah pemalar.
6x
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 14.65 8.28 6.59 6.06 6.00 6.18
Table 3/ Jadual 3
103
4 Table 4 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. A straight line graph is
SPM y2 1
CLONE obtained by plotting against .
`18 x x
P2Q11
Jadual 4 menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada satu eksperimen. Graf garis lurus
y2 1
diperoleh dengan memplot melawan .
x x
x 1.25 1.43 2.00 2.5 4.00 5.00
y 4.29 4.26 4.18 4.12 3.94 3.84
Table 4/ Jadual 4
1 y2
(a) Based on Table 5, construct a table for the values of and .
x x
1 y2
Berdasarkan Jadual 5, bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai dan .
x x
[2 marks/markah]
y2 1 1 y2
(b) Plot against , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the -axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the -axis.
x x x x
Hence, draw the line of best fit.
y2 1 1 y2
Plot melawan , menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 0.1 unit pada paksi- dan 2 cm kepada 2 unit pada paksi- .
x x x x
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
[3 marks/markah]
(c) Using the graph in (b),
Menggunakan graf di (b),
(i) find the value of y when x = 3.6, (ii) express y in terms of x.
cari nilai y apabila x = 3.6, ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
[5 marks/markah]
H O TS Zo n e
1 Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are
SPM pt
CLONE related by the equation y – √ p = , where p and t are constants.
`17 x
P2Q9
Jadual 1 menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada satu eksperimen. Pemboleh ubah x dan
pt
y dihubungkan oleh persamaan y – √ p = , dengan keadaan p dan t ialah pemalar.
x
x 1.2 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0
y 4.15 5.16 5.81 5.68 6.06 6.19
Table 1/ Jadual 1
(a) Plot xy against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the xy-axis. Hence,
draw the line of best fit.
Plot xy melawan x, menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 5 unit pada paksi-xy. Seterusnya,
lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) Using the graph in (a), find
Menggunakan graf di (a), cari
(i) the values of p and t,
nilai p dan t,
(ii) the correct value of y if one of the values of y has been wrongly recorded during the experiment.
nilai betul bagi y jika satu daripada nilai y telah direkodkan salah semasa eksperimen. HOTS Applying
104
7 Coordinate Geometry
Geometri Koordinat
Smart Tip
Point that divides the line segment by the ratio m : n m n
Titik yang membahagikan tembereng garis dengan nisbah m : n
P Q R nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)
Q= m+n
,
m+n
m+n
Example 1 1 Given P(–2, 5), Q and R(7, 2) 2 Given P(2, –1), Q and R(5, 8)
are collinear such that are collinear such that
Given P(–3, –9), Q and R(4, PQ : QR = 1 : 2. Find the PQ : QR = 2 : 1. Find the
5) are collinear such that coordinates of Q. coordinates of Q.
PQ : PR = 2 : 7. Find the Diberi P(–2, 5), Q dan R(7, 2) Diberi P(2, –1), Q dan R(5, 8)
coordinates of Q. adalah segaris dengan keadaan adalah segaris dengan keadaan
Diberi P(–3, –9), Q dan R(4, 5) PQ : QR = 1 : 2. PQ : QR = 2 : 1.
adalah segaris dengan keadaan Cari koordinat Q. Cari koordinat Q.
PQ : PR = 2 : 7. Cari koordinat Q.
Solution m:n=1:2 m:n=2:1
Given/Diberi PQ : PR = 2 : 7,
2(–2) + 1(7) 2(5) + 1(2) 1(2) + 2(5) 1(–1) + 2(8)
then/maka
PQ : QR = 2 : 5
Q = 1+2
,
1+2
Q = 2+1
, 2+1
m:n=2:5 3 12 12 15
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
= 3, 3
= 3, 3
Q= m+n
, m+n
= (1, 4) = (4, 5)
5(–3) + 2(4) 5(–9) + 2(5)
= 2+5
, 2+5
–7 –35
= 7 , 7 = (–1, –5)
3 Given P(–5, 4), Q and R(5, –1) 4 Given the points P(–2, 2) and 5 Given the coordinates of P
are collinear such that Q(7, 8). Point R lies on the and Q are (2, –3) and (6, 5)
PQ : PR = 2 : 5. Find the straight line PQ such that respectively. If point R divides
coordinates of Q. 2PR = RQ. Find the PQ in the ratio of 1 : 3, find the
Diberi P(–5, 4), Q dan R(5, –1) coordinates of point R. coordinates of point R.
adalah segaris dengan keadaan Diberi titik P(–2, 2) dan Q(7, 8). Diberi koordinat P dan Q masing-
PQ : PR = 2 : 5. Titik R terletak pada garis lurus PQ masing ialah (2, –3) dan (6, 5). Jika
Cari koordinat Q. dengan keadaan 2PR = RQ. Cari titik R membahagi PQ dalam nisbah
koordinat titik R. 1 : 3, cari koordinat bagi titik R.
Given PQ : PR = 2 : 5 Given 2PR = RQ
Then PQ : QR = 2 : 3 PR 1 PR : RQ = 1 : 3
m:n=2:3 RQ = 2 m:n=1:3
m 1
3(–5) + 2(5) 3(4) + 2(–1) 3(2) + 1(6) 3(–3) + 1(5)
Q = 2+3
,
2+3
n = 2 or m : n = 1 : 2 R = 1+3
, 1+3
2(–2) + 1(7) 2(2) + 1(8)
–5 10 R = , 12 –4
= 5 , 5 1+2
3 12
1+2
= 4, 4
= (–1, 2)
= 3 , 3 = (1, 4) = (3, –1)
105
Example 2
It is given that F(p, 6), G(2, 3) and H(7, q) are collinear such that FG : FH = 1 : 3. Find the values of p and q.
Diberi bahawa F(p, 6), G(2, 3) dan H(7, q) adalah segaris dengan keadaan FG : FH = 1 : 3. Cari nilai p dan q.
Solution
Given/Diberi FG : FH = 1 : 3 For x coordinate/Untuk koordinat x, For y coordinate/Untuk koordinat y,
then/maka FG : GH = 1 : 2 2p + 7 2(6) + 1(q)
m:n=1:2 3 = 2 =3
1+2
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 2p + 7 = 6
m+n
,
m+n
= (x, y) 2p = –1
12 + q
= 3
3
2(p) + 1(7) 2(6) + 1(q) 1 12 + q = 9
1+2
, 1+2
= (2, 3)
p = –
2 q = –3
1 It is given that F(p, 4), G(1, 7) and H(6, q) are collinear such that FG : GH = 3 : 5. Find the values of p and q.
Diberi bahawa F(p, 4), G(1, 7) dan H(6, q) adalah segaris dengan keadaan FG : GH = 3 : 5. Cari nilai p dan q.
2 It is given that F(–4, q), G(2, –1) and H(p, 1) are collinear such that FG : GH = 2 : 1. Find the values of p and q.
Diberi bahawa F(–4, q), G(2, –1) dan H(p, 1) adalah segaris dengan keadaan FG : GH = 2 : 1. Cari nilai p dan q.
106
Smart Tip
(a) Parallel lines/Garis selari (b) Perpendicular lines/Garis serenjang
m1 = m2 m1 m2 = –1
m1
m1
m2 m2
Exercise 3 Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines are parallel or not.
Tentukan sama ada setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah selari atau tidak.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 3 1 4x + 6y = 5, 2x = 6 − 3y
2y – x = 7, x – 2y = 5 4x + 6y = 5 1
Solution 2x = 6 − 3y 2
2y − x = 7 1 From 1 , 6y = –4x + 5
x − 2y = 5 2 –4x 5
y = +
6 6
From/Daripada 1 , From/Daripada 2 , 2 5
2y = x + 7 –2y = –x + 5 y = – x +
3 6
x 7 x 5 2
y = + y = − m1 = –
2 2 2 2 3
1 1 From 2 , 3y = –2x + 6
m1 = m2 =
2 2 –2x 6
y = +
Compare/Bandingkan 3 3
y = mx + c 2
y = – x + 2
3
m1 = m2 2
m2 = –
3
∴ The pair of straight lines are parallel. m1 = m2
Pasangan garis lurus adalah selari.
∴ The pair of straight lines are parallel.
2 3y – x = 6, 3x – 2y = 6 3 8y + 4x = 15, 2x + 4y = 17
3y − x = 6 1 8y + 4x = 15 1
3x − 2y = 6 2 2x + 4y = 17 2
From 1 , 3y = x + 6 From 1 , 8y = –4x + 15
1 4 15
y = x + 2 y = – x +
3 8 8
1 1 15
m1 = y = – x +
3 2 8
From 2 , 2y = 3x − 6 1
m1 = –
3 2
y = x − 3
2 From 2 , 4y = –2x + 17
3 2 17
m2 = y = – x +
2 4 4
m1 ≠ m2 1 17
y = – x +
∴ The pair of straight lines are not parallel. 2 4
1
m = –
2
m1 = m2
∴ The pair of straight lines are parallel.
107
Example 4 1 px + 6y − 12 = 0, 2x − 3y + 14 = 0
3y − 4x – 15 = 0, (p − 5)x − 3y − 18 = 0 px + 6y − 12 = 0 1
2x − 3y + 14 = 0 2
Solution
3y − 4x − 15 = 0 1 From 1 , 6y = –px + 12
(p − 5)x − 3y − 18 = 0 2 p 12
y = – x +
6 6
From/Daripada 1 , p
3y = 4x + 15 y = – x + 2
6
4 p
y = x + 5 y = mx + c m1 = –
3 6
4
m1 = From 2 , 3y = 2x + 14
3
2 14
From/Daripada 2 , y = x +
3 3
3y = (p − 5)x – 18 2
m2 =
p−5 3
y= 3
x − 6 y = mx + c m1 = m2
p−5 p 2 x2
m2 = – = x 2
3 6 3
m1 = m2 p 4
– =
4 p−5 6 6
= p = –4
3 3
4=p−5
p=9
4y + 3x + 24 = 0 1 8x + 2py = 5 1
(2p + 1)x + 3y + 6 = 0 2 2x − (p + 1)y − 8 = 0 2
From 1 , 4y = –3x − 24 From 1 , 2py = –8x + 5
3 8 5
y = – x − 6 y = – x +
4 2p 2p
3 8 4
m1 = – m1 = – = –
4 2p p
From 2 , 3y = –(2p + 1)x − 6 From 2 , (p + 1)y = 2x − 8
(2p + 1) 2 8
y = –
3
x−2 y=
p+1
x−
p+1
(2p + 1) 2
m2 = – m2 =
3 p+1
m1 = m2 m1 = m2
3 (2p + 1) 4 2
– = – – =
4 3 p p+1
9 –4(p + 1) = 2p
= 2p + 1 –2(p + 1) = p
4
5 –2p − 2 = p
= 2p –2p − p = 2
4
–3p = 2
5 2
p = p = –
8 3
108
Example 5 1 2x + y = 1, –x + 2y = 6
3y − x = 6, 3x + y = 12 2x + y = 1 1
Solution –x + 2y = 6 2
3y − x = 6 1
3x + y = 12 2
Smart Tip From 1 ,
y = –2x + 1
From/Daripada 1 , Perpendicular lines are m1 = –2
3y = x + 6 lines which intersect at a
From 2 ,
x right angle (90°).
y= +2 Garis serenjang ialah garis
2y = x + 6
3
1 yang bersilang pada sudut x
m1 = tegak (90°). y= +3
3 2
1
From/Daripada 2 , m2 =
2
y = –3x + 12 Perpendicular lines 1
m1 m2 = (–2)
2
m2 = –3 = –1
1 Garis berserenjang
m1 m2 = (–3) = –1 m1 m2 = –1
3 ∴ The pair of straight lines are perpendicular.
∴ The pair of straight lines are perpendicular.
Pasangan garis lurus adalah berserenjang.
Exercise 6 It is given that each of the following pairs of straight lines are perpendicular. Find the value of n.
