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Question 1:
If a line makes angles 90 ,135 , 45 with x, y and z – axes respectively, find its direction cosines.
Solution 1:
Let direction cosines of the line be l, m, and n.
l = cos 90 = 0
m = cos135 = cos ( 90 + 45 )
1
= − sin 45 = −
2
1
n = cos 45 =
2
1 1
Therefore, the direction cosines of the line are 0, − , and .
2 2
Question 2:
Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the coordinates axes.
Solution 2:
Let the direction cosines of the line make an angle α with each of the coordinates axes.
l = cos α, m = cos α, n = cos α
l2 +m2 +n2 =1 cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
3cos2 = 1
1 1
cos 2 = cos =
3 3
Hence, the direction cosines of the line, which is equally inclined to the coordinate axes, are
1 1 1
, , and .
3 3 3
Question 3:
If a line has the direction ratios – 18, 12, -4, then what are its direction cosines?
Solution 3:
If a line has direction ratios – 18, 12, -4, then its direction cosines are
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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−18 12 −4
l= ,m = ,n =
( −18) + (12 ) + ( −4 ) ( −18) + (12 ) + ( −4 ) ( −18) + (12 ) + ( −4 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−18 12 −4
i.e., , , or,
22 22 22
−9 6 −2
, ,
11 11 11
−9 6 −2
Hence, the direction cosines are , , and .
11 11 11
Question 4:
Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (-1, -2, 1), (5, 8, 7) are collinear.
Solution 4:
Given points are A (2, 3, 4), B (-1, -2, 1), and C (5, 8, 7).
As we know that the direction cosines of points,
( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , are given by x2 − x1, y2 − y1, and z2 − z1 .
Therefore the direction ratios of AB are (- 1, - 2), (-2, -3), and (1, -4) i.e., -3, -5, and -3.
The direction ratios of BC are (5 – (-1)), (8 – (-2)), and (7 – 1) i.e., 6, 10, and 6.
It can be seen that the direction ratios of BC are -2 times that AB i.e., they are proportional.
Hence, AB is parallel to BC. Since point B is common to both AB and BC, points A, B, and C
are collinear.
Question 5:
Find the direction cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 5, -4), (-1, 1, 2) and
(-5, -5, -2)
Solution 5:
A (3, 5, -4), B (-1, 1, 2), and C (-5, -5, -2).
The direction ratios of the side AB are (-1 -3), (1 -5), and (2 – (-4))
i.e., -4, -4, and 6.
( −4) + ( −4) + ( 6) = 16 + 16 + 36 =
2 2 2
Then, 68 = 2 17
Therefore, the direction cosines of AB are
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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−4 −4 6
l= ,m = ,n =
( −4 ) + ( −4 ) + ( 6 ) ( −4 ) + ( −4 ) + ( 6 ) ( −4 ) + ( −4 ) + ( 6 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−4 4 6
i.e., ,− ,
2 17 2 17 2 17
−2 −2 3
, ,
17 17 17
The direction ratios of BC are (-5 – (-1)), ( -5 -1), and (-2 -2) i.e., -4, -6, and -4.
Therefore, the direction cosines of BC are
−4 −6 −4
, ,
( −4 ) + ( −6 ) + ( −4 ) ( −4 ) + ( −6 ) + ( −4 ) ( −4 ) + ( −6 ) + ( −4 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−4 −6 −4
i.e., , ,
2 17 2 17 2 17
The direction ratios of CA are (-5 -3), (-5 -5), and (-2 – (-4)) i.e., -8, -10, and 2.
Hence, the direction cosines of AC are
−8 −5 2
, ,
( −8) + (10 ) + ( 2 ) ( −8) + (10 ) + ( 2 ) ( −8) + (10 ) + ( 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−8 −10 2
i.e., , ,
2 42 2 42 2 42
EXERCISE- 11.2
Question 1:
Show that the three lines with direction cosines
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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12 −3 −4 4 12 3 3 −4 12
, , ; , , ; , , are mutually perpendicular.
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Solution 1:
Two lines with direction cosines l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 , are perpendicular to each other, if
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
12 −3 −4 4 12 3
(i) For the lines with direction cosines,
, , and , , , we get
13 13 13 13 13 13
12 4 −3 12 −4 3
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = + +
13 13 13 13 13 13
48 36 12
= − −
169 169 169
=0
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.
4 12 3 3 −4 12
(ii)For the lines with direction cosines,
, , and , , we get
13 13 13 13 13 13
4 3 12 −4 3 12
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = + + +
13 13 13 13 13 13
12 48 36
= − + =0
169 169 169
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.
3 −4 12 12 −3 −4
(iii)For the lines with direction cosines, , , and , , , we get
13 13 13 13 13 13
3 12 −4 −3 12 −4
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = + +
13 13 13 13 13 13
36 12 48
= + − =0
169 169 169
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.
So, all the lines are mutually perpendicular.
Question 2:
Show that the line through the points (1, -1, 2) (3, 4, -2) is perpendicular to the line through the
points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
Solution 2:
Let AB be the line joining the points, (1, -1, 2) and (3, 4, -2), and CD be the line through the
points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 3:
Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points
(-1, -2, 1), (1, 2, 5).
Solution 3:
Let AB be the line through the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4), CD be the line through the points, (-
1, -2, 1) and (1, 2, 5).
a1 = (2 -4), b1 = (3 -7), and c1 = (4 -8) i.e., -2, -4, and -4.
a2 = (1 – (-1)), b2 = (2 – (-2)), and c2 = (5 -1) i.e., 2, 4, and 4.
a1 b1 c1
AB CD = =
a2 b2 c2
a1 −2
= = −1
a2 2
b1 −4
= = −1
b2 4
c1 −4
= = −1
c2 4
a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, AB is parallel to CD.
Question 4:
Find the equation of the line which passes through point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector
3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ.
Solution 4:
It is given that the line passes through the point A (1, 2, 3). Therefore, the position vector through
A is a = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
b = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 5:
Find the equation of the line in vector and in Cartesian form that passes through the point with
positive vector 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ and is in the direction iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ .
