Yds Basics 51

2020 İlkbahar
BASICS
YDS
HAZIRLIK
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YDS Basics
2020 ilkbahar YDS Hazırlık Grubu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tense
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Tables ..
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.Questions ..
Modal
Tables . .▢
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.Questions . .▢
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Active & Passive Voice

Tables . .▢
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.Questions . .▢
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Verbal
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Table . .Questions . .▢
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Conditionals
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Table . .Questions . .▢
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Preposition
. . . .&. Questions
List . .▢
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Connector
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List . .▢
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Relative Clause
.......&
Markers . . Questions . .▢
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Noun Clause
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Markers . . Questions . . .▢
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Vocabulary
. . . .&. Questions
List . . .▢
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Phrasal Verb
. . . .&. Questions
List . . .▢
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Tense
• Tables
• Questions
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Tables > Present Tenses
Table of Present Tenses
Simple Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
am Ving
have V3 have been Ving
V1 is Ving
has V3 has been Ving
are Ving
yapar yapıyor yapmış durumda yapıyor
am not Ving
don't V1 haven't V3 haven't been Ving
isn't Ving
doesn't V1 hasn't V3 hasn't been Ving
aren't Ving
yapmaz yapmıyor yapmamış durumda yapmıyor
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Tables > Past Tenses
Table of Past Tenses
Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was Ving
V2 had V3 had been Ving
were Ving
yaptı yapıyordu yapmış durumdaydı yapıyordu
wasn't Ving
didn't V1 hadn't V3 hadn't been Ving
weren't Ving
yapmadı yapmıyordu yapmamış durumdaydı yapmıyordu
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Tables > Future Tenses
Table of Future Tenses
Simple Future Future Perfect

Continuous Continuous
will V1 will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving
yapacak yapıyor olacak yapmış durumda olacak yapıyor olacak
won't V1 won't be Ving won't have V3 won't have been Ving
yapmamış durumda
yapmayacak yapmıyor olacak yapmıyor olacak
olacak
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Questions > introduction
1. We ---- in this city for twenty-five years by 7. The Vice President ---- overseas for three
next Christmas. weeks when he returns.
A) will have lived A) will have been traveling

B) are living B) travelled
C) have lived C) was travelling
D) lived D) had travelled
2. She’s going to look for a job as soon as she 8. I usually ---- at home on Fridays.
---- in London.
A) am staying
A) will arrive B) stay
B) arrived C) have stayed
C) is arriving D) have been staying
D) arrives
9. She said that the robber ---- her when she

3. Digital computing ---- into widespread use was opening the door to her apartment.
during the 20th century.
A) has attacked
A) had come B) attacked
B) has come C) attacks
C) came D) had attacked
D) will come
10. By the time I got to the hotel, there ---- any

4. When you get off the train, I ---- for you by rooms left.
the ticket machine.
A) hadn't been
A) will be waiting B) aren't
B) was waiting C) haven't been
C) had been waiting D) weren't
D) wait
11. Manchester, England ---- the centre of the

5. The passengers ---- for six hours before the textile industry during the Industrial
ground staff gave them information on the Revolution.
delay of their flight.
A) will be
A) are waiting B) is
B) had been waiting C) was
C) waited D) has been
D) wait
12. My mom ---- for me at the park for lunch.

6. We ---- tennis together since last May.
A) had been waiting
A) have not played B) was waiting
B) play C) will be waiting
C) played D) waited
D) will play
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13. My sister is still studying. She ---- her 20. James told me you ---- the old vicarage two
homework yet. years before your son's birth.
A) is not finishing A) had bought
B) will not finish B) buy
C) did not finished C) have bought
D) has not finished D) were buying
14. I ---- home late tonight. 21. Alice ---- the sunset when Laurence passed
by on his boat.
A) was
B) will be A) is watching
C) have been B) was watching
D) am C) watches
D) has watched
15. Steam power ---- around for a while, but in

1781 James Watt invented a new type of 22. She ---- us know later, when she is ready to
steam engine that could be used to power leave.
machines in factories.
A) let
A) will have been B) has let
B) had been C) will let
C) is D) lets
D) has been
23. He ---- in this garage for ten years.

16. I knew that she ---- Madrid before, so I asked
her to recommend a good hotel. A) works
B) worked
A) has visited
C) is working
B) has been visiting
D) has been working
C) had visited
D) visited
24. This company ---- my web host for more than
two years now.
17. This time last year I ---- in the rain along a
country road in France with a friend of mine. A) has been
B) had been
A) cycled
C) was
B) will be cycling
D) is
C) had been cycling
D) was cycling
25. As he ---- tyres all morning, his clothes are
dirty now.
18. They ---- the classroom by the end of the
hour. A) changes
B) has been changing
A) will have left
C) will change
B) had left
D) changed
C) have left
D) left
26. The amount of trash per person in the United
States ---- over the last 10 years.
19. The Prime Minister ---- an easy victory for his
party in the election. A) dropped
B) had dropped
A) will expect
C) has dropped
B) will be expecting
D) was dropping
C) will have expected
D) expects
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27. In half an hour she ---- for six hours without 29. My father ---- his car while my mother and I --
a break. -- dinner.
A) worked A) is washing / will prepare

B) will have been working B) was washing / were preparing
C) works C) has washed / had been preparing
D) is working D) will wash / were preparing
28. In the late stages of the Industrial 30. We ---- out with each other for two years
Revolution, workers ---- to organize into before I met his family.
unions in order to fight for better and safer
working conditions. A) had been going
B) have been going
A) are beginning
C) are going
B) began
D) have gone
C) will begin
D) have begun
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Questions > homework
1. I ---- up early tomorrow morning and finish 8. When she went out to play, she ---- her
the report then. homework.
A) get A) had already done

B) will get B) has already done
C) got C) is doing
D) have got D) will do
2. My father ---- building our house before 9. When I turned on the television, my favourite
summer. program ----.
A) had been finishing A) has nearly finished

B) will have finished B) had nearly finished
C) has finished C) nearly finishes
D) is finishing D) will nearly finish
3. I ---- English for 10 years, but I still have a lot 10. By 2020, he ---- as the director of this
to learn. company for thirty years.
A) was studying A) is working

B) have studied B) works
C) studied C) will have been working
D) study D) was working
4. We ---- the difficulty whatever may happen. 11. My car ---- strange noises at the moment. I
need to get it checked out.
A) were facing
B) are facing A) will make
C) will be facing B) made
D) have faced C) is making
D) was making
5. And look, she ---- an umbrella because it ----.

12. I’ll call you when I ---- at my hotel.
A) is taking / is raining
B) took / had been raining A) will arrive
C) was taking / will rain B) arrive
D) has taken / took C) arrived
D) am arriving
6. It ---- hard since yesterday evening.

13. We met him just after he ---- news of his
A) has been raining dismissal.
B) will rain
A) was getting
C) rains
B) is getting
D) rained
C) had got
D) gets
7. I ---- in love three times in my life.
A) am 14. The children ---- a film on TV at that time.

B) was
A) are watching
C) will be
B) have watched
D) have been
C) were watching
D) watch
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15. The poor man ---- there for two hours. 22. Julie ---- late tomorrow evening, so I’ve
booked a table at a restaurant for 10 pm.
A) has been lying
B) will be lying A) is
C) is lying B) will be
D) was lying C) was
D) has been
16. Frank ---- tennis for three years when he was

at school. 23. The girl ---- the plants right now.
A) has played A) was watering

B) was playing B) watered
C) played C) is watering
D) plays D) has watered
17. During my last summer holidays, my 24. He ---- his car for 10 minutes when he
parents ---- me on a language course to realized it had a flat tyre.
London.
A) had been driving
A) are sending B) has driven
B) send C) drives
C) sent D) will drive
D) will send
25. John lives and works in Florida but he ---- a

18. He ---- for two weeks. He ---- to give it up. holiday in England at the moment.
A) hasn't smoked / is trying A) has had

B) smoked / had tried B) was having
C) isn't smoking / will try C) had
D) doesn't smoke / has tried D) is having
19. John came in with a very dirty face and I 26. I ---- some books right now.
wondered what he ----.
A) borrowed
A) is doing B) was borrowing
B) will do C) am borrowing
C) had been doing D) borrow
D) has done
27. Please wait here until the nurse ---- you.

20. She ---- in banking before she started with
Bank of America. A) is calling
B) will call
A) has already worked
C) calls
B) will already work
D) called
C) had already worked
D) will have already worked
28. The plane ---- to London tomorrow at 8 pm.
21. I usually ---- to work by car, but today I ---- by A) had been flying
train. B) flies
C) was flying
A) will drive / have gone
D) will fly
B) drive / am going
C) have driven / will go
D) am driving / go
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29. While I am working on my project, my 36. Aaron ---- cars since he was sixteen years
brother ---- his luggage. old.
A) was preparing A) has been repairing

B) prepared B) is repairing
C) had been preparing C) repairs
D) will be preparing D) repaired
30. I ---- at university for 6 months before I met 37. My friend ---- in Canada two years ago.
her.
A) has been
A) had been studying B) will be
B) have studied C) was
C) am studying D) is
D) study
38. There ---- many famous entrepreneurs

31. After we ---- some photos of the cathedral, throughout history.
we went to the next restaurant to have
dinner. A) had been
B) have been
A) take
C) will be
B) are taking
D) are being
C) have taken
D) had taken
39. My brother ---- to Europe until he went there
last year.
32. I ---- to Turkey tomorrow and my friends will
be organizing a welcome party for me. A) will have never been
B) was never
A) will be flying
C) has never been
B) was flying
D) had never been
C) had been flying
D) flew
40. I ---- in London for three years. I love it here.
33. The average American ---- around 12 pounds A) had been

of chocolate in a year. B) have been
C) was
A) is eating
D) am
B) eats
C) ate
D) has eaten 41. I ---- in Doha for almost two years now.
A) was
34. It's a beautiful day today. I think I ---- to the B) will have been
beach today. C) have been
A) had gone D) will be
B) will go
C) went 42. Some early laws actually ---- it illegal for
D) go workers to unionize.
A) made
35. Hurry up! Everybody ---- for you! B) are making
C) will make
A) waits
D) will have made
B) waited
C) is waiting
D) has waited
43. During the Second World War, the British ---- 47. At six I realized I ---- too long and went
a huge number of bombs on Dresden. home.
A) drops A) am waiting
B) has dropped B) wait
C) dropped C) have waited
D) had dropped D) had been waiting
44. Pluto ---- to surprise us for years to come. 48. Before you ----, please make sure you’ve
locked the door.
A) had continued
B) continued A) leave
C) will continue B) had left
D) will have continued C) will leave
D) left
45. Listen! Mr Jones ---- the piano.

49. Please don't ring the doorbell when you get
A) was playing here. My baby ----.
B) had played
A) will be sleeping
C) is playing
B) had slept
D) plays
C) was sleeping
D) sleeps
46. I ---- this work by next week.
A) will have finished 50. She ---- before too long.

B) had finished
A) will be arriving
C) finished
B) is arriving
D) have finished
C) arrived
D) will arrive
Modal
• Tables
• Questions
Tables > Simple Modals
Table of Simple Modals
modal TR time mood
must do
present
future
mustn’t do
should do
present
future
shouldn’t do
ought to do
present
future
oughtn’t to do
had better do
present
future
had better not do
have to do
has to do
present
don’t have to do
doesn't have to do
had to do
past
didn’t have to do
will have to do
future
won’t have to do
need to do
needs to do
present
don’t need to do
doesn't need to do
needed to do
past
didn’t need to do
will need to do
future
won’t need to do
may do
present
future
may not do
might do present
future
might not do
can do
present
future
can’t do
could do
present
future
couldn’t do
could do
past
couldn’t do
is able to do
are able to do
present
is unable to do
are unable to do
was able to do
were able to do
past
was unable to do
were unable to do
will be able to do
future
won't be able to do
is going to do
are going to do
future
isn't going to do
aren't going to do
was going to do
were going to do
past
wasn't going to do
weren't going to do
would do
present
future
wouldn’t do
would do
past
wouldn’t do
used to do past
didn’t use to do
Tables > Perfect Modals
Table of Perfect Modals
modal TR time mood
should have done

past
shouldn’t have done
ought to have done

past
oughtn’t to have done
must have done

past
mustn’t have done
may have done

past
may not have done
might have done

past
might not have done
can’t have done past
could have done

past
couldn’t have done
would have done

past
wouldn’t have done
1. Because blue light ---- ice and snow, glaciers 7. Those tropical plants ---- if you watered them
often appear blue. every day.
A) may have penetrated A) may thrive

B) is able to penetrate B) are going to thrive
C) would penetrate C) had better thrive
D) ought to penetrate D) would thrive
2. If you are under 13 you ---- your parents' 8. What do you want to do? - Well, we ---- a
permission. picnic, but it looks like rain.
A) have to get A) must

B) may get B) need to have
C) would get C) could have
D) used to get D) used to have
3. I’m really cold! I ---- my coat. 9. It's dangerous to go into deep water if you ---
-.
A) would have brought
B) can bring A) had better swim
C) must bring B) can't swim
D) should have brought C) shouldn't swim
D) would swim
4. You ---- along some cash. The restaurant

may not accept credit cards. 10. My plants are dead. I ---- them enough water.
A) had better take A) can't have given
B) would take B) oughtn't to have given
C) had to take C) didn't need to give
D) used to take D) couldn't have given
5. You ---- one more chapter, then it's time for 11. It was a huge explosion, and we ---- the
bed. vibrations 5 kilometres away.
A) would read A) should feel

B) may read B) must feel
C) have to read C) could feel
D) should have read D) might feel
6. Tandey aimed his gun at the man, but ---- 12. You ---- the street without looking. It's
him and let him live. dangerous.
A) was unable to shoot A) don't have to cross

B) couldn't have shot B) should have crossed
C) mustn't have shot C) mustn't cross
D) wouldn't have shot D) can't have crossed
13. You ---- in the library till eight o’clock. It’s 17. He ---- the classroom window. He wasn’t
open all evening. even in school today.
A) used to stay A) shouldn't have broken
B) don't have to stay B) wouldn't have broken
C) can stay C) couldn’t have broken
D) are going to stay D) may not have broken
14. I ---- the floor because my cats had knocked 18. I didn't know you needed help. You ---- me.
over the flower pots.
A) are to tell
A) would clean B) are going to tell
B) could clean C) might have told
C) must have cleaned D) should have told
D) had to clean
19. People ---- as much garbage as we do

15. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than nowadays.
11 hours. He ---- exhausted after such a long
flight. A) didn't need to produce
B) didn't use to produce
A) can be
C) are able to produce
B) had better be
D) shouldn't have produced
C) would be
D) must be
20. Why didn’t you tell me? I ---- you!
16. Olivia ---- maths or chemistry when she goes A) would have helped
to university. That's her choice. B) should have helped
C) might have helped
A) may study
D) could have helped
B) have to study
C) used to study
D) might have studied
1. You ---- during tests. It’s forbidden! 7. They ---- a new house. They are both
unemployed.
A) don't need to talk
B) wouldn't talk A) don't need to buy
C) may not talk B) wouldn't buy
D) mustn't talk C) didn't use to buy
D) can't have bought
2. There ---- some bandages in the medicine

cabinet, but I'm not sure. 8. You ---- 50! You look young.
A) might be A) shouldn't be
B) must have been B) are unable to be
C) can be C) can’t be
D) can't have been D) wouldn't be
3. Mikaela kept coughing and sneezing, so she 9. They ---- hard because they look exhausted.
---- a cold.
A) must have worked
A) must have had B) could have worked
B) may have C) might work
C) can't have had D) are unable to work
D) should have
10. We ---- a rest while we are on holiday.

4. Janette ---- worried about the environment,
but she is now. A) would have
B) are going to have
A) wouldn't have been
C) will have had
B) couldn't be
D) may have had
C) didn't use to be
D) wasn't going to be
11. Henry ---- playing soccer, but now I do.
5. Before going to the beach, they ---- the A) didn't use to like
weather because it rained. B) should like
C) ought to have liked
A) are going to check
D) was able to like
B) must have checked
C) ought to have checked
D) might check 12. His excuse ---- true, but I don’t believe.
A) may be
6. You've forgotten an important phone B) must be
number. You ---- it down. C) can be
A) could write D) would be
B) must have written
C) will have to write 13. It ---- a lot in the night. There are puddles
D) should have written everywhere.
A) could have rained

B) must have rained
C) was going to rain
D) ought to rain
14. Her life ---- easy. She has four children and 21. Global climatic changes ---- responsible for
very little money. the extinction of the dinosaurs.
A) didn't use to be A) would have been

B) doesn't have to be B) may have been
C) wouldn't be C) should have been
D) can’t be D) will have been
15. They ---- the car with petrol before they left. 22. The concert in the venue ---- over, because
the venue is now empty.
A) will have filled
B) ought to have filled A) have to be
C) must fill B) could have been
D) may fill C) must be
D) can be
16. Clara ---- the class today, she missed a lot

from today's lecture. 23. The weather is nice now, but it ---- soon.
A) was going to skip A) must change
B) would have skipped B) may have changed
C) mustn't skip C) could change
D) shouldn't have skipped D) should have changed
17. Don't drink and drive, or you ---- an accident. 24. Janet's not in school today. She ----.
A) are able to have A) might have overslept

B) must have had B) must oversleep
C) might have C) needed to be oversleep
D) will need to have D) could have overslept
18. Whose is this bag? - I don’t know, but it ---- 25. The phone has been cut off. You ---- the bill.
to Sara.
A) should have paid
A) would belong B) are able to pay
B) should belong C) don't need to pay
C) has to belong D) would have paid
D) may belong
26. We ---- a hotel room so we had to sleep in

19. I didn’t feel very well yesterday. I ---- the car.
anything.
A) couldn't find
A) cannot eat B) wouldn't find
B) couldn’t eat C) might not find
C) mustn't D) didn't need to find
D) wouldn't
27. The water level is rising rapidly! We ----

20. We ---- funding, therefore had to abandon the sandbags along the river to prevent a flood.
project.
A) don't need to put
A) didn't have to get B) should have put
B) were unable to get C) were going to put
C) may not have got D) must put
D) wouldn't have got
28. Julia doesn't have any children because she 30. I think you ---- out more and meet new
---- children. people.
A) wouldn't have borne A) might go

B) was unable to bear B) would go
C) had to bear C) need to go
D) shouldn't have borne D) should go
29. You ---- a new alarm clock. This one is

broken.
A) might buy
B) could buy
C) should buy
D) needed to buy
Active & Passive Voice
• Tables
• Questions
Tables > passive present tenses
Table of Present Tenses
Active Voice
Simple Present Present Perfect

am Ving
have V3 have been Ving
V1 is Ving
has V3 has been Ving
are Ving
yapar yapıyor yapmış durumda yapıyor
Passive Voice

am V3 am being V3
have been V3
is V3 is being V3
has been V3 Passive halde
are V3 are being V3
kullanılmaz.
yapılır yapılıyor yapılmış durumda
Tables > passive past tenses
Table of Past Tenses
Active Voice
was Ving
V2 had V3 had been Ving
were Ving
yaptı yapıyordu yapmış durumdaydı yapıyordu
Passive Voice
was V3 was being V3

had been V3
were V3 were being V3 Passive halde
kullanılmaz.
yapıldı yapılıyordu yapılmış durumdaydı
Tables > passive future tenses
Table of Future Tenses
Active Voice

will V1 will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving
yapacak yapıyor olacak yapmış durumda olacak yapıyor olacak
Passive Voice

will be V3 will have been V3

Passive halde Passive halde
kullanılmaz. kullanılmaz.
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Tables > passive simple modals
modal TR time mood
must do
present
future
must be done
should do
present
future
should be done
ought to do
present
future
ought to be done
had better do
present
future
had better be done
have to do
has to do
present
have to be done
has to be done
had to do
past
had to be done
will have to do
future
will have to be done
need to do
needs to do
present
need to be done
needs to be done
needed to do
past
need to be done
will need to do
future
will need to be done
may do
present
future
may be done
might do
present
future
might be done
can do
present
future
can be done
could do
present
future
could be done
could do
past
could be done
is able to do
are able to do
present
is able to be done
are able to be done
was able to do
were able to do
past
was able to be done
were able to be done
will be able to do
future
will be able to be done
is going to do
are going to do
future
is going to be done
are going to be done
was going to do
were going to do
past
was going to be done
were going to be done
would do
present
future
would be done
would do
past
would be done
used to do
past
used to be done
Tables > passive perfect modals
modal TR time mood
should have done

past
should have been done
ought to have done

past
ought to have been done
must have done

past
must have been done
may have done

past
may have been done
might have done

past
might have been done
can't have done

past
can’t have been done
could have done

past
could have been done
would have done

past
would have been done
1. That painting ---- by Picasso. It could be a 7. Millions of euros ---- by tourists in Europe in
forgery. the last few years. We have a record of it.
A) might not have been painted A) may have been spent

B) would not have painted B) may have spent
C) should not have been painted C) have been spent
D) did not have to be painted D) have spent
2. You ---- us you weren't coming. We've waited 8. The peas ---- for months and were still fresh.
for over an hour!
A) had been frozen
A) need to be told B) must have frozen
B) have told C) have frozen
C) were being told D) would be frozen
D) should have told
9. Invoices ---- by the 24th of every month.