Diberi bahawa setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah berserenjang. Cari nilai n.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 6 1 y − 2x + 6 = 0, nx − 6y − 12 = 0
y – 2x + 6 = 0 1
2y − 3x + 14 = 0, (n – 2)x − 4y − 16 = 0
nx − 6y − 12 = 0 2
Solution From 1 ,
2y − 3x + 14 = 0 1 y = 2x – 6
(n − 2)x − 4y − 16 = 0 2 m1 = 2
n−2 From 2 ,
From/Daripada 1 , m2 = 4
6y = nx − 12
2y = 3 x − 14
3 n−2 n
3
y = x − 7 m1 m2 =
2 4
= –1 y = x − 2
6
2 3(n − 2) = –8 n
3 3n − 6 = –8 m2 =
m1 = 6
2 3n = –2 n
From/Daripada 2 , n = –
2
m1 m2 = (2) = –1
6
4y = (n − 2)x − 16 3 n
= –1
n−2 3
y= 4
x−4 n = –3
109
Exercise 7 Find the equation of the straight line that passes through point P and parallel to the given
straight line in general form.
Cari persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik P dan selari dengan garis lurus yang diberi dalam bentuk am.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 7 1 2y − 6x + 5 = 0, P(4, 1)
3y − 2x − 12 = 0, P(2, –5) 2y − 6x + 5 = 0
Solution 2y = 6x − 5
3y − 2x − 12 = 0 5
y = 3x −
3y = 2x + 12 2
2 m=3
y = x + 4 y = mx + c
3
2 The equation of the straight line,
m= y – y1 = m(x − x1)
3
The equation of the straight line, y − 1 = 3(x − 4)
Persamaan garis lurus, y − 1 = 3x − 12
y – y1 = m(x – x1) y = 3x − 11
2 3x − y − 11 = 0
y − (–5) = (x − 2)
3
3(y + 5) = 2(x − 2)
3y + 15 = 2x − 4
2x − 3y − 19 = 0
110
Exercise 8 Find the equation of the straight line that passes through point P and perpendicular to the
given straight line in general form.
Cari persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik P dan berserenjang dengan garis lurus yang diberi dalam bentuk am.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 8 1 y – 2x + 7 = 0, P(2, 6)
y – 2x + 7 = 0
4y − 3x − 8 = 0, P(1, –4) y = 2x − 7
Solution m1 = 2
1
4y − 3x − 8 = 0 m2 = –
4y = 3x + 8 m1 m2 = –1 2
3 3 The equation of the straight line,
y = x + 2 × m2 = –1
4 4 y – y1 = m2(x − x1)
4
3 4 m2 = –
m1 = , m2 = – 3 1
4 3 y − 6 = – (x − 2)
2
The equation of the straight line,
2(y − 6) = –(x − 2)
Persamaan garis lurus,
2y − 12 = –x + 2
y − y1 = m2(x − x1)
x + 2y – 14 = 0
4
y − (–4) = – (x − 1)
3
3(y + 4) = –4(x − 1)
3y + 12 = –4x + 4
4x + 3y + 8 = 0
111
1 A developer is required to build a new straight 2 The diagram below shows the positions of four
road which passes through the point (–2, 5). It is rest huts, E, F, G and H in a park. It is given that
given that a straight road that was already built EF is parallel to GH.
can be expressed as 2y = 3x − 4. The developer is Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kedudukan empat buah
required to build the new road such that it does pondok rehat, E, F, G dan H di sebuah taman. Diberi
not intersect with the existing road. Determine bahawa EF adalah selari dengan GH.
the equation of the new road. y
Pemaju dikehendaki untuk membina sebatang jalan
raya lurus baharu yang melalui titik (–2, 5). Diberi
bahawa sebatang jalan raya lurus yang telah dibina E(3, 6)
F(7, 4)
dapat diungkapkan sebagai 2y = 3x − 4. Pemaju tersebut
dikehendaki untuk membina jalan raya baharu supaya
tidak bersilang dengan jalan raya yang sedia ada. Tentukan x
O
persamaan bagi jalan raya baharu itu. G(2, –3)
112
QR CODE
m2 = –
The equation of OE is y = 3x. 2
The gradient of straight line OE is m1. The equation of PQ,
m1 = 3
h–0 h y − y1 = m2(x − x1), P(12, 10)
m1 = = 1
4–0 4 y − 10 = – (x – 12)
h 2
Hence, = 3 2y − 20 = –x + 12
4
x + 2y = 32
h = 12
Solve
The gradient of EG is m2.
y = 2x + 6 1
k–h k–h
m2 = = x + 2y = 32 2
7–4 3
From 2 , x = 32 − 2y
m1m2 = –1 Substitute x into 1 ,
k–h y = 2(32 − 2y) + 6
(3)
3
= –1
y = 64 – 4y + 6
k – h = –1 5y = 70
k – (12) = –1 y = 14
k = 11 From 1 ,
∴ h = 12, k = 11 14 = 2x + 6
2x = 8
x=4
Hence, Q = (4, 14)
113
Smart Tip
Area of a quadrilateral/Luas sisi empat
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
y
2 1 y 2
y 3
y 4
y1 y
1 A(x1, y1)
= 2 (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1 − (y1x2 + y2x3 + y3x4 + y4x1)
B(x2, y2)
1 If the vertices are arranged in the anticlockwise order, the
answer is positive.
Jika bucu-bucu disusun mengikut tertib arah lawan jam, jawapan yang
x
diperoleh adalah positif. O
2 If the vertices are arranged in the clockwise order, the answer is D(x4, y4)
negative. C(x3, y3)
Jika bucu-bucu disusun mengikut tertib arah jam, jawapan yang diperoleh
adalah negatif.
114
Example 10
P(2, 0), Q(7, 1), R(5, 9), S(–1, 4)
Solution
1 2 7 5 –1 2
Area/Luas =
2 0 1 9 4 0
1
= [(2)(1) + (7)(9) + (5)(4) + (–1)(0)] − [(0)(7) + (1)(5) + (9)(–1) + (4)(2)]
2
1
= [2 + 63 + 20 + 0] − [0 + 5 – 9 + 8]
2
1
= (85) − (4)
2
1
= 81
2
= 40.5
1 A(3, 6), B(7, 8), C(6, 0), D(1, 2) 2 A(–1, 4), B(5, 3), C(6, –1), D(0, 4)
1 3 7 6 1 3 1 –1 5 6 0 –1
Area =
2 6 8 0 2 6 Area =
2 4 3 –1 4 4
1 1
= [(3)(8) + (7)(0) + (6)(2) + (1)(6)] = [(–1)(3) + (5)(–1) + (6)(4) + (0)(4)]
2 2
− [(6)(7) + (8)(6) + (0)(1) + (2)(3)] − [(4)(5) + (3)(6) + (–1)(0) + (4)(–1)]
1 1
= [24 + 0 + 12 + 6] – [42 + 48 + 0 + 6] = [–3 + (–5) + 24 + 0] – [20 + 18 + 0 – 4]
2 2
1 1
= (42) – (96) = (16) – (34)
2 2
1 1
= (–54) = (–18)
2 2
= 27 =9
The area of quadrilateral ABCD is 27 units2. The area of quadrilateral ABCD is 9 units2.
3 E(–1, 2), F(6, 3), G(3, 2), H(1, –4) 4 E(–2, 1), F(5, 4), G(4, –1), H(2, –3)
1 –1 6 3 1 –1 1 –2 5 4 2 –2
Area = 2 3 2 –4 2
2
Area = 1 4 –1 –3 1
2
1 1
= [(–1)(3) + (6)(2) + (3)(–4) + (1)(2)] = [(–2)(4) + (5)(–1) + (4)(–3) + (2)(1)]
2 2
− [(2)(6) + (3)(3) + (2)(1) + (–4)(–1)] – [(1)(5) + (4)(4) + (–1)(2) + (–3)(–2)]
1 1
2
= (–1) − (27)
2
= (–23) − (25)
1 1
2
= (–28)
2
= (–48)
= 14 = 24
The area of quadrilateral EFGH is 14 units2. The area of quadrilateral EFGH is 24 units2.
115
Example 11
A(1, 0), B(2, –1), C(3, 6), D(0, 3), E(–3, 4)
Solution
1 1 2 3 0 –3 1
Area/Luas =
2 0 –1 6 3 4 0
1
= [(1)(–1) + (2)(6) + (3)(3) + (0)(4) + (–3)(0)] – [(0)(2) + (–1)(3) + (6)(0) + (3)(–3) + (4)(1)]
2
1
= [–1 + 12 + 9 + 0 + 0] – [0 – 3 + 0 – 9 + 4]
2
1
= (20) − (–8)
2
1
= 28
2
= 14
1 P(–2, –1), Q(1, 0), R(2, 5), S(1, 4), T(0, 6) 2 P(0, 6), Q(2, 7), R(3, 5), S(4, 0), T(3, –1)
1 –2 1 2 1 0 –2 1 0 2 3 4 3 0
Area = –1 0 5 4 6 –1
2
Area = 6 7 5 0 –1 6
2
1 1
= [(–2)(0) + (1)(5) + (2)(4) + (1)(6) + (0)(–1)] = [(0)(7) + (2)(5) + (3)(0) + (4)(–1) + (3)(6)]
2 2
− [(–1)(1) + (0)(2) + (5)(1) + (4)(0) + (6)(–2)] – [(6)(2) + (7)(3) + (5)(4) + (0)(3) +(–1)(0)]
1 1
2
[0 + 5 + 8 + 6 + 0] – [–1 + 0 + 5 + 0 – 12]
2
= = [0 + 10 + 0 + (–4) + 18] – [12 + 21 + 20 + 0 + 0]
1 1
2
(19) – (–8)
2
= = (24) – (53)
1 1
2
(27)
2
= = (–29)
= 13.5 = 14.5
The area of polygon PQRST is 13.5 units2 The area of polygon PQRST is 14.5 units2
116
Example 12
In the diagram below, the shaded region represents a newly cleared campsite.
Dalam rajah di bawah, rantau berlorek mewakili kawasan tapak perkhemahan yang baru dibersihkan.
y
N(–7, 6) (5 m)
P(3, 4)
M(–5, 2)
x
O (5 m)
Solution
1 0 3 –7 –5 0
Area/Luas =
2 0 4 6 2 0
1
= [(0)(4) + (3)(6) + (–7)(2) + (–5)(0)] – [(0)(3) + (4)(–7) + (6)(–5) + (2)(0)]
2
1
= [0 + 18 – 14 + 0] – [0 – 28 – 30 + 0]
2
1
= (4) – (–58)
2
1
= 62
2
= 31
The area of quadrilateral OMPN is (31 × 5 × 5) m2 = 775 m2.
Luas sisi empat OMPN ialah (31 × 5 × 5) m2 = 775 m2.
1 The diagram below shows the region of an orchard that belongs to Lokman.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kawasan dusun milik Lokman.
y
A(4, 8)
B(–3, 6)
x
O D(8, 0)
C(0, –4)
117
1 –2 1 7 –2
Area = 7 4 –2 7
2
1
= [(–2)(4) + (1)(–2) + (7)(7)] – [(7)(1) + (4)(7) + (–2)(–2)]
2
1
2
= [–8 + (–2) + 49] – [7 + 28 + 4]
1
2
= (39) – (39)
= 0
The points (–2, 7), (1, 4), (7, –2) are collinear.
3 Show that the points (–1, –7), (0, –6), (8, 2), (9, 3), (2, –4) are collinear.
Tunjukkan bahawa titik-titik (–1, –7), (0, –6), (8, 2), (9, 3), (2, –4) adalah segaris.
1 –1 0 8 9 2 –1
Area = –7 –6 2 3 –4 –7
2
1
= [(–1)(–6) + (0)(2) + (8)(3) + (9)(–4) + (2)(–7)] – [(–7)(0) + (–6)(8) + (2)(9) + (3)(2) +(–4)(–1)]
2
1
2
= [6 + 0 + 24 + (–36) + (-14)] – [0 + (–48) + 18 + 6 + 4]
1
2
= (–20) – (–20)
1
2
= –20 + 20
= 0
The points (–1, –7), (0, –6), (8, 2), (9, 3), (2, –4) are collinear.
Smart Tip
The equation of the locus of point A(x , y) which moves such that its distance is d units from a A(x, y)
fixed point B(x1 , y1): d
Persamaan lokus bagi titik A(x , y) yang bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya ialah d unit dari satu titik tetap B(x1 , y1):
•
(x – x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = d2 B(x1, y1)
Exercise 14 Find the equation of the locus of point L(x, y) which moves such that its distance is d units
from a fixed point P.