Solution 5:
It is given that the line passes through the point with positive vector
a = 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ ... (1)
b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ... ( 2 )
So, line passes through point A and parallel to b is given by
r = a + b , where is a constant.
(
r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ + iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ)
This is the required equation of the line in vector form.
r = xiˆ − yjˆ + zkˆ xiˆ − yjˆ + zkˆ = ( + 2) iˆ + ( 2 − 1) ˆj + ( − + 4) kˆ
Eliminating , we get the Cartesian form equation as
x − 2 y +1 z − 4
= =
1 2 −1
Question 6:
Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (-2, 4, -5) and parallel to
x+3 y −4 z +8
the line given by = =
3 5 6
Solution 6:
It is given that the line passes through the point (-2, 4, -5) and is parallel to
x+3 y −4 z +8
= =
3 5 6
x+3 y −4 z +8
The direction ratios of the line, = = , are 3, 5, and 6.
3 5 6
x+3 y −4 z +8
The required line is parallel to = =
3 5 6
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Therefore, its direction ratios are 3k, 5k, and 6k, when k ≠0
It is known that the equation of the line through the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and with direction ratios,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
a, b, c, is given by = =
a b c
Hence, the equation of the required line is
x+2 y−4 z +5 x+2 y−4 z+5
= = = = =k
3k 5k 6k 3 5 6
Question 7:
x−5 y + 4 z −6
The Cartesian equation of a line is = = .Write its vector form.
3 7 2
Solution 7:
The Cartesian equation of the line is given by
x−5 y + 4 z −6
= = . …(1)
3 7 2
The given line passes through the point (5, -4, 6). The position vector of this point is
a = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ
Also, the direction ratios of the given line are 3, 7, and 2.
This means that the line is in the direction of the vector, b = 3iˆ + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ
As we known that the line through positive vector a and in the direction of the vector b is given
by the equation, r = a + b , R
( ) (
r = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ + 3iˆ + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ )
This is the required equation of the given line in vector form.
Question 8:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equation of the lines that passes through the origin and (5, -2,
3).
Solution 8:
The required line passes through the origin. Therefore, its position vector is given by,
a=0 …(1)
The direction ratios of the line through origin and (5, -2, 3) are
(5 -0) = 5, (-2 -0) = -2, (3 – 0) = 3
The line is parallel to the vector given by the equation, b = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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The equation of the line in vector form through a point with position vector a and parallel to b
is,
(
r = a + b , R r = 0 + 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ )
(
r = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ )
The equation of the line through the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and direction ratios a, b, c is given by,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
a b c
Hence, the equation of the required line in the Cartesian form is
x−0 y−0 z −0 x y z
= = = =
5 −2 3 5 2 3
Question 9:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equation of the line that passes through the point (3, -2, -5),
(3, -2, 6).
Solution 9:
Let the line passing through the points, P (3, -2, -5) and Q (3, -2, 6), be PQ.
Since PQ passes through P (3, -2, -5), its position vector is given by,
a = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 5kˆ
The direction ratios of PQ are given by,
(3 - 3) = 0, (-2 + 2) = 0, (6 + 5) = 11
The equation of the vector in the direction of PQ is
b = 0.iˆ − 0. ˆj + 11kˆ = 11 k̂
The equation of PQ in vector form is given by, r = a + b , R
( )
r = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 5kˆ + 11 kˆ
The equation of PQ in Cartesian form is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x−3 y + 2 z +5
= = = =
a b c 0 0 11
Question 10:
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
( )
(i) r = 2iˆ − 5 ˆj + kˆ + 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ and
(
r = 7iˆ − 6kˆ + iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ )
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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(
(ii) r = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ + 1 iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ and )
(
r = 2iˆ − ˆj − 56kˆ + 3iˆ − 5 ˆj − 4kˆ )
Solution 10:
(i)Let be the angle between the given lines.
b1.b2
The angle between the given pairs of lines is given by, cos =
b1 b2
The given lines are parallel to the vectors, b1 = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ and b2 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ , respectively.
b1 = 32 + 22 + 62 = 7
(1) + ( 2) + ( 2) =3
2 2 2
b2 =
( ) (
b1.b2 = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ )
= 3 1 + 2 2 + 6 2 = 3 + 4 + 12 = 19
19
cos =
73
19
= cos −1
21
(ii)The given line are parallel to the vectors, b1 = iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ and b2 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj − 4kˆ , respectively.
( ) (
b1.b2 = iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ . 3iˆ − 5 ˆj − 4kˆ )
=1 . 3 – 1(-5) – 2(-4)
=3+5+8
=16
b1.b2
cos =
b1 b2
16 16 16
cos = = =
6.5 2 2. 3.5 2 10 3
8
cos =
5 3
8
= cos −1
5 3
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 11:
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
x − 2 y −1 z + 3 x + 2 y −4 z −5
(i) = = and = =
2 5 −3 −1 8 4
x y z x −5 y −2 z −3
(ii) = = and = =
2 2 1 4 1 8
Solution 11:
Let b1 and b2 be the vectors parallel to the pair of lines,
x − 2 y −1 z + 3 x + 2 y −4 z −5
= = and = = , respectively.
2 5 −3 −1 8 4
b1 = 2iˆ + 5 ˆj − 3kˆ and b2 = −iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ
( 2) + (5) + ( −3) = 38
2 2 2
b1 =
( −1) + (8) + ( 4) = 81 = 9
2 2 2
b2 =
( )(
b1.b2 = 2iˆ + 5 ˆj − 3kˆ . −iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ )
= 2(-1) + 5 8 + (-3) . 4
= -2 + 40 – 12
=26
The angle, , between the given pair of lines is given by the relation,
b1.b2
Cos =
b1 b2
26
cos =
9 38
26
= cos −1
9 38
(ii)Let b1 , b2 be the vectors parallel to the given pair of lines,
x y z x −5 y −2 z −3
= = and = = , respectively.