3. The kitchen wall ---- down so that the kitchen
can be enlarged. A) should submit
B) had to submit
A) is being pulled
C) must be submitted
B) was going to be pulled
D) is able to submit
C) pulled
D) might pull
10. The race was really difficult. She ---- because
she’s not fit enough.
4. Buddhism ---- much today where it was born.
A) oughtn't to have won
A) did not practice B) couldn’t have won
B) was not practiced C) shouldn't have won
C) does not practice D) didn't need to win
D) is not practiced
11. In the past, many types of medicine ---- by

5. She was angry because she ---- too many accident.
personal questions at the job interview.
A) were discovered
A) is able to be asked B) discovered
B) could ask C) should have discovered
C) asked D) should have been discovered
D) was being asked
12. I was afraid to ask her out because she ----

6. Every morning she ---- up early and gets me before.
ready for work.
A) had rejected
A) woke B) has rejected
B) wakes C) was rejecting
C) will wake D) rejects
D) is waking
13. Lina ---- out for the night. He's not answering
the phone.
A) has been gone

B) will go
C) must have gone
D) may have been gone
14. She ---- on holiday. She's got too much work 17. You’ve already eaten enough for three
to do. people! You ---- still hungry!
A) didn't need to go A) can’t be
B) wouldn't have gone B) mustn't be
C) was going to go C) are not going to be
D) can't have gone D) might not be
15. Say goodbye to Ann now. By the time you 18. You have a terrible dry cough! You ---- to the
return, she ---- for New York. doctor.
A) will have left A) must have been gone
B) had left B) should go
C) left C) had gone
D) had been leaving D) are being gone
16. Customers ---- re-usable bags when 19. Too much exposure to X-rays ---- cancer.
shopping.
A) can be caused
A) should bring B) can cause
B) were being brought C) had better cause
C) had brought D) had better be caused
D) might be brought
20. Will you lend me £10? I promise I ---- it back

to you tomorrow.
A) will give
B) will be given
C) should give
D) should be given
1. We ---- cars so that they are more fuel- 8. It's Julia's birthday next week, so we ---- her
efficient. some flowers.
A) will have selected A) are going to be bought

B) would be selected B) are going to buy
C) should select C) would have bought
D) are being selected D) would have been bought
2. We ---- out dinner tonight. Do you want to 9. He ---- his aunt a letter every week.
join us?
A) wrote
A) will be gone B) writes
B) went C) is writing
C) had better be gone D) was writing
D) may go
10. Tom is not back to England. He ---- to Italy

3. I ---- a speech at my friend’s wedding on for three weeks.
Friday at seven.
A) was
A) had given B) had been
B) gave C) has been
C) am giving D) will be
D) will be giving
11. In the US, elections for president ---- every

4. Tom ---- TV for two hours when I arrived. four years.
A) has watched A) are held
B) had been watching B) hold
C) watches C) will be held
D) is watching D) will hold
5. You ---- at the children. It frightens them. 12. The city ---- almost completely by the
earthquake.
A) weren't able to shout
B) can't have shouted A) could destroy
C) wouldn't shout B) was destroyed
D) shouldn’t shout C) must be destroyed
D) destroyed
6. Luke has passed his driving test, now he ----

a car. 13. The airline only allows two pieces of
luggage. You ---- too much.
A) could drive
B) can drive A) couldn't pack
C) would drive B) wouldn't have pack
D) used to drive C) had better not pack
D) might not be packed
7. Water ---- through the roof, so we had to get

it repaired.
A) must have been leaked

B) was leaking
C) needed to be leak
D) leaks
14. The woman was deaf, so she ---- sign 21. I ---- harder for the exam. It was very difficult,
language in her workplace. and I didn't pass it.
A) could use A) would study

B) used to be using B) could have studied
C) would use C) should have studied
D) needs to use D) might have studied
15. You ---- in hospital overnight during 22. He ---- a green baseball cap now.
treatment; it is very easy and short one.
A) is wearing
A) didn't have to stay B) was wearing
B) shouldn't have stayed C) had been wearing
C) wouldn't have stayed D) wears
D) don't need to stay
23. She ---- sergeant by now.

16. Sarah was disappointed because her plan ---
-. A) should have made
B) was being made
A) had rejected
C) ought to have been made
B) had been rejected
D) will have made
C) could have rejected
D) could have been rejected
24. The secretary ---- all the correspondence by 6
o’clock.
17. When the electricity lines ----, it left
thousands of homes without electricity. A) can be answered
B) will have answered
A) brought down
C) would answer
B) were brought down
D) will be answered
C) would bring down
D) would be brought down
25. ---- you speak French? - Only a few words,
but my Russian is pretty good.
18. He ---- to Cape Town before 1997.
A) Can
A) has not been B) Would
B) had not been C) May
C) will be D) Should
D) will have been
26. I ---- in bed when I heard the accident

19. Paul's class starts at 8:30. It's 8:45 and he's outside.
not here yet. He ---- the bus.
A) lie
A) could have missed B) lay
B) might have missed C) have lain
C) must miss D) was lying
D) should have missed
27. I ---- to meet you at the station next weekend.

20. He missed the class for the first time, he ----
sick. A) come
B) will come
A) must be
C) have come
B) could be
D) was coming
C) ought to be
D) would be
28. Jeremy ---- up early tomorrow. His class was 30. On out way, we won't be given a map, so we
cancelled. ---- by ourselves.
A) won't be got A) could have managed

B) shouldn't have been got B) could have been managed
C) hasn't got C) will have to manage
D) doesn't have to get D) will have to be managed
29. She ---- to Australia in 1994 and she liked it

very much.
A) went
B) goes
C) is going
D) has gone
Verbal
• Table & Questions
Table & Questions > table
gerund
active passive
zaman farkı yok Ving being V3
zaman farkı var having V3 having been V3
notlar
infinitive
active passive
zaman farkı yok to V1 to be V3
zaman farkı var to have V3 to have been V3
notlar
Table & Questions > introduction
1. We can avoid ---- such diseases by choosing 7. Tom Sawyer was the first novel ever ---- on a
---- healthy food. typewriter.
A) risked / eaten A) writing

B) to have risked / eating B) written
C) risking / to eat C) to write
D) to risk / to be eaten D) having written
2. The man ---- the disease were kept in 8. Komodo Island is believed ---- approximately
quarantine. 1 million years ago.
A) carried A) to have been formed

B) carrying B) to have formed
C) to carry C) to form
D) carries D) having been formed
3. During a depressive episode, people often 9. The professor did not allow us ---- a
report ---- energy and interest in activities. dictionary while ---- the test.
A) to have been reduced A) using / having written

B) to have reduced B) being used / to write
C) having reduced C) having used / being written
D) having been reduced D) to use / writing
4. The first person ---- an insulin injection ---- a 10. The law forbids ---- without ---- a seat belt.
fourteen year-old boy in 1922.
A) to travel / wearing
A) to have received / had been B) travel / having worn
B) having received / be C) travelling / wearing
C) to receive / was D) being travelled / being worn
D) being received / is
11. I hate people ---- about how well his son is

5. Teachers do not tolerate ---- during an doing at school.
examination.
A) bragging
A) having been cheated B) to brag
B) to cheat C) bragged
C) cheat D) brag
D) cheating
12. We were warned by the taxi driver not ---- in

6. Some doctors have focused on ---- that restaurant, but Mary refused ----.
radiosurgery and chemotherapy ---- some
tumours. A) eating / to listen
B) having eaten / listening
A) to use / to have controlled
C) to eat / to listen
B) using / to control
D) eaten / having listened
C) being used / to be controlled
D) use / controlling
13. Jenny is lucky ---- a scholarship.
A) to be giving
B) having been given
C) to have been given
D) being given
14. After his insulting comments, I thought Jack 17. Oral medications may be used ---- eczema, --
deserved ----. -- on the severity of the patient's case.
A) being fired A) being controlled / to depend

B) firing B) controlling / being depended
C) to be fired C) to control / depending
D) having fired D) to have controlled / having depended
15. A passing motorist stopped ---- when our car 18. Her anxiety about ---- in public caused her ----
broke down on the highway. the job.
A) having helped A) having spoken / to being lost

B) helping B) speaking / to lose
C) to help C) being spoken / losing
D) help D) spoken / to having lost
16. Nerve damage ---- a loss of feeling or the 19. The director eventually won the award after --
loss of ability ---- the hand. -- for 9 years in a row.
A) is caused / being moved A) nominating

B) can cause / to move B) being nominated
C) causes / having moved C) having nominated
D) has caused / moved D) to be nominated
20. The politician was not ashamed ---- bribes.

A) to take
B) of being taken
C) to have taken
D) of having taken
Table & Questions > homework
1. ---- writing good essays, you have to begin 7. In the 5th century Germanic tribes kept ---- to
by ---- ideas. the south and invaded the Roman Empire.
A) To have started / collected A) to move

B) Starting / having collected B) to be moved
C) Having started / being collected C) moving
D) To start / collecting D) move
2. The missing child is reported ---- near metro 8. We delayed ---- the results until we were
station. sure.
A) to have been found A) to report

B) to find B) to be reporting
C) having found C) having been reported
D) found D) reporting
3. The students were looking forward to ---- the 9. The law forbids any citizen ---- without
academic year. wearing a seat belt.
A) start A) travel
B) starting B) to travel
C) having started C) travelled
D) being started D) travelling
4. An easy way ---- the healing process of a 10. Apollo 2 was the second successful attempt
broken toe, is to prevent it from ----. ---- a manned spacecraft on the Moon.
A) to be accelerated / moved A) to be landing
B) accelerating / having moved B) to land
C) to accelerate / moving C) having been landed
D) having accelerated / being moved D) landing
5. The word astronomy is derived from Greek 11. Candice regretted ---- that comment to Terry,
words ---- 'law of the stars'. so she apologized later.
A) to mean A) to make
B) meant B) making
C) meaning C) make
D) to have meant D) to have made
6. Japan is the only nation ---- by nuclear 12. I wanted to stop ---- some presents, but we ---
bombs. - enough time.
A) to be hitting A) buy / don't have
B) having been hit B) having bought / hadn't had
C) to have been hit C) to buy / didn't have
D) to have hit D) buying / haven't had
13. The series of crimes were thought ---- by the 20. He despises her constantly ---- him
same man. questions while he ----.
A) to commit A) asking / is working

B) to have been committed B) to be asked / will work
C) having committed C) to ask / could work
D) to have committed D) ask / has been working
14. ---- the body to rest and recover can give it a 21. Sarah always enjoyed ---- the annual autumn
chance ---- naturally. fair because it meant ---- local seasonal food.
A) Allowed / healing A) having attended / to eat

B) To allow / being healed B) attending / eating
C) Having allowed / heal C) to attend / having eaten
D) Allowing / to heal D) attending / to eat
15. The car ---- by the young man crashed into a 22. The thief admitted ---- the car at the police
tree. station.
A) to be driven A) to have stolen

B) being driven B) stolen
C) having driven C) to steal
D) drove D) having stolen
16. Sam warned me not ---- anything during the 23. ---- can do a lot of damage to your long-term
tea ceremony, so I ---- a word. health.
A) having said / cannot say A) Having smoked

B) to say / didn't say B) To have smoked
C) to be said / couldn't say C) To smoke
D) saying / won't say D) Smoking
17. We spent the whole day ---- in the train 24. The first known form of air conditioning is
station ---- for the overdue train. said ---- in Ancient Rome.
A) to sit / having waited A) to have developed

B) having sat / waited B) to have been developed
C) sitting / waiting C) to be developping
D) sat / to wait D) having been developed
18. The man ---- the books and pens is the new 25. The firemen ---- the fire from ---- to the other
mathematics teacher. buildings.
A) carried A) will be able to prevent / having spread

B) carrying B) are to prevent / to spread
C) having carried C) prevented / spreading
D) carries D) could prevent / spread
19. Einstein risked ---- a new theory to the world. 26. Spies reported ---- a build-up of soldiers.
A) to be introducing A) see
B) to introduce B) to have seen
C) introduced C) seeing
D) introducing D) to see
27. Major universities enable students ---- 29. It's very important not to forget ---- the lights
classes online. when you leave the building.
A) attend A) turning off
B) attending B) to turn off
C) to attend C) turn off
D) to be attended D) to be turned off
28. Some people would like ---- to music or 30. Emma always enjoys ---- a good thriller at
news in the shower. the cinema.
A) listening A) having seen
B) to have listened B) see
C) to listen C) to see
D) listen D) seeing
Conditionals
• Table & Questions
Table & Questions > table
type 0
real-present
yan cümle ana cümle
if simple present simple present
notlar
type 1
real-present
will V1
if simple present can V1
may V1
notlar
type 2
unreal-present
would V1
if simple past
could V1
notlar
type 3
unreal-past
would have V3
if past perfect
could have V3
notlar
mixed type 3/2
unreal-past / unreal-present
if past perfect would V1
could V1
notlar
mixed type 2/3
unreal-present / unreal-past
would have V3
if simple past
could have V3
notlar
Table & Questions > introduction
1. If you ---- your fingers into the fire last night, 7. She ---- a year in the USA if it ---- easier to get
you ---- bandages today. a green card, but she turned back to her
hometown.
A) are sticking / would wear
B) stick / will be wearing A) will have spent / is
C) stuck / could have worn B) spent / could be
D) hadn’t stuck / wouldn’t be wearing C) would have spent / were
D) should spend / had been
2. If Jack ---- his seat belt at the time of the

accident, he ---- so badly injured. 8. The man ---- if the ambulance ---- so quickly.
A) has worn / mustn't have got A) would die / might not arrive
B) had been wearing / wouldn’t have got B) had died / can't arrive
C) is wearing / shouldn't have got C) would have died / hadn't arrived
D) used to wear / wouldn't get D) may die / won't arrive
3. If Grace ---- too much coffee, she ---- at night. 9. If she ---- up for the ski trip last week, she ----
us tomorrow.
A) drank / wouldn't have slept
B) has drunk / might not have slept A) had signed / would be joining
C) drinks / doesn't sleep B) signed / should have joined
D) is drinking / wasn't able to sleep C) may sign / was going to join
D) signs / will join
4. If I ---- on a lonely island, I ---- around naked

all day. 10. If we gave Robert another chance, he ---- the
same mistakes again.
A) lived / would run
B) live / may be running A) will make
C) have lived / could have run B) would make
D) will live / run C) could have made
D) makes
5. I ---- a house if I ---- the lottery last week.

11. Were she know about Tim's past, Mandy ----
A) will be buying / could win very upset.
B) was going to buy / have won
A) would be
C) would buy / had won
B) is
D) would have bought / might have won
C) could have been
D) will be
6. If we ---- poor quality, we ---- the leading
company in our business.
12. It's 1 p.m. in the afternoon. If you ---- your
A) delivered / would not be homework now, we ---- to the cinema in the
B) can deliver / could not have been evening.
C) deliver / should not have been
A) had done / can go
D) are delivering / might not have been
B) have to do / would go
C) did / would have gone
D) do / will go
13. She ---- hurt in the car accident if she ---- her 17. She ---- to come to the party if she ---- that
seat belt. her ex-boyfriend would be there.
A) would have been / hadn't worn A) might not have agreed / knew
B) might have been / isn't wearing B) would not have agreed / had known
C) would be / doesn't have to wear C) is not going to agree / could know
D) might have been / hasn't worn D) will not have agreed / has known
14. I ---- all August in Thailand if I ---- the time 18. Had it not been for your cooperation, I ----
and the money. Maybe next year. the work in time.
A) am spending / will have A) should not have finished
B) will be spending / have B) will not have finished
C) would spend / had C) must not have finished
D) might spend / had had D) could not have finished
15. If you ---- your teeth, you ---- cavities. 19. If you ---- late again for training again today, I
---- you play in tomorrow’s match.
A) aren't brushing / would be getting
B) don’t brush / get A) will be / couldn't let
C) shouldn't brush / might get B) have been / might not have let
D) couldn't brush / must get C) were / wouldn't let
D) are / won’t let
16. If the weather ----, we ---- the top of the

mountain by noon. 20. We ---- it over the bridge before the
drawbridge goes up if we ---- now.
A) didn't change / should reach
B) hasn't change / could have reached A) will make / leave
C) doesn’t change / will have reached B) would have made / left
D) won't change / can reach C) have made / will leave
D) could make / are leaving
Table & Questions > homework
1. The burglars ---- so much damage if you ---- 7. We ---- our order if you ---- the goods by
all the drawers. Friday.
A) would not have done / hadn't locked A) had cancelled / wouldn't have delivered
B) would not do / don't lock B) may cancel / didn't deliver
C) had not done / haven't locked C) would cancel / haven't delivered
D) will not have done / didn't lock D) will cancel / don't deliver
2. John has a lot of car accidents. If he ---- 8. If you ---- hard, you ---- good grades in
more carefully, he ---- fewer accidents. school.
A) had driven / will have A) are studying / are getting

B) drove / would have B) have been studying / would get
C) should have driven / might have C) will study / can get
D) will drive / may have D) study / get
3. If you ---- our flight tickets, we ---- on our way 9. I ---- your diary if you ---- it in such an
to the Caribbean now. obvious place.
A) didn't lose / will be A) can't read / don't hide

B) can't have lost / are B) may not have read / haven't hidden
C) hadn't lost / would be C) wouldn't have read / hadn't hidden
D) don't lose / would have been D) won't read / didn't hide
4. She ---- cash if she ---- a credit card. 10. If you ---- a little more patient, you ----.
A) can't have paid / must have A) have been / might have succeeded
B) wouldn't pay / had B) were / will succeed
C) doesn't have to pay / had had C) had been / could have succeeded
D) won't have paid / has D) would be / succeed
5. If you ---- the paper yesterday, you ---- the 11. If you ---- your mind to a goal, you ----
advertisement. eventually achieve it.
A) have read / will have seen A) may set / can

B) will read / will see B) set / will
C) had read / would have seen C) are setting / would
D) are reading / should have seen D) could set / must
6. I ---- angry now if you ---- my chocolate 12. Had they afforded it, they ---- the house.
mousse.
A) would be able to buy
A) haven't be / may eat B) had better buy
B) wouldn't be / hadn’t eaten C) would have bought
C) cannot be / ate D) will buy
D) would have been / haven't eaten
13. You ---- the game if you ---- the rules.