Cari persamaan lokus bagi titik L(x, y) yang bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya ialah d unit dari satu titik
tetap P.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
118
4
L(x, y) PL = 6 5 PL = 4
• [x – (–2)]2 + [y – (–8)]2 = 62 (x – 3)2 + (y – 7)2 = 42
(x + 2)2 + (y + 8)2 = 62 x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 14y + 49 = 16
6 units P(3, 7)
x + 4x + 4 + y2 + 16y + 64 = 36
2
x
4 units
• 2
+ y2 – 6x – 14y + 42 = 0
• x2 + y2 + 4x + 16y + 32 = 0
P(–2, –8)
•
L(x, y)
Smart Tip
The equation of the locus of point A(x, y) which moves such that its distance from point A(x, y)
P(x1 , y1) and point Q(x2 , y2) are in the ratio of m : n
Persamaan lokus bagi titik A(x , y) yang bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya dari titik P(x1 , y1) dan titik Q(x2 , y2)
adalah dalam nisbah m : n
(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 m P(x1, y1) Q(x2, y2)
= or/atau n(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = m(x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2
(x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 n
Example 14
Given A(2, –3) and B(–1, 2). P(x, y) is a moving point
such that AP : PB = 2 : 3. Find the equation of locus P. Smart Tip
Diberi A(2, –3) dan B(–1, 2). P(x, y) ialah satu titik yang
bergerak dengan keadaan AP : PB = 2 : 3. Cari persamaan lokus P. If the locus of point P is equidistant (m : n = 1 : 1)
from two fixed points, A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), AB, the
Solution locus is the perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
AP 2 Jika lokus titik P adalah sama jarak (m : n = 1 : 1) dari dua titik
=
PB 3 tetap, A(x1, y1) dan B(x2, y2), AB, lokus itu ialah pembahagi dua
3AP = 2PB sama serenjang bagi garis AB.
Locus P
3(x − 2)2 + [y − (–3)]2 = 2[x − (–1)]2 + (y – 2)2 Lokus P
AP = PB
9[(x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2] = 4[(x + 1)2 + (y − 2)2]
9(x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 + 6y + 9) = 4(x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 − 4y + 4) (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = (x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 A B
9(x2 − 4x + y2 + 6y + 13) = 4(x2 + 2x + y2 − 4y + 5) (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = (x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2
9x2 − 36x + 9y2 + 54y + 117 = 4x2 + 8x + 4y2 − 16y + 20
5x2 + 5y2 − 44x + 70y + 97 = 0
119
Smart Tip
b2 – 4ac > 0
(locus passes through the x-axis/y-axis)
b2 – 4ac > 0
(lokus melalui paksi-x/paksi-y)
b2 – 4ac < 0
(locus does not pass through the x-axis/y-axis)
b2 – 4ac < 0
(lokus tidak melalui paksi-x/paksi-y)
120
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 The equation of the If x = 25, R(25, –24)
H= , walkway, 13y = 10(25) − 562
m+n m+n
1(–120) + 4(–20) 1(30) + 4(–100) 10 13y = –312
= , y – (–74) = [x – (–40)] y = –24
4+1 4+1 13
The flag pole R is on the
= (–40, –74) 13(y + 74) = 10(x + 40)
walkway and should be
13y + 962 = 10x + 400
Gradient of PQ, moved to another place.
13y = 10x – 562
–100 – 30 13
mPQ = =–
–20 – (–120) 10
Let the gradient of walkway = m2
mPQ × m2 = –1
10
m2 =
13
121
Review 7
Paper 1 Questions
1 The following information refers to the equation pada satah Cartes, dengan keadaan E dan F terletak di
SPM of two straight lines, PQ and RS. sebelah tebing sungai yang sama.
CLONE
`18 Maklumat berikut adalah merujuk kepada persamaan dua y
P1Q10
garis lurus, PQ dan RS.
F(8, 6)
PQ: y = 4ax – 6
x y E(–1, 3)
RS: + =1
6b 8
where a and b are constants. O
x
dengan keadaan a dan b ialah pemalar.
G(4, –2)
Given the straight lines PQ and RS are
perpendicular to each other. Express a in terms of Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
b. Khalid wants to cross the river from tent G to
Diberi garis lurus PQ dan RS adalah berserenjang antara the opposite riverbank where the tents E and F
satu sama lain. Ungkapkan a dalam sebutan b. are located. Find the shortest distance, in m, that
[3 marks/markah] he can take to cross the river. Give your answer
correct to three decimal places.
2 Diagram 1 shows the position of three tents, E, Khalid hendak menyeberangi sungai dari khemah G ke tebing
SPM
CLONE
F and G near a riverbank drawn on a Cartesian sungai bertentangan di mana khemah E dan F terletak.
`18
P1Q23
plane, such that E and F lie on the same side of Cari jarak terpendek, dalam m, yang dia boleh lalui untuk
the riverbank. menyeberangi sungai itu. Beri jawapan anda betul kepada
Rajah 1 menunjukkan kedudukan bagi tiga buah khemah, E, tiga tempat perpuluhan.
F dan G berhampiran tebing sebatang sungai yang dilukis [4 marks/markah]
122
G(6, q)
x
x O H(8, 0)
O
H Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
y = px − 4 Point G lies on the straight line FH such that FG :
GH = 4 : 1. Find the values of p and q.
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
Titik G terletak pada garis lurus FH dengan keadaan FG :
Both straight lines are perpendicular to each other. GH = 4 : 1. Cari nilai p dan q.
Kedua-dua garis lurus itu adalah berserenjang antara satu [3 marks/markah]
sama lain.
Paper 2 Questions
F(–7, 9)
G(p, 3)
x
O
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
(a) Given the area of the triangle OFG is 33 units2, find the value of p.
Diberi luas segi tiga OFG ialah 33 unit2, cari nilai p.
[2 marks/markah]
(b) Point H(1, 5) lies on the straight line FG.
Titik H(1, 5) terletak pada garis lurus FG.
(i) Find FH : HG.
Cari FH : HG.
(ii) Point L moves such that LG = 2LH.
Find the equation of locus L.
Titik L bergerak dengan keadaan LG = 2LH.
Cari persamaan lokus L.
[4 marks/markah]
123
x
O
Town H
Bandar H
(7, –4)
L
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
KL is a straight road such that the distance from town G and town H to any point on the road is always equal.
KL ialah sebuah jalan raya lurus dengan keadaan jarak dari bandar G dan bandar H ke mana−mana titik pada jalan raya adalah
sentiasa sama.
(a) Find the equation of KL.
Cari persamaan bagi KL.
[3 marks/markah]
(b) Another straight road, PQ with the equation y = 3x − 7 is to be built.
Sebuah jalan raya lurus yang lain, PQ dengan persamaan y = 3x − 7 akan dibina.
(i) A traffic light is to be installed at the crossroads of the two roads. Find the coordinates of the traffic
light.
Sebuah lampu isyarat akan dipasang di persimpangan kedua-dua jalan raya itu. Cari koordinat bagi lampu isyarat itu.
2
(ii) Which road passes through town T 1 3 , −52?
2
Jalan yang manakah melalui bandar T 1 3 , −52?
[4 marks/markah]
F(7, 7)
y = 2x + 5
D(–1, 1)
x
O
G
Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
Find/Cari
(a) the equation of the straight line GF,
persamaan garis lurus GF,
[2 marks/markah]
(b) the equation of the straight line DG,
persamaan garis lurus DG,
[3 marks/markah]
(c) the coordinates of G,
koordinat G,
[2 marks/markah]
(d) the area, in unit2, of the quadrilateral DEFG.
luas, dalam unit2, sisi empat DEFG.
[3 marks/markah]
124
Squirrel G
Tupai G
Squirrel F
Tupai F
x
O
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
The coordinates of squirrel F and squirrel G are (–5, 4) and (11, 12) respectively. Both squirrels move towards
each other on a straight line at different speeds. The speed of squirrel F is three times the speed of squirrel G.
Find the distance of squirrel F from its initial position when it meets squirrel G. HOTS Applying
Koordinat bagi tupai F dan tupai G masing-masing ialah (–5, 4) dan (11, 12). Kedua-dua tupai itu bergerak ke arah satu sama
lain pada suatu garis lurus dengan laju yang berbeza. Laju bagi tupai F ialah tiga kali ganda laju tupai G. Cari jarak tupai F dari
kedudukan awalnya apabila tupai F bertemu dengan tupai G.
2 Diagram 2 shows a campsite OMNP that had been cleared by a group of scouts. Points F, G and H are centre
SPM of the tents, M, N and P, respectively. F, G and H are collinear.
CLONE
`15 Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah tapak perkhemahan OMNP yang telah dibersihkan oleh sekumpulan pengakap. Titik-titik F, G dan H
P2Q3
masing-masing ialah pusat khemah M, N dan P. F, G dan H adalah segaris.
N(10, 14)
H(11, 8)
G(2, 5)
M(–5, 3) F P(15, 1)
x
O
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
Given the distance of point H is three times from point G and four times from point F.
Diberi jarak titik H ialah tiga kali ganda dari titik G dan empat kali ganda dari titik F.
(a) Find/Cari,
(i) the area, in units2, of the campsite OMNP,
luas, dalam unit2, tapak perkhemahan OMNP,
(ii) the coordinates of F.
koordinat bagi F.
(b) A scout spread sulphur powder around tent H such that the distance of the sulphur powder track from
the centre of H is always 3 m. Find the equation of the track of the sulphur powder. HOTS Applying
Seorang pengakap menabur serbuk belerang mengelilingi khemah H dengan keadaan jarak serbuk belerang dari pusat khemah
H ialah sentiasa 3 m. Cari persamaan laluan serbuk belerang itu.
125
8 Vectors
Vektor
Smart Tip
Scalar quantity is a quantity that has magnitude only.
Kuantiti skalar ialah suatu kuantiti yang hanya mempunyai magnitud.
Vector quantity is a quantity that has magnitude and direction.
Kuantiti vektor ialah kuantiti yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah.
Exercise 1 Identify whether the quantity given is a scalar quantity or a vector quantity.
Kenal pasti sama ada kuantiti yang diberi ialah kuantiti skalar atau kuantiti vektor.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang vektor.
Example 1
Solution
Distance and displacement Distance Displacement
Jarak dan sesaran Jarak Sesaran
Smart Tip
1 A vector can be represented by a directed line segment. An arrow shows the direction of the vector from the initial
point to the terminal point and the length of the line represents the magnitude of the vector.
Suatu vektor boleh diwakilkan menggunakan tembereng garis berarah. Anak panah menunjukkan arah vektor dari titik awal ke titik terminal
dan panjang garis mewakili magnitud vektor.
126
→ →
Example 2 1 |PQ | 2 |PQ |
→ 1 unit 1 unit
|AD | 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit
Q
D 1 unit P Q
→
|PQ | = 4 units P
A
→
Solution |PQ | = 3 units
→
|AD | = 62 + 32
= 36 + 9
= 45
= 6.708 units/unit
→
3 |AB | 4 |a | 5 |v |
1 unit 1 unit 1 unit
1 unit 1 unit
A 1 unit
a
~ v
~
→ |a | = 62 + 22 |v | = 122 + 52
|AB | = 32 + 42 = 36 + 4 = 144 + 25
= 9 + 16 = 40 = 169
= 25 = 6.325 units = 13 units
= 5 units
Example 3 1 u . Draw
The diagram shows the vector ~
Rajah menunjukkan vektor ~
u . Lukiskan
The diagram shows the Smart Tip (a) 2u
~ , (b) −2u
~ , (c) 3u
~.
a . Draw
vector ~ 1 If a is a vector
Rajah menunjukkan vektor ~
a. and k is a scalar,
Lukiskan then magnitude
3 of ka u
~ is k times ~
(a) −a a. a. ~
~ , (b) 2a
~ , (c) 2 ~ Jika a ialah suatu vektor
Solution dan k ialah skalar, (a) (b)
maka magnitud ka
ialah k kali a . (c)
~ 2u –2u
a
~ 2 If k > 0, then ka ~ ~
~
is in the same
direction with ~ a. 3u
~
–a Jika k > 0, maka ka
~ ~
(a) adalah sama dengan
arah a .
2a ~
~ 3 If k < 0, then ka
~
is in the opposite
(b)
direction of ~a.
Jika k < 0, maka ka
~
adalah bertentangan
3a
(c) 2~ dengan arah a .