2 2 1 4 1 8
b1 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ
b2 = 4iˆ + ˆj + 8kˆ
( 2) + ( 2) + (1) = 9 =3
2 2 2
b1 =
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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b2 = 42 + 12 + 82 = 81 = 9
( ) (
b1.b2 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ . 4iˆ + ˆj + 8kˆ )
= 2 4 + 2 1 + 1 8 = 8 + 2 + 8 = 18
b1.b2
If is the angle between the given pair of lines, then cos =
b1 b2
18 2 2
cos = = = cos −1
3 9 3 3
Question 12:
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z
Find the values of p so the line = = and = = are at right
3 2p 2 3p 1 5
angles.
Solution 12:
The given equations can be written in the standard form as
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y − 5 z − 6
= = and = =
−3 2 p 2 − 3p 1 −5
7 7
The direction ratios of the lines are given by
2p −3 p
a1 = -3, b1 = , c1 = 2 and a2 = , b2 = 1, c2 = -5.
7 7
Since, both lines are perpendicular to each other, therefore a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
9p 2p
+ = 10
7 7
−3 p 2 p
( −3) . + . (1) + 2. ( −5 ) = 0 11 p = 70
7 7
70
p=
11
70
Hence, the value of p =
11
Question 13:
x−5 y + 2 z x y z
Show that the lines = = and = = are perpendicular to each other.
7 −5 1 1 2 3
Solution 13:
x−5 y + 2 z x y z
The equation of the given lines are = = and = =
7 −5 1 1 2 3
Here, a1 = 7, b1 = -5, c1 = 1 and a2 = 1, b2 = 2, c2 = 3.
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Two lines with direction ratios, a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 are perpendicular to each other, if a1 a2 +
b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
7 1 + (-5) 2 + 1 3
= 7 – 10 + 3 = 0
Hence, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
Question 14:
Find the shortest distance between the lines
( ) ( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ + iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and
Solution 14:
Given lines are
( ) ( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ + iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and
d=
(b b ).( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
…(1)
b1 b2
Comparing the given equations, we get
a1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ , b1 = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
a2 = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ , b2 = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
( ) ( )
a2 - a1 = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ - iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ = iˆ - 3 ĵ - 2 k̂
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 b2 = 1 − 1 1
2 −1 2
b1 b2 = (-2 – 1) iˆ - (2 – 2) ĵ + (1 + 2) k̂ = -3 iˆ + 3 k̂
b1 b2 = ( −3) + (3) = +9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2
2 2
d=
( )(
−3iˆ + 3kˆ . iˆ − 3 ˆj − 2kˆ
d=
)
−3.1 + 3(−2)
3 2 3 2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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−9 3 3 2 3 2
d= d= = =
3 2 2 2 2 2
3 2
Hence, the shortest distance between the two lines is units.
2
Question 15:
x +1 y +1 z +1 x−3 y −5 z −7
Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and = =
7 −6 1 1 −2 1
Solution 15:
x +1 y +1 z +1 x−3 y −5 z −7
The given lines are = = and = =
7 −6 1 1 −2 1
The shortest distance between the two lines,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = and = = , is given by,
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
d= …(1)
( b1c2 − b2c1 ) + ( c1a2 − c2 a1 ) + ( a1b2 − a2b1 )
2 2 2
= 16 + 36 + 64
= 116 = 2 29
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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−116 −58
d= =
2 29 29
−2 29
= = −2 29
29
d = 2 29 , therefore the distance between the given lines is 2 29 units.
Question 16:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
( ) (
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ )
and r = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 6kˆ + 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ ( )
Solution 16:
( )
The given lines are iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ and r = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 6kˆ + 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ ( )
The shortest distance between the lines, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 , is given by,
d=
(b b ).( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
…(1)
b1 b2
( ) (
a2 − a1 = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 6kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 b2 = 1 − 3 2 = ( −3 − 6 ) iˆ − (1 − 4 ) ˆj + ( 3 + 6 ) kˆ = −9iˆ + 3 ˆj + 9kˆ
2 3 1
(b b ).( a
1 2 2 ( )(
− a ) = −9iˆ + 3 ˆj + 9kˆ . 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ )
= - 9 3 + 33 + 93 = 9
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get
9 3
d= =
3 19 19
3
Hence, the shortest distance between the given lines is units.
19
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 17:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ and
r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2s − 1) ˆj − ( 2s + 1) kˆ
Solution 17:
The given lines are
r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ
( ) (
r = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + t −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ ) …(1)
r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2s − 1) ˆj − ( 2s + 1) kˆ
( ) (
r = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ + s iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ ) …(2)
The shortest distance between the lines, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 , is given by,
d=
(b b ) .( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
...(3)
b1 b2
For the given equations,
a1 = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, b1 = −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ
a = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ, b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
2 2
( ) (
a2 − a1 = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = ˆj − 4kˆ )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 b2 = −1 1 − 2 = ( −2 + 4 ) iˆ − ( 2 + 2 ) ˆj + ( −2 − 1) kˆ
1 2 −2
= 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ
b1 b2 = ( 2) + ( −4 ) + ( −3) = 4 + 16 + 9
2 2 2
= 29
( ) ( )(
b1 b2 . ( a2 − a ) = 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ . ˆj − 4kˆ = −4 + 12 = 8 )
Putting all the values in equation (3), we get
8 8
d= =
29 29
8
Hence, the shortest distance between the lines is units.
29
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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EXERCISE- 11.3
Question 1:
In each of the following cases, determine the direction cosines of the normal to the plane and
the distance from the origin.
(a)z = 2 (b) x + y + z = 1
(c)2x + 3y – z = 5 (d)5y + 8 = 0
Solution 1:
(a)The equation of the plane is z = 2 or 0 x + 0 y + z = 2 …(1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, 0, and 1.
02 + 02 + 12 = 1
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 1, we obtain
0.x + 0.y + 1.z = 2
This is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the
plane and d is the distance of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.
Hence, the direction cosines are 0, 0, and 1 and the distance of the plane form the origin is 2
units.
(b)x + y + z = 1 ….(1)
The direction ratios of normal are 1, 1, and 1.
(1) + (1) + (1) = 3
2 2 2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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2 3 1 5
x+ y− z=
14 14 14 14
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal
to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
2 3 −1
Hence, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are , , and and the distance
14 14 14
5
of normal form the origin is units.