A) wouldn't win / had better not know
B) won't win / don't know
C) didn't win / haven't known
D) can't win / don't have to know
14. If you ---- on the radio, we ---- the news. 21. If I ---- that much last night, I ---- so sick now.
A) turned / heard A) couldn't have eaten / don't feel

B) can turn / hear B) didn't eat / won't feel
C) may turn / should hear C) haven't eaten / might not feel
D) had turned / would have heard D) hadn't eaten / wouldn't feel
15. If all eligible voters ----, he ----. 22. If you ---- English, you ---- foreigners
perfectly.
A) vote / will elect
B) may have voted / has been elected A) had spoken / ought to get along with
C) had voted / wouldn't have been elected B) speak / will get along with
D) are voting / is electing C) would speak / got along with
D) can speak / must get along with
16. If I ---- much alcohol during my youth, I ----

with chronic liver disease now. 23. If you ---- this medicine, your fever ---- down.
A) hadn't consumed / wouldn't be A) might take / had better go

B) am not consuming / wouldn't have to be B) took / will go
C) haven't consumed / couldn't have been C) take / should go
D) didn't consume / won't be D) were taking / went
17. If you ---- to master a foreign language, you - 24. Had your cousin come earlier, I ---- happier.
--- as much as possible.
A) will be
A) had wanted / would study B) may be
B) want / must study C) would have been
C) wanted / will study D) needed to be
D) will want / study
25. If we ---- earlier, we ---- in this traffic jam now.

18. If a person ---- to lift weights that are too
heavy, it ---- injury. A) have set off / won't be
B) need to set off / can't be
A) had tried / would result in
C) had set off / wouldn't be
B) tries / may result in
D) set off / mustn't be
C) has tried / could have resulted in
D) would try / resulted in
26. Jane didn't understand the homework, if she
---- to the teacher's instruction, she ---- what
19. People ---- hungry if they ----. to do now.
A) will get / may eat A) has listened / would have known

B) get / don’t eat B) were listening / will have known
C) have got / aren't eating C) would have listened / knew
D) are getting / haven't eaten D) had listened / would know
20. If you ---- to the theatre with me yesterday, 27. I ---- the e-mail if it ---- a virus. I didn't know
you ---- the play. that.
A) had come / would have enjoyed A) won't open / may contain

B) came / will have enjoyed B) wouldn't have opened / had contained
C) come / will enjoy C) didn't open / must have contained
D) have come / would enjoy D) won't have opened / contains
28. If she ---- sensible, she ---- that question. She 30. If my parents ---- shopping in the afternoon, I
offended him so much. ---- my little sister. I had better ask them.
A) could be / didn't ask A) went / should have looked after

B) were / wouldn't have asked B) will go / may look after
C) is / had better not ask C) had gone / would look after
D) might be / shouldn't have asked D) go / must look after
29. He ---- a better job if he ---- that exam.
A) won’t get / doesn't pass

B) isn't getting / hasn't passed
C) wouldn't get / can't pass
D) hasn't got / won't pass
Preposition
• List & Questions
List & Questions > list
of
1 çeviri ...ın, ...in, ...un, ...ün, sessiz çeviri
ilişki İsim tamlaması kurarken kullanılır.
of (all)
2 çeviri … arasında, ...içinde
ilişki Bir şeyin benzerleriyle karşılaştırma yaparken kullanılır.
(be) of
3 çeviri …e sahip
ilişki Bazı isimlerle birlikte sahiplik anlamında kullanılır.
a member of the European Union
the effects of excessive alcohol consumption
the faculty of education
of all the book I have read
lack of Vitamin C
of all the people I have met
the evolution of species
This necklace is of no value.
the king of the empire
Money is of tremendous importance for me.
in (place)
1 çeviri ...de, ...da, ..deki, ...daki, ...nın içinde
ilişki yer isimleriyle
in (place)
2 çeviri ...de, ...da, ..deki, ...daki
ilişki “belirli bir alanda” anlamı katar.
in (time)
ilişki zaman isimleriyle
in (time)
4 çeviri …içerisinde, …de, …da
ilişki Bir şeyin ne kadar süre içerisinde olacağını ifade eder. (+ zaman dilimi)
5 in
çeviri …açısından, …bakımından
ilişki Bir şeyin hangi açıdan, hangi bakımdan olduğunu ifade eder.
in (direction)
6 çeviri …e, …a, …içine
ilişki bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme
soldiers in the battlefield
the official language in India
plant species in the rainforest
rising temperatures in the future
She recovered in three weeks.
innovations in computer technology
developments in chemistry
in the early stages of pregnancy
I will be back in 15 minutes.
They are similar in density.
a change in personality
an increase in unemployment
get in the car
dive in the pool
They differ in size and shape.
the invention of cell phones in the 20th century
An orange is rich in vitamin C.
planets in the solar system
at (place)
at (time)
ilişki zaman isimleriyle
at (direction)
3 çeviri …e, …a
ilişki Bazı fiillerin hangi yöne doğru yapıldığını belirtir.
He waved at his wife at the airport at 5 o'clock.
passengers at the airport
at the beginning of the lesson
Water boils at 100 C degrees.
We will start at 7 pm.
at the moment
fish at the bottom of the sea
Don't look at me like that!
at the age of 80
on (place)
1 çeviri …de, …da, …deki, …daki, ....nın üzerinde
ilişki yüzeyine temas eden
on (time)
2 çeviri …de, …da, …deki, …daki, sessiz çeviri
ilişki günlerle birlikte
on
3 çeviri …üzerine, …hakkında
ilişki about
on (direction)
4 çeviri …e, …a, …üzerine., …üstüne
ilişki bir şeyin üstüne doğru yönelme
on (time)
5 çeviri …den sonra, …nın üzerine
ilişki after, when
upon (time)
6 çeviri …den sonra, …nın üzerine
ilişki after, when
It lives on trees.
on the surface of Jupiter
a press conference on Thursday
on graduation from university
on the first day of the next month
the painting on the wall
upon the arrival of the Europeans
an article on the use of technology in schools
scientific studies on climate change
for
1 çeviri ...için
ilişki purpose
for (time)
çeviri …dır, …dir, …dur, …dür, sessiz çeviri

2
bir şeyin ne kadar süredir devam ettiğini belirtir
ilişki
for + zaman dilimi | for + mesafe
for centuries
a present for you
opportunity for employment
for a long time
Walk for 500 metres and turn left.
It is not suitable for young children.
for the last three days
by
1 çeviri …tarafından, …nca
ilişki edilgen anlam olan cümlelerde eylemi yapanı belirtir (passive voice)
by
2 çeviri …e kadar, …e gelindiğinde
ilişki belirtilen zaman ifadesinden önce
by + Ving (+Ving)
3 çeviri …erek, …arak
ilişki Sonrasında gerund geldiğinde bu şekilde çevrilir. (X without +Ving)
by
4 çeviri ...ile
ilişki aracılığıyla, vasıtasıyla (by means of)
by (place)
5 çeviri …yanında, …oralarda, …orada
ilişki yakınlarında bir yerde
to decide by flipping a coin
to go to school by bus
by the end of the next month
a song composed by Mozart
to go to Rome by plane
a discovery by Galileo
a book by George Orwell
a summer house by the sea
There is a man by the door.
prevent cancer by eating healthily
by 2050
examined by an experienced physician
by saving money
to (direction)
ilişki yönelme
to (+V1)
2 çeviri …mek, …mek için
ilişki infinitive (to V1)
to
3 çeviri …için
ilişki Bazı sıfatlarla birlikte için anlamında kullanılır.
I want to go to Çamlıhemşin to visit my uncle.
to listen to music
to make a decision
immigration to Turkey
transferred to a new hospital
vital to academic success
essential to healthy nutrition
Brain sends signal to internal organs.
from
1 çeviri …den, …dan
ilişki bir şeyin başlangıcı, çıkış noktası, sebebi
2 from… to… (place & time)
çeviri …dan …ya
ilişki zaman veya mesafe aralığı
from… until…
(place & time)
from… till…
3
çeviri …dan …ya kadar
ilişki zaman veya mesafe aralığı
from… on
(time)
from… onwards
4
çeviri …dan itibaren
ilişki Bir şeyin başlangıç noktasını belirtir.
from 15th century onwards
from autumn to spring
different from its contemporaries
from now till September
a strong wind from Black Sea
emigration from Turkey
cheap electronic goods from China
from Ankara to Istanbul
from now on
far from the city centre
from dawn until dusk
about
1 çeviri …hakkında, …ile ilgili
ilişki on the subject of
about (adverb)
2 çeviri yaklaşık ...
ilişki approximately
about to do (adverb)
3 çeviri yapmak üzere
ilişki is going to do (+ to V1)
The bridge is about to collapse.
about the same
curious about the future
about 100 kilometres
The plane is about to take off.
studies about the effects of smoking
an opinion about the elections
with
1 çeviri …ile, ...ile birlikte
ilişki birlikte (together with)
with
2 çeviri ...ile
ilişki aracılığıyla (using)
with
3 çeviri …sı olan, …ya sahip, …lı, …li
ilişki sahiplik (who has, which has, having) (X without)
the border with Syria
patients with genetic disorder
an agreement with its neighbours
to pay with credit card
to cut with scissors
to spend time with his family
a woman with green eyes
parents of children with addiction
an illness with fever
to wash with soap
over (place)
1 çeviri …üzerinde, …üzerinden, …üzerine
over (time)
2 çeviri …içerisinde, …boyunca, …dır, …dir
ilişki zaman ifadeleriyle
over (adverb)
3 çeviri …üzerinde, …dan fazla
ilişki more than
4 over (adverb)
çeviri bitti, sona erdi
ilişki finished
over the age of 18
over the last 5 days
over the centuries
It is over. I leave you.
bandage over the infected area
the election is over
over the years
the chemotherapy is over
a city with over 1 million inhabitants
to hold umbrella over his daughter
people over 80 kg
the black clouds over the city
under (place)
1 çeviri …altında
under
2 çeviri ...altında
ilişki yer olarak değil; soyut olarak bir şeyin altında
under
3 çeviri yapılmakta, devam etmekte
ilişki belirli isimlerle kullanıldığında devam etmekte şeklinde çevrilebilir.
under (adverb)
4 çeviri …altında, …dan az
ilişki less than
The bridge is under construction.
fossil fuels under the ocean
The early election is under discussion.
people under risk of heart attack
under negotiation
under threat from human activities
under these circumstances
under the age of 18
to examine under a microscope
without
1 çeviri …sız, …siz, …olmasaydı
ilişki not having, lacking (X with)
without + Ving (+Ving)
2 çeviri …meden, …madan
ilişki Sonrasında gerund geldiğinde bu şekilde çevrilir. (X by+Ving)
without drinking water
cannot see clearly without glasses
Without water, we wouldn't survive
We couldn't have done it without your support.
drink coffee without sugar
disappeared without leaving any trace
without breathing for 2 minutes
within (time)
ilişki belirtilen zaman dilimi içerisinde (+ zaman dilimi)
within (place)
ilişki belirtilen yerin sınırları içerisinde
the blood within the heart
within a week
within the solar system
to complete within half an hour
between (place & time)
1 çeviri …arasında
ilişki belirli noktalar arasında
the trade between member countries
the difference between a comet and asteroid
the relationship between climate and biodiversity
between Stone Age and Bronze Age
among (place)
1 çeviri …arasında
ilişki Sonrasında çoğul isim veya topluluk ismi gelir.
drug addiction among teenagers
malnutrition among African children
among the crowd
during (time)
1 çeviri …de, …da, …boyunca, …sırasında, ...esnasında
ilişki Sadece zaman ifadeleriyle kullanılır.
during pregnancy
during mating season
during winter months
severe floods during monsoon season
along (place & direction)
1 çeviri …boyunca
ilişki Sadece yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
trees along the river
along the coast
along the borders of the Roman Empire
throughout (place)
1 çeviri …nın her yerinde
ilişki in every part of it, everywhere in
throughout (time)
2 çeviri …boyunca
ilişki from the beginning to the end of
throughout the world
throughout the human history
blood flow throughout the body
to look for life throughout the universe
throughout the weekend
through (direction)
1 çeviri …içinden, …den, …dan
ilişki bir şeyin bir ucundan diğerinden çıkma
through
2 çeviri …ile, …vasıtasıyla
ilişki using; by means of
breathe through the nose
pass through the blood vessels
It is financed through donations.
to walk through the park
through vitamin supplements
to lose weight through regular exercise
towards (direction)
1 çeviri ...e doğru
ilişki yönelme
towards the end of the season
A meteor is falling towards Earth.
the step towards happiness
into (direction)
1 çeviri …e, …a, …içine
ilişki bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme
into
ilişki Bir şeyin başka bir şeye dönüşümünü anlatır.
conversion into electricity
translate into Turkish
to dive into the pool
to get into the room suddenly
onto (direction)
1 çeviri …e, …a, …üstüne
ilişki bir şeyin üstüne doğru yönelme
to load onto the trucks
to put onto the floor
against
1 çeviri ...e karşı
ilişki opposing
to fight against enemies
to vote against the new institution
the protests against injustice
above (place)
1 çeviri …üzerinde
ilişki seviye olarak üzerinde
above sea level
blood pressures above normal
below (place)
ilişki seviye olarak altında
below average
temperatures below freezing
around (place & direction)
1 çeviri ...etrafında
ilişki yer ve yönelme
2 around (adverb)
çeviri yaklaşık ...
ilişki approximately
around (adverb)
3 çeviri var, mevcut
ilişki exists
to revolve around the sun
around the turn of the 18th century
It has been around for a long time.
around 2 litres of water a day
muscles around eye
electrons around the nuclear core
across (direction)
1 çeviri karşıdan karşıya
ilişki from one side to the other
across (place)
2 çeviri …her yerinde
to swim across the river
to go across the street
across the world
tens of thousands of websites across the Internet
outside
1 çeviri …dışında, …dışarısında
ilişki not in
outside my expertise
outside the garden
inside
1 çeviri …içinde, …de, …da
ilişki in or into
2 inside
çeviri …içinde, …de, …da
ilişki belirtilen zaman dilimi içerisinde (+ zaman dilimi)
the structures inside a cell
inside a month
inside the lungs
inside three days
beyond (place)
1 çeviri …ötesinde
ilişki bir şeyden uzakta
beyond
2 çeviri …ötesinde, …meyecek kadar
ilişki bir şeyin sınırlarının, kapasitenin dışarısında
to change beyond recognition
it is beyond my understanding
beyond those hills
to go beyond the river
away (place & direction & adverb)
1 çeviri ...dan uzak, uzağa
ilişki somewhere else
far away from the city centre
40 km away from the nearest settlement
Can you please take those away?
out (adverb)
1 çeviri dışarı
ilişki not in
Can you put the garbage out?
We will go out tonight.
1 out of (place & direction)
çeviri …dışında, …dan dışarı
ilişki not in
out of
2 çeviri …den, …dan
ilişki Bazı kelimelerle sebep anlamında kullanılır.
to ask out of curiosity
get out of the house
to jump out of the window
out of happiness
near (place)
1 çeviri …yanında
ilişki close to
near the hospital
a house near a kindergarten
beside (place)
1 çeviri …yanında
ilişki close to
to wait beside her bed
to live beside a lake
next to (place)
1 çeviri … bitişiğinde
ilişki very close to
to sit next to the window
the man sitting next to me
behind (place)
1 çeviri ...arkasında
ilişki in the back side of sth
behind the door
the reason behind his success
1 in front of (place)
çeviri ...nın önünde
ilişki in the front side of sth
in front of the building
in front of the mirror
opposite (place)
1 çeviri …karşısında
ilişki facing
opposite the post office
opposite the police station
beneath (place)
ilişki under
beneath the snow
beneath a blanket
underneath (place)
ilişki under
a bomb underneath the car
underneath the skin
up
1 çeviri yukarı
ilişki towards higher position
up to
2 çeviri …kadar, …varan
ilişki ya eşit ya da daha az; belirtilen miktarı geçmez
3 up to somebody
çeviri birine kalmış, birine bağlı
ilişki onun sorumluluğunda
up to half of the voters
up to 40 percent of the citizens
It is up to you.
The prices have gone up recently.
It is up to the boss to make the final decision.
Can you stand up please?
down
1 çeviri aşağı
ilişki towards lower position
The elevator is going down.
They brought the Russian plane down.
off
1 çeviri Belirli bir çevirisi yoktur. Kullanıldığı cümleye göre farklı şekillerde çevrilebilir.
ilişki uzaklaşma, uzak (away from)
off
2 çeviri kapalı
ilişki kapalı, çalışmıyor, kapalı halde (not operating)
off
3 çeviri izinli
ilişki izinli olmak, çalışmamak (not at work)
off the coast of Miami
I will a week off next month.
to turn off the radio
I am off today.
switch off the lights
to give off an awful smell
keep off the grass
after (time)
1 çeviri ...dan sonra
ilişki later than
after the death of their leaders
We will go out after wordy today.
after leaving the house
following (time)
1 çeviri ...dan sonra
ilişki later than
the weeks following the elections
They will bury him following the worship at the mosque.
before (time)
1 çeviri ...dan önce
ilişki earlier than
before (adverb)
2 çeviri daha önce
ilişki Bu anlamda genellikle cümle sonunda kullanılır.
before (place)
3 çeviri …nın önünde
ilişki Bu anlamda genellikle cümle sonunda kullanılır.
before staring to exercise
before the lesson
I have never been to Izmir before.
before 17th century
Bow before the king!
before the invention of fire
three people before me in the queue
until (time)
1 çeviri ...e kadar
ilişki up to the point
until five o'clock
until the 15th century
till (time)
1 çeviri ...e kadar
ilişki up to the point
till 1903
till the end of the week
since (time)
1 çeviri ...dan beri
ilişki from a particular time in the past
since the accident
since the last meeting
since the 17th century
since 1970s
than
1 çeviri ...den, ...dan, ...e göre
ilişki karşılaştırma (comparative)
three metres longer than the others
more than I thought
My wife spends less money than me.
as
1 çeviri ...olarak
ilişki in the role, status or function of
as an alternative to fossil fuels
is known as Black Death
is used as a painkiller
He works as a police officer.
1 like
çeviri ...gibi
ilişki example (örnek)
like
2 çeviri ...gibi
ilişki similar to (benzetme)
soft like silk
birds like sparrow and pigeon
fast foods like hamburger
She looks like her mother.
unlike
1 çeviri ....nın aksine, …nın zıttına
ilişki farklılık
unlike other forms of fuel
unlike his contemporaries
despite
1 çeviri ...e rağmen
ilişki zıtlık
despite the support from his family
despite the her efforts
I love him despite his faults.
notwithstanding
1 çeviri …e rağmen
ilişki zıtlık
He continued notwithstanding the objections.
He failed notwithstanding my advice.
considering
1 çeviri …yı düşünürsek, …yı göz önüne alırsak
ilişki "…e rağmen" ile yakın anlamlıdır.
Considering the weather, We got there rather early.
He looks young considering his age.
given
1 çeviri …yı düşünürsek, …yı göz önüne alırsak
ilişki "…e rağmen" ile yakın anlamlıdır.
Given her age, she is pretty healthy.
Given the circumstances, it is a miracle she survived.
besides
1 çeviri ...nın yanı sıra, ...ya ek olarak
ilişki ekleme (addition)
Besides being handsome, he is rich.
He is an actor besides being a writer.
He know three languages besides Turkish.
alongside
1 çeviri ...ile birlikte, ...nın yanı sıra, ...nın yanında
ilişki ekleme (addition)
He was sitting alongside her.
Ottoman Empire fought alongside Germany in World War

I.
concerning
1 çeviri …ile ilgili, …hakkında, …konusunda
ilişki about
a decision concerning my future
I won't answer questions concerning my private life.
regarding
1 çeviri …ile ilgili, …hakkında, …konusunda
ilişki about
a problem regarding the new plan
evidence regarding the murder of the officer
including
1 çeviri …dahil
ilişki part of
There were 20 people including us.
the price including tax
excluding
1 çeviri …hariç
ilişki not part of
except
2 çeviri …hariç
ilişki not part of
excepting
3 çeviri …hariç
ilişki not part of
It is open except on Sundays.
the price excluding tax
all members excepting me
via
1 çeviri ...aracılığıyla, ...üzerinden
ilişki through; using
to send via bluetooth
to go to İstanbul via Ankara
per
1 çeviri …de, …da, her, …başına
ilişki each
600$ per person excluding travel costs
110 km per hour
1 versus
çeviri ...e karşı
ilişki competing, fighting, compared
a match Beşiktaş versus Benfica
state education versus private education
plus
1 çeviri artı
ilişki toplama
minus
2 çeviri eksi
ilişki çıkarma
What is 19 minus 90?
What is 7 plus 6?
List & Questions > introduction
1. Street lights have an unexpectedly strong 7. The sun is responsible ---- the weather and
effect ---- insect populations. the climate ---- earth.
A) with A) from / at
B) out of B) with / over
C) on C) to / along
D) away from D) for / on
2. Their differences have arisen ---- a debate ---- 8. The Russians were concerned ---- the
how best to preserve the revolution. alliance ---- France and the United Kingdom.
A) out of / about A) of / into