~
127
Example 4 1
u
F ~ G
a B
~ J K
C
A F
D M N
Q
P Q
E
S R
P
→
→ Given FG = ~u . State each of the following in
Given AB = ~a . State each of the following in u.
terms of ~
a.
terms of ~ →
→ Diberi FG = ~
u . Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan ~
u.
Diberi AB = ~
a . Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam → −→
sebutan ~
a. (a) JK, (b) MN,
→ → → → →
(a) CD, (b)
EF, (c)
PQ. (c) PQ, (d) RS.
Solution → 1
→ (a) JK = ~ u
(a) CD = −a 2
~ −→
→ (b) MN = 2u
(b) EF = 3a ~
→ ~ → 3
(c) PQ = ~ u
(c) PQ = 4a 2
~
→ 5
(d) RS = − ~ u
2
2 3
Q P
x
~
w
~
Q
P
B C E B C
A
H
E D
F
A D
F
→
Given PQ = w~. State each of the following in G
terms of w.
~ →
Diberi PQ = w
~. Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam →
sebutan w. Given PQ = ~x . State each of the following in
→ ~ → → x.
terms of ~
(a) AB, (b)
CD, (c)
EF. →
Diberi PQ = ~
x . Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan ~
x.
→ →
→ 5 (a) AB, (b)
CD,
(a) AB = w → →
2~ (c) EF, (d) GH.
→ 5
(b) CD = − w →
→ 2~ (a) AB = −x
(c) EF = −2w → ~
~ (b) CD = 2x
→ 3~
(c) EF = ~ x
2
→
(d) GH = −3x ~
128
Exercise 5 Show that each pair of the following vectors are parallel.
Tunjukkan bahawa setiap pasangan vektor berikut adalah selari.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang vektor untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
→ → → →
Example 5 1 AB = 10x and/dan CD = 2x . 2 BC = 3x and/dan EF = −5x .
~ ~ ~ ~
1 3 → →
u= ~x + y and/dan ~
v =~
x + 3y . AB = 10x EF = −5x
~ 2 2~ ~ ~ ~
1→
= 5(2x ~ x = − EF
Solution ~) 5
→ →
1 3 = 5CD BC = 3x
u = ~ x+ y ~
~ 2 2~ → → 1→
1 1 AB = 5CD 1
= 3 − EF
5
2
= (x + 3y ) = ~v → →
2 ~ ~ 2 ∴ AB and CD are parallel. 3→
1 = − EF
u = ~ v 5
~ 2 → 3→
v are parallel. BC = − EF
~ and ~
∴ u
u dan ~
v adalah selari. → 5 →
~ ∴ BC and EF are parallel.
1 1
u = 8x v = 2x y. x = 4a b and/dan y = 24a
~ + 2y and/dan ~ ~ + 2~ ~ – 2~ ~ – 3b
~.
3 4 ~
~ ~ ~
u = 8x y = 24a
~ ~ + 2y
~ ~ ~ – 3b
~
1 1
1
= 4 2x~ + 2~ y 2 1
= 6 4a~ − 2~b 2
= 4v = 6x
~ ~
u = 4v y = 6x
~ ~ ~ ~
v are parallel. x are parallel.
~ and ~
∴ u ∴ y and ~
~
u and ~
Exercise 6 Given two non-parallel and non-zero vectors, ~ v . Find the values of h and k.
Diberi dua vektor yang tidak selari dan bukan sifar, ~
u dan ~
v . Cari nilai h dan k.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang vektor untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 6 1 hu
~ = (k + 3)v
~
(h + 1)u
~ = (3k – 5)v
~ h=0 , k + 3 = 0
Solution k = –3
h + 1 = 0 , 3k – 5 = 0
h = −1 3k = 5 ∴ h = 0 and k = –3
5
k =
5 3
∴ h = −1 and/dan k =
3
129
Smart Tip
Triangle Law Parallelogram Law Polygon Law
Hukum Segi Tiga Hukum Segi Empat Selari Hukum Poligon
D
C D C d c
~ ~
a+b a+b
~ ~ b ~ ~ E C
b ~
~
e b
~ ~
A A
a B a B
~ ~ A B
a
~
→ → → → → → → → → → →
AC = AB + BC AC = AB + AD AE = AB + BC + CD + DE
= a + b = a + b e = a + b + c + d
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
P
P Q
B E → →
Find SR + RP.
Find/Cari → →
→ → Cari SR + RP.
A F (a) PS + PQ,
→ → →
Find/Cari (b) QP + QR. SP
→ →
(a) AE + ED, →
→ → (a) PR
(b) AC − BC. →
(b) QS
Solution
→
(a) AD
→ →
(b) AC − BC
→ →
= AC – (–CB)
→ →
= AC + CB
→
= AB
130
C D R
R Q S
B E P
O
Find/Cari
A F → → P T
(a) PQ – RQ,
→ →
Find/Cari (b) QP – QR. Find/Cari
→ → → →
(a) AB + AF, (a) PT – ST,
→ → → →
→ → (a) PQ − RQ
(b) OD + OF. (b) PR – QR.
→ →
= PQ – (–QR)
→ → → → →
(a) AO = PQ + QR (a) PT − ST
→ → → →
(b) OE = PR = PT – (–TS)
→ → → →
(b) QP − QR = PT + TS
→ → →
= QP – (–RQ) = PS
→ → → →
= QP + RQ (b) PR − QR
→ → →
= RP = PR – (–RQ )
→ →
= PR + RQ
→
= PQ
Example 8 1
a u– ~
4 1
u+ ~ u
~ – 4~
1 2a 2 ~ 5 5
(4p + 3q ) – (p – 2q ) 8 1 5 4 1
~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ a– ~ a = ~ u– ~ u+ ~ u
Solution 4 4 5 5 5
= 4p + 3q – p + 2q 7 2
= ~ a = ~ u
~ ~ ~ ~ 4 5
= 3p + 5q
~ ~
b ) – (2a y) v ) – (u
~ +~ ~ + 3b
~) ~ + 4y ) – (4x
~ –~ ~ −~ ~ – 3v
~)
3 (5a 4 (x 5 (2u
= 5a + b – 2a – 3b ~ = 2u – v – u + 3v
~ ~ ~ ~ =~ x + 4y – 4x +y ~ ~ ~ ~
= 3a ~ ~ ~ u + 2v
~ – 2b = −3x + 5y =~
~ ~ ~
~
~ + 2y ) + (x
~ + 2y
6 (3x ) 1 1
= 3x +
~
2y + x +
~
2y
7 1 2 ~a – 5b~2 + (2a~ + 3b~) 8 13u~ – 3 ~v2 + (u~ – 2v~)
~ ~ ~ ~
= 4x + 4y 1 1
= ~a – 5b v+~
u – 2v
~ + 2a
~ + 3b = 3u
~ ~ 2 ~ ~ – 3~ ~
5 7
= ~a – 2b = 4u v
2 ~ ~ – 3~
131
2 Given p = 3i~ – 4j and q = ki~ – 5j , where k is a 3 The diagram shows a triangle OAC and B is a
~ ~ ~ ~ point on the line AC.
constant. Find the possible values of k such that
|3p – q | = 170. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga OAC dan B ialah satu
~ ~ titik pada garis AC.
Diberi p = 3i~ – 4j dan q = ki – 5j , dengan keadaan k ialah
~ ~ ~ ~ A
pemalar. Cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi k dengan
keadaan |3p – q | = 170 . a
~
B
~ ~
|3p – q | = 170 O c
~ ~ ~ C
|3(3i~ – 4j ) – (ki~ – 5j )| = 170 → →
~ ~ Given OA = ~
a , OC = ~c and AB : BC = 1 : 3, find
|9i~ – 12j – ki~ + 5j | = 170 → →
~ ~ Diberi OA = ~
a , OC = ~c dan AB : BC = 1 : 3, cari
|(9 − k)i~ – 7j | = 170 → →
~ (a) AC, (b) OB.
(9 – k)2 + (–7)2 = 170
(9 – k)2 + 49 = 170 → → →
(a) OA + AC = OC
81 – 18k + k2 + 49 = 170 →
k2 – 18k – 40 = 0 a + AC = ~c
~ →
(k + 2)(k – 20) = 0 AC = ~c – ~a
k = −2, k = 20 → → →
(b) OB = OA + AB
1
=~a + (c – a)
4 ~ ~ A
1 1 c–a
(1) ~ ~
=~a + ~c – ~ a a B
4 4 ~
3 1 (3)
= ~ a + ~c O
4 4 c
~ C
132
Smart Tip
x r
~ ~ ~ 1 2
It is given that r = xi + yj = y , therefore the magnitude of the vector, |r | = x2 + y2 and the unit vector, ^
~
r= ~.
~ |r |
x r ~
~ ~ ~ 1 2
Diberi bahawa r = xi + yj = y , maka magnitud vektor, |r | = x2 + y2 dan vektor unit, ^
~
r= ~.
~ |r |
~
Example 10 1 y 2 y
y 8 8
8
6 6
m p
~ ~
6
4 4
a
4 ~
2 2
2 x x
O 2 4 6 8 O 2 4 6 8
x
O 2 4 6 8 (a) 7i~ + 3j (a) 5i~ + 7j
~ ~
Solution (b) 7 1 2 (b) 5 1 2
5 3 7
(a) 5i~ − 6j (b)
~ –6 1 2
3 y 4 y 5 y
8 4
6
6 q 2 w
~ v ~
~ 4
4 x
–2 O 2 4
2
2 –2
x
–2 O 2 4
x –4
O 2 4 6 8
(a) –7i~ – 6j
(a) 6i~ – 7j (a) 9i~ + 7j ~
~ ~ (b) –7 1 2
(b) 6 (b) 9 –6
–7 1 2 7 1 2
Exercise 11 Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector given.
Cari vektor unit dalam arah vektor yang diberi.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang vektor.
Example 11 1 u = −i~ + 2j
~ 2 u = 4i~ – 3j
~
~ ~
u = 2i~ − 5j (–1)2 + (2)2 (4)2 + (–3)2
~ |u
~| = |u
Solution
~ ~| =
= 1 + 4 = 16 + 9
|u
~| =
(2)2 + (–5)2 = 5 = 25
= 4 + 25 ^ 1 =5
u = (–i~ + 2j )
= 29 ~ 5 ~ ^ 1
u = (4i~ – 3j )
^ 1 ~ 5 ~
u= (2i − 5j )
~ 29 ~ ~
133
Example 13
The diagram shows three points, P, Q and R drawn on a Cartesian plane. y
Rajah menunjukkan tiga titik, P, Q dan R dilukis pada satah Cartes. P(–6, 8)
It is given that OP = –6i~ + 8j , OQ = –2i~ + 6j and OR = –4i~ + 3j . Point S
~ the y-axis and
is the reflection of point R in ~ the points P, Q and
~ S are
→ → Q(–2, 6)
collinear such that SQ = bQP. Find the the value of b.
Diberi bahawa OP = –6i~ + 8j , OQ = –2i~ + 6j dan OR = –4i~ + 3j . Titik S ialah pantulan R(–4, 3) S
~ ~ ~
bagi titik R pada paksi-y dan titik-titik P, Q dan S adalah segaris dengan keadaan
→ → x
SQ = bQP. Cari nilai b. O
Solution
→ → → → → y
SQ = OQ – OS Given/Diberi SQ = βQP,
= (–2i~ + 6j ) – (4i~ + 3j ) –6i~ + 3j = β(–4i~ + 2j ) P(–6, 8)
~ ~ ~ ~
= –2i~ + 6j – 4i~ – 3j 3(–2i~ + j ) = 2β(–2i~ + j )
~ ~ ~ ~ Q(–2, 6)
= –6i~ + 3j Compare/Bandingkan,
→ → ~
→
2β = 3 –6i~+ 8j
QP = OP – OQ ~ –2i~+ 6j S(4, 3)
~
= (–6i~ + 8j ) – (–2i~ + 6j ) 3 4i~+ 3j
~ ~ β = ~ x
= –6i~ + 8j + 2i~ – 6j 2 O
~ ~
= –4i~ + 2j
~
134
p – 3 = 0
4q + 5 – p = 0
,
p = 3
4q + 5 – (3) = 0
4q = −2
2
q = −
4
1
= −
2
135
A B
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
→ → →
(a) Express EB + BC − DC as a single vector.