14
(d)5y + 8 = 0
0x – 5y + 0z = 8…..(1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, -5, and 0.
02 + ( −5) + 02 = 5
2
Question 2:
Find the vector equation of a plane which is at the distance of 7 units from the origin and normal
to the vector 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
Solution 2:
The normal vector is, n = 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
n 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
nˆ = = =
n ( 3) + ( 5 ) + ( 6 )
2 2 2
70
The equation of the plane with position vector r is given by, r .nˆ = d
3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
rˆ. = 7
70
Question 3:
Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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(
(a) r . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 2) ( )
(b) r . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ = 1
(c) r . ( s − 2t ) iˆ + ( 3 − t ) ˆj + ( 2s + t ) kˆ = 15
Solution 3:
(a) Given equation of the plane is
( )
r . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 2 …(1)
For any arbitrary point, P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector r is given by,
r = xiˆ + yjˆ − zkˆ
Putting the values of r in equation (1), we get
( )( )
xiˆ + yjˆ − zkˆ . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 2 x + y − z = 2
(
(b) r . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ = 1) …(1)
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector r is given by,
r = xiˆ + yjˆ − zkˆ
Putting the value of r in equation (1), we obtain
( )( )
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ = 1 2 x + 3 y − 4 z = 1
Question 4:
In the following cases, find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the
origin.
(a)2x + 3y + 4z – 12 = 0 (b)3y + 4z – 6 = 0
(c)x + y +z = 1 (d)5y + 8 = 0
Solution 4:
(a)Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) .
2x + 3y + 4z – 12 =0
2x + 3y + 4z – 12 =0 ….(1)
The direction ratios of normal are 2, 3, and 4.
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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( 2) + (3) + ( 4) = 29
2 2 2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 5:
Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the planes
(a)that passes through the point (1, 0, -2) and the normal to the plane is iˆ + ˆj − kˆ .
(b) that passes through the point (1, 4, 6) and the normal vector to the plane is iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ .
Solution 5:
(a) The position vector of point (1, 0, -2) is a = iˆ − 2kˆ
The normal vector N perpendicular to the plane is N = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ
The vector equation of the plane is given by, (r − a ).N = 0
( ) ( )
r − iˆ − 2kˆ . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 0
…(1)
r is the positive vector of any point p (x, y, z) in the plane.
r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
Thus, equation (1) becomes
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ − iˆ − 2kˆ . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 0 ( x − 1) iˆ + yjˆ + ( z + 2) kˆ . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 0
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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( x −1) + y − ( z + 2) = 0 x + y − z − 3 = 0
x+ y−z =3
(b) The position vector of point (1, 4, 6) is a = iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ
The normal vector N perpendicular to the plane is N = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ
The vector equation of the plane is given by, (r − a ).N = 0
( ) ( )
r − iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ . iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = 0 ….(1)
r is the positive vector of any point p (x, y, z) in the plane.
r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
Thus, equation (1) becomes
( ) ( ) (
)
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ − iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ . iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = 0
( )
( x − 1) iˆ + ( y − 4 ) ˆj + ( z + 6 ) kˆ . iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = 0
( x − 1) − 2 ( y − 4 ) + ( z − 6 ) = 0 x − 2 y + z + 1 = 0
Question 6:
Find the equations of the planes that passes through the points.
(a) (1, 1, -1), (6, 4, -5), (-4, -2, 3)
(b) (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (-2, 2, -1)
Solution 6:
(a) The given points are A (1, 1, -1), B (6, 4, -5), and C (-4, -2, 3).
1 1 −1
6 4 − 5 = (12 − 10 ) − (18 − 20 ) − ( −12 + 16 )
−4 − 2 3
= 2+2−4 = 0
Since A, B, C are collinear points, there will be infinite number of planes passing through the
given points.
(b) The given points are A (1, 1, 0), B (1, 2, 1), C (-2, 2, -1).
1 1 0
1 2 1 = ( −2 − 2 ) − ( 2 + 2 ) = −8 0
−2 2 − 1
Thus, a plane will pass through the point A, B, and C.
The equation of the plane through the points, ( x1, y1 , z1 ) , ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , and ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) , is given
by
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x −1 y −1 z
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0 0 1 1 =0
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 −3 1 −1
( −2 )( x − 1) − 3 ( y − 1) + 3 z = 0 −2 x − 3 y + 3 z + 2 + 3 = 0
−2 x − 3 y + 3 z = −5 2 x + 3 y − 3 z = 5
Question 7:
Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 2x + y - z = 5
Solution 7:
2x + y - z = 5 …(1)
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we get
2 y z x y z
x + − =1 + + = 1 .... ( 2 )
5 5 5 5 5 −5
2
x y z
The equation of a plane in intercept form is + + = 1 , where a, b, c are intercepts cut off by
a b c
the plane at x, y, z axes respectively.
Hence, for the given equation,
5
a = , b = 5, and c=-5
2
5
Thus, the intercepts cut off by plane are , 5 and -5.
2
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and parallel to ZOX plane.
Solution 8:
The equation of the plane ZOX is
Y=0
Any plane parallel to it is of the form, y = a
Since the y-intercept of the plane is 3,
a = 3
Hence, the equation of the required plane is y = 3.
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 9:
Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes
3x – y + 2z – 4 = 0 and x + y + z – 2 = 0 and the point (2, 2,1)
Solution 9:
The equation of the given plane through the intersection of the planes,
3x – y + 2z – 4 = 0 and x + y + z – 2 = 0, is given by
(3x – y + 2z – 4) + α (x + y + z – 2) = 0, where α €R
This plane passes through the point (2,2,1).
Hence, this point will satisfy equation (1).