B) into / at B) about / between
C) about / against C) over / under
D) without / of D) through / among
3. Ozone molecules in the atmosphere provide 9. ---- history the world has taken the steps in
us ---- important protection ---- the rays of the preventing the disease ---- spreading.
sun.
A) With / with
A) for / to B) Over / on
B) into / along C) Throughout / from
C) with / from D) In / by
D) about / by
10. Haiti is commonly regarded ---- the poorest

4. Some types ---- eye drops can cause serious nation ---- the Western Hemisphere.
damage ---- the eye.
A) at / across
A) from / of B) as / in
B) within / on C) with / out of
C) of / to D) from / for
D) under / inside
11. The social and cultural component ---- a

5. Competition ---- nations continues to community is vital ---- its sustainability.
increase ---- the current global economic
environment. A) as / over
B) of / to
A) between / on
C) between / for
B) by / around
D) within / on
C) among / in
D) in / over
12. You can become infected ---- head lice when
the insects crawl ---- your head.
6. Genetic factors make some people
especially vulnerable ---- dependence ---- A) over / above
alcohol. B) at / with
C) with / onto
A) from / towards
D) through / in
B) about / for
C) against / over
D) to / on
13. Calcium is primarily stored ---- bones and 19. The referee has been accused ---- partiality ---
teeth and plays an important role ---- many of - the visiting team.
the body’s functions.
A) for / to
A) by / out of B) to / for
B) over / beyond C) by / of
C) along / from D) of / by
D) in / in
20. The leading actor had a serious

14. Smaller fires were burning ---- many other disagreement ---- the director ---- some of the
regions ---- the country. lines in his script.
A) around / into A) at / by
B) by / beyond B) with / over
C) among / near C) to / about
D) in / across D) for / with
15. Thailand was in alliance ---- Japan ---- World 21. For more than 30 years, Spain was cut off ----
War Two, but became a US ally following the the rest of the world ---- the dictatorship of
conflict. General Franco.
A) between / beyond A) by / onto

B) at / in B) along / within
C) with / during C) into / as
D) out of / within D) from / under
16. China is home ---- 20 of the 30 most polluted 22. Studies on interaction ---- dolphins and
cities ---- the world. horses have shown positive benefits ----
young children.
A) out of / on
B) for / through A) of / on
C) among / around B) between / to
D) to / in C) into / over
D) with / for
17. From its position 380 miles ---- Earth’s

surface, the Hubble Space Telescope has 23. In 1933, Hitler came ---- power with a goal to
contributed enormously ---- astronomy. make Germany ---- a great power again.
A) into / for A) in / among

B) by / over B) over / with
C) above / to C) from / of
D) inside / on D) into / into
18. Awareness ---- the need ---- healthy living in 24. You can always speak ---- your parents if you
today’s world is growing. are worried ---- anything.
A) towards / to A) about / on
B) of / for B) of / over
C) in / with C) to / about
D) as / behind D) with / out of
25. He drove very slowly ---- the avenue because 28. The expression ---- her face led me to believe
it was crowded ---- people. that she was angry ---- something.
A) around / by A) on / about
B) along / with B) by / from
C) against / in C) about / at
D) during / for D) of / towards
26. People ---- training and/or experience can 29. Vitamin D2 is produced ---- plants, and is
expect to start out ---- minimum wage. obtained by humans ---- diet.
A) from / through A) through / under

B) without / at B) onto / by
C) with / into C) by / through
D) for / by D) to / at
27. The body had burned ---- recognition. 30. Adult education must be accessible ----
people ---- all income levels.
A) for
B) over A) among / above
C) beyond B) across / with
D) by C) for / on
D) per / from
List & Questions > homework
1. A person's risk of skin cancer is related ---- 7. Most cases of colorblindness are attributed -
lifetime exposure ---- UV radiation. --- genetic factors that are present ---- birth.
A) at / from A) as / during
B) with / about B) to / at
C) to / to C) within / from
D) upon / on D) onto / by
2. The nervous system can transmit signals ---- 8. Symptoms usually last ---- four to seven
speeds of 100 meters ---- second. days and most people recover ---- treatment.
A) at / per A) for / without
B) to / on B) at / on
C) with / by C) between / within
D) from / in D) upon / against
3. Many people have been stockpiling food ---- 9. Practice is absolutely essential ---- those
a precaution ---- shortages. interested ---- playing the trumpet well.
A) on / by A) with / of
B) into / from B) for / in
C) through / of C) to / towards
D) as / against D) among / by
4. The body's demand ---- oxygen increases ---- 10. Biofuels are ---- the most interesting of all
strenuous exercise. modern alternatives ---- fossil fuels.
A) to / through A) among / to
B) on / with B) in / against
C) for / during C) out of / over
D) without / in D) of / beside
5. Potatoes are high ---- potassium, so they 11. Control ---- the Temple Mount has changed
tend to keep high blood pressure ---- control. hands many times ---- history.
A) by / within A) with / by
B) in / under B) over / throughout
C) over / beneath C) from / in
D) with / out of D) of / towards
6. The government wants to reduce industry's 12. Most of the cases of death ---- malaria occur -
dependence ---- coal. --- sub-Saharan Africa.
A) by A) over / across
B) on B) beneath / around
C) at C) with / through
D) from D) from / in
13. Children have to learn the difference ---- right 20. The teacher was far from satisfied ---- the
and wrong. results of the children.
A) without A) to
B) among B) at
C) between C) with
D) through D) off
14. Yoga focuses ---- your natural tendency ---- 21. Globally, 70 percent of available freshwater
health and self-healing. is held ---- the soil and accessible ---- plants.
A) by / between A) as / beneath
B) into / over B) between / by
C) at / upon C) in / for
D) on / towards D) within / of
15. During the dry season in Kenya, elephants 22. ---- mammals, the desert camel shows the
descend ---- Mount Kenya ---- the forest. greatest tolerance ---- dehydration.
A) across / into A) With / towards

B) up to / opposite B) Among / to
C) from / to C) Within / against
D) below / along D) Between / off
16. Egypt only receives ---- average 23. The new version of the film was criticized ----
approximately one inch of rain ---- year. being inferior ---- the previous film.
A) on / per A) of / below
B) in / by B) for / under
C) with / in C) against / from
D) from / towards D) as / to
17. The country is heavily dependent ---- oil and 24. ---- the 1960s and 1970s Tennessee began to
gas imports. struggle ---- alcohol and drugs.
A) below A) With / over

B) at B) Over / into
C) on C) In / with
D) across D) Between / towards
18. Scientists are often armed ---- all the latest 25. ---- the world, gender is the primary division
workout equipment. ---- people.
A) by A) In / away from
B) from B) Across / inside
C) with C) Around / between
D) in D) Throughout / against
19. When economic conditions fluctuate, the 26. The relationship ---- marketing and
demand ---- labour is usually affected. consumer behavior can be studied ----
surveys.
A) in
B) for A) between / through
C) at B) among / by
D) of C) to / with
D) in / about
27. Excessive drinking ---- alcohol is detrimental 34. Russia is still angry ---- NATO's airstrikes ----
---- a healthy diet. Yugoslavia.
A) of / to A) within / to
B) with / in B) about / against
C) over / at C) as / in
D) from / by D) for / around
28. We get unlimited access ---- the Internet ---- 35. Inland taipan is classified ---- the most
just 20 a month. venomous snake ---- the planet.
A) from / at A) off / from

B) into / per B) with / at
C) to / for C) from / in
D) over / by D) as / on
29. Lightening is usually accompanied ---- 36. In autumn, the leaves change ---- green to
thunder. brown.
A) into A) from
B) about B) up
C) by C) below
D) from D) off
30. ---- World War II, bombing missions were the 37. Scientists came up ---- the idea of x-rays
key ---- victory for both the Nazis and the creating a huge breakthrough ---- medicine.
Allies.
A) for / onto
A) Around / of B) with / in
B) Over / at C) on / for
C) Throughout / with D) of / within
D) In / to
38. Some species of cranes may travel ---- 500

31. Technology has had an irreversible impact -- miles per day while searching ---- food.
-- society.
A) by / with
A) over B) through / away from
B) at C) up to / for
C) on D) on / towards
D) below
39. Head lice are insects that hold ---- the scalp
32. Harris hopes her research will offer insight -- and hair follicles and feed ---- a person's
-- other human emotions. blood.
A) among A) from / off
B) from B) upon / for
C) against C) onto / on
D) into D) with / to
33. Teachers are strictly prohibited ---- carrying 40. Leaders of the protest group make no
on affairs ---- their students. apologies ---- their action.
A) over / to A) without
B) by / about B) with
C) of / of C) against
D) from / with D) for
41. Women seem to be particularly vulnerable --- 46. An allergy ---- penicillin itself will prevent a
- depression ---- their reproductive years. doctor ---- prescribing penicillin.
A) with / over A) for / on

B) against / in B) to / from
C) to / during C) in / against
D) in / throughout D) towards / off
42. Rabies is often transmitted ---- the bites of 47. Russia is becoming integrated ---- the world
infected wild and domesticated animals. economy instead ---- staying alien.
A) along A) from / to
B) through B) in / against
C) for C) with / for
D) at D) into / of
43. African penguin live in large colonies ---- the 48. Sometimes people are confused ---- the
rocky shores ---- the breeding season. relationship ---- revenue and profit.
A) from / into A) of / within

B) around / out of B) over / to
C) on / during C) about / between
D) with / through D) among / in
44. Erosion refers ---- the gradual transport of 49. The 1980s and 90s saw a rise ---- the
materials ---- the Earth's surface. popularity of new urbanism.
A) as / through A) in
B) through / over B) at
C) with / across C) away
D) to / around D) to
45. The upcoming Royal wedding ---- Prince 50. The sales assistants are trained to deal ----
Harry and Meghan Markle will be ---- customer complaints ---- a friendly manner.
significant interest to the entire world.
A) about / from
A) with / in B) towards / on
B) between / of C) by / under
C) for / on D) with / in
D) among / from
Connector
List & Questions > transitions
so
therefore
bu yüzden
thus
hence
as a result
sonuç olarak
as a consequence
sonuç
thereby + Ving
dolayısıyla
thus + Ving
that’s why
which’s why bu sebeple
for this reason
in this way bu şekilde, böylece
but
however fakat, ama, ancak
yet
still yine de
even so öyle bile olsa
nevertheless
yine de
nonetheless zıtlık
on the contrary aksine
on the other hand öte yandan…
in/by contrast
contrarily
aksine, zıttına
conversely
to the contrary
for çünkü sebep
likewise
benzer şekilde benzetme
similarly
moreover ayrıca ekleme
in addition
furthermore
also
besides
additionally
what’s more
and ve
for example
for instance örneğin örnek
to illustrate
meanwhile
bu sırada
in the meantime
zaman
afterwards ardından, daha sonra, ve daha sonra
(and) then (ve) daha sonra
otherwise
or else yoksa, aksi takdirde koşul
or
or veya, ya da
nor ne de
instead bunun yerine, onun yerine
in fact
aslında
actually
diğer
indeed gerçekten
that is
in other words
yani, başka bir deyişle
namely
that’s to say
List & Questions > conjunctions
when conj ...dığı zaman
whenever conj her ne zaman …se
conj
after ...den sonra
prep
as soon as conj … er...mez
once conj ...den sonra
conj
before ...den önce
prep
until
conj zaman
…e kadar
prep
till
by the time conj …e kadar
while
conj …iken
as
just as conj tam ...iken
as conj …dıkça, …dikçe
since
conj
...den beri
prep
ever since
if conj (eğer) …se
as long as
conj …dığı sürece
so long as
unless conj ...mezse, ...medikçe
even if conj …se bile
only if conj sadece/ancak …se
on condition that
koşul
providing (that) conj …mesi şartıyla
provided (that)
suppose (that)
conj farz et ki…
supposing (that)
if ever conj eğer olurda …se
if only conj keşke
what if? conj ya...se?
because conj ...dığı için |çünkü sebep
trans
as
since
now that
conj ...dığı için, ...den dolayı, çünkü
on grounds that
in that conj …mesi bakımından
inasmuch as conj ...dığı için, ...den dolayı
conj
although
trans
conj
though ...e rağmen | fakat
trans
conj
even though
trans
zıtlık
conj
while
trans
...e rağmen | oysa
conj
whereas
trans
however + adjective
conj her ne kadar … olsa da
however + adverb
as + SVO
as + prep conj …gibi
as + V3 benzetme
just as conj tıpkı…gibi…
as if
conj (sanki)...mış gibi diğer
as though
so that
conj ...sın diye, böylece amaç
in order that
in case conj ...r diye, ...rsa diye

tedbir
for fear that conj …korkusuyla
as far as
conj ...dığı kadarıyla, ...e göre
so far as
assuming that conj farz edelim ki

diğer
except that conj …hariç
in the hope that conj …mesi umuduyla
given that conj ...i düşünürsek
the moment conj ...er...mez, …dığı anda zaman
the instant
the minute
the second
List & Questions > prepositional phrases
because of PP
due to PP
...den dolayı
owing to PP
on account of PP
as a result of PP
...nın sonucu olarak sebep
as a consequence of PP
thanks to PP ...nın sayesinde
by means of PP …nın aracılığıyla
with the help of PP

…nın yardımıyla
with the aid of PP
such as PP … gibi, örneğin, mesela örnek
despite prep
in spite of PP …e rağmen zıtlık
notwithstanding prep
unlike prep
in contrast to/with PP ...nın aksine karşılaştırma
contrary to PP
like prep … gibi benzetme
as well as PP
in addition to PP ...e ilaveten, ...ın yanı sıra, ve ayrıca

ekleme
besides prep
along with PP ... ile birlikte
in order to + V1 PP amaç
...mek için
so as to + V1 PP
in an effort to + V1 PP
in an attempt to + V1 PP
for the purpose of PP ...mek için, ...mek amacıyla
with the intention of PP
with a view to PP
in case of PP … durumunda, … halinde tedbir
in the event of PP
for fear of PP … korkusuyla
about prep
with/in regard to PP
as regards PP
concerning prep
regarding prep
as to PP
pertaining to PP … ile ilgili, ...nın hakkında, ...e dair ile ilgili
with respect to PP
in respect of PP
with reference to PP
in/with relation to PP
in association with PP
in connection with PP
in the aftermath of PP
...den sonra, ...nın sonrasında
following prep
prior to PP ...den önce, ...nın öncesinde zaman
as of PP
as from PP
compared to/with PP karşılaştırma
when compared to/with PP

… ile karşılaştırıldığında
as compared to/with PP
in/by comparison with PP
in terms of PP … açısından diğer
instead of PP
...nın yerine diğer
in place of PP
rather than PP …den ziyade diğer
according to PP …e göre diğer
in accord with PP
... ile uyum içinde, ...e uygun olarak diğer
in accordance with PP
in line with PP … ile uyumlu olarak diğer
including prep … dahil diğer
excluding prep
except for PP
apart from PP
… hariç diğer
excepting PP
with the exception of PP
other than PP
regardless of PP
…e bakmaksızın diğer
irrespective of PP
no matter + NCl PP her … diğer
as a means of PP … aracı olarak diğer
on behalf of PP
...nın adına, ...i temsilen, ...nın namına diğer
in the name of PP
in the hope of PP …nın umuduyla diğer
as for PP
…e gelince, …i sorarsanız, söz konusu diğer
when it comes to PP
in view of PP ...den ötürü, … göz önünde tutarak diğer
considering prep … düşünüldüğünde, düşünürsek diğer
on the brink of PP
on the edge of PP
on the verge of PP ...nın eşiğinde, …mek üzere diğer
on the eve of PP
at the point of PP
ahead of PP ...nın önünde, ...nın ilerisinde diğer
in return for PP
in exchange for PP ...nın karşılığında, ...e karşılık olarak diğer
in response to PP
in search of PP
…nın peşinde, …nın arayışında diğer
in pursuit of PP
in favour of PP ...nın lehine, ...nın çıkarına diğer
in need of PP …e muhtaç diğer
in opposition to PP …e karşı olarak diğer
in the light of PP …nın ışığında diğer
on the basis of PP ...i temel alarak, …e dayanarak diğer
without prep
...sız, …siz; olmazsa, … olmasaydı diğer
but for PP
for the sake of PP ...nın hatırı için diğer
List & Questions > correlatives
not only… but also… sadece… değil ayrıca...
both… and… hem… hem de… / gerek… gerek…
either… or… ya… ya da…
neither… nor… ne…ne de…
whether… or… ister…ister…
not… but… …değil…
the same… as… …ile aynı…
as… as… …kadar…
so… as… …kadar… (sadece olumsuz cümlede)
so… that… o kadar … ki …
such… that… o kadar … ki …
such… as… …gibi…, örneğin, mesela
the more… the more… ne kadar… o kadar…
more… than… …den daha fazla…
less… than… …den daha az…
just as… so … tıpkı … gibi …
1. ---- his drinking was a problem, no one 7. The refugees are short of food; ----, they
could convince the alcoholic to get help. desperately need medical assistance.
A) Because A) furthermore
B) Since B) yet
C) So that C) for instance
D) Even though D) therefore
2. ---- they are identical twins, there is a 8. ---- the driver of the truck ---- the driver of the
noticeable distinction between the colors of car was injured in the crash.
their hair.
A) Both / and
A) However B) Neither / nor
B) If C) Whether / or
C) Although D) Such / that
D) Because
9. Some kids may be more interested in

3. The biological environment includes breaking crayons ---- drawing with them.
organisms of the same kind ---- other plants
and animals. A) as a result of
B) thanks to
A) in terms of
C) rather than
B) as well as
D) regardless of
C) in place of
D) due to
10. You should learn to do your sums in your
head ---- always using your calculator.
4. ---- it snows tonight, there will be great
conditions for snowboarding tomorrow. A) instead of
B) with the help of
A) As well as
C) in case of
B) If
D) in terms of
C) Only if
D) Although
11. The teacher refused to mark his work
because his book was ---- torn ---- dirty.
5. He was not at home and ---- we asked the
neighbours when he would be back. A) whether / or
B) both / and
A) after
C) neither / nor
B) instead
D) such / as
C) therefore
D) so that
12. The man spoke with ---- passion ---- all
listeners were moved to tears.
6. ---- the benefits of staying active, many
people lead a sedentary lifestyle. A) not only / but also
B) not / but
A) Along with
C) both / and
B) Thanks to
D) such / that
C) Despite
D) In terms of
13. The city has a 50 kph limit; ----, people are 17. ---- the magnitude of the project, I need to
often caught speeding. hire some additional workers.
A) in spite pf A) In spite of
B) therefore B) Since
C) however C) Therefore
D) in place of D) Because of
14. The soldiers were badly injured ---- they went 18. Poland lies along Belarus 'western border, ---
on fighting. - the Czech Republic lies further to the
southwest.
A) instead
B) as a result A) once
C) therefore B) while
D) but C) when
D) thus
15. The terrorists brought rope with them ----

they could tie up all the hostages. 19. ---- Tim was fascinated with astronomy, he
asked his parents to buy him a telescope.
A) when
B) so that A) Though
C) but B) Whereas
D) even if C) Because
D) Once
16. Dennis will ---- get accepted ---- get rejected

by Stanford University by the end of this 20. Red signifies happiness, ---- it is used in
month. Chinese weddings.
A) both / and A) thus
B) as / as B) in contrast
C) neither / nor C) that is
D) either / or D) instead
1. They were able to position the yacht ---- 7. I decided to accept the job ---- the low salary.
radar.
A) in addition to
A) in the event of B) thanks to
B) by means of C) because of
C) in terms of D) in spite of
D) on account of
8. Many people think scientists are abusing of