→ → →
Ungkapkan EB + BC − DC sebagai satu vektor tunggal. Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
→ →
(b) Given OD = ~ d , OE = ~e and the length of each →
(a) Express AD in the form of px
~ + qy , where p
side of the pentagon is 7 units. Find the unit ~
→ and q are constants.
vector in the direction of ED, in terms of ~d →
Ungkapkan AD dalam bentuk px
~ + qy , dengan keadaan
and ~e . p dan q ialah pemalar. ~
→ →
Diberi OD = ~d , OE = ~e dan panjang bagi setiap sisi (b) In Diagram 3, mark and label the point W
pentagon itu ialah 7 unit. Cari vektor unit dalam arah −→ → →
→ such that DW + AB = 2AC.
ED, dalam sebutan ~ d dan ~e . Pada Rajah 3, tanda dan labelkan titik W dengan
[3 marks/markah] −→ → →
keadaan DW + AB = 2AC.
[3 marks/markah]
3 Diagram 2 shows a trapezium EFGH.
SPM Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah trapezium EFGH.
CLONE
5 F(3, 5) and G(−3, 6) lie on a Cartesian plane. It is
`17
P1Q4 G → → →
H SPM
CLONE given that 3OF = 2OG + OH. Find
v `18 F(3, 5) dan G(−3, 6) terletak pada satah Cartes. Diberi
~ P1Q9
→ → →
E u bahawa 3OF = 2OG + OH. Cari
~
(a) the coordinates of H,
koordinat H,
→
F (b) |FH|.
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2 [4 marks/markah]
136
Q
G
F
P
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
→ →
It is given that PF : FQ = 1 : 2, QH : HR = 2 : 1, PF = 8x and PR = 12y.
→ ~
→ ~
Diberi bahawa PF : FQ = 1 : 2, QH : HR = 2 : 1, PF = 8x
~ dan PR = 12y .
~
(a) Express in terms of ~x and y
Ungkapkan dalam sebutan ~ ~y
x dan
→ ~
(i) RF,
→
(ii) RH.
[3 marks/markah]
→
x = 3i~ and y = –i~ + 2j , find |RH |.
(b) Given ~
~ ~ →
Diberi ~
x = 3i~ dan y = –i~ + 2j , cari |RH |.
~ ~
→ → → → [2 marks/markah]
(c) Given RG = aRF and GH = bPH, where a and b are constants, find the values of a and b.
→ → → →
Diberi RG = aRF dan GH = bPH, dengan keadaan a dan b ialah pemalar, cari nilai a dan b.
[5 marks/markah]
2 Diagram 2 shows triangles OCG and OFD. The straight lines CG and FD intersect at point H.
SPM Rajah 2 menunjukkan segi tiga OCG dan OFD. Garis lurus CG dan FD bersilang pada titik H.
CLONE
`18
P2Q8 C
F
H
O G D
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
→ → → → → →
It is given that OC = 27x
~, OD = 24y
, OF : FC = 1 : 2, OG : GD = 3 : 1, FH = aFD and GH = bGC, where a and b
are constants. ~
→ → → → → →
Diberi bahawa OC = 27x
~, OD = 24y , OF : FC = 1 : 2, OG : GD = 3 : 1, FH = aFD dan GH = bGC, dengan keadaan a dan b ialah
pemalar. ~
→
(a) Express OH in terms of
→
Ungkapkan OH dalam sebutan
(i) a, ~x and/dan y,
(ii) b, x and/dan ~
y.
~ ~ [4 marks/markah]
(b) Hence, find the the values of a and β.
Seterusnya, cari nilai a dan β.
[4 marks/markah]
→
(c) Given |x | = 1 unit and OC is perpendicular to OD, calculate |FH |.
~ | = 2 units, |y
~ →
Diberi |x
~ | = 2 unit, |y | = 1 unit dan OC adalah berserenjang dengan OD, hitung |FH |.
~
[2 marks/markah]
137
H
E G
Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
→ 1 → → →
Given FK = = FG, EG = 8x and EF = 12y.
4 ~ ~
→ 1 → → →
Diberi FK = = FG, EG = 8x dan EF = 12y.
4 ~ ~
(a) Express in terms of ~x and/or y
Ungkapkan dalam sebutan ~ ~ y
x dan/ atau
→ ~ →
(i) FG, (ii) EK.
[3 marks/markah]
→ → →
(b) It is given that EH = aEK and FH = b(x
~ – 8y ), where a and b are constants. Find the values of a dan b.
→ → → ~
Diberi bahawa EH = aEK dan FH = b(x
~ – 8y ), dengan keadaan a dan b ialah pemalar. Cari nilai a dan b.
~
[5 marks/markah]
→
(c) Given EL = wx , where w is a constant, find the the value of w.
→ ~ + 15y
~
Diberi EL = wx
~ + 15y , dengan keadaan w ialah pemalar, cari nilai w.
~
[2 marks/markah]
H O TS Zo n e
1 Diagram 1 shows the position and the direction of boats P, Q and R in a boat competition.
SPM Rajah 1 menunjukkan kedudukan dan arah bagi bot P, Q dan R dalam satu pertandingan bot.
CLONE
`16
P2Q5
e n
lin ulaa
g
tin erm
ar p
St isan
r
Ga
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
Both boat P and boat Q move in the direction of the water current. The velocity of the water current is given by
3 7
w
~ = 2i~ + 2 ~j m s . Given the velocity of boat P is ~
−1
p = 10i~ + j m s−1 and the velocity of boat Q is q = 4i~ + j m s−1.
2~ ~ ~
3
Kedua-dua bot P dan bot Q bergerak mengikut arah arus air. Halaju arus air diberi oleh w
~ = 2i~ + 2 ~j m s . Diberi halaju bot P ialah
−1
7
p = 10i~ + j m s−1 dan halaju bot Q ialah q = 4i~ + j m s−1.
~ 2 ~ ~
(a) How many times is the resultant velocity of boat P compared to the resultant velocity of boat Q?
Berapa kali gandakah halaju paduan bot P berbanding halaju paduan bot Q? HOTS Evaluating
(b) On the way to the finishing point, boat R faces a technical problem and goes off track. The velocity of
1
boat R is given by ~r = 4i~ – j m s−1.
2~
Dalam perjalanan ke titik penamat, bot R mengalami satu masalah teknikal dan terpesong dari laluan. Halaju bot R diberi oleh
1
~r = 4i~ – 2 ~j m s .
−1
Find/Cari
(i) the resultant velocity of boat R, (ii) the unit vector in the direction of boat R. HOTS Applying
halaju paduan bot R, vektor unit dalam arah bot R.
138
9 Solution of Triangles
Penyelesaian Segi Tiga
Smart Tip
Derivation of sine rule / Terbitan petua sinus A
t t c To find sides:
sin A = and/dan sin B = Untuk mencari sisi:
b a
B
b sin A = t a sin B = t a b c
t b = =
t = b sin A = a sin B sin A sin B sin C
b a a
∴ = To find angles:
sin B sin A
Untuk mencari sudut:
Apply the same method by drawing a line between vertex A and side a to get: C
Gunakan kaedah yang sama dengan melukiskan satu garis di antara bucu A dengan sisi a untuk mendapatkan: sin A sin B sin C
= =
b c a b c
= a b c
sin B sin C Therefore,/Maka, = =
sin A sin B sin C
Example 1
The diagram shows a triangle ABC inside a circle with centre O. Given the radius = R. A
sin A 1
Construct straight line COE and BE where COE = 2R. Hence, show that = . c
a 2R b
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC yang terterap di dalam sebuah bulatan berpusat di O. Diberi O
jejari = R. C
sin A 1 B a
Bina garis lurus COE dan BE dengan keadaan COE = 2R. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa = .
a 2R
Solution
A
So/Maka, ∠CBE = 90° (semicircle/ BC
sin A =
semi bulatan) COE
E c ∠A = ∠E (angles a
O
b sin A =
subtended by a common 2R
C arc/sudut yang dicangkum oleh sin A 1
B a =
lengkok sepunya) a 2R
1 The diagram shows a triangle ABC inside a circle with centre O. Given the radius = R. A
sin B 1
Construct straight line COG and AG where COG = 2R. Hence, show that = .
b 2R c b
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC yang terterap di dalam sebuah bulatan berpusat di O. O
Diberi jejari = R.
sin B 1 a
C
Bina garis lurus COG dan AG dengan keadaan COG = 2R. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa = .
b 2R B
A So, ∠CAG = 90° (semicircle)
∠B = ∠G (angles subtended by a common arc)
G c b AC
sin B =
O GOC
C b
a sin B =
B 2R
sin B 1
=
b 2R
139
Example 2 1
Q P
Smart Tip 50º
16.5 cm
x cm 126º
8.4 cm Apply the sine rule Q
R x cm
when given
Gunakan petua sinus
73º 44º apabila diberi x 16.5
=
P R (a) 1 side and sin 50° sin 126°
2 angles 16.5 sin 50°
Solution 1 sisi dan 2 sudut x =
x 8.4 sin 126°
= (b) 2 sides and
sin 73° sin 44° 1 non-included x = 15.624 cm
angle
8.4 sin 73°
x = 2 sisi dan 1 sudut
sin 44° bukan kandung
x = 11.564 cm
2 3
x cm Q
P Q
80º 54º
15.4 cm x cm
14.6 cm
47º 56º 42’
P R
R
x 15.4
∠PRQ = 180° − 80° − 54° = 46° =
x 14.6 sin 47° sin 56° 42′
= 15.4 sin 47°
sin 46° sin 80° x =
14.6 sin 46° sin 56°42′
x = x = 13.475 cm
sin 80°
x = 10.664 cm
140
R 26º 14’
P R
∠PRQ = 180° − 43° 24′ − 57° 36′ = 79° ∠PRQ = 180° − 26° 14′ − 36° 35′ = 117° 11′
x 16
= x 8
sin 79° sin 57° 36′ =
sin 117° 11 sin 26° 14′
16 sin 79°
x = 8 sin 117° 11′
sin 57° 36′ x =
sin 26° 14′
x = 18.602 cm x = 16.099 cm
Example 3 1 B
A
17.5 cm
9 cm
7 cm
17 cm u 30º
A C
115º
B
u
sin θ sin 30°
C =
Solution 17.5 9
sin q sin 115° 17.5 sin 30°
= sin θ =
7 17 9
7 sin 115° sin θ = 0.9722
sin θ =
17 θ = 76° 28’
sin θ = 0.3732
θ = 21° 55’
2 3
B
24 cm B
A u
u
26 cm
13 cm
117º
130º
C
A C
18 cm
141
u
9 cm 4 cm
15 cm
58º
A C
C
Smart Tip
The Ambiguous Case of the Sine Rule M
Kes Berambiguiti bagi Petua Sinus
p
An ambiguous case of the sine rule will occur
when two sides (n and p) and a non-included n
acute angle (∠N) are given, where the opposite
side of the given angle is shorter than the other P’ N
P
side (n < p). There are two different triangles that
can be drawn (MNP and MNP’), therefore two A non-included angle is the angle which is not between the two
sets of answers would be obtained. sides given.
Kes berambiguiti bagi petua sinus akan berlaku apabila dua Sudut bukan kandung ialah sudut yang tidak terletak di antara dua sisi yang
sisi (n dan p) dan satu sudut tirus bukan kandung (∠N) diberi.
diberi, dengan keadaan sisi yang bertentangan dengan sudut ∠N and ∠P are non-included angles. M p
yang diberi itu lebih pendek daripada sisi yang satu lagi ∠N dan ∠P ialah sudut bukan kandung.
(n < p). Terdapat dua buah segi tiga yang berbeza yang
∠M is an included angle. n
dapat dilukis (MNP dan MNP’), maka dua set jawapan akan
∠M ialah sudut kandung.
diperoleh.
Q
P R
Solution
Q P
P R’ R
R
142
K K’ M A
L B B’ C
Exercise 5 Sketch triangle PQR and find the possible values of ∠R’ in an ambiguous case.