(3×2-2+2×1-4)+ α(2+2+1-2) = 0
2
2 + 3α = 0 = −
3
2
Putting = − in equation (1), we get
3
2
(3x – y + 2z – 4) - (x + y + z – 2) = 0
3
3(3x – y + 2z – 4) -2(x + y + z – 2) = 0
(9x – 3y + 6x – 12) – 2(x+ y + z – 2) = 0
7x – 5y + 4z – 8 =0
Question 10:
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 7, r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) = 9 and through the point (2, 1, 3)
Solution 10:
The equations of the planes are r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 7 and r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) = 9
r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) − 7 = 0 ...(1)
r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) − 9 = 0 ... ( 2 )
Equation of required plane is given by,
r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) − 7 + r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) − 9 = 0 , where R
r . (2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) + (2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) = 9 + 7
r . ( 2 + 2 ) iˆ + ( 2 + 5 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 3) kˆ = 9 + 7 ...(3)
The plane passes through the point (2, 1, 3).
Hence, its position vector is given by,
r = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
Putting in equation (3), we get
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ). ( 2 + 2 ) iˆ + ( 2 + 5 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 3) kˆ = 9 + 7
( 2 + 2 ) + ( 2 + 5 ) + ( 3 − 3) = 9 + 7
18 − 3 = 9 + 7
10
9 = 10 =
9
10
Putting = in equation (3), we get
9
38 68 ˆ 3 ˆ
r . iˆ + j + k = 17
9 9 9
( )
r . 38iˆ + 68 ˆj + 3kˆ = 153
Question 11:
Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes
x + y + z = 1 and 2x +3y + 4z = 5 which is perpendicular to the plane x – y + z = 0
Solution 11:
The equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes, x + y + z = 1 and 2x +3y + 4z
= 5 is
(x + y + z – 1) + (2x +3y + 4z – 5) = 0
( 2 + 1) x + (3 + 1) y + ( 4 + 1) z − (5 +1) = 0 ...(1)
a1 = ( 2 + 1) , b1 = ( 3 + 1) , and c1 = ( 4 + 1) .
The plane in equation (1) is perpendicular to x – y + z = 0
a2 = 1, b2 = -1, and c2 = 1.
Since the planes are perpendicular,
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
( 2 + 1) − (3 + 1) + ( 4 + 1) = 0
1
3 + 1 = 0 = −
3
1
Putting = − in equation (1), we get
3
1 1 2
x+ z+ =0
3 3 3
x – z + 2 = 0
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 12:
Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are
r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 5 and r .(3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) = 3
Solution 12:
The equation of the given planes are r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 5 and r .(3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) = 3
If n1 and n2 are normal to the planes, r .n1 = d1 and r .n2 = d 2 ,
Normal to the planes, then the angle between them , , is given by,
n1.n2
cos = …..(1)
n1 n2
Here, n1 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ and n2 = 3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ
( )
n1.n2 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ (3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) = 2.3 + 2. ( −3 ) + ( −3 ) .5 = −15
n1 = ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) + ( −3) = 17
2 2 2
n2 = ( 3) + ( −3) + ( 5) = 43
2 2 2
Question 13:
In the following cases, determine whether the given planes are parallel or perpendicular, and in
case they are neither, find the angles between them.
(a)7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and 3x – y – 10z + 4 = 0
(b)2x + y + 3z – 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 5 = 0
(c)2x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 and 3x – 3y + 6z – 1 = 0
(d)2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0
(e)4x + 8y + z – 8 = 0 and y + z – 4 = 0
Solution 13:
The directions ratios of normal to be the plane, L1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = 0 are a1 , b1 , c1 and
L2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = 0 are a2 , b2 , c2 .
a1 b1 c1
L1 L2 , = =
a2 b2 c2
L1 ⊥ L2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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7 3 + 5 ( −1) + 6 ( −10 )
= cos −1
( 7 ) + ( 5) + ( 6 ) ( 3) + ( −1) + ( −10 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
21 − 5 − 60 44 2
= cos −1 = cos −1 = cos −1
110 110 110 5
(b) The equations of the planes are 2x + y + 3z – 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 5 = 0
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, c1 = 3 and a2 = 1, b2 = −2, c2 = 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2 1 + 1 ( −2) + 3 0 = 0
Hence, the given planes are perpendicular to each other.
(c) The equations of the planes are 2x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 and 3x – 3y + 6z – 1 = 0
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = −2, c1 = 4 and
a2 = 3, b2 = −3, c2 = 6
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2 3 + ( −2 )( −3) + 4 6
= 6 + 6 + 24 = 36 0
Hence, the given planes are not perpendicular to each other.
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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a1 2 b1 −2
= , =
a2 3 b2 −3
c1 4 2
and = =
c2 6 3
a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given planes are parallel to each other.
(d)The equation of the planes are 2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = −1, c1 = 3 and a2 = 2, b2 = −1, c2 = 3
a1 2 b −1
= = 1, 1 = =1
a2 2 b2 −1
c1 3
and = =1
c2 3
a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given lines are parallel to each other.
(e)The equation of the given planes are 4x + 8y + z – 8 = 0 and y + z – 4 = 0
Here, a1 = 4, b1 = 8, c1 = 1 and a2 = 0, b2 = 1, c2 = 1
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 4 0 + 8 1 + 1 = 9 0
Hence, the given lines are not perpendicular to each other.
a1 4 b1 8 c 1
= , = =8 , 1 = = 1
a2 0 b2 1 c2 1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
Thus, the given lines not parallel to each other.
The angle between the planes is given by,
4 0 + 8 1 + 1 1
= cos −1
42 + 82 + 12 02 + 12 + 12
9 1
= cos −1 = cos −1 = 45
9 2 2
Question 14:
In the following cases, find the distance of each of the given points from the corresponding given
plane.