2. She yelled for help ---- there was no one to animals; ----, those people do nothing to
hear her. stop the problem.
A) hence A) however
B) but B) while
C) in contrast C) unlike
D) even so D) as a result
3. The father was ---- disappointed ---- angry 9. Be careful when handling a knife, ---- you
with his son's exam results. will get injured.
A) as / as A) otherwise
B) neither / nor B) so that
C) not only / but also C) therefore
D) so / that D) instead
4. ---- her injured foot, she managed to walk to 10. The group meets four times a week; ---- we
the village. have individual counselling sessions.
A) On account of A) in fact
B) Instead of B) so
C) Despite C) in addition
D) In terms of D) yet
5. My mother was really upset ---- I told her the 11. The poor parents could not support the
bad news. baby; ----, they sent him to an orphanage.
A) therefore A) because
B) so long as B) instead
C) when C) however
D) furthermore D) therefore
6. He has 6 large dogs to protect his house. ---- 12. Each class is to present ---- a drama ---- a
the dog is, ---- he feels. song for the concert.
A) Both / and A) neither / nor

B) Neither / nor B) such / that
C) The bigger / the safer C) either / or
D) Whether / or D) less / than
13. We're not making much profit, ---- we need to 20. ---- she pretended to be happy, the woman
raise our prices. was really miserable and hated her life.
A) because A) However
B) so B) Because
C) in addition C) Though
D) instead D) When
14. It was ---- a beautiful meteor storm ---- we 21. Experts have seen the wreckage of the
watched it all night. Spanish galleon San Jose ---- underwater
cameras.
A) just as / so
B) so / that A) according to
C) the same / as B) with the help of
D) such / that C) in addition to
D) prior to
15. Russia is ---- a big country ---- it has eleven

time zones. 22. She is going to stay at the beach ---- the sun
has disappeared.
A) both / and
B) so / as A) now that
C) such / that B) once
D) whether / or C) in case
D) until
16. Yesterday it was ---- too warm ---- too cold. It

was an ideal day for taking a walk. 23. He lost his driving licence ---- he was
convicted of drinking and driving.
A) not / but
B) both / and A) whenever
C) whether / or B) until
D) neither / nor C) therefore
D) because
17. Some species of mole are on the list of

endangered species ---- habitat loss. 24. In 2009, more than 50 of people were living
in urban areas ---- rural areas.
A) prior to
B) in order to A) no matter
C) due to B) rather than
D) in spite of C) owing to
D) on behalf of
18. When his mother died, the man felt ---- his
world would crumble under his feet. 25. There was little chance of success; ----, we
didn’t give up.
A) as if
B) until A) otherwise
C) after B) thus
D) since C) nevertheless
D) in addition
19. ---- the pilots' strike, all flights have been

cancelled. 26. ---- English has just five vowel sounds, some
languages have 30 or more.
A) In spite of
B) In case of A) Ever since
C) As a result of B) Just as
D) On behalf of C) While
D) Since
27. ---- the text was written in a foreign language, 34. ---- we go by bus ---- train, it will take at least
I could not comprehend its meaning. 3 hours.
A) Even though A) Both / and
B) Just as B) Neither / nor
C) While C) Whether / or
D) Since D) Not only / but also
28. Western countries enjoyed considerable 35. Last night, I had a vivid dream I was living
advantages ---- technology. in Paris; ----, I went online and booked a trip.
A) unlike A) for instance
B) as a result of B) instead
C) rather than C) however
D) in terms of D) as a result
29. ---- the rain and the high winds, they never 36. The secretary types ---- quickly ---- she
went camping. always completes her work in time.
A) Despite A) more / than

B) Due to B) not only / but
C) In term of C) just / as
D) Apart from D) so / that
30. ---- it is invisible, I am well aware of the 37. ---- fire, the alarm will sound at intervals of
equator due to its high suffocating 15 seconds.
temperatures.
A) In terms of
A) Even though B) In spite of
B) However C) In the event of
C) Despite D) As a result of
D) In spite of
38. ---- bad weather, the match was cancelled.

31. ---- the treaty is announced, the fighting on
the border should cease. A) Despite
B) Unlike
A) Whether
C) With the help of
B) While
D) Owing to
C) Before
D) Once
39. ---- it takes you three years, you must
accomplish your goal.
32. ---- we receive enough rain, there will be a
shortage of electricity. A) Because
B) After
A) While
C) Once
B) Just as
D) Even if
C) Unless
D) After
40. Low birth weight may be caused by external
factors, ---- smoking during pregnancy.
33. She won gold medals from ---- the single ----
group races. A) besides
B) unlike
A) neither / nor
C) instead of
B) both / and
D) such as
C) such / as
D) more / than
41. They were poor, ---- often suffered great 46. Other dancers try to imitate her style, ----
hardship. they have not succeeded.
A) and A) yet
B) in fact B) hence
C) but C) in turn
D) in turn D) that is
42. He gave me his phone number ---- I can call 47. Giraffe don't drink too much water and can
him any time. survive ---- water longer than a camel.
A) since A) thanks to
B) though B) without
C) so that C) instead of
D) as soon as D) such as
43. ---- people have access to your trade secrets, 48. Alfred ---- got up late this morning ----
---- it is. missed the train.
A) So little / such a good A) not only / but also

B) As little as / so good B) whether / or
C) The less / the better C) neither / not
D) More / than D) so / as
44. She hasn't taken dance lessons, ---- does she 49. ---- you win this race ---- you lose it doesn't
need to. matter.
A) also A) Neither / nor

B) yet B) Whether / or
C) nor C) The more / the more
D) hence D) So / that
45. People have been cloning plants ---- the 50. Kate never learnt Spanish ---- she lived in
beginning of agriculture. Spain for many years.
A) after A) because
B) as soon as B) even if
C) whereas C) as long as
D) since D) although
Relative Clause
• Markers & Questions
Markers & Questions > markers
önüne ne gelir? marker sonuna ne gelir?
who
whom
which
where
when
why
whose
that
whereby
by which
notlar
Markers & Questions > introduction
1. Pigeon post is mail ---- is carried by pigeons 7. Balloons ---- are filled with helium will float
or other birds. away unless they are tied.
A) which A) that
B) where B) when
C) when C) whereby
D) whose D) to which
2. Colour film has several layers, ---- is 8. Towers are classified according to the
sensitized to a different colour. method ---- wires are supported.
A) which A) that
B) by which B) whose
C) whichever C) by which
D) each of which D) which
3. No one should open an mail except the 9. The plane ---- you are looking at now has
person to ---- it has been addressed. just taken off for Paris.
A) that A) who
B) who B) that
C) whose C) how
D) whom D) where
4. Product management processes are those --- 10. The boy ---- Angela had shouted at smiled.
- govern the life cycle of a product.
A) whose
A) what B) whom
B) which C) whenever
C) who D) which
D) by which
11. La Albufera is a protected area of land ----

5. The Gobi Desert is a large desert region ---- you can see a lot of interesting wildlife.
stretches through China and parts of
Mongolia. A) by which
B) where
A) by which
C) whose
B) whatever
D) what
C) that
D) whose
12. Bill Clinton was the president ---- wife is
called Hillary Clinton.
6. American soldiers killed over 50 Sioux, ----
were women and children. A) that
B) whom
A) many of whom
C) with which
B) all of which
D) whose
C) one of whom
D) none of them
13. The person ---- you sent the letter has moved 17. Florists have been around since at least
to a new address. 1623, ---- the word florist first entered
English.
A) where
B) to whom A) but
C) of which B) whereby
D) that is C) when
D) if
14. They wanted to create a society ----

everything was possible. 18. Mexico is a country ---- borders adjoin with
those of the United States.
A) whereby
B) in which A) which
C) that B) whose
D) which C) its
D) wherever
15. The teacher shouted at the boy, ---- had

forgotten his homework again. 19. We should develop a system ---- workers can
communicate more effectively.
A) why
B) who A) whether
C) when B) whom
D) for which C) on which
D) whereby
16. Our early flight is the reason ---- we need to

leave right away in the morning. 20. Americans may regard shy people as less
capable than those ---- are not shy.
A) where
B) whose A) whose
C) why B) which
D) by which C) whom
D) who
Markers & Questions > homework
1. The man ---- we met at the races is my long 7. Kurt Vonnegut, ---- was one of America's best
time friend. writers, was also a very good painter.
A) whoever A) who
B) whose B) of which
C) whom C) whom
D) whenever D) that
2. Students ---- want to major in physics ought 8. Dieting is not always the means ---- an
to have a sufficient knowledge of anorexic loses weight.
mathematics.
A) where
A) whether B) of whom
B) which C) by which
C) why D) when
D) who
9. Politics is perhaps the only profession for ---

3. Police officers are trained individuals ---- job - no preparation is thought necessary.
is to serve and protect.
A) which
A) where B) because
B) whose C) whom
C) when D) that
D) who
10. Now they want to change the system ---- the

4. During the holidays, we are going to a place team is picked.
---- we can ski.
A) on which
A) which B) whereby
B) what C) where
C) where D) why
D) how
11. Those ---- follow a strict vegan or vegetarian

5. I dream of a society ---- wealth is distributed diet should inform the doctor.
fairly.
A) which
A) which B) whose
B) when C) who
C) whose D) by which
D) wherever
12. Mating season of coati takes place at the

6. Do you know the reason ---- airplane beginning of the rainy season, ---- food is
propellers turn much faster than ship plentiful.
propellers?
A) when
A) how B) that
B) which C) at which
C) when D) where
D) why
13. There are several types of nasal spray, ---- 19. The Bolivian navy has 173 vessels, many of -
are sold over the counter. --- are stationed on Lake Titicaca.
A) however A) which
B) whereby B) where
C) many of which C) whose
D) that D) whom
14. The person to ---- Candice owes the greatest 20. Those ---- want to smoke will need to do so
gratitude is her mother. in a designated area.
A) whose A) where
B) whom B) which
C) that C) who
D) who D) whereby
15. A mini-robot ---- was due to land on the 21. The singer, ---- name I don't remember, has a
surface of an asteroid circling the Sun has beautiful voice.
been lost.
A) whose
A) whose B) what
B) that C) whom
C) who D) that
D) where
22. This antibiotic is to be used only by the

16. I didn't realize I had forgotten my passport person ---- it is prescribed.
until I reached the airport, ---- was very
annoying. A) whose
B) which
A) which
C) who
B) that
D) to whom
C) where
D) when
23. That is the man to ---- I had submitted my
application.
17. I met with many beautiful girls at the party
last night, the most beautiful of ---- was Nora. A) whose
B) whom
A) which
C) who
B) who
D) that
C) whom
D) that
24. The soldiers ---- fought bravely won the
victory.
18. Eventually, I reached a stage ---- I began to
enjoy my work. A) where
B) whether
A) where
C) against which
B) at which
D) who
C) from which
D) by which
25. Newton studied "white light", ---- is made of
several different colours.
A) which
B) who
C) that
D) how
26. It's a very dangerous sport, ---- a slight 29. In TV advertising, prime time is the time of
mistake can lead to serious injury. day ---- most people are most likely to watch
television.
A) that
B) of which A) why
C) where B) when
D) which C) what
D) while
27. Those ---- find fault with other people tend to

be blind to their own fault. 30. In a just society, there must be a system ----
people can seek justice through the courts.
A) whoever
B) whereby A) whom
C) who B) whereby
D) which C) of which
D) whereas
28. The car, ---- cost more than 20,000 dollars,

was a present from his family.
A) by which
B) if
C) whose
D) which
Noun Clause
• Markers & Questions
Markers & Questions > markers
question words
who
whom
what
where
when
why
how + SVO
how + adjective
how + adverb
which
whose
question words + ever
whoever
whomever
whatever
wherever
whenever
whyever
however
whichever
whosever
that
that
the fact that
whether
whether
if
notlar
Markers & Questions > introduction
1. You can use cell phones ---- the cell sites are 7. Balance is the key to determining ---- or not a
in use. behaviour is a healthy habit.
A) whether A) whom
B) whose B) during which
C) which C) whether
D) wherever D) why
2. A: This restaurant is very expensive! 8. We didn’t understand ---- you had chosen
B: It is, but order ---- you want. This is a very such a rough road to get to our destination.
special occasion.
A) whether
A) whether B) why
B) however C) where
C) whatever D) after
D) wherever
9. The reason why he should resign his job is -

3. My father spoke to me about ---- important --- he is not equal to it.
school will be for finding a job when I am
older. A) if
B) for
A) once
C) that
B) even
D) which
C) how
D) however
10. Even a ship at sea can be considered the
territory of ---- country’s flag it is flying.
4. It remains to be seen ---- or not going to
America to study is good for me. A) whose
B) whichever
A) that
C) those of
B) either
D) wherever
C) if
D) whether
11. We are preparing for the dinner. Do you
know ---- they will arrive?
5. The history of origami is rife with claims of -
--- country invented the art first. A) which
B) where
A) when
C) when
B) which
D) whomever
C) how
D) whether
12. It's very much of the opinion ---- alternative
medicine is a waste of time.
6. No one can truly say ---- invented pizza.
A) how
A) whom B) whose
B) who C) that
C) where D) why
D) when
13. The door to my room screeches when I open 17. Were you aware ---- your husband was
it. I wonder ---- there's something wrong with having an affair with his secretary?
it.
A) who
A) where B) what
B) that C) that
C) if D) how
D) what
18. ---- the sun rises from the east is a fact.

14. People, at times, can be so blind that they
don't even see ---- is in front of their eyes. A) To which
B) Where
A) what
C) That
B) where
D) Whereby
C) that
D) whenever
19. We wonder ---- the government will appoint
to the job?
15. You won two free tickets to the concert! You
may give the second ticket to ---- you like. A) what
B) whose
A) whichever
C) whom
B) if
D) when
C) whomever
D) as
20. Nobody knows ---- to save our city from
financial collapse.
16. No matter ---- you look, you can see damage
caused by the earthquake. A) whose
B) how
A) whether
C) if
B) where
D) which
C) why
D) which
Markers & Questions > homework
1. Without Dadaism, it is unlikely ---- 7. I like them both, Mary. You will look
Surrealism and other modern art movements beautiful in ---- wedding dress you choose.
would have occurred.
A) whose
A) if B) whichever
B) how C) what
C) when D) whatever
D) that
8. Consulting with a physician will help you

2. My father asked me ---- had visited him the decide ---- approach would be best.
day before.
A) which
A) where B) where
B) who C) when
C) why D) why
D) whether
9. I don’t know ---- problem she can cause in

3. People didn’t believe the theory ---- the Earth this project.
revolves around the sun.
A) whereby
A) whom B) that
B) that C) whose
C) by which D) whatever
D) whether
10. I don't know ---- he has any special powers

4. Don’t forget to send ---- attended the or not, but he's probably stronger than a
conference a follow-up email. normal human.
A) when A) why
B) that B) how
C) wherever C) what
D) whoever D) who
5. ---- we chose not to include you is none of 11. ---- the institution will offer the scholarship
your business. to him or not is still in the air.
A) Whether A) Whether
B) Why B) Whom
C) Whoever C) Which
D) When D) What
6. We need to explain to our children ---- telling 12. My metabolism is such that no matter ---- I
the truth is important. eat I don't put on weight.
A) which A) much more

B) why B) as much as
C) what C) how much
D) who D) too much
13. People used to believe ---- the world was flat. 20. ---- I will be working concerns me because I
have no car.
A) why
B) that A) If
C) how B) Why
D) whether C) Whoever
D) Where
14. He did not specify ---- many satellites Russia

put into orbit. 21. ---- we rent this shop again next year
depends on the amount of profit we make.
A) such
B) very A) If
C) how B) Whichever
D) so C) Whether
D) How
15. ---- Sarah has no friends is a pity.

22. How did you learn about ---- happened here
A) Where yesterday afternoon?
B) That
A) what
C) In which
B) that
D) What
C) why
D) which
16. The teacher asked ---- was absent from
school last week.
23. Sarah asked me ---- she could turn on the
A) who light.
B) whom
A) when
C) which
B) what
D) where
C) if
D) why
17. I'm sure I'm not the first to notice ---- your
daughter is a very talented artist, especially
for her age. 24. They never found out ---- he had hidden the
knife.
A) that
B) whose A) in which
C) if B) where
D) how C) whereby
D) who
18. The sad truth is ---- there aren’t many honest

people in the world. 25. The police have offered ---- finds the stolen
diamonds a reward.
A) where
B) that A) whoever
C) by which B) when
D) whoever C) whose
D) that
19. I would like to know ---- bag this is because

it's occupying my seat. 26. No one knows ---- there will be another war
in the Middle East.
A) what
B) whose A) whether
C) why B) which
D) whether C) who
D) what
27. An EEG and an EMG differ in terms of where 29. ---- you consult, what counts is getting help
and ---- they are performed. before minor problems become major.
A) as which A) To whom
B) what B) That
C) by whom C) Whomever
D) those D) How
28. ---- the Olympics Games take place, Greece 30. ---- you want will be done accurately.
is always present.
A) How
A) Wherever B) Whenever
B) Whoever C) Whether
C) Whatever D) Whatever
D) However
Vocabulary
List & Questions > vocabulary list
accurately (adv): doğru bir şekilde