Lakarkan segi tiga PQR dan cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi ∠R’ dalam kes berambiguiti.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
∠P = 27°, p = 7 cm, r = 11 cm Q
Solution Q 14 cm 9 cm
11 cm 7 cm
32º
P R
R’
27º
P R
R’
sin ∠R sin 32°
sin ∠R sin 27° =
= 14 9
11 7 14 sin 32°
11 sin 27° sin ∠R =
sin ∠R = 9
7 = 0.8243
= 0.7134 ∠R = 55° 31’
∠R = 45° 31’ ∠R’ = 180° – 55° 31’
∠R’ = 180° – 45° 31’ = 124° 29’
= 134° 29’
Q P
9 cm 4 cm
9.5 cm
7 cm
24º
P R’ R
43º
Q R
R’
sin ∠R sin 24°
= sin ∠R sin 43°
9 4
=
9 sin 24° 9.5 7
sin ∠R =
4 9.5 sin 43°
sin ∠R =
= 0.9152 7
∠R = 66° 14’ = 0.9256
∠R’ = 180° – 66° 14’ ∠R = 67° 45’
= 113° 46’ ∠R’ = 180° – 67° 45’
= 112° 15’
143
Example 6
F
84º
23 cm
130º
28º
E G
9 cm H
Solution
FH 23 (b) ∠FGH = 130° − 84° = 46° (c) ∠FHG = 180° − 130° = 50°
(a) =
sin 28° sin 130° HG 14.096 FG 14.096
= =
23 sin 28° sin 84° sin 46° sin 50° sin 46°
FH =
sin 130° 14.096 sin 84° 14.096 sin 50°
= 14.096 cm HG = FG =
sin 46° sin 46°
= 19.488 cm = 15.011 cm
1 2 F
F 5 cm
E G
32º
120º
14 cm
19 cm 8 cm
78º
68º 115º
H E G
H
Given EFG is a straight line, find the length of Given EHG is a straight line, find
Diberi EFG ialah garis lurus, cari panjang Diberi EHG ialah garis lurus, cari
(a) FH, (b) EF, (c) EH. (a) ∠FGH, (b) EF, (c) ∠EFG.
144
19 cm
7 cm
cm
10
34º 112º
E G
H
sin ∠FHG sin 112° (b) ∠HFG = 180° − 112° − 40.47° = 27.53° (c) ∠EFH = ∠FHG − ∠FEH
(a) =
7 10 HG 10 = 40.47° − 34°
= = 6.47°
7 sin 112° sin 27.53° sin 112°
sin ∠FHG = EH 10
10 10 sin 27.53° =
= 0.6490 HG = sin 6.47° sin 34°
sin 112°
∠FHG = 40.47° = 4.985 cm 10 sin 6.47°
EH =
sin 34°
= 2.015 cm
Example 7
The diagram shows a triangle ABC with sides a, b and c. B
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC dengan sisi-sisi a, b dan c.
145
c a c a
A b C A b C
Construct straight line AQ which is perpendicular Construct straight line BR which is perpendicular
PAK-21
to BC and Q is on the straight line BC. Hence, to AC and R is on the straight line AC. Hence,
show that b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B. show that c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.
QR CODE
Bina garis lurus AQ yang berserenjang dengan BC dan Q Bina garis lurus BR yang berserenjang dengan AC dan R
berada pada garis lurus BC. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa berada pada garis lurus AC. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac kos B. c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab kos C.
B
B
x a
c a
Q h
c
(a – x)
h
A b–x R x C
A C b
b
In ∆BRC,
In ∆ABQ,
x
x = cos C
= cos B a
c x = a cos C
x = c cos B Pythagoras’ Theorem,
Pythagoras’ Theorem, h2 = a2 – x2 ——— 1
h2 = c2 – x2 ——— 1 In ∆ARB,
In ∆ACQ, h2 = c2 – (b – x)2
h2 = b2 – (a – x)2 = c2 – (b2 – 2bx + x2)
= b2 – (a2 – 2ax + x2) = c2 – b2 + 2bx – x2 ——— 2
= b2 – a2 + 2ax – x2 ——— 2 Substitute 1 into 2 ,
Substitute 1 into 2 , c2 – b2 + 2bx – x2 = a2 – x2
b2 – a2 + 2ax – x2 = c2 – x2 c2 – b2 + 2bx = a2
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ax c2 = a2 + b2 – 2bx
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2a(c cos B) c2 = a2 + b2 – 2b(a cos C)
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
Smart Tip
Apply the cosine rule when given
To find unknown sides: QR CODE
Gunakan petua kosinus apabila diberi
Untuk mencari sisi yang tidak diketahui:
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A/ kos A
(a) 2 sides and 1 included angle
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos B/kos B
2 sisi dan 1 sudut kandung
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C/kos C
(b) 3 sides
Scan or visit
3 sisi http://www.cimt.
To find unknown angles:
A Untuk mencari sudut yang tidak diketahui: org.uk/projects/
mepres/step-up/
b²+ c² – a² sect4/index.htm
cos A/kos A =
c b 2bc for additional
a²+ c² – b² notes and
cos B/kos B = exercises of the
2ac
C cosine rule.
B a a²+ b² – c²
cos C/kos C =
2ab
146
Example 8 1 2
Q Q
P 13 cm
Q 50º
48º 7 cm x cm
13 cm
8 cm x cm 16.5 cm
52º
P R
14 cm P
R x cm
3 4 5
Q
Q Q 14 cm
R
x cm 126º 43’
x cm 6.7 cm
9.4 cm 9.6 cm
x cm
118º
P 54º 26’ P
15 cm R 13 cm R
P
Example 9 1 2
Q
Q
Q
6 cm 10 cm u
9 cm 8 cm 9 cm
u
P R 12 cm
u 13 cm
P R P
14.5 cm
62 + 132 − 102 6.5 cm
Solution cos θ =
2(6)(13)
R
b2 + c2 − a2 = 0.6731
cos θ/kos θ =
2bc θ = 47° 42’
92 + 122 − 6.52
9 + 14.52 − 82
2 cos θ =
= 2(12)(9)
2(9)(14.5)
= 0.8461
= 0.8707 θ = 32° 13’
θ = 29° 28’ or/atau
29.46°
147
P 7.5 cm 13 cm
R 26 cm
16 cm θ
P
12 cm R
122 + 72 − 162 R
cos θ =
2(12)(7)
7.52 + 122 − 16.42 192 + 132 − 262
= –0.375 cos θ = cos θ =
2(7.5)(12) 2(19)(13)
θ = 112° 1’
= −0.3817 = −0.2955
θ = 112° 26’ θ = 107° 11’
F 52 m
3 km
G
50°
86 m
P
64 m 6 km
R
148
x cm 6 cm 100°
6 cm x cm
30°
P 9 cm R
A 12 cm C
Find the value of x./Cari nilai x. Find the value of x./Cari nilai x.
x2 + 92 – 2(x)(9) cos 30° = 62 62 + x2 – 2(6)(x) cos 100° = 122
x2 + 81 – 15.59x = 36 36 + x2 + 2.084x = 144
x2 – 15.59x + 45 = 0 x2 + 2.084x – 108 = 0
–(–15.59) ± (–15.59)2 – 4(1)(45) –(2.084) ± (2.084)2 – 4(1)(–108)
x = 2(1) x = 2(1)
= 11.765, 3.825 = 9.403, –11.487
PQ = 11.765 cm BC = 9.403 cm
36°
4 cm
P 12 cm R
B
Find/Cari
Find/Cari
(a) the height, in cm, of ∆PQR,
(a) the height, in cm, of ∆ABC,
tinggi, dalam cm, bagi ∆PQR,
tinggi, dalam cm, bagi ∆ABC,
(b) the area, in cm2, of ∆PQR.
(b) the area, in cm , of ∆ABC.2
luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆PQR.
luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆ABC.
Solution Let the height of ∆PQR = h cm
Let the height of ∆ABC = h cm Q
Katakan tinggi bagi ∆ABC = h cm
10 cm 8 cm
A C
54° h cm
h cm 36°
4 cm P 12 cm R
h
B (a) = sin 36°
h PQ
(a) = sin 54°
AB h
= sin 36°
h 8
= sin 54°
4 h = 8 sin 36°
h = 3.236 cm = 4.702 cm
1 1
(b) Area ∆ABC = × base × height (b) Area ∆PQR = × base × height
2 2
1 1
Luas ∆ABC = × tapak × tinggi = × 12 cm × 4.702 cm
2
2
1
= × 10 cm × 3.236 cm = 28.21 cm2
2
= 16.18 cm2
149
14 cm
h cm
C B
a cm
50° 1
A D Show that the area of ∆ABC = ab sin θ cm2.
9 cm C 2
Find/Cari 1
Tunjukkan bahawa luas ∆ABC = ab sin θ cm2.
(a) the value of h, 2
nilai h,
Let the height of ∆ABC = h cm
(b) the area, in cm2, of ∆ABC.
luas, dalam cm , bagi ∆ABC.
2 A
h b cm
(a) = sin 50°
AB h cm
h
= sin 50° C B
14 a cm
h = 14 sin 50° h
= 10.725 cm = sin θ
b
h = b sin θ
1
(b) Area ∆ABC = × base × height 1
2 Area ∆ABC = × base × height
2
1
= × 9 cm × 10.725 cm 1
2 = × a cm × b sin θ cm
2
= 48.26 cm2 1
= ab sin θ cm2
2
Smart Tip
Area of ∆/Luas bagi ∆: A
1 Remember/ Ingat:
ab sin C or/atau The area of ∆ is applied when 1 included
2
c b angle and 2 sides are given.
1
bc sin A or/atau Luas ∆ digunakan apabila 1 sudut kandung dan
2
1 2 sisi diberi.
ac sin B B
2 a C
1
Exercise 12 Find the area of each of the following triangles by using the formula, area = ab sin θ.
1 2
Cari luas bagi setiap segi tiga yang berikut menggunakan rumus, luas = ab sin θ.
2
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 12 1
7 cm
4 cm
34°
68° 9 cm
7 cm 1
Area =ab sin θ
Solution 2
1 1
Area/Luas = ab sin θ = × 7 cm × 9 cm × sin 34°
2 2
1
= × 4 cm × 7 cm × sin 68° = 17.615 cm2
2
= 12.981 cm2
150
1 1
Area =ab sin θ Area =ab sin θ
2 2
1 1
= × 9.4 cm × 5.6 cm × sin 53° = × 8 cm × 13 cm × sin 78°
2 2
= 21.02 cm2 = 50.864 cm2
4 F 5 P R
60° 40°
15°
10 cm 6.5 cm 8.5 cm
25°
H
G 7 cm
Q
∠FGH = 180° – 15° – 25° = 140°
1 ∠PQR = 180° – 60° – 40° = 80°
Area = ab sin θ 1
2 Area = ab sin θ
1 2
= × 10 cm × 7 cm × sin 140° 1
2 = × 6.5 cm × 8.5 cm × sin 80°
= 22.498 cm2 2
= 27.205 cm2
Smart Tip
Heron’s formula / Rumus Heron:
Perimeter
Area ∆ABC = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) such that s = and a, b and c are the sides of the triangle.
2
Perimeter
Luas ∆ABC = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) dengan keadaan s = dan a, b dan c ialah panjang sisi segi tiga.
2
Exercise 13 Find the area of each of the following by using the Heron’s formula.
Cari luas bagi setiap yang berikut menggunakan rumus Heron.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
Example 13 1
C
10 cm
6 cm
11 cm
7 cm
8 cm
B 6 cm A
Perimeter
s =
Solution 2
6 + 8 + 10
Perimeter Area/Luas =
s = 2
2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) = 12
11 + 7 + 6 = 12(12 – 11)(12 – 7)(12 – 6)
= Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
2 = 12(1)(5)(6)
= 12(12 – 6)(12 – 8)(12 – 10)
= 12 = 360
= 12(6)(4)(2)
= 18.974 cm2
= 576
= 24 cm2
151
Perimeter
s =
2 F 8 cm G
4+5+7
=
2 Perimeter
s =
=8 2
Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) 5+6+8
=
= 8(8 – 4)(8 – 5)(8 – 7) 2
= 8(4)(3)(1) = 9.5
= 96 Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
= 9.798 cm2 = 9.5(9.5 – 5)(9.5 – 6)(9.5 – 8)
= 9.5(4.5)(3.5)(1.5)
= 224.438
= 14.981 cm2
4 Find the area of a triangle with sides 5.9 cm, 5 Find the area of a triangle with sides 15 cm, 20 cm
8.6 cm and 4.7 cm. and 29 cm.
Cari luas bagi sebuah segi tiga yang mempunyai sisi 5.9 cm, Cari luas bagi sebuah segi tiga yang mempunyai sisi 15 cm,
8.6 cm dan 4.7 cm. 20 cm dan 29 cm.