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Point plane
(a)(0, 0, 0) 3x – 4y + 12z = 3
(b)(3, -2, 1) 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0
(c)(2, 3, -5) x+ 2y – 2z = 9
(d)(-6, 0 , 0) 2x – 3y + 6z – 2 = 0
Solution 14:
The distance between a point, P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , and a plane Ax + By + Cz = D, is given by,
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D
d= …(1)
A2 + B 2 + C 2
(a)The given point is (0, 0) and the plane is 3x – 4y + 12z = 3
3 0 − 4 0 + 12 0 − 3 3
d = =
( −3) + ( −4 ) + (12 )
2 2 2
169
3
=
13
(b)The given points is (3, -2, 1) and the plane is 2x – y + 2z+3 = 0
2 3 − ( −2 ) + 2 1 + 3 13
d = =
( 2 ) + ( −1) + ( 2 ) 3
2 2 2
13
=
3
(c)The given point is (2, 3, -5) and the plane is x+ 2y – 2z = 9
2 + 2 3 − 2 ( −5 ) 9 9
d = =
(1) + ( 2 ) + ( −2 ) 3
2 2 2
=3
(d)The given points is (-6, 0, 0) and the plane is 2x – 3y + 6z – 2 = 0
2 ( −6 ) − 3 0 + 6 0 − 2 −14 14
d= = =
( 2 ) + ( −3) + ( 6 ) 7
2 2 2
49
=2
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is perpendicular to the line determined
by the points (3, 5, -1), (4, 3, -1).
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Solution 1:
Let OA be the line joining the origin, O(0, 0, 0), and the points, A (2, 1, 1).
Also, let BC be the line joining the points, B (3, 5, -1) and C (4, 3, -1).
The direction ratios of OA are 2, 1, and 1 and of BC are (4 -3) = 1, (3 -5) = -2, and (-1 + 1) = 0
OA ⊥ BC a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2 1 + 1(−2) + 1 0
= 2−2 = 0
Thus, OA ⊥ BC .
Question 2:
If l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 are the direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines. Show that
the direction cosines of the perpendicular to both of these are m1n2 − m2 n1 , n1l2 − n2l1 , l1m2 − l2 m1.
Solution 2:
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 ... (1)
l12 + m12 + n12 = 1 ... ( 2 )
l + m + n =1
2
2
2
2
2
2 ... ( 3)
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular to the line with direction
cosines l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 .
ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0
ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0
l m n
= =
m1n2 − m2 n1 n1l2 − n2l1 l1m2 − l2 m1
l2 m2 n2
= =
( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) ( l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 2 2
l 2 + m2 + n 2
= …(4)
( m1n2 − m2n1 ) + ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) + ( l1m2 − l2m1 )
2 2 2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Putting the values from equation (5) and (6) in equation (4), we get
l2 m2 n2
= = =1
( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) ( l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 2 2
l = m1n2 − m2 n1 ,
m = n1l2 − n2l1 ,
n = l1m2 − l2 m1
Hence, the direction cosines of the required line are m1n2 − m2 n1 , n1l2 − n2l1 , l1m2 − l2 m1 .
Question 3:
Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are a, b, c and b – c, c – a, a – b.
Solution 3:
The angle between the lines with direction cosines, a, b, c and b – c. c – a, a – b, is given by,
a (b − c ) + b (c − a ) + c ( a − b )
cos =
a 2 + b2 + c2 + (b − c ) + (c − a ) + ( a − b )
2 2 2
cos = 0
= cos −1 0
= 90
Question 4:
Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin.
Solution 4:
The line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin is x-axis itself.
Let A be a point on x-axis. Therefore, the coordinates of A are given by (a, 0, 0), where a R .
Direction ratios of OA are (a – 0) = a, 0, 0
The equation of OA is given by,
x−0 y−0 z −0 x y z
= = = = =a
a 0 0 1 0 0
x y z
Hence, the equation of line parallel to x -axis and passing origin is = =
1 0 0
Question 5:
If the coordinates of the points A, B, C, D be (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (-4, 3, -6) and (2, 9, 2)
respectively, then find the angle between the lines AB and CD.
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Solution 5:
The coordinates of A, B, C, and D are (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (-4, 3, -6) and (2, 9, 2) respectively.
a1 = (4 – 1) = 3, b1 = (5 – 2) = 3, and c1 = (7 – 3) = 4
a2 = (2 – (-4)) = 6, b2 = (9 – 3) = 6, and c2 = (2 – (-6)) = 8
a1 b1 c1 1
= = =
a2 b2 c2 2
Hence, AB CD .
Therefore, the angle between AB and CD is either 0 or 180 .
Question 6:
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x-1 y − 1 z − 6
If the line = = and = = are perpendicular, find the value of k.
−3 2k 2 3k 1 −5
Solution 6:
Here, a1 = -3, b1 = 2k, c1 = 2 and a2 = 3k, b2 = 1, c2 = -5.
Two lines with direction ratios, a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 , are perpendicular, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
−3(3k ) + 2k 1 + 2 ( −5 ) = 0
−9k + 2k − 10 = 0
−10
7 k = −10 k =
7
10
Hence, for k = − , the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
7
Question 7:
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to the plane
r .(iˆ + 2 ˆj − 5kˆ) + 9 = 0
Solution 7:
Here, r = (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ)
and N = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 5kˆ
The equation of a line passing through a point and perpendicular to the given plane is given by,
l = r + N, R
( ) ( )
l = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + iˆ + 2 ˆj − 5kˆ
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane passing through (a, b, c) and parallel to the plane r .(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = 2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Solution 8:
Any plane parallel to the plane, r1.(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = 2 , is of the form
r .(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = …(1)
The plane passes through the point (a, b, c).
Therefore, the position vector r of this point is r = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ
Hence, equation (1) becomes
( )(
aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = )
a+b+c =
Putting = a + b + c in equation (1), we get
r1.(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = a + b + c …(2)
This is the vector equation of the required plane.
Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ in equation (2), we get
Question 9:
Find the shortest distance between lines (
r = 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ + iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) and
(
r = −4iˆ − kˆ + 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ . )
Solution 9:
The given lines are
(
r = 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ + iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) …(1)
(
r = −4iˆ − kˆ + 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ . ) …(2)
The shortest distance between two lines, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 , is given by
d=
(b b ).( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
…(3)
b b2
Comparing, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 to equation (1) and (2), we get
a1 = 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ
b = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ
1
a2 = −4iˆ − kˆ
b2 = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
( ) ( )
a2 − a1 = −4iˆ − kˆ − 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ = −10iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 b2 = 1 − 2 2 = ( 4 + 4 ) iˆ − ( −2 − 6 ) ˆj + ( −2 + 6 ) kˆ
3 −2 −2
= 8iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ
( ) ( )(
b1 b2 . ( a2 − a1 ) = 8iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ . −10iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ )
= −80 − 16 − 12 = −108
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get
−108
d= =9
12
Hence, the shortest distance between the two given lines is 9 units.