Vocabulary
accessible (adj): erişilebilir, anlaşılabilir adversely (adv): olumsuz şekilde
accurate (adj): doğru annually (adv): yıllık
adequate (adj): yeterli at all (adv): hiç
appropriate (adj): uygun briefly (adv): kısaca
available (adj): mevcut, müsait commonly (adv): yaygın olarak, ortak
beneficial (adj): yararlı constantly (adv): sürekli olarak
common (adj): yaygın, ortak efficiently (adv): verimli bir şekilde
confusing (adj): kafa karıştırıcı exactly (adv): tam olarak
crucial (adj): çok önemli finally (adv): sonunda, son olarak, kesinlikle
detrimental (adj): zararlı firmly (adv): sıkıca, kesinlikle
excessive (adj): aşırı formerly (adv): önceden
expensive (adj): pahalı hardly (adv): neredeyse hiç
faulty (adj): bozuk heavily (adv): ciddi ölçüde
inevitable (adj): kaçınılmaz highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili
internal (adj): iç initially (adv): ilk başlarda
long-term (adj): uzun vadeli intricately (adv): karmaşık bir biçimde
multiple (adj): çoklu, kat mainly (adv): başlıca
prevalent (adj): yaygın notably (adv): özellikle, göze çarpar biçimde
primary (adj): başlıca, ilkokul, ilk profoundly (adv): derinden
prominent (adj): önde gelen promptly (adv): derhal
remarkable (adj): kayda değer properly (adv): düzgünce
resistant (adj): dirençli protectively (adv): korucuyu bir şekilde
responsible (adj): sorumlu relatively (adv): nispeten
robotic (adj): robota ilişkin, robot (dans) roughly (adv): kabaca, zorla
scarce (adj): kıt seldom (adv): nadiren
scientific (adj): bilimsel severely (adv): ciddi bir şekilde, kaba bir şekilde
sensitive (adj): hassas solely (adv): yalnızca
serious (adj): ciddi ultimately (adv): sonunda
sufficient (adj): yeterli as (conj, trans): ...dığı için, ...dıkça, ... gibi, ...iken,
çünkü, ...e rağmen
ultimate (adj): nihai
ability (n): yetenek
uncertain (adj): belirsiz
access (n): erişim
unsatisfactory (adj): tatmin etmeyen
allowance (n): ödenek, (belirlenen) miktar
vast (adj): çok büyük
amount (n): miktar
widespread (adj): yaygın
association (n): kuruluş, ilişki, çağrışım
willing (adj): istekli
attendee (n): katılımcı
barter (n): değiş tokuş meeting (n): toplantı
beer (n): bira mountain (n): dağ, yığın
bread (n): ekmek need (n): ihtiyaç
challenge (n): zorluk, meydan okuma option (n): seçenek
childhood (n): çocukluk outcome (n): sonuç
clock (n): saat palm oil (n): palm yağı
consumer (n): tüketici parasite (n): asalak
content (n): içerik, konu bütünlüğü patient (n): hasta
counselling (n): danışma pattern (n): biçim, desen, (elbise vb) kalıp
defect (n): kusur pharmacist (n): eczacı
distinction (n): ayrım population (n): nüfus
drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu president (n): başkan
effect (n): etki probe (n): araştırma, sonda
emphasis (n): vurgu result (n): sonuç
estimate (n): tahmin right (n): sağ, hak, doğru olan (şey)
evidence (n): kanıt rival (n): rakip
explanation (n): açıklama safety (n): güvenlik
exposure (n): maruz kalma, ifşa etme, poz service (n): hizmet, çalışma süresi
(fotoğrafçılıkta)
settlement (n): antlaşma, yerleşim alanı
fan (n): hayran, pervane
shortage (n): kıtlık
food (n): yiyecek
significance (n): önem
form (n): form, biçim
skin (n): deri, kabuk
fund (n): fon
student (n): öğrenci
fungus (n): mantar
submarine (n): denizaltı
game (n): oyun, av
sunlight (n): güneş ışığı
gap (n): boşluk, fark
supply (n): kaynak
garlic (n): sarımsak
surgery (n): ameliyat
government (n): hükûmet
teacher (n): öğretmen
growth (n): büyüme, şişlik
technician (n): teknisyen
household (n): ev halkı
tendency (n): eğilim
incident (n): olay
threat (n): tehdit
income (n): gelir
treatment (n): tedavi, davranış
infection (n): enfeksiyon
use (n): kullanım, fayda
job (n): iş
valley (n): vadi
letter (n): mektup, harf
watch (n): kol saati, nöbet
loss (n): kayıp, zarar
wave (n): dalga, el sallama
making (n): yapım
wine (n): şarap
meal (n): öğün
because of (pp): ...dan dolayı
medication (n): ilaç tedavisi
accept (v): kabul etmek sign (v): imzalamak, ifade etmek
accompany (v): eşlik etmek spread (v): yayılmak
achieve (v): başarmak stretch (v): uzatmak, büyük bir alanı kaplamak
affect (v): etkilemek succeed (v): başarmak, sonrasında gelmek
agree (v): aynı fikirde olmak support (v): desteklemek
allocate (v): tahsis etmek treat (v): davranmak, tedavi etmek, ısmarlamak
climb (v): tırmanmak, artmak trigger (v): tetiklemek
complete (v): tamamlamak undergo (v): maruz kalmak
conclude (v): sonuçlandırmak want (v): istemek, gerekmek
continue (v): devam etmek widen (v): genişletmek
convert (v): dönüştürmek withhold (v): vermemek
counter (v): karşı çıkmak goods (n): mal
decline (v): azalmak, reddetmek, gerilemek rarely (adv): nadiren
demonstrate (v): göstermek, gösteri yapmak matched (adj): uyumlu
develop (v): gelişmek further (adj): daha fazla
enable (v): olanak sağlamak give rise to (pv): sebep olmak
ensure (v): temin etmek speed up (pv): hızlandırmak
establish (v): kurmak, belirlemek after (conj, prep): ...dan sonra
expand (v): genişlemek carry out (pv): yapmak
find (v): bulmak because (conj, trans): ...dığı için, çünkü
forget (v): unutmak cost-effectiveness (n): maliyet verimliliği
happen (v): meydana gelmek adult (adj, n): yetişkin
help (v): yardım etmek allergic (adj): alerjik
interact (v): etkileşime girmek bodily (adj): bedensel
know (v): bilmek coherent (adj): tutarlı
maintain (v): devam ettirmek, bakım yapmak, ifade compatible (adj): uyumlu
etmek
considerable (adj): kayda değer
neglect (v): ihmal etmek
controversial (adj): tartışmalı
organize (v): düzenlemek
cultural (adj): kültürel
overcome (v): üstesinden gelmek
current (adj): güncel
produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak
difficult (adj): zor
promote (v): teşvik etmek, terfi ettirmek, reklamını
yapmak enormous (adj): muazzam
propose (v): önermek, evlenme teklif etmek evident (adj): açık
regulate (v): düzenlemek existing (adj): mevcut
reject (v): reddetmek feasible (adj): uygulanabilir
require (v): gerektirmek glamorous (adj): cazibeli
riot (v): isyan çıkarmak hard (adj): sert, zor
set (v): ayarlamak, (güneş vb.) batmak, (bir yerde) harmless (adj): zararsız
geçmek
indispensable (adj): vazgeçilmez currently (adv): şu anda
intelligent (adj): zeki deeply (adv): derinden
irrelevant (adj): alakasız deliberately (adv): kasten
keen (adj): istekli, keskin dramatically (adv): çarpıcı biçimde
likely (adj): olası easily (adv): kolay bir şekilde
natural (adj): doğal, normal eventually (adv): sonunda
negative (adj): olumsuz extensively (adv): kapsamlı bir şekilde
optional (adj): seçeneğe bağlı extremely (adv): son derece
pervasive (adj): her tarafa yayılan fortunately (adv): neyse ki
profound (adj): derin, anlaşılması zor gradually (adv): aşamalı olarak
prolonged (adj): uzun süreli increasingly (adv): giderek daha
rapid (adj): hızlı merely (adv): sadece
rare (adj): nadir, az pişmiş (et), seyreltilmiş necessarily (adv): muhakkak
recent (adj): son zamanlardaki notoriously (adv): epeyce
record (adj): en yüksek occasionally (adv): ara sıra
related (adj): bağlantılı, akraba originally (adv): başlangıçta
reliable (adj): güvenilir particularly (adv): özellikle
reluctant (adj): isteksiz previously (adv): önceden
rude (adj): kaba primarily (adv): esas olarak
safe (adj): güvende, güvenli rapidly (adv): çabuk bir şekilde
severe (adj): ciddi, sevimsiz recently (adv): son zamanlarda
sole (adj): tek regularly (adv): düzenli olarak
sophisticated (adj): kültürlü, gelişmiş reluctantly (adv): isteksizce
strong (adj): güçlü routinely (adv): düzenli olarak
substantial (adj): önemli, dayanıklı scarcely (adv): neredeyse hiç
susceptible (adj): savunmasız substantially (adv): önemli derecede
sustainable (adj): sürdürülebilir superficially (adv): yüzeysel olarak
tremendous (adj): devasa thoroughly (adv): tamamen
urban (adj): kentsel traditionally (adv): geleneksel olarak
vital (adj): hayati, enerji dolu vigorously (adv): dinç şekilde
vulnerable (adj): savunmasız voluntarily (adv): kendi isteğiyle
almost (adv): neredeyse widely (adv): yaygın olarak
barely (adv): neredeyse hiç but (trans): ama
closely (adv): yakından since (conj, trans): ...den beri, ...dığı için, çünkü
completely (adv): tamamen when (conj): ...dığı zaman
conclusively (adv): kesin olarak before (conj, prep): ...dan önce
considerably (adv): bir hayli agreement (n): anlaşma
conventionally (adv): geleneksel olarak animal (n): hayvan
ape (n): maymun expenditure (n): harcama
approach (n): yaklaşım, yaklaşma fire (n): ateş, yangın, ateş etme (silah)
balance (n): denge, bakiye, terazi firefighter (n): itfaiyeci
blindness (n): körlük, anlayışsızlık food poisoning (n): gıda zehirlenmesi
body (n): vücut, ceset, kütle function (n): işlev, tören
boy (n): erkek çocuk ground (n): zemin
bride (n): gelin health (n): sağlık
calcium (n): kalsiyum hospital (n): hastane
cancer (n): kanser hastalığı, Yengeç Burcu ice age (n): Buz Devri
care (n): bakım, dikkat, kaygı idea (n): fikir
cause (n): sebep, amaç impact (n): etki, darbe
ceremony (n): tören impression (n): izlenim, iz, taklit
child (n): çocuk individual (n): birey
choice (n): seçim industry (n): sanayi, çalışkanlık
claim (n): iddia, talep intake (n): alım
company (n): şirket, arkadaşlık intention (n): niyet
conversion (n): değişim, din değiştirme intervention (n): müdahale
correlation (n): karşılıklı ilişki investigator (n): müfettiş
counterpart (n): emsal level (n): seviye
country (n): ülke, taşra light (n): ışık
dam (n): baraj management (n): yönetim
damage (n): hasar mayor (n): belediye başkanı
death (n): ölüm media (n): medya
deficiency (n): eksiklik objection (n): itiraz
deficit (n): eksiklik oil (n): petrol, yağ
demand (n): talep paper (n): kâğıt, gazete, makale
detriment (n): zarar payment (n): ödeme
diamond (n): elmas, eşkenar dörtgen phosphorus (n): fosfor
difficulty (n): zorluk, güçlük politician (n): siyasetçi
dress (n): elbise prevalence (n): yaygınlık
edition (n): baskı prevention (n): önlem
education (n): eğitim product (n): ürün, çarpım
efficiency (n): verimlilik production (n): üretim, yapım
electricity (n): elektrik project (n): proje
environment (n): çevre, ortam prosperity (n): refah
erosion (n): erozyon quality (n): kalite, nitelik
exception (n): istisna raise (n): fiyat artışı
exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman, kullanım recording (n): kayıt
region (n): bölge convince (v): ikna etmek
resistance (n): direnç create (v): yaratmak
rest (n): dinlenme, geri kalanı decide (v): karar vermek
restriction (n): kısıtlama determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek
rise (n): artış disrupt (v): bozmak
root (n): kök enhance (v): geliştirmek
sale (n): satış, indirim exceed (v): aşmak
scarcity (n): kıtlık expect (v): ummak
sensation (n): his, sansasyon experience (v): tecrübe etmek
shift (n): vardiya, değişim fall (v): düşmek, azalmak
sleep (n): uyku hinder (v): engel olmak
sleeplessness (n): uykusuzluk hold (v): tutmak, düzenlemek
slowdown (n): yavaşlama insist (v): ısrar etmek
smoking (n): sigara içme interrupt (v): araya girmek
source (n): kaynak invent (v): icat etmek, uydurmak
substance (n): madde, önem launch (v): başlatmak, göndermek
summertime (n): yaz mevsimi leave (v): ayrılmak, bırakmak
target (n): hedef, amaç mention (v): bahsetmek
technique (n): yöntem prevent (v): önlemek
tool (n): alet promise (v): söz vermek, vaat etmek
trait (n): özellik prove (v): kanıtlamak, ortaya çıkmak
trouser suit (n): ceket-pantolon takım provide (v): sağlamak
value (n): değer put (v): koymak
visit (n): ziyaret react (v): tepki göstermek
wedding (n): düğün replace (v): değiştirmek, yerine koymak
woman (n): kadın scatter (v): dağıtmak
worker (n): işçi see (v): görmek, anlamak, ziyaret etmek
world (n): dünya seem (v): ... gibi görünmek
according to (pp): …e göre sell (v): satmak
including (prep): … dahil sharpen (v): keskinleştirmek
acquire (v): edinmek snow (v): kar yağmak
adopt (v): evlat edinmek, benimsemek soar (v): yükselmek, yüksekten uçmak
ask (v): sormak, istemek spend (v): harcamak
assess (v): değerlendirmek submerge (v): batırmak
build (v): inşa etmek survive (v): hayatta kalmak
cause (v): sebep olmak try (v): ... yapmaya çalışmak, denemek
conflict (v): çatışmak utilize (v): yararlanmak
contribute (v): katkıda bulunmak vary (v): çeşitlilik göstermek
withdraw (v): çekmek, para çekmek breast cancer : meme kanseri
plant (n): bitki, santral medical student : tıp öğrencisi
sparsely (adv): seyrek olarak draw blood : kan almak
numerous (adj): çok sayıda medical prescription : tıbbi reçete
make use of (pv): istifade etmek promote right : hakkı desteklemek
cut through (pv): başa çıkmak, kestirmeden gitmek human right : insan hakkı
in order to (pp): ...mek için run out of gas : benzin bitmek
due to (pp): ...den dolayı high wind : sert rüzgar
till (conj, prep): ...e kadar put out blaze : ateşi söndürmek
yield to (pv): boyun eğmek, yol vermek space station : uzay istasyonu
wear out (pv): yormak, aşındırmak study may show : çalışma gösterebilir
interfere with (pv): burnunu sokmak, ırzına geçmek keep word : sözünü tutmak, sözünde durmak
lead to (pv): yol açmak ice sheet : buz tabakası
suffer from (pv): ...dan muzdarip olmak sea level : deniz seviyesi
for this reason (trans): bu sebeple grow tall : boyu uzamak
a range of (q): birçok farklı ... human being : insanoğlu
a variety of (q): çok çeşitli drinking water : içme suyu
run out of (pv): tüketmek rising demand : artan talep
fall asleep (pv): uykuya dalmak demand may increase : talep artabilir
melting (n): erime body temperature : vücut sıcaklığı
main function : ana işlev

Collocations
health official : sağlık görevlisi native people : yerli insanlar
social problem : toplumsal sorun strong wind : sert rüzgar
produce oil : petrol/yağ üretmek wind power : rüzgar gücü/enerjisi
demand refund : para iadesi talep etmek immune system : bağışıklık sistemi
highly toxic : son derece zehirli closely related : yakından ilişkili, akraba
industrial process : endüstriyel işlem global demand : küresel talep
stay alert : uyanık kalmak global production : küresel üretim
take measure : önlem almak sound engineer : ses mühendisi
prevent infection : enfeksiyon önlemek energy source : enerji kaynağı
make sense of sth : bir şeyi anlamlandırmak fossil fuel : fosil yakıt
beneficial effect : faydalı etki develop allergy : alerji olmaya başlamak
ageing process : yaşlanma süreci human activity : insan faaliyeti
reach top : zirveye ulaşmak bridal gown : gelinlik
scientific finding : bilimsel bulgu global warming : küresel ısınma
pay fortune : servet ödemek nuclear weapon : nükleer silah
fully aware : tamamen farkında nuclear war : nükleer savaş
shape idea : düşünceyi şekillendirmek economic opportunity : ekonomik fırsat
state benefit : devlet yardımı at the end of sth : bir şeyin sonunda
irrational fear : yersiz korku in height : yükseklikte
face fear : korkuyla yüzleşmek pressure on : ... üzerinde baskı
in blood : kan içinde

Prepositions
pay for : ...yı karşılamak, ...nın parasını ödemek beyond repair : tamir edilemez durumda
reputation as : ...olarak tanınma impact on : …üzerinde etki
essential to : …için gerekli use as : ...olarak kullanmak
effect on : …üzerinde etki vital to : ...için çok önemli, hayati
in the country : ülkede amount of : …nın miktarı
fight against : ...ya karşı kavga, savaş related to : ...ile ilişkili
blood from : ...dan kan lack of : ... eksikliği
play role in sth : bir şeyde rol oynamak allergic to : ...ya alerjisi olan
on a planet : bir gezegende all over the world : dünyanın her yerinde
at night : geceleyin contribute to : ...ya sebep olmak/katkıda bulunmak
in an effort to do : ...yapmak için / amacıyla in the future : gelecekte
in the book : kitapta talk to : ...ile konuşmak
on Earth : Dünya'da opposed to : ...ya karşı (olmak)
in a ... way : ... bir şekilde
1. Health officials are proposing to ---- their 7. The job is being carried out solely by one
services by organising counselling. technician, as no one else was ---- to help
him do it.
A) expand
B) stretch A) ultimate
C) complete B) available
D) interact C) resistant
D) crucial
2. Since there is no food allowance, meeting

attendees are ---- for paying for their own 8. Fungi are essential to many household and
meals. industrial processes, ---- the making of
bread, wine, and beer.
A) prevalent
B) crucial A) ultimately
C) uncertain B) notably
D) responsible C) roughly
D) promptly
3. Population ---- has given rise to serious

social problems. 9. Teachers must stay alert to ---- student safety.
A) treatment A) undergo
B) pattern B) withhold
C) outcome C) support
D) growth D) ensure
4. In the 1840s, the British established a ---- in 10. It is ---- more expensive than other options,
the Niger Valley to produce palm oil. but it has long-term cost-effectiveness.
A) supply A) adversely
B) pattern B) properly
C) settlement C) constantly
D) challenge D) initially
5. Consumers have the right to reject ---- goods 11. The government didn't take appropriate
and demand a refund. measures to prevent the infection from ----.
A) scarce A) maintaining
B) faulty B) spreading
C) accurate C) overcoming
D) primary D) regulating
6. The medication did not initially achieve ---- 12. His letter was so confusing that I could ----
use, mainly because of its reputation as a make any sense of it at all.
highly toxic drug.
A) briefly
A) accessible B) firmly
B) sensitive C) hardly
C) widespread D) accurately
D) appropriate
13. Garlic has been shown to have multiple 19. People are willing to pay a fortune for the
beneficial effects on parasite infections, drug because it produces ---- results in the
therefore it is ---- used to treat such fight against cancer.
infections.
A) internal
A) exactly B) remarkable
B) commonly C) excessive
C) ultimately D) inevitable
D) rarely
20. We should be fully aware of the ---- of

14. Barter was a very unsatisfactory system, television in shaping our ideas.
because people's needs seldom matched ----.
A) significance
A) severely B) association
B) formerly C) access
C) highly D) explanation
D) exactly
21. Most patients want to know ---- of surgery.

15. Excessive ---- to sunlight speeds up the
ageing process of the skin. A) supply
B) emphasis
A) tendency
C) threat
B) exposure
D) outcome
C) shortage
D) treatment
22. The clock is so ---- that a person can set their
watch to it.
16. After six hours' climbing, we finally ---- in
reaching the top of the mountain. A) accurate
B) vast
A) maintained
C) common
B) ensured
D) sensitive
C) succeeded
D) accompanied
23. Breast cancer is the most ---- form of cancer
among women.
17. Scientific findings show that most people
are unable to ---- estimate caloric content of A) responsible
most food. B) common
C) sufficient
A) accurately
D) excessive
B) intricately
C) relatively
D) heavily 24. The President has agreed to ---- further funds
to develop the new submarine.
18. The income ---- between the rich and the A) expand
poor continues to widen in most countries. B) allocate
C) counter
A) right
D) regulate
B) gap
C) amount
D) defect 25. The loss of the World Cup game ---- a wave
of rioting by rival groups of fans.
A) declined
B) triggered
C) required
D) enabled
26. During his final, the medical student had to - 28. The government should be playing a more --
--- his ability to draw blood from a patient. -- role in promoting human rights.
A) convert A) adequate
B) demonstrate B) prominent
C) regulate C) detrimental
D) overcome D) excessive
27. The pharmacist would not ---- the woman’s 29. We are ---- affected by what happens to us in
medical prescription because the doctor had childhood.
forgotten to sign it.
A) efficiently
A) accept B) profoundly
B) conclude C) protectively
C) neglect D) annually
D) convert
30. Robotic probes have found ---- of water on

the planet Mars.
A) evidence
B) distinction
C) outcome
D) incident
1. Since they had no children of their own, they 7. High winds have ---- firefighters in their
decided to ---- a little girl. efforts to put out the blaze.
A) adopt A) allocated
B) insist B) hindered
C) exceed C) conflicted
D) survive D) interrupted
2. Traditionally in many countries, child care 8. An ---- was made between the US and Russia
was ---- done by women. to build a space station.
A) conventionally A) agreement
B) primarily B) impression
C) notoriously C) access
D) relatively D) evidence
3. Vitamin A helps humans see better at night, 9. The company did not mention the product
and a prolonged ---- can lead to blindness. could be a ---- to a person's health to sell
more.
A) distinction
B) conversion A) detriment
C) prevalence B) approach
D) deficiency C) scarcity
D) counterpart
4. We were running out of gas, and what was

worse, it began to snow ----. 10. The difficulty level of the exercises in the
book ---- widely from person to person.
A) deeply
B) heavily A) ensures
C) notably B) accepts
D) initially C) varies
D) maintains
5. Root of trees holds the ground ---- and can

prevent erosion. 11. Diamonds are the hardest ---- on earth, so
they can cut through metals easily.
A) firmly
B) sparsely A) traits
C) barely B) functions
D) reluctantly C) editions
D) substances
6. His plan seemed to be too difficult, but

before long it proved to be ----. 12. Studies have shown there is a strong ----
between cancer and smoking.
A) optional
B) prominent A) intention
C) current B) correlation
D) feasible C) prevention
D) sensation
13. The new mayor promised to bring new 20. Today's media choices are more numerous
industries to the region, but politicians ---- than ever because of the ---- of Internet use.
keep their word.
A) scarcity
A) originally B) settlement
B) constantly C) prevalence
C) dramatically D) conversion
D) rarely
21. As water is the primary need of every human