Perimeter Perimeter
s = s =
2 2
5.9 + 8.6 + 4.7 15 + 20 + 29
= =
2 2
= 9.6 = 32
Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
= 9.6(9.6 – 5.9)(9.6 – 8.6)(9.6 – 4.7) = 32(32 – 15)(32 – 20)(32 – 29)
= 9.6(3.7)(1)(4.9) = 32(17)(12)(3)
= 174.048 = 19 584
= 13.193 cm2 = 139.94 cm2
Example 14
The diagram shows a triangle FGH. Solution
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga FGH. 82 + 42 − 62
cos θ/kos θ =
G 2(8)(4)
= 0.6875
8 cm θ = 46° 34’
6 cm Area of ∆FGH / Luas ∆FGH
1
= 2 ab sin θ
F
4 cm H
1
= 2 (8)(4) sin 46° 34’
Find the area, in cm2, of ∆FGH.
Cari luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆FGH. = 11.619 cm2
152
12 cm
27 cm
126º F
F H
24 cm
Find the area, in cm2, of ∆FGH.
Cari luas, dalam cm , bagi ∆FGH.
2
H
sin ∠F sin 126° Find the area, in cm2, of ∆FGH.
=
12 17 Cari luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆FGH.
12 sin 126°
sin ∠F = 162 + 242 − 272
17
cos θ =
= 0.5711 2(16)(24)
∠F = 34.83° = 0.1341
θ = 180° − 126° − 34.83° θ = 82.29°
= 19.17° 1
Area = 2 ab sin θ
1
Area = 2 ab sin θ 1
= 2 (16)(24) sin 82.29°
1
= 2 (17)(12) sin 19.17° = 190.265 cm2
= 33.494 cm2
3 The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD. 4 The diagram shows an irregular pentagon ABCDE.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah sisi empat ABCD. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah pentagon tak sekata ABCDE.
B B
8 cm
43 m 46 m
A
12 cm A ) 95o C
6 cm
32 m 44 m
)75o C
D 14 cm 130o
E
36 m
)
)75
o
A ) 95o C
D C
14 cm
1 32 m θ 44 m
∆ADC = 2 × DA × DC sin ∠ADC
)
130o
E 36 m
)
1 D
= 2 × 6 × 14 sin 75o BE = 432 + 322 − 2(43)(32) cos 95o
2
153
18 24
s= = 9 cm s= = 12 cm
2 2
Let BC = k cm Let QR = x cm
s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) = 15 s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) = 18
9(9 – 4)(9 – 7)(9 – k) = 15 12(12 – x)(12 – 6)(12 – 10) = 18
9(5)(2)(9 – k) = 15 12(12 – x)(6)(2) = 18
90(9 – k) = 152 144(12 – x) = 182
9 – k = 2.5 12 – x = 2.25
k = 6.5 x = 9.75
∴ BC = 6.5 cm ∴ QR = 9.75 cm
56º 50º
H
4 cm
128º
E G EFG is a straight line. Find the length of
5 cm F
EFG ialah satu garis lurus. Cari panjang
EFG is a straight line. Find the length of (a) EH, (b) FG.
EFG ialah satu garis lurus. Cari panjang
(a) EH, (b) FG. (a) EH2 = 72 + 92 − 2(7)(9)cos 130°
= 210.991
Solution EH = 14.526 cm
(a) EH2 = 52 + 42 − 2(5)(4) cos 128°/kos 128° (b) ∠FGH = 130° − 50° = 80°
= 65.626 FG 9
=
EH = 8.101 cm sin 50° sin 80°
(b) ∠FGH = 128° − 56° = 72° 9 sin 50°
FG 4 FG =
= sin 80°
sin 56° sin 72° = 7.001 cm
4 sin 56°
FG =
sin 72°
= 3.487 cm
154
N T
10 cm 9 cm 12 cm
9 cm
u
109º P R
K M 16 cm Q
L 13 cm 3.5 cm
KLM is a straight line. Find PQR is a straight line. Find
KLM ialah satu garis lurus. Cari PQR ialah satu garis lurus. Cari
(a) ∠NKL, (b) NM. (a) θ, (b) PT.
sin ∠NKL sin 109° 92 + 3.52 − 122
(a) = (a) cos θ =
9 10 2(9)(3.5)
9 sin 109° = −0.8056
sin ∠NKL =
10 θ = 143.66°
= 0.8510
∠NKL = 58.32° (b) PT2 = 162 + 92 − 2(16)(9)cos(180° − 143.66°)
= 105.012
(b) ∠NLM = 180° − 109° PT = 10.248 cm
= 71°
NM2 = 92 + 132 − 2(9)(13)cos 71°
= 173.817
NM = 13.184 cm
1 A surveyor at point P has obtained the 2 In the diagram, AB represents the length of a
measurements of PD, PE and ∠DPE by method slanting tower. Two points, C and D, are marked
of survey. on the horizontal ground such that B, C and D
Seorang juru ukur di titik P mendapatkan ukuran PD, PE are collinear.
dan ∠DPE dengan kaedah pengukuran. Dalam rajah, AB mewakili panjang sebuah menara condong.
Dua titik, C dan D, ditandakan di atas tanah mengufuk
Lake/Kolam E
dengan keadaan B, C dan D adalah segaris.
D A
94 m 186 m
P
Calculate the length, in m, of the slanting tower.
DE involves part of a lake and the surveyor is Hitung panjang, dalam m, menara condong itu.
unable to measure it. How can the distance of DE HOTS Evaluating
155
Example 16
The diagram shows a cuboid with a rectangular Solution
base, PQRS. (a) PW = 52 + 42 =
41
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi empat tepat, PR = 7 + 4 =
2 2
65
PQRS.
WR = 7 + 5 = 74
2 2
W V
(
41)2 + (
65)2 − (
74)2
cos/kos ∠WPR =
T U
2(
41)(
65)
= 0.3099
5 cm ∠WPR = 71.94
R
S
4 cm (b) Area of the shaded triangle
P 7 cm Q Luas segi tiga berlorek
Find/Cari 1
= 2 ab sin θ
(a) ∠WPR,
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded triangle. 1
luas, dalam cm2, bagi segi tiga berlorek itu.
= 2 (
41)(
65) sin 71.94° = 24.54 cm2
156
Review 9
Paper 2 Questions
1 Diagram 1 shows a quadrilateral ABCD on a E
SPM horizontal plane.
CLONE
`17 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sisi empat ABCD pada suatu satah 76º
P2Q15
mengufuk.
P Q
H
R
8m
B 20 m
C
45º
F G
38º 16 m S
A
25 m Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
D
It is given that FP = 20 cm, PE = 15 cm, EQ = 13
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1 cm, PEQ = 76° and ∠RFS = 45°.
HABC is a building in pyramid shape. Given Diberi bahawa FP = 20 cm, PE =15 cm, EQ = 13 cm,
AB = 9 m and H is 8 m vertically above B. PEQ = 76° dan ∠RFS = 45°.
HABC ialah sebuah bangunan berbentuk piramid. Diberi (a) Calculate the length, in cm, of
AB = 9 m dan H ialah 8 m tegak di atas B. Hitung panjang, dalam cm, bagi
Find/Cari (i) PQ,
(a) ∠ACD, [2 marks/markah] (ii) QG.
(b) the length, in m, of AC, [5 marks/markah]
panjang, dalam m, bagi AC, (b) The area of triangle PQE is twice the area of
[3 marks/markah] triangle RFS. Calculate the length, in cm, of FS.
(c) the area, in m2, of inclined plane HAC. Luas bagi segi tiga PQE ialah dua kali ganda luas bagi
luas, dalam m2, bagi satah condong HAC. segi tiga RFS. Hitung panjang, dalam cm, bagi FS.
[5 marks/markah] [3 marks/markah]
(c) Sketch triangle E’F’G’ which has a different
2 In Diagram 2, EFG is a triangle. EPRF, EQG and shape from triangle EFG such that E’F’ = EF,
SPM FSG are straight lines. The straight line RS is
E’G’ = EG and ∠E’F’G’ = ∠EFG.
CLONE
perpendicular to FG. Lakarkan segi tiga E’F’G’ yang mempunyai satu bentuk
`14
P2Q13
Dalam Rajah 2, EFG ialah sebuah segi tiga. EPRF, EQG dan berlainan daripada segi tiga EFG dengan keadaan
FSG ialah garis lurus. Garis lurus RS adalah berserenjang E’F’ = EF, E’G’ = EG dan ∠E’F’G’ = ∠EFG.
kepada FG. [2 marks/markah]
157
D
126°
K
9 cm
Diagram 3/ Rajah 3 G
It is given that FK = 9.5 cm, HK = 5.8 cm and 82° 4 cm
EG = 6.8 cm.
Diberi bahawa FK = 9.5 cm, HK = 5.8 cm dan EG = 6.8 cm. E 8 cm F
(a) Calculate/Hitung
(i) the length, in cm, of FG, Diagram 4/ Rajah 4
panjang, dalam cm, bagi FG,
(a) Calculate/Hitung
(ii) the length, in cm, of GH,
panjang, dalam cm, bagi GH, (i) the length, in cm, of DF,
panjang, dalam cm, bagi DF,
(iii) the area, in cm2, of ∆EFG.
luas, dalam cm , bagi ∆EFG.
2 (ii) ∠DFG.
[8 marks/markah] [6 marks/markah]
(b) (i) Sketch ∆E’F’G’ which has a different (b) Find/Cari
shape from ∆EFG such that E’F’ = EF, E’G’ (i) the area, in cm2, of ∆DEF,
luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆DEF.
= EG, and ∠E’F’G’ = ∠EFG.
Lakar sebuah ∆E’F’G’ yang mempunyai bentuk (ii) the shortest distance, from E to DF.
berbeza dari ∆EFG dengan keadaan E’F’ = EF, jarak terpendek, dari E ke DF.
E’G’ = EG, dan ∠E’F’G’ = ∠EFG. [4 marks/markah]
H O TS Zo n e
1 Diagram 1 shows a quadrilateral EFGH.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah sisi empat EFGH. (a) Calculate/Hitung
(i) the length, in cm, of EG,
E
panjang, dalam cm, bagi EG,
(ii) ∠EGF.
6.4 cm (b) Point F’ lies on FG such that EF’ = EF.
17.4 cm Titik F’ terletak pada FG dengan keadaan EF’ = EF.
F 108º
(i) Sketch EF’G.
Lakarkan EF’G.
(ii) Find the area, in cm2, of EF’G. HOTS Applying
48º Cari luas, dalam cm2, bagi EF’G.
H
G 8 cm
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
B Find/Cari
(a) the length, in cm, of BD,
13.5 cm
panjang, dalam cm, bagi BD,
(b) the length, in cm, of BC,
panjang, dalam cm, bagi BC,
C
84º
(c) ∠BCD,
A
4.8 cm (d) the area, in cm2, of triangle BCD. HOTS Applying
40º
luas, dalam cm2, segi tiga BCD.
D
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
158
10 Index Numbers
Nombor Indeks
Smart Tip
Index number, I
Nombor indeks, I
Q1 Q0 = Quantity at the base time Q1 = Quantity at a specific time
I = — × 100 Kuantiti pada masa asas Kuantiti pada masa tertentu
Q0
Exercise 1 Interpret the index number for each of the following situations.
Tafsirkan nombor indeks bagi setiap situasi berikut.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang nombor indeks.
2 The index number of the number of road 3 The index number of the price of a type of racket
accidents in a state in the year 2018 based on the in the year 2019 based on the year 2010 is 55.
year 2016 is 240. Nombor indeks bagi harga sejenis raket pada tahun 2019
Nombor indeks bagi bilangan kemalangan jalan raya di sebuah berasaskan tahun 2010 ialah 55.
negeri pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2016 ialah 240.
55% – 100% = –45%
240% – 100% = 140% The percentage of the price of the type of racket
The percentage of the number of road accidents decreased by 45% from 2010 to 2019.
in the state increased by 140% from 2016 to 2018.
4 The index number of BMI (body mass index) of 5 The index number of the air pollutant index in a
the students in a school in the year 2018 based on certain zone in the year 2015 based on the year
the year 2015 is 134. 2011 is 84.