Question 10:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses the YZ-
plane.
Solution 10:
The equation of the line passing through the points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z2 ) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
The line passing through the point, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
x − 5 y −1 z − 6 x − 5 y −1 z − 6
= = = = = k ( say )
3 − 5 4 −1 1 − 6 −2 3 −5
x = 5 − 2k , y = 3k + 1, z = 6 − 5k
Any point on the line is of the form (5 – 2k, 3k + 1, 6 – 5k).
The equation of YZ-plane is x = 0
As the line passes through YZ-plane,
5
5 – 2k = 0 k =
2
5 17
3k + 1 = 3 + 1 =
2 2
5 −13
6 – 5k = 6 – 5 =
2 2
17 −13
Hence, the required point is 0, , .
2 2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 11:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses the ZX-
plane.
Solution 11:
The equation of the line passing through the points, ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
The line passing through the points, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
x − 5 y −1 z − 6 x − 5 y −1 z − 6
= = = = = k ( say )
3 − 5 4 −1 1 − 6 −2 3 −5
x = 5 − 2k , y = 3k + 1, z = 6 − 5k
Any point on the line is of the form (5 – 2k, 3k + 1, 6 – 5k).
Since the line passes through ZX-plane,
1
3k + 1 = 0 k = −
3
1 17
5 – 2k = 5 - 2 − =
3 3
1 23
6 – 5k = 6 – 5 − =
3 2
17 23
Hence, the required point is , 0, .
3 2
Question 12:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (3, -4, -5) and (2, -3, 1) crosses the plane
2x + y + z = 7).
Solution 12:
The equation of the line through the point, ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z2 ) , is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
Since the line passes through the points, (3, -4, -5) and (2, -3, 1), its equation is given by,
x−3 y + 4 z +5 x−3 y + 4 z +5
= = = = = k ( say )
2 − 3 −3 + 4 1 + 5 −1 1 6
x = 3 − k , y = k − 4, z = 6k − 5
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 13:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (-1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to each of
the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0.
Solution 13:
The equation of the plane passing through the point (-1, 3, 2) is
a (x + 1) + b (y – 3) + c (z – 2) = 0 …(1)
where, a, b, c are direction ratios of normal to the plane.
We know that two planes, a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 =0 are perpendicular,
if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
Plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane, x + 2y +3z = 5
a.1 + b.2 +c.3 =0
a + 2b + 3c = 0 …(2)
Also, plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane, 3x + 3y + z = 0
a.3 + b.3 + c.1 = 0
3a + 3b + c = 0 …(3)
From equation (2) and (3), we get
a b c
= =
2 1-3 3 3 3 − 1 1 1 3 − 2 3
a b c
= = = k ( say )
−7 8 −3
a = -7k, b = 8k, c = -3k
Putting the values of a, b, and c in equation (1), we get
-7k (x + 1) + 8k (y – 3) -3k (z -2) = 0
(-7x – 7) + (8y – 24) -3z + 6 =0
-7x + 8y – 3z – 25 =0
7x – 8y + 3z + 25 = 0
Question 14:
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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( )
If the points (1, 1, p) and (-3, 0, 1) be equidistant from the plane r = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ + 13 = 0 ,
then find the value of p.
Solution 14:
Here, a1 = iˆ + ˆj + pkˆ
a = −4iˆ + kˆ
2
(
The equation of the given plane is r = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ + 13 = 0 )
The perpendicular distance between a point whose vector is a and the plane, r .N = d , is given
by,
a. N − d
D=
N
3 + 4 − 12 p + 13 20 − 12 p
D1 = D1 = ……(1)
3 + 4 + ( −12 ) 13
2 2 2
Similarly, the distance between the point (-3,0,1) and the given plane is
D2 =
( −3iˆ + kˆ ) . ( 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ ) + 13
3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ
−9 − 12 + 13 8
D2 = D2 = …(2)
32 + 42 + ( −12 ) 13
2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 15:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = 1 and r . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ + 4 = 0 and parallel to x-axis.
Solution 15:
The given planes are
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = 1 r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ − 1 = 0
r . ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ ) + 4 = 0
The equation of any plane passing through the line of intersection of these planes is given by
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ − 1 + 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ + 4 = 0
r . ( 2 + 1) iˆ + ( 3 + 1) ˆj + (1 − ) kˆ + ( 4 + 1) 0 ... (1)
a1 = ( 2 + 1) , b1 = ( 3 + 1) , and c1 = (1 − ) .
The required plane is parallel to x-axis. Therefore, its normal is perpendicular to x-axis.
The direction ratios of x-axis are 1, 0, and 0.
a2 = 1, b2 = 0 and c2 = 0
1. ( 2 + 1) + 0 ( 3 + 1) + 0 (1 − ) = 0
1
2 + 1 = 0 = −
2
1
Putting = − in equation (1), we get
2
1
2
3
( )
r . − ˆj + kˆ + ( −3) = 0 r ˆj − 3kˆ + 6 = 0
2
Hence, its Cartesian equation is y – 3z + 6 = 0
Question 16:
If O be the origin and the coordinates of P ne (1, 2, -3), then find the equation of the plane
passing through P and perpendicular to OP.
Solution 16:
The direction ratios of OP are a = (1 – 0) = 1, b = (2 – 0) = 2, and c = (-3 – 0) = -3
The equation of the plane passing through the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
a( x − x1 ) + b( y − y1 ) + c( z − z1 ) = 0
where, a, b, and c are the direction ratios of normal.
Here, the direction ratios of normal are 1, 2, and -3 and the point P is (1, 2, -3).
Hence, the equation of the required plane is
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Question 17:
Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the planes
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 4 = 0, r . 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + 5 = 0 and which is perpendicular to the plane
r . ( 5iˆ + 3 ˆj − 6kˆ ) + 8 = 0 .
