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  • Viruses: Key Characteristics!

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    Melody Jane Pardillo
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    Viruses are 20-300nm obligate intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid and a protein capsid. They do not have organelles or ribosomes and cannot replicate without a host cell. There are DNA and RNA viruses that have different structures like envelopes, capsids and genomes. Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry, then uncoat and replicate their genome. New virions are assembled and released through lysis or budding. Viruses are classified based on attributes like nucleic acid type, structure and replication method.

    Original Description:

    VIROLOGY

    Original Title

    FINALS-VIROLOGY-PART-1

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    Viruses are 20-300nm obligate intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid and a protein capsid. They do not have organelles or ribosomes and cannot replicate without a host cell. There are DNA and RNA viruses that have different structures like envelopes, capsids and genomes. Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry, then uncoat and replicate their genome. New virions are assembled and released through lysis or budding. Viruses are classified based on attributes like nucleic acid type, structure and replication method.

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    115 views7 pages

    Viruses: Key Characteristics!

    Uploaded by

    Melody Jane Pardillo
    Viruses are 20-300nm obligate intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid and a protein capsid. They do not have organelles or ribosomes and cannot replicate without a host cell. There are DNA and RNA viruses that have different structures like envelopes, capsids and genomes. Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry, then uncoat and replicate their genome. New virions are assembled and released through lysis or budding. Viruses are classified based on attributes like nucleic acid type, structure and replication method.

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    of 7

    VIRUSES

    KEY CHARACTERISTICS!

    1. Size: 20 to 300 nm; visualized using electron


    microscope
    2. Basic structural unit/infectious particle is called a
    VIRION Capsid
    Capsid
    3. They basically consist of NUCLEIC ACID CORE (RNA or
    DNA) and protein coat called CAPSID
    4. Some may have external lipid ENVELOPE which
    covers the capsid. The envelope may have virus-
    encoded GLYCOPROTEIN SPIKES.
    5. Some may have tail, sheath and fibers.
    6. They DO NOT have ORGANELLES OR RIBOSOMES.
    7. Viruses contain genetic material, but NOT THE ENZYME
    NEEDED TO REPLICATE. Thus, they cannot replicate on
    their own. In order to do so, they need living host cells.
    As such, viruses may be described as OBLIGATE
    INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
    8. Displays TROPISM – capability of a virus to infect a
    distinct group of cells in the host. Made possible
    because of the interaction of viral surface structures
    (such as glycoproteins) with receptors on the host cell.
    (Example: Rabies virus - CNS tissue; Influenza – respiratory epithelium)

    VIRAL TAXONOMY – determined by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)


    (take note of the trends in their taxonomy)

    Realm Riboviria NOMENCLATURE (some examples)


    Phylum Negarnaviricota Latin Translation Reason Family
    Subphylum Haploviricotina Arena Sand Contain sandy Arenaviridae
    Class Monjiviricetes granules
    Order Mononegavirales Filum Thread Virion shape Filoviridae
    Family Paramyxoviridae Flavus Yellow Yellow Fever Flaviviridae
    Subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae Virus

    Genus Morbillivirus Parvus Small Virus Size Parvoviridae

    Species Measles morbillivirus Toga Cloak Envelope Togaviridae

    Prepared by: Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT 1


    VIRAL MORPHOLOGY

    1. Nucleic Acid– May be RNA or DNA. Just like in humans, it can encode hundreds of enzymes and
    structural proteins. The strands of the nucleic acid may be:
    a. single-stranded or double stranded,
    b. linear (having two ends) or looped,
    c. in separate segments or one continuous strand
    RNA VIRUSES
    TYPES OF RNA
    (+) Positive-stranded - when virus enters the host cell, its RNA can be immediately translated by the host’s
    ribosome into protein

    (-) Negative-stranded - when virus enters the host cell, it cannot be immediately translated.
    - it has to be transcribed first to a positive strand of RNA, by the help of the enzyme
    RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (present in the viral capsid, and not present in
    humans)

    RNA of retroviruses - the RNA is transcribed in a reverse fashion (“retrograde”) into DNA, by the help of
    the unique enzyme reverse transcriptase (present in virus)

    DNA VIRUSES
    - DNA cannot be translated directly into a protein; it has to be transcribed into mRNA first
    -These viruses have both positive and negative strand. Positive strand is read, while negative strand
    is ignored… ☹. Positive strand is used as template for transcription into mRNA