14. Companies routinely ---- the value of new being, safe drinking water is ---- to our life.
projects according to sales numbers.
A) irrelevant
A) hinder B) tremendous
B) assess C) harmless
C) convert D) indispensable
D) disrupt
22. Rising demand increases pressures on

15. If you ---- in a rude way, you will be asked to existing supplies and can create ----.
leave the wedding ceremony.
A) prevalence
A) accept B) balance
B) enable C) exception
C) react D) scarcity
D) insist
23. The management finally yielded to the ---- of

16. People who ---- work in the open air do not the workers and gave them a raise.
suffer from sleeplessness.
A) shift
A) regularly B) demand
B) considerably C) deficit
C) recently D) payment
D) eventually
24. The government puts ---- on water use in the

17. At the end of the last ice age, the melting of summertime in order to prevent shortages.
large ice sheets led to ---- sea level rises.
A) restrictions
A) substantial B) intentions
B) prominent C) objections
C) glamorous D) damages
D) susceptible
25. When body temperature is beginning to fall

18. The boy grew taller and taller, till at last he -- there is a natural ---- to fall asleep.
-- his father in height.
A) access
A) adopted B) efficiency
B) triggered C) demand
C) enhanced D) tendency
D) exceeded
26. Since its main function is to ---- levels of

19. Apes are ---- intelligent and are able to make calcium and phosphorus in the blood,
use of a variety of tools. vitamin D is essential to the body.
A) firmly A) assess
B) regularly B) hinder
C) scarcely C) regulate
D) extremely D) conclude
27. They can be sharpened and maintained but 34. The recent slowdown in the US economy is
can ---- wear out beyond repair. likely to have a ---- impact on the rest of the
world.
A) properly
B) deliberately A) available
C) eventually B) vulnerable
D) accurately C) reliable
D) considerable
28. His mother's death when he was aged six

had a very ---- effect on him. 35. Global demand is soaring, while global
production is declining, for this reason it is
A) vulnerable expected that oil will become ---- expensive
B) profound and scarce.
C) reluctant
A) extensively
D) beneficial
B) increasingly
C) properly
29. The Belo Monte dam in Brazil is a ---- project D) vigorously
because of its impact on the environment
and native people.
36. Sound engineers utilize a range of
A) controversial techniques to ---- the quality of the
B) tremendous recordings.
C) available
A) invent
D) widespread
B) overcome
C) enhance
30. This strong wind is ---- into wind power and D) launch
used as a source of electricity.
A) withdrawn 37. We need to find a ---- energy source to

B) converted replace our fossil fuels because eventually
C) scattered there won't be any oil or gas within 30 years.
D) expanded A) accessible
B) pervasive
31. ---- protein intake is vital to all bodily C) sustainable
systems, including the immune system. D) vulnerable
A) Adequate
B) Common 38. Any light, and ---- blue light, can interfere
C) Feasible with the body’s production of melatonin.
D) Scarce A) necessarily
B) thoroughly
32. The government usually spends 20 of their -- C) particularly
-- on education. D) merely
A) intervention
B) outcome 39. Lack of sleep can have an enormous
C) expenditure negative ---- on a person's life.
D) prosperity A) impact
B) claim
33. The amount of paper produced by a country C) function
is ---- related to its cultural standards. D) substance
A) widely
B) closely
C) severely
D) rapidly
40. Adults can develop allergies to things they 46. Due to global warming, some cities could be
weren't ---- allergic to. ---- submerged.
A) previously A) exactly
B) currently B) conclusively
C) eventually C) completely
D) gradually D) occasionally
41. Human activity is causing the rapid ---- of 47. James is ---- to talk to his mother about his
plants and animals all over the world. going camping with friends, because he
knows she will be opposed to the idea.
A) tendency
B) extinction A) resistant
C) resistance B) compatible
D) distinction C) reluctant
D) sophisticated
42. The Greenland has experienced record

melting in recent years and is likely to 48. The use of nuclear weapons against urban
contribute ---- to sea level rise in the future. targets is almost ---- in a nuclear war.
A) voluntarily A) adequate
B) fortunately B) reliable
C) substantially C) inevitable
D) superficially D) primary
43. Food poisoning can be severe enough to ---- 49. Economic opportunities are ----, and for
a visit to the doctor or hospital. many people state benefits are their only
income.
A) require
B) expand A) feasible
C) acquire B) evident
D) launch C) coherent
D) scarce
44. Investigators are still trying to ---- the cause

of the fire. 50. In order to ---- irrational fear, the individual
should try to face the fear as much as
A) support possible.
B) provide
A) overcome
C) convince
B) determine
D) determine
C) withhold
D) undergo
45. A bridal gown is typical wedding dress and
it is ---- to see a bride in a trouser suit.
A) vital
B) rare
C) keen
D) sole
Phrasal Verb
List & Questions > list
oluşturmak bir bütünün belirli bir parçasını oluşturmak
1 make up uydurmak aslı olmayan bir şeyi icat edip söylemek
telafi etmek kaybolan zamanı, işi, parayı bir şey ile telafi etmek
Desert makes up over 95 percent of Saudi Arabia.
I made up an excuse, and so I didn't have to go to the meeting.
Classroom participation is difficult to make up; therefore, a student's grade may be affected by absences.
2 make up for telafi etmek kaybolan zamanı, işi, parayı bir şey ile telafi etmek
Nothing will make up for his past mistakes.
3 be made up of ...dan oluşmak bir bütünün belirli bir parçasını oluşturmak
Proteins are complex molecules made up of amino acids.
bir bütünün oluşturan parçalardan bahsederken

4 consist of ...dan oluşmak
kullanılır
A football team consists of eleven players.
oluşturmak bir bütünün belirli bir parçasını oluşturmak

5 account for
açıklamasını yapmak bir şeyin nedenini açıklamak
Afro-Americans account for 12 percent of the US population.
The cashier was asked to account for the missing money.
6 come up with bulmak (çözüm yolu vs) yeni bir fikir, çözüm, plan vs bulmak
Scientists will come up with new methods of increasing the world's food supply.
7 cope with başa çıkmak başarılı bir şekilde zor bir durumun üstesinden
gelmek
He didn't have enough experience to cope with the problem.
bir sorunu çözebilmek için yapılması gerekenleri

başa çıkmak
yapmak
8 deal with
...ile ilgili olmak bir konu ile ilgili olmak, onu ele almak
Public law deals with matters that affect society as a whole.
We must deal with the situation before it gets out of hand.
bir hastalıktan, olumsuz bir durumdan kurtulmak

9 get over atlatmak
veya bir an evvel yapıp kurtulmak
Her brother is taking counseling to get over his addiction to alcohol.
10 lead to yol açmak başka bir şeyin gerçekleşmesine neden olmak
The slightest mistake may lead to a fatal disaster.
11 bring about sebep olmak bir şeyin meydana gelmesini sağlamak
A nuclear war will bring about the destruction of mankind.
bir olayın meydana gelmesine sebep olan

12 contribute to sebep olmak
faktörlerden bir tanesi olmak
Pollution contributes to global warming.
bir şeyin gerçekleşmesine, ortaya çıkmasına sebep

13 give rise to sebep olmak
olmak
The president's absence has given rise to speculation about his health.
14 result in ... ile sonuçlanmak bir şeyin meydana gelmesinin sebebi olmak
Even the most carefully made plans frequently result in failure.
bir şeyin başka bir şeyden dolayı meydana
15 result from ...dan kaynaklanmak
gelmesi
His failure results from his carelessness.
birinin nerede doğduğundan, nereli olduğundan ya da

16 come from ...dan gelmek bir şeyin nerede yapıldığından, nereden geldiğinden
veya bir şeyin sebebinden bahsederken kullanılır
John's ancestors came from Africa.
size görev olarak verilen veya yapacağınızı

17 carry out yapmak
söylediğiniz bir işi yerine getirmek
He is carrying out experiments in his laboratory.
bir şeyin gerçekleşmesinin başka bir şeye bağlı

bağlı olmak
olması
18 depend on
birinin yapacağını söylediği şeyi yapacağına
güvenmek
inanmak
Success of pollination depends on the wind.
You can depend on Jamie to be on time because he's so reliable.
bir şey yapabilmek için başka bir şeye muhtaç

bel bağlamak
olmak
19 rely on
güvenmek birinin kendisinden bekleneni yapacağına inanmak
Plants rely on the soil, water, and the sun for energy.
The only person you can really rely on is yourself.
bir şeyin gerçekleşeceğine güvenip o yönde planlar

20 count on güvenmek
yapmak
He's a man of his word, so you can count on him.
21 set up kurmak bir şirket vs kurmak
ayarlamak gerçekleşecek bir olayı düzenlemek, ayarlamak
A new police station has been set up in the area and murder rates have gone down.
I will set up a meeting for next Thursday.
22 get on binmek (taşıta) otobüs, uçak, gemi, tren gibi taşıtlara binmek
I get on the subway every morning at Beşiktaş.
23 get in girmek dışarıdan içeri girmek, bir taşıta binmek
Jack quickly closed the window before any mosquitoes could get in.
24 get off inmek (taşıttan) otobüs, uçak, gemi, tren gibi taşıtlardan inmek
Everyone on the train must get off at the last stop.
25 run out tükenmek bir şeyden hiç kalmaması
Fossil fuels will eventually run out.
26 run out of tüketmek bir şeyi hiç kalmayacak şekilde kullanmak, bitirmek
We will inevitably run out of oil, coal and natural gas.
27 give off yaymak ısı, ışık, koku, duman vb. üretip çevreye dağıtmak
The gas atoms give off invisible ultraviolet rays.
postalamak bir şeyi posta yoluyla göndermek

28 send off
yaymak ısı, ışık, koku, duman vb. üretip çevreye dağıtmak
I need to send the files off to my manager immediately.
The ozone layer blocks some harmful rays which the sun sends off.
belli büyüklükte bir yeri kaplamak veya belli
almak (zaman, yer)
uzunlukta bir süre almak
29 take up
başlamak belirli bir hobiye veya işe başlamak
The basketball court takes up half of the park.
You must take up a regular occupation.
patlak vermek olumsuz bir şeyin aniden gerçekleşmeye başlaması

30 break out
firar etmek hapishane vb bir yerden kaçmak
A fire broke out last night and three houses were burnt down.
Ten criminals broke out of jail and are still at large.
31 embark on başlamak yeni ve önemli bir şeye başlamak
I'm thinking of embarking on a new career.
32 set out yola çıkmak bir yolculuğa başlamak
He set out on a lonely journey.
33 set off yola çıkmak bir yolculuğa başlamak
The Spanish Armada set off for Britain.
34 look for aramak bir şeyi bulmaya çalışmak
He came to New York in order to look for a job.
35 search for aramak bir şeyi bulmaya çalışmak
The rescue party searched for the missing passengers.
36 find out keşfetmek araştırıp ortaya çıkarmak
I was really disappointed when I found out that I hadn't passed the exam.
bir şey üzerinde bir süre düşündükten sonra

anlamak
cevabını, çözümünü bulmak, anlamak
37 work out hesaplama yapmak veya bir şeyin belirli bir fiyat
hesaplamak
tutması
spor yapmak vücudunuzu güçlendirmek için idman yapmak
I couldn't work out what language our neighbours were speaking.
We've still not worked out how much we spent in Paris.
He works out every morning with his personal trainer.
bir şeyi zorlukla anlamak, görmek, duymak,

38 make out güçlükle anlamak
işitmek
I couldn’t make out what they were saying, but their voices were warm and cheerful.
bir şeye kafa patlatıp sonunda anlamak veya bir

39 figure out anlamak (düşünüp)
şeye çözüm yolu bulmak
I can't figure out why he didn't tell the truth.
40 take care of ilgilenmek bakıma muhtaç olan bir şeye veya kişiye bakmak
Could you take care of the baby for a while?
41 look after ilgilenmek bakıma muhtaç olan bir şeye veya kişiye bakmak
Babies are not capable of looking after themselves.
42 wake up uyanmak uyku halinden çıkmak
I closed the door quietly so I wouldn't wake the baby up.
43 get up kalkmak (yataktan) uyanıp yataktan kalkmak
ayağa kalmak oturur halden dikey hale gelmek
Bill got up early the next morning to catch the first train.
The play was really bad, so half of the audience got up and left.
diğer insanların düşünmesi için bir fikir, plan, görüş

ileri sürmek
öne sürmek
44 put forward
saatleri daha ileri bir zamanı gösterecek şekilde
ileri almak (saati)
ayarlamak
The chairman put forward an important plan at the meeting.
In summer, the clocks being put forward an hour makes for longer evenings.
45 go on devam etmek bir şeyi yapmaya devam etmek
They went on with their basketball match in spite of the rain.
46 keep on devam etmek bir şeyi yapmaya devam etmek
I told the children to be quiet, but they just kept on making noise.
47 carry on devam etmek bir şeyi yapmaya devam etmek
Let's carry on this discussion at some other time.
gelişerek, büyüyerek yetişkin hale gelmek;

48 grow up büyümek
olgunlaşmak
My generation have grown up without the experience of a world war.
bir çocuğu erişkinliğe ulaşıncaya kadar her yönüyle

yetiştirmek
geliştirmek
49 bring up gündeme getirmek belirli bir konu hakkında konuşmaya başlamak
midede bulunan maddeleri ağız yoluyla dışarı

kusmak
atmak
After her husband's death, she brought up the two children all by herself.
You picked a bad time to bring up that topic.
He has brought up what he has eaten.
beklenmedik şekilde sonuçlanmak, beklenenin aksi

50 turn out ... olduğu ortaya çıkmak
olduğu anlaşılmak
They had expected a boy, but the baby turned out to be a girl.
birisi veya bir şey ile aynı seviye kalmak için

51 keep up with ayak uydurmak
gerekenleri yapmak
Because of inflation, salaries can't keep up with the high cost of living.
birisi veya bir şey ile aynı seviye kalmak için

52 catch up with ayak uydurmak
gerekenleri yapmak
Will Western industry ever catch up with Japanese innovations?
yapılması planlanan bir şeyi artık yapmama kararı

53 call off iptal etmek
almak
The meeting was called off as there was no hope of agreement on either side.
başka bir zaman yapmak üzere bir işi daha sonraya

ertelemek
bırakmak
54 put off
tiksindirmek birinin bir şeyi sevmemesine yol açmak
We have to put off the game till next Sunday.
I wanted to say something, but her face quite put me off.
açma-kapama düğmesiyle elektrikli bir şeyi açık

55 turn on açmak (elektrikli aleti)
duruma getirmek
Could you turn on the light please?
56 turn off kapatmak (elektrikli aleti) açma-kapama düğmesiyle elektrikli bir şeyi kapalı
duruma getirmek
The power turned off, but only for a moment.
vücudun üzerine kıyafet, ayakkabı, aksesuar,

giymek parfüm, makyaj gibi sonradan eklenen şeyleri ifade
57 put on eder
kilo almak kilo olarak daha ağır hale gelmek
He put on sunglasses to protect his eyes from ultraviolet rays.
After getting married, my wife put on five kilos.
çıkarmak (kıyafet) üzerinizdeki kıyafeti çıkarmak

58 take off
kalkış yapmak uçak vb araçların uçmaya başlaması, havalanması
Take off your hat when you come into a room.
The plane took off and was soon out of sight.
59 speed up hızlandırmak bir şeyin hızında artış meydana gelmesi
Using the Internet can dramatically speed up your research on a topic.
60 slow down yavaşlamak bir şeyin hızında düşüş meydana gelmesi
China started its family planning policy, aimed at slowing down population growth.
olumsuz bir şey yaşamak veya onun etkilerini

61 suffer from ...dan muzdarip olmak
göstermek
Some patients with diabetes may suffer from kidney disease.
geçirmek zor veya hoş olmayan bir durumdan geçmek

62 go through düzenlemek veya bir şey bulmak için bir şeyi
göz atmak
incelemek
During the war, people went through many hardships.
We went through the report thoroughly so that we didn't skip any information.
63 look like ... gibi görünmek ... izlenimi uyandırmak
A bat flying in the sky looks like a butterfly.
dış görünüş veya huy bakımından aile üyelerinden

64 take after benzemek
birine benzemek
You take after your mother and you remind me of her.
elektrik, kaynak, yardım gibi düzenli verilen bir

65 cut off kesmek
şeyden yoksun bırakmak
Fallen rocks cut off the only access to the village.
mekanik bir şeyin çalışır halden çalışamayacak

bozulmak
duruma gelmesi
66 break down
besin maddelerinin vücut tarafından küçük
parçalamak
parçalara ayrılması
The ambulance broke down in the middle of the avenue.
Teeth are used to break down food.
hoş olmayan bir duruma, güç şartlara dayanmak,

67 put up with katlanmak
tahammül etmek
I have to put up with my husband’s snoring.
68 put out söndürmek yanmakta olan bir şeyi söndürmek (ateş veya ışık)
Forest fires can be extremely difficult to put out or control.
bir şeyin kontrolü ya da sorumluluğunu devir yoluyla

69 take over devralmak
almak
As soon as he graduated from university, he took over his family's business.
70 give up bırakmak genellikle kötü olan bir alışkanlığı bırakmak, terk
etmek
zor olduğu için bir işi tamamlamadan yarıda

pes etmek
bırakmak
Every time cigarettes go up in price, many people try to give up smoking.
There was no hope, nevertheless, he never gave up.
71 get rid of kurtulmak istenmeyen bir şeyi veya birini elden çıkarmak
The government's role is to get rid of the variables adversely affecting the economy.
72 wipe out yok etmek bir şeyi tamamıyla yok etmek
The population of the town was wiped out by the flood.
73 use up tüketmek bir şeyi tamamen tüketmek, bitirmek
His wife got cancer, and they used up all their saving for hospital.
74 take place meydana gelmek bir şeyin varlık bulması, varlık kazanması
The car accident took place just in front of me.
75 point out bir şeye dikkat çekmek bir gerçeğe, bilgiye dikkat çekmek
The teacher pointed out the pupil's mistakes.
azaltmak (ses, ısı) bir şeyin (ısı, ses) seviyesini azaltmak

76 turn down
reddetmek bir teklifi, ricayı geri çevirmek
The neighbors will call the police if you don't turn the music down.
Why did you turn down his request for a pay raise?
başka insanların da bulunduğu bir etkinliğe

77 take part in katılmak
katılmak
I'm afraid I won't be able to take part in the meeting tonight.
78 look into incelemek bir durumla, sorunla alakalı gerçekleri incelemek
The police have decided to look into the case.
...nın kısa hali olmak kısaltmaların uzun halini ifade ederken kullanılır
79 stand for temsil etmek belirli özellikleriyle bir şeyin sembolü olmak
desteklemek bir fikir ve ya bir dizi fikirden yana olmak
AI stands for artificial intelligence.
The new party stands for the protection of both animals and people.
The boss has been criticizing me all day long and I will not stand for it any longer!
başkalarını etkilemek veya kendini beğendirmek

80 show off gösteriş yapmak
amacıyla itici davranışlar sergilemek
Kate always shows off her big diamond ring she got from her fiance.
81 turn into dönüşmek bir şeyin başka bir şeye dönüşmesi
Frogs turn into princes only in fairy tales.
uzun süreli kalınacak bir yerde yaşamaya

yerleşmek
başlamak
82 settle down alışmak yeni bir duruma, ortama, yere alışmak
sakinleşmek yatışmak, durgun duruma gelmek
We moved into this house last month, but we still haven't settled down.
It took a few weeks for her to settle down in her new job.
Taking a brief break helps you settle down and think things through.
83 look forward to dört gözle beklemek gelecekte gerçekleşecek şeyi heyecanla beklemek
I have always enjoyed your writing and look forward to continuing to do so.
istemeyerek razı olmak veya savaşta veya

teslim olmak
yarışmada yenildiğinizi kabul etmek
84 give in
teslim etmek yazılı bir belgeyi birine teslim etmek
The government refused to give in to the hijackers' threats.
The employee worked overtime to give in his reports on time.
85 fight off ...ya karşı savaşmak bir şeye karşı kendini savunup onu uzaklaştırmak
Vitamin C is needed to fight off infections.
86 do with ...ile alakalı olmak bir konu ile alakalı, ilişkili olmak
Being optimistic has nothing to do with denying reality.
bir şeyin yavaş yavaş azalarak tamamen yok