Solution 17:
The equation of the given planes are
( )
r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 4 = 0 …(1)
r . ( 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ) + 5 = 0 …(2)
The equation of the required plane is,
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 4 + r . 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + 5 = 0
r . ( 2 + 1) iˆ + ( + 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 − ) kˆ + ( 5 − 4 ) = 0 ...(3)
( )
The plane in equation (3) is perpendicular to the plane, r . 5iˆ + 3 ˆj − 6kˆ + 8 = 0
5 ( 2 + 1) + 3 ( + 2 ) − 6 ( 3 − ) = 0
7
19 − 7 = 0 =
19
7
Putting = in equation (3), we get
19
33 45 ˆ 50 ˆ −41
r . iˆ + j + k =0
19 19 19 19
( )
r . 33iˆ + 45 ˆj + 50kˆ − 41 = 0 ... ( 4 )
The Cartesian equation of this plane is given by
( )( )
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ . 33iˆ + 45 ˆj + 50kˆ − 41 = 0
33 x + 45 y + 50 z − 41 = 0
Question 18:
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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Find the distance of the point (-1, -5, -10) from the point of intersection of the line
( ) (
r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ + 3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ and the plane r . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5 )
Solution 18:
The equation of the given line is
(
r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ + 3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ ) …(1)
The equation of the given plane is
( )
r . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5 …(2)
Putting the value of r from equation (1) in equation (2), we get
( ) (
2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ + 3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5
)
( )
( 3 + 2 ) iˆ + ( 4 − 1) ˆj + ( 2 + 2 ) kˆ . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5
( 3 + 2 ) − ( 4 − 1) + ( 2 + 2 ) = 5 = 0
Putting this value in equation (1), we get the equation of the line as r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
This means that the position vector of the point of intersection of the line and plane is
r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
This shows that the point of intersection of the given line and plane is given by the coordinates,
(2, -1, 2). The point is (-1, -5, -10).
The required distance between the points (2, -1, 2) and (-1, -5, -10), is
d= ( −1 − 2) + ( −5 + 1) + ( −10 − 2) = 9 + 16 + 144 = 169 = 13
2 2 2
Question 19:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the planes
( ) ( )
r = iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ = and r . 3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = 6
Solution 19:
Let the required line be parallel to vector b given by,
b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ
The position vector of the point (1,2,3) is
aˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
The equation of line passing through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to b is given by,
r = a + b
( ) (
r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3 kˆ ) …(1)
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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r . ( 3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) = 6 …(3)
The line in equation (1) and plane in equation (2) are parallel. Therefore, the normal to the plane
of equation (2) and the given line are perpendicular.
( ) ( 2 3 )
iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ . b iˆ + b ˆj + b kˆ =0 (b − b + 2b ) = 0
1 1 2 3
b1 − b2 + 2b3 = 0 …(4)
Similarly,
( ) ( )
3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ . b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ =0
(3b1 + b2 + b3 ) = 0
3b1 + b2 + b3 = 0 …(5)
From equation (4) and (5), we obtain
b1 b2 b3
= =
( −1) 1 − 1 2 2 3 − 11 11 − 3 ( −1)
b1 b2 b3
= =
−3 5 4
Thus,
the direction ratios of b are -3, 5, and 4.
b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ = −3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 4kˆ
Putting the value of b in equation (1), we get
( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + ( −3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 4kˆ )
Question 20:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, -4) and perpendicular to the
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10 x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
two lines: = = and = =
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
Solution 20:
Here, b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ
aˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4 kˆ
The equation of the line passing through(1,2,-4) and parallel to vector b is given by
r = a + b
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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( ) (
r iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ + b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ ) …(1)
The equation of the lines are
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10
= = …(2)
3 −16 7
x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
= = …(3)
3 8 −5
Since, line (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other.
3b1 − 16b2 + 7b3 = 0 …(4)
Also,
line (1) and line (3) are perpendicular to each other.
3b1 + 8b2 − 5b3 = 0 …(5)
From equation (4) and (5), we obtain
b1 b2 b3
= =
( −16 )( −5) − 8 7 7 3 − 3 ( −5 ) 3 8 − 3 ( −16 )
b1 b2 b3 b b b
= = 1= 2 = 3
24 36 72 2 3 6
Direction ratios of b are 2, 3, and 6.
b = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ
Putting b = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ in equation (1), we get
( ) (
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ + 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ )
Question 21:
Prove that if a plane has the intercepts a, b, c and is at a distance of p units from the origin, then
1 1 1 1
2
+ 2+ 2= 2
a b c p
Solution 21:
The equation of the plane having intercepts a, b, c with x, y, z axes respectively is given by,
x y z
+ + =1 …(1)
a b c
The distance (p) of the plane from the origin is given by,
0 0 0
+ + −1
a b c 1
p= p=
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
2 + 2 + 2
a b c a 2 b2 c 2
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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
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1 1 1 1 1
p2 = 2 = 2+ 2+ 2
1 1 1 p a b c
2
+ 2+ 2
a b c
Question 22:
Distance between the two planes: 2x + 3y + 4z = 4 and 4x + 6y + 8z = 12 is
2
(A)2 units (B)4 units (C) 8 units (D) units
29
Solution 22:
The equation of the planes are
2x + 3y + 4z = 4 …(1)
4x + 6y + 8z = 12
2x + 3y + 4z = 6 …(2)
Since given planes are parallel,
We know that the distance between two parallel planes, ax + by + cz = d1 and ax + by + cz = d2
is given by,
d 2 − d1 6−4
D= D=
a 2 + b2 + c2 ( 2 ) + ( 3) + ( 4 )
2 2 2
2
D=
29
2
Hence, the distance between the given plane is units.
29
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
Question 23:
The planes: 2x – y + 4z = 5 and 5x – 2.5y + 10z = 6 are
5
(A) Perpendicular (B) Parallel (C) intersect y-axis (D) passes through 0, 0,
4
Solution 23:
The equation of the planes are
2x – y + 4z = 5 …(1)
5x – 2.5y + 10z = 6 …(2)
Here,
a1 2 b1 −1 2
= , = =
a2 5 b2 −2.5 5
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c1 4 2
= =
c2 10 5
a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given planes are parallel.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
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