Nombor indeks bagi BMI (indeks jisim badan) murid di sebuah Nombor indeks bagi indeks pencemaran udara di suatu zon
sekolah pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2015 ialah 134. pada tahun 2015 berasaskan tahun 2011 ialah 84.
159
2 The number of students in a school decreased 3 The table shows the number of cars sold by a
from 1 600 students in the year 2017 to 1 520 company in the year 2016 and 2018. Calculate the
students in the year 2018. Calculate the index index number to show the change in the number
number to show the change in the number of of cars sold in the year 2018 based on the year
students in the year 2018 based on the year 2017. 2016.
Bilangan murid di sebuah sekolah merosot daripada Jadual menunjukkan bilangan kereta yang dijual oleh
1 600 orang pada tahun 2017 kepada 1 520 orang pada sebuah syarikat pada tahun 2016 dan 2018. Hitung nombor
tahun 2018. Hitung nombor indeks untuk menunjukkan indeks untuk menunjukkan perubahan bilangan kereta yang
perubahan bilangan murid pada tahun 2018 berasaskan dijual pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2016.
tahun 2017.
Year Number of cars sold
Q2018 Tahun Bilangan kereta dijual
I= × 100
Q2017 2016 1 845 000 units/unit
1 520
I= × 100 2018 2 583 000 units/unit
1 600
= 95
Q2018
I= × 100
95% – 100 % = –5% Q2016
The percentage of the number of students 2 583 000
decreased by 5% from 2017 to 2018. I= × 100
1 845 000
= 140
160
Smart Tip
Price index, I, is an example of index number.
Indeks harga, I, ialah contoh bagi nombor indeks.
P1
I = — × 100 P0 = Price of the item at the base time P1 = Price of the item at a specific time
P0 Harga suatu barang pada masa asas Harga suatu barang pada masa tertentu
Example 3 1
Price of a clock Year
Price of a washing machine Year Harga jam Tahun
Harga mesin basuh Tahun
RM15.00 2009
RM660 2012
RM20.25 2011
RM759 2013
Calculate the price index for the year Calculate the price index for the year
Hitung indeks harga pada tahun Hitung indeks harga pada tahun
(a) 2013 based on the year 2012 (a) 2011 based on the year 2009
2013 berasaskan tahun 2012 2011 berasaskan tahun 2009
(b) 2012 based on the year 2013 (b) 2009 based on the year 2011
2012 berasaskan tahun 2013 2009 berasaskan tahun 2011
161
4 The table below shows the price of a type of 5 The table below shows the price of a type of
washing machine in the year 2015 and 2018. smartphone in the year 2012 and 2018.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga bagi sejenis mesin Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga bagi sejenis telefon
basuh pada tahun 2015 dan 2018. pintar pada tahun 2012 dan 2018.
162
The price index for the year 2013 based on Calculate the price of the land in the year 2007
the year 2011 is 135. Calculate the price of the if the price index for the year 2011 based on the
mushroom per 100 gram in the year 2013. year 2007 is 175.
Indeks harga pada tahun 2013 berasaskan tahun 2011 ialah Hitung harga tanah itu pada tahun 2007 jika indeks harga
135. Hitung harga cendawan per 100 gram pada tahun pada tahun 2011 berasaskan tahun 2007 ialah 175.
2013.
Q1
Q I= × 100
Q0
I = 1 × 100
Q0 490 000
x 175 = × 100
135 = × 100 x
21.50 490 000 × 100
135 × 21.50 x =
x = 175
100 = RM280 000
= RM29.03
4 Jamal’s monthly salary in the year 2012 was 5 The price for a kilogram of sugar in the year 2013
RM3 780. The index number for Jamal’s monthly was RM4.50. The price index of 1 kg of sugar in the
salary for the year 2012 based on the year 2002 is year 2013 using the year 2001 as the base year is
315. Calculate Jamal’s monthly salary in the year 150. Calculate the price of 1 kg of sugar in the year
2002. 2001.
Gaji bulanan Jamal pada tahun 2012 ialah RM3 780. Harga bagi sekilogram gula pada tahun 2013 ialah RM4.50.
Nombor indeks bagi gaji bulanan Jamal pada tahun 2012 Indeks harga bagi 1 kg gula pada tahun 2013 menggunakan
berasaskan tahun 2002 ialah 315. Hitung gaji bulanan tahun 2001 sebagai tahun asas ialah 150. Hitung harga bagi
Jamal pada tahun 2002. 1 kg gula pada tahun 2001.
Q1 Q1
I= × 100 I= × 100
Q0 Q0
3 780 4.50
315 = × 100 150 = × 100
Q2002 Q2001
3 780 × 100 4.50 × 100
Q2002 = 315 Q2001 = 150
= RM1 200 = RM3.00
163
I2010/2000 156
p = × 100
(a) I = I × 100 130
2005/2000
= 120
168
p = × 100 I2012/2010
140
(b) I2012/2011 = I × 100
= 120 2011/2010
q
I2010/2000 170 =
× 100
150
(b) I = I × 100
2005/2000 170 × 150
q = 100
176
110 = q × 100 = 255
176 I2012/2010
q = × 100 (c) I2012/2011 = I × 100
110
2011/2010
= 160
231
140 =
× 100
r
I2010/2000
(c) I = I × 100 231 × 100
2005/2000 r = 140
r
160 =
× 100 = 165
150
160 × 150
r = 100
= 240
Smart Tip
The notation (2000 = 100) means
that the base year is year 2000.
Tatatanda (2000 = 100) bermaksud
tahun asas ialah tahun 2000.
164
150
q = × 100
120
= 125
I2012/1992
(c) I2012/2002 = I × 100
2002/1992
261
180 =
× 100
r
261 × 100
r =
180
= 145
4 The table shows the price indices for a type of soap for the year 2000 and 2001 using year 1999 as the base
year.
Jadual menunjukkan indeks harga sejenis sabun pada tahun 2000 dan 2001 menggunakan tahun 1999 sebagai tahun asas.
Price index
115 125
Indeks harga
Find the price indices of the soap for the year 1999 and 2001 based on the year 2000.
Cari indeks harga sabun itu pada tahun 1999 dan 2001 berasaskan tahun 2000.
125
I2001/2000 = × 100
100 115
I1999/2000 = × 100
115 = 108.70
= 86.96
165
Smart Tip
QR CODE
Composite index, Ī , I = Index number/Price index Scan or visit https://www.
Indeks gubahan, Ī , Nombor indeks/ Indeks harga civilserviceindia.com/
subject/Management/notes/
– ∑Iw w = Weightage index-numbers.html for
I=
∑w Pemberat additional notes of the
index number.
E R 140 2 280
Calculate the composite index for the year 2020 Total 15 1 770
based on the year 2015.
Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2020 berasaskan tahun – ∑Iw
2015. I =
∑w
Solution 1 770
=
Ingredient 15
I w Iw
Bahan = 118
D 160 143 22 880
E 150 80 12 000
F 140 77 10 780
G 90 60 5 400
Total/Jumlah 360 51 060
– ∑Iw
I =
∑w
51 060
= = 141.83
360
166
100
167
168
Example 8
The table below shows the index numbers and the Solution
weightages of four items. Calculate the composite
Item
index of all the items. I w Iw
Barang
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor indeks dan pemberat
bagi empat barang. Hitung indeks gubahan bagi semua barang A 108 5 540
itu.
B 120 8 960
Item Index number Weightage C 114 4 456
Barang Nombor indeks Pemberat
D 112 7 784
A 108 5
Total/Jumlah 24 2 740
B 120 8
– ∑Iw
C 114 4 I =
∑w
D 112 7 – 2 740
I = 24 = 114.167
169
‘BUSINESS’ 160 6 N 80 30
‘HEALTH CARE’ 135 5 Find the composite index of the four items for the
year 2013 based on the year 2010.
Calculate the composite index of all the magazines Cari indeks gubahan bagi keempat-empat barang itu pada
for the year 2012 based on the year 2010. tahun 2013 berasaskan tahun 2010.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi semua majalah pada tahun
2012 berasaskan tahun 2010. Item I w Iw
170
Rice/Nasi 115 5
– ∑Iw
Fish/Ikan 130 3 I=
∑w
Vegetable/Sayur 120 4 – 1 945
I= 16
Calculate the composite index of the food for the = 121.563
year 2010 based on the year 2006.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi makanan-makanan pada tahun
2010 berasaskan tahun 2006.
Example 9
The table below shows the price indices and the Solution
weightages of three items in the year 2012 using
the year 2009 as the base year. Item
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan pemberat bagi
I w Iw
Barang
tiga barang pada tahun 2012 berasaskan tahun 2009.
P 114 k 114k
Item Price index Weightage Q 128 2 256
Barang Indeks harga Pemberat
R 126 3 378
P 114 k
Total/Jumlah k+5 114k + 634
Q 128 2
R 126 3 – ∑Iw
(a) I =
∑w
(a) The composite index of all the items for the 114k + 634
year 2012 based on the year 2009 is 122. Find 122 =
k+5
the value of k.
122(k + 5) = 114k + 634
Indeks gubahan bagi semua barang pada tahun 2012
berasaskan tahun 2009 ialah 122. Cari nilai k.
122k + 610 = 114k + 634
(b) If the price of item P was RM4.20 in the year 122k − 114k = 634 − 610
2009, find its price in the year 2012. 8k = 24
Jika harga barang P ialah RM4.20 pada tahun 2009, cari k = 3
harganya pada tahun 2012.
Q2012
(b) Q × 100 = 114
2009
Q2012
4.2 × 100 = 114
Q2012 = RM4.788
≈ RM4.79
171
Item I w Iw
Food I w Iw
E 75 4 300
A 124 4 496
F 124 3 372
B 115 2 230
G 142 h 142h
C 136 p 136p
Total h+7 142h + 672
D 142 2 284
Total p+8 136p + 1 010 ∑Iw
(a) Ī =
∑w
∑Iw 142h + 672
(a) Ī = 119 =
∑w h+7
136p + 1 010 119(h + 7) = 142h + 672
130 = 119h + 833 = 142h + 672
p+8
833 − 672 = 142h − 119h
130(p + 8) = 136p + 1 010
161 = 23h
130p + 1 040 = 136p + 1 010
7 = h
1 040 − 1 010 = 136p − 130p
30 = 6p
(b) ∑IwH = 113 × 2
5 = p
= 226
Q2011 New composite index, Ī ,
(b) Q × 100 = 136
2001
∑Iw 142(7) + 672 + 226
11.90 ∑w
=
× 100 = 136 (7) + 7 + 2
Q2001
1 892
Q2001 = RM8.75 =
16
= 118.25
172
Review 10
Paper 2 Questions
1 Table 1 shows the prices and the price indices of three types of ingredients, P, Q and R, used in the
SPM production of a type of wallet.
CLONE
`17 Jadual 1 menunjukkan harga dan indeks harga bagi tiga jenis bahan, P, Q dan R yang digunakan untuk membuat sejenis dompet.
P2Q13
Price (RM) per unit for the year
Ingredient Harga (RM) per unit pada tahun Price index for the year 2017 based on the year 2015 Weightage
Bahan Indeks harga pada tahun 2017 berasaskan tahun 2015 Pemberat
2015 2017
P 4.00 5.00 125 20
Q n 2.70 m 15
R 0.60 0.90 150 15
Table 1/ Jadual 1
(a) The price of ingredient Q had increased by 20% from the year 2015 to the year 2017.
Harga bahan Q menokok sebanyak 20% dari tahun 2015 ke tahun 2017.
(i) State the value of m. (ii) Find the value of n.
Nyatakan nilai m. Cari nilai n.
[3 marks/markah]
(b) Calculate the composite index for the cost of making the wallet for the year 2017 based on the year 2015.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi kos membuat dompet pada tahun 2017 berasaskan tahun 2015.
[2 marks/markah]
(c) It is given that the composite index for the cost of making the wallet had increased by 35% from the year
2013 to the year 2017.
Diberi bahawa indeks gubahan bagi kos membuat dompet meningkat sebanyak 35% dari tahun 2013 ke tahun 2017.
(i) Calculate the composite index for the cost of making the wallet for the year 2015 based on the year 2013.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi kos membuat dompet pada tahun 2015 berasaskan tahun 2013.
173
H O TS Zo n e
1 Table 1 shows the prices of four materials, P, Q, R and S, that are used to make a blouse.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan harga empat bahan, P, Q, R dan S, yang digunakan untuk membuat sehelai baju.
174