87 die out yok olmak
olması
Most of the old traditions have died out with the passing of time.
bir şeyden daha az miktarda yapmak veya

88 cut down on azaltmak
kullanmak
Education about birth control might help cut down on adolescent pregnancies.
89 come across rast gelmek bir şeyi şans eseri bulmak
The other day I came across a book that you might like.
90 break into hırsızlık amacıyla girmek bir yere hırsızlık yapmak için zorla girmek
A burglar broke into our house while were were away on vacation.
91 base on ...ya dayandırmak bir şeyi başka gerçeklere, fikirlere dayandırmak
His new novel is based on his own experiences.
bir kitaptan veya bilgisayardan bilgi bakmak,

92 look up bakmak (bilgi kaynağına)
aramak
It is a good habit to look up new words in a dictionary.
93 belong to ait olmak birinin tasarrufu veya mülkiyetinde olmak
This house once belonged to my sister.
94 date back bir tarihe dayanmak belirli bir tarihten beri var olmak
The oldest known piece of gold jewelry dates back to the Mesopotamians in 2600 BC.
95 focus on odaklanmak belirli bir konuya tüm dikkatini vermek
The program is going to focus on environmental issues.
bir yere yaklaşmamak veya bir şeyi yapmaktan

96 keep off uzak durmak
uzak durmak
The explorers made a camp fire to keep off wild animals.
yerde duran bir şeyi ellerimizle almak veya

almak
herhangi bir yerdeki bir şeyi gidip almak
97 pick up
öğrenmek pratik yoluyla bir şeyi öğrenmek
The mother picked up the baby and the baby immediately stopped crying.
Children usually pick up foreign languages very quickly.
azalmak bir şeyin miktarında düşüş meydana gelmesi

98 fall down
düşmek yere düşmek, serilmek
The shares of the company fell down on the stock market.
The clown fell down on purpose and all the children started laughing very loudly.
kızgınlık, heyecan gibi duyguların azalarak normal

99 calm down sakinleşmek
hissetmeye başlamak
We know pets calm us down and cheer us up.
çalışmakta olan bir ticarethaneyi, kuruluşu vs

100 close down kepenk indirmek
kapatmak
Several research institutions were closed down for lack of fund.
List & Questions > recognition > introduction
1. güvenmek 9. bir şeye dikkat çekmek
A) rely on A) point out

B) make up for B) go on
C) look for C) put forward
2. bir tarihe dayanmak 10. wake up
A) figure out A) azaltmak

B) date back B) geçirmek
C) break into C) uyanmak
3. turn into 11. sakinleşmek

A) hesaplamak A) take care of
B) dönüşmek B) give off
C) ... gibi görünmek C) settle down
4. break down 12. uyanmak
A) parçalamak A) give up
B) kalkış yapmak B) wake up
C) öğrenmek C) put off
5. wipe out 13. sakinleşmek
A) incelemek A) put off

B) hızlandırmak B) calm down
C) yok etmek C) embark on
6. put off 14. giymek

A) ...dan kaynaklanmak A) get in
B) ertelemek B) rely on
C) düşmek C) put on
7. do with 15. benzemek
A) azaltmak (ses, ısı) A) get in

B) bozulmak B) take after
C) ...ile alakalı olmak C) go through
8. break down 16. ... gibi görünmek
A) bozulmak A) do with
B) ...dan gelmek B) look like
C) tiksindirmek C) take after
17. show off 26. put forward
A) meydana gelmek A) ...dan muzdarip olmak
B) ileri sürmek B) ...dan kaynaklanmak
C) gösteriş yapmak C) ileri almak (saati)
18. look after 27. ...dan muzdarip olmak
A) ilgilenmek A) suffer from

B) bağlı olmak B) break out
C) iptal etmek C) break into
19. azaltmak (ses, ısı) 28. turn into
A) turn down A) dönüşmek

B) do with B) katlanmak
C) calm down C) yola çıkmak
20. bring up 29. set up
A) devralmak A) büyümek
B) düşmek B) ayarlamak
C) yetiştirmek C) bozulmak
21. bakmak (bilgi kaynağına) 30. kilo almak

A) look up A) put on
B) carry out B) result in
C) set up C) get up
22. yola çıkmak 31. bring up
A) take off A) almak

B) set out B) katılmak
C) lead to C) kusmak
23. take up 32. devam etmek
A) almak (zaman, yer) A) consist of

B) yaymak B) run out of
C) geçirmek C) go on
24. incelemek 33. put on
A) be made up of A) giymek
B) bring up B) bel bağlamak
C) look into C) spor yapmak
25. pick up 34. search for

A) dönüşmek A) aramak
B) öğrenmek B) teslim etmek
C) gündeme getirmek C) meydana gelmek
35. düşmek 43. kurtulmak
A) work out A) keep on

B) make up B) get rid of
C) fall down C) turn off
36. get up 44. meydana gelmek
A) ayağa kalmak A) come across

B) açıklamasını yapmak B) take place
C) uzak durmak C) make up
37. contribute to 45. desteklemek

A) rast gelmek A) turn on
B) patlak vermek B) stand for
C) sebep olmak C) take care of
38. stand for 46. telafi etmek
A) temsil etmek A) keep up with

B) açmak (elektrikli aleti) B) make up
C) öğrenmek C) turn off
39. base on 47. calm down
A) azalmak A) katlanmak
B) ...ya dayandırmak B) sakinleşmek
C) kepenk indirmek C) ...dan muzdarip olmak
40. temsil etmek 48. come up with
A) set out A) bulmak (çözüm yolu vs)

B) stand for B) hırsızlık amacıyla girmek
C) close down C) atlatmak
41. başa çıkmak 49. iptal etmek

A) calm down A) take over
B) deal with B) set out
C) come up with C) call off
42. make up 50. kesmek
A) açıklamasını yapmak A) cut off

B) oluşturmak B) call off
C) iptal etmek C) get over
List & Questions > recognition > homework
1. figure out 9. bir şeye dikkat çekmek
A) meydana gelmek A) send off

B) dört gözle beklemek B) point out
C) anlamak (düşünüp) C) run out
2. lead to 10. put on

A) açmak (elektrikli aleti) A) ...nın kısa hali olmak
B) yol açmak B) atlatmak
C) reddetmek C) giymek
3. telafi etmek 11. pick up
A) carry out A) açmak (elektrikli aleti)

B) wake up B) ...dan gelmek
C) make up for C) almak
4. tüketmek 12. use up
A) use up A) azaltmak (ses, ısı)

B) count on B) hesaplamak
C) account for C) tüketmek
5. giymek 13. katlanmak

A) put on A) put up with
B) get rid of B) settle down
C) speed up C) fight off
6. başlamak 14. girmek

A) set up A) wake up
B) turn out B) get in
C) take up C) set up
7. ...ile ilgili olmak 15. work out
A) look forward to A) bulmak (çözüm yolu vs)

B) run out B) ...dan oluşmak
C) deal with C) hesaplamak
8. break into 16. put off
A) kilo almak A) bağlı olmak

B) uzak durmak B) tiksindirmek
C) hırsızlık amacıyla girmek C) tükenmek
17. account for 26. başlamak
A) kurtulmak A) take up
B) oluşturmak B) keep off
C) gösteriş yapmak C) look up
18. ait olmak 27. stand for
A) belong to A) hırsızlık amacıyla girmek

B) look into B) ileri almak (saati)
C) fight off C) temsil etmek
19. go through 28. atlatmak
A) açıklamasını yapmak A) get over

B) temsil etmek B) put forward
C) göz atmak C) give rise to
20. telafi etmek 29. give in

A) make up A) teslim olmak
B) give off B) kusmak
C) search for C) postalamak
21. yok olmak 30. yok olmak
A) stand for A) speed up

B) die out B) die out
C) take up C) turn off
22. almak (zaman, yer) 31. desteklemek
A) take up A) stand for

B) come across B) close down
C) count on C) die out
23. ayak uydurmak 32. uyanmak
A) set off A) date back

B) turn down B) get over
C) catch up with C) wake up
24. come up with 33. oluşturmak

A) bir tarihe dayanmak A) lead to
B) bulmak (çözüm yolu vs) B) turn off
C) hesaplamak C) make up
25. get over 34. come across
A) atlatmak A) ilgilenmek
B) ayak uydurmak B) söndürmek
C) uzak durmak C) rast gelmek
35. look for 43. take off
A) tiksindirmek A) hırsızlık amacıyla girmek

B) girmek B) çıkarmak (kıyafet)
C) aramak C) ... olduğu ortaya çıkmak
36. azaltmak (ses, ısı) 44. belong to
A) turn down A) ... ile sonuçlanmak

B) get on B) öğrenmek
C) take up C) ait olmak
37. ...ya karşı savaşmak 45. go on

A) fight off A) devam etmek
B) give rise to B) dönüşmek
C) cut off C) ...ya dayandırmak
38. bağlı olmak 46. use up
A) settle down A) incelemek

B) depend on B) tüketmek
C) find out C) binmek (taşıta)
39. ertelemek 47. use up
A) keep up with A) tüketmek

B) put off B) azalmak
C) put forward C) alışmak
40. alışmak 48. put out

A) make out A) bir şeye dikkat çekmek
B) keep off B) çıkarmak (kıyafet)
C) settle down C) söndürmek
41. turn into 49. carry on
A) yapmak A) devam etmek

B) öğrenmek B) spor yapmak
C) dönüşmek C) aramak
42. take off 50. başa çıkmak
A) çıkarmak (kıyafet) A) close down

B) hesaplamak B) wipe out
C) ileri almak (saati) C) cope with
List & Questions > questions > introduction
1. The presentation ---- the different forms of 7. One or two songs on the album are
violence against women. interesting, but most ---- the mark .
A) dealt with A) fall short of

B) figured out B) close down
C) gave rise to C) put aside
D) showed off D) resort to
2. Many homeless teenagers ---- stealing when 8. Most organs within the human body ----
their money runs out. water as a cleansing tool.
A) make out A) take up

B) take over B) rely on
C) bring about C) break down
D) resort to D) build up
3. The government will have to ---- the financial 9. Water molecules ---- two hydrogen atoms
problem. and one oxygen.
A) put out A) put up with

B) get off B) are composed of
C) deal with C) keep pace with
D) turn down D) make up for
4. Daily shaving can ---- a number of skin 10. The blue wheel on the flag of India ---- peace
problems. and progress.
A) run out of A) carries out

B) give rise to B) copes with
C) result from C) stands for
D) take part in D) pulls through
5. When consumers boycott, huge business 11. The script ---- several rewrites before filming
establishments have to ---- . began.
A) break out A) went through

B) give in B) took into account
C) show off C) got in touch
D) deal with D) took up
6. In the 1600's the Europeans quickly 12. We used to believe that capitalism would
colonized and ---- much of North America. soon ---- .
A) took over A) take up

B) used up B) die out
C) went through C) count on
D) settled down D) take off
13. A healthy body can ---- the illness naturally 20. The Prime Minister decided to ---- only three
without the use of medicine. years after he had been appointed.
A) break into A) put off

B) keep up with B) step down
C) fight off C) bear out
D) put out D) end up
14. Many students ---- their professors for 21. Lack of rainfall and droughts in the area ----
academic advice. the water conflict.
A) take in A) contribute to
B) set about B) use up
C) draw up C) catch on
D) look to D) point out
15. The small country is making great efforts to - 22. The Panic of 1873 caused the New York
--- other developing countries. Stock Exchange (NYSE) to ---- .
A) put up with A) back up
B) come up with B) throw away
C) keep up with C) shut down
D) end up with D) comply with
16. Since you always stay up all night working 23. The pain got worse as the anaesthetic ----.
overtime, your health will ----.
A) wore off
A) get over B) used up
B) break down C) went through
C) take up D) put off
D) bear out
24. Most people in poor countries ---- malaria,

17. The word 'sun' is believed to be ---- the Old AIDS, tuberculosis and many other diseases.
English word 'sunne'.
A) find out
A) turned over B) suffer from
B) thought out C) look after
C) derived from D) pass on
D) taken off
25. Caterpillars ---- several stages of growth.

18. Technology has ---- new types of local
marketing. A) make out
B) hand down
A) turned up
C) use up
B) brought about
D) go through
C) carried out
D) given off
26. Our government has doubled the number of
soldiers at the border to ---- illegal
19. Water can ---- lakes and reservoirs. immigrants.
A) carry out A) ward off
B) come from B) embark on
C) result in C) stand for
D) break down D) pass down
27. He ---- painting for a while, but soon lost 29. She advised him to ---- smoking.
interest.
A) put on
A) gave up B) find out
B) turned up C) cut down on
C) looked up D) try on
D) took up
30. The entire town was made redundant when

28. The special lecture was ---- until the next day the factory ----.
due to the bad weather.
A) called off
A) made over B) shut down
B) put off C) fell down
C) given out D) broke up
D) turned down
List & Questions > questions > homework
1. The private party ----, and the entire academy 7. Bodybuilding ---- shaping and defining the
ended up rioting. body's muscle system.
A) got out of hand A) faces up to
B) sent for B) keeps up with
C) caught up with C) cuts down on
D) run off with D) is concerned with
2. Soon after the end of World War , people 8. The government has ---- a committee to look
never thought such a hateful and cruel war into the problem.
would ---- again.
A) built up
A) abide by B) set up
B) break out C) gave in
C) take over D) put out
D) lead to
9. Journalists ---- unofficial information from

3. The letter was so badly written, so I could many different sources.
not ---- anything.
A) get over
A) make out B) pass down
B) get off C) give off
C) send for D) draw on
D) fill in
10. He ---- a plan for improving the rate of

4. The US has threatened to ---- economic and production.
military aid.
A) took on
A) step down B) set off
B) cut off C) looked to
C) break down D) put forward
D) give off
11. The maintenance of peace ---- respect for

5. The ancient Roman bracelet will be ---- for nations and for their cultural diversity.
charity.
A) cleaned up
A) caught on B) rested on
B) turned up C) put off
C) sent off D) passed down
D) auctioned off
12. The oil spill could ---- the area's turtle

6. Jane ---- the moment she heard the news of population.
her son's death.
A) break away
A) settled down B) fight off
B) watched over C) wipe out
C) accounted for D) break down
D) passed out
13. Cancer treatment ---- side effects such as 20. Viking was the first craft ever to ---- Mars.
nausea and loss of appetite.
A) pick up
A) keeps up with B) go off
B) is accompanied by C) land on
C) lays emphasis D) take over
D) stands for
21. The gang members ---- all the money and

14. We should ignore these new projects and ---- went out to rob some more banks.
the original purpose of our organization.
A) cleared away
A) end up with B) warded off
B) have on hand C) put out
C) keep to D) used up
D) send out
22. Many companies are required to ----

15. Scientists need to ---- new methods of advertising and marketing regulations.
increasing the world's food supply.
A) take over
A) cope with B) break away
B) turn down C) let off
C) give in D) comply with
D) come up with
23. The government is ---- ways to curb rising

16. Most schools don't ---- the problem of health costs in our state.
bullying very effectively.
A) putting off
A) give off B) pointing out
B) set out C) looking for
C) deal with D) turning down
D) lead to
24. Many board games have been ---- computer

17. I am looking for an effective method to ---- all games and continue to remain popular.
the weeds in my yard.
A) come up with
A) get rid of B) turned into
B) run off with C) put forward
C) get over D) taken on
D) hand down
25. The battle was going badly, and the army

18. Oxygen ---- roughly 20% of the atmosphere. had to ---- reinforcements.
A) makes up A) result in
B) deals with B) turn out
C) brings about C) call for
D) relies on D) look through
19. Mercury must be properly ---- to ensure 26. You cannot ---- her because she's too
protection for humans and the environment. irresponsible.
A) broken out A) take after

B) descended from B) deal with
C) fallen down C) make out
D) disposed of D) count on
27. Our company has come a long way since it 34. His research is ---- the effects of
was ----. unemployment.
A) put aside A) turned over

B) built up B) warded off
C) made out C) centred on
D) set up D) settled down
28. We have to ---- a way to get this machine to 35. All the students quickly ---- their notes just
work underwater. before the examination.
A) figure out A) took over

B) draw on B) found out
C) use up C) made up
D) keep down D) looked through
29. In spite of their tiny restaurant they managed 36. The meetings provide a forum for the team
to ---- the recession. to ---- solutions.
A) take place A) put pressure on

B) pull through B) feel up to
C) settle down C) keep pace with
D) grow up D) come up with
30. When my mother was in a good mood, she 37. The factory's production capability slowed
would ---- songs about us. after several machines ----.
A) lead to A) put out

B) call for B) broke down
C) make up C) ended up
D) turn out D) brought about
31. To lose weight, you should ---- your calorie 38. The smell of smoke lingered in the air for
intake and do more physical activity. hours after the fire had been ----.
A) break down A) put off

B) lay emphasis B) pass down
C) make up for C) put out
D) cut back D) take on
32. The scientists ---- some research into the 39. Thieves ---- most of the pyramids, stole the
causes of brain damage. gold, and destroyed some of the mummies.
A) take off A) found out

B) turn up B) looked through
C) carry out C) took over
D) get through D) broke into
33. Treatment may need to ---- for several 40. Today 70 of all chocolate beans ---- West
months to completely clear up the issue. Africa and Central Africa.
A) go on A) set up
B) fill in B) get around
C) do with C) take place
D) give up D) come from

Yds Basics 51

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Yds Basics 51

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2020 İlkbahar

Active & Passive Voice

▢ Tamamladığınız alıştırmaları işaretleyebilirsiniz.

Bu dijital kaynak kullanıcının isteği üzerine ders notu olarak çoğaltılmıştır.

Table of Present Tenses

yapar yapıyor yapmış durumda yapıyor

yapmaz yapmıyor yapmamış durumda yapmıyor

Table of Past Tenses

yaptı yapıyordu yapmış durumdaydı yapıyordu

yapmadı yapmıyordu yapmamış durumdaydı yapmıyordu

Table of Future Tenses

Simple Future Future Perfect

will V1 will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving

yapacak yapıyor olacak yapmış durumda olacak yapıyor olacak

won't V1 won't be Ving won't have V3 won't have been Ving

A) will have lived A) will have been traveling

9. She said that the robber ---- her when she

10. By the time I got to the hotel, there ---- any

11. Manchester, England ---- the centre of the

12. My mom ---- for me at the park for lunch.

15. Steam power ---- around for a while, but in

23. He ---- in this garage for ten years.

A) worked A) is washing / will prepare

A) get A) had already done

A) had been finishing A) has nearly finished

A) was studying A) is working

5. And look, she ---- an umbrella because it ----.

6. It ---- hard since yesterday evening.

A) am 14. The children ---- a film on TV at that time.

16. Frank ---- tennis for three years when he was

A) has played A) was watering

25. John lives and works in Florida but he ---- a

A) hasn't smoked / is trying A) has had

27. Please wait here until the nurse ---- you.

A) was preparing A) has been repairing

38. There ---- many famous entrepreneurs

33. The average American ---- around 12 pounds A) had been

45. Listen! Mr Jones ---- the piano.

A) will have finished 50. She ---- before too long.

Table of Simple Modals

modal TR time mood

Table of Perfect Modals

modal TR time mood

should have done

ought to have done

must have done

may have done

might have done

can’t have done past

could have done

would have done

A) may have penetrated A) may thrive

A) have to get A) must

4. You ---- along some cash. The restaurant

A) would read A) should feel

A) was unable to shoot A) don't have to cross

19. People ---- as much garbage as we do

2. There ---- some bandages in the medicine

10. We ---- a rest while we are on holiday.

A) could have rained

A) didn't use to be A) would have been

16. Clara ---- the class today, she missed a lot