    Prepared by: Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT 2


    2. Capsid – houses the genome
    a. Capsomere – basic unit of capsid; globular protein subunits composed of polypeptide
    chain that makes up the capsid
    b. Nucleocapsid – Core + Capsid
    c. Some may have STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and ENZYMES inside their capsid
    TYPES
    Icosahedral Helical
    – capsomeres arranged in a triangle, and combined – individual capsomere is attached to RNA (always
    with many triangles; 20 sides or facets RNA), and is coiled helically. Most are spherical except
    for rhabdoviruses (rabies virus), which have bullet-
    shaped capsid

    3. Envelope – lipid bilayer membrane embedded with proteins or glycoprotein spikes. It is


    acquired by virus from the host through budding or tearing off a part of the host cell’s
    membrane as they leave the cell after viral replication.
    a. ENVELOPED VIRUS - has envelope; susceptible to drying out and destruction in the
    environment; ether-labile
    i. Glycoprotein spikes – assist in attachment of virus to cells
    ii. Matrix protein – found between envelope and capsid; has enzymatic activities
    b. NAKED VIRUS – does not have envelope; very resistant; ether-stable

    Prepared by: Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT 3


    VIRAL CLASSIFICATION

    Viruses may be classified according to:

    A. Nucleic acid
    a. TYPE OF GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA OR RNA)
    b. Double- vs. single-stranded
    c. Continuous or segmented
    d. Positive or negative stranded RNA
    e. Complex genome
    B. Capsid
    a. Icosahedral vs Helical
    b. Number of capsomers in icosahedral capsids
    c. Size of capsid in helical capsid
    C. Envelope: Naked vs Enveloped

    Baltimore classification by David Baltimore – depend on type of genome and method of replication
    Group Description Notes
    Group I dsDNA DNA
    Group II ssDNA
    Group III dsRNA RNA
    Group IV + ssRNA
    Group V - ssRNA
    Group VI + ssRNA-RT RNA Reverse-
    Group VII + dsDNA-RT DNA Transcripting
    Viruses

    Prepared by: Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT 4


    VIRAL REPLICATION – (AKA infectious cycle)

    STEPS: APUERLAR

    1. Attachment (AKA Adsorption) – recognition and binding of viral proteins to receptors on host cell
    2. Penetration – virus enters the host cell through fusion (enveloped viruses), endocytosis (naked
    viruses) or injection of viral nucleic acid (bacteriophage).
    a. Fusion of virus and target cell may also lead to fusion with other nearby cells, forming
    multinucleated cells called syncytia
    Injection

    Fusion Endocytosis

    3. Uncoating – once the virus is inside, the capsid dissociates or is degraded by enzymes, leading to
    release of viral genomes into cytoplasm or nucleus
    4. Early mRNA and protein synthesis – synthesis of nonstructural elements (e.g. enzymes)
    5. Replication – viral nucleic acid is replicated to provide genomes for progeny virions
    6. Late mRNA and protein synthesis – synthesis of structural elements (e.g. capsid)
    7. Assembly of Virion – nonstructural elements, genome and structural elements are assembled into
    a virus particle.
    8. Release of virions from cell
    a. Naked viruses – released from cell through cell lysis → rapid death of host cell
    b. Enveloped viruses – released from cell through “budding.” During this, the virus acquires
    the envelope by tearing off a part of the host’s cell membrane.

    Prepared by: Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT 5


    DNA Viruses - replicate in the nucleus of the host cell
    PaPaAd Po HeHe – Parvovirus, Papova viruses, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, Herpes virus, Hepadna viruses

    DNA

    Naked Envelope

    Single-stranded Double-stranded Double-stranded

    Icosahedral Icosahedral Complex Icosahedral

    Parvovirus Papova Adeno Poxvirus Hepadna Herpes

    Simple – only
    Capsid is like a
    has one strand.
    box – POX in a
    > ONE PAR hole
    BOX; replicates
    in golf in cytoplasm of
    host cell

    Remember!

    All are dsDNA except: PARVO


    All are icosahedral except POX
    All of them replicate in nucleus except POX

    Prepared by: Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT 6


    RNA Viruses - replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells
    RNA

    Single-stranded Double-stranded

    Positive-stranded Negative-stranded Naked

    Naked Enveloped Enveloped Reo

    Picorna Flavi Bunya

    Calici Toga Orthymyxo

    Retro Arena

    Corona Filo

    Rhabdo

    Paramyxo

    Remember! 😊
    All are ssRNA except: REOVIRIDAE
    3 Naked Families: Leonardo di CaPiReo (Calici, Picorna, Reo)
    Most have helical capsid except these five icosahedrals:
    di CaPiReo in a Yellow Toga (Calici, Picorna, Reo, Flavi, Toga)
    Helical capsid but bullet—shaped – RHABDO
    Replicates in nucleus – RETRO, ORTHOMYXO
    Segmented, enveloped – BOAR (Bunya, Orthomyxo, Arena, Retro)

    Prepared by: Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT 7


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