Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Erp Mba Notes
Erp Mba Notes
Business Functions
AKTUTHEINTACTONE12 JUL 2019 1 COMMENT
ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP software is comprised of
powerful and strategic business process management tools that can be used to manage
information within an organization. While every company and organization operating
today is different, they all face a common challenge: in order to stay competitive in
today’s business environment, they need a dependable and efficient way to store and
access information. That’s where ERP systems come into play. ERP systems integrate
all facets of an enterprise into one comprehensive information system that can be
accessed by individuals across an entire organization.
With effective ERP software in place, business owners and leaders can automate and
streamline tedious back office tasks, help employees become more productive and
successful in their roles, and get real-time visibility into the inner workings of their
operations. This resource will provide you with an in-depth overview on the topic of
Enterprise Resource Planning.
ERP System
An ERP system is made up of applications and tools that help all areas of your business
communicate with each other more effectively. ERP systems integrate all facets of an
enterprise into one comprehensive information system. Employees in planning and
scheduling, for example, have access to the same data as the staff in financial
management for their specific needs. All data is available in real-time, which enables
employees to make faster, more informed business decisions. With ERP systems, all
vital business functions—estimating, production, finance, human resources, marketing,
sales, purchasing—share a central source of up-to-the-minute information. Enterprise
resource planning systems streamline the collection, storage and use of your
organization’s data. The right ERP system can help you collect and store data into one
centralized place from areas such as:
If you’re able to check off most of the items on this list, it’s probably safe to start
evaluating ERP software providers and working to allocate the resources needed for
deployment:
Your team members are spending too much time on tasks you know could be
automated and streamlined.
You don’t have easy access into the data you need to make informed decisions
about your business.
You work with vendors and third-party applications across the globe.
You have a lot of different software tools and processes that you’ve adopted and
implemented for your business over the years, but they are not connected to each other.
You don’t know what your inventory levels really look like on a daily basis.
You’re personally spending too much time searching for information, trying to
boost productivity and efficiencies, and integrating new tools that are needed in order to
scale. Your teams can’t easily collaborate or share information with each other.
You can’t access essential business data and information when you’re off-site.
You’re having trouble keeping up with changes in regulatory compliance.
You’re finding or addressing problems after it’s too late; in other words, you’re not
able to be as proactive as you’d like when it comes to identifying problems that need to
be fixed in order to keep your operations running smoothly.
Classification of Business Process
A business process or business method is a collection of related, structured
activities or tasks by people or equipment which in a specific sequence produce a
service or product (serves a particular business goal) for a particular customer or
customers. Business processes occur at all organizational levels and may or may
not be visible to the customers. A business process may often be visualized
(modeled) as a flowchart of a sequence of activities with interleaving decision
points or as a process matrix of a sequence of activities with relevance rules
based on data in the process. The benefits of using business processes include
improved customer satisfaction and improved agility for reacting to rapid market
change. Process-oriented organizations break down the barriers of structural
departments and try to avoid functional silos.
Broadly speaking, business processes can be organized into three types,
according to von Rosing et al.:
Operational processes which constitute the core business and create the
primary value stream, e.g., taking orders from customers, opening an account,
and manufacturing a component
Management processes the processes that oversee operational processes,
including corporate governance, budgetary oversight, and employee oversight
Supporting processes which support the core operational processes, e.g.,
accounting, recruitment, call center, technical support, and safety training
A slightly different approach to these three types is offered by Kirchmer:
Operational processes, which focus on properly executing the operational tasks
of an entity; this is where personnel “get the things done”
Management processes, which ensure that the operational processes are
conducted appropriately; this is where managers “ensure efficient and effective
work processes”
Governance processes, which ensure the entity is operating in full compliance
with necessary legal regulations, guidelines, and shareholder expectations; this is
where executives ensure the “rules and guidelines for business success” are
followed
A complex business process may be decomposed into several sub processes,
which have their own attributes but also contribute to achieving the overall goal of
the business. The analysis of business processes typically includes the mapping
or modeling of processes and sub-processes down to activity/task level.
Processes can be modeled through a large number of methods and techniques.
For instance, the Business Process Modeling Notation is a business process
modeling technique that can be used for drawing business processes in a
visualized workflow. While decomposing processes into process types and
categories can be useful, care must be taken in doing so as there may be
crossover. In the end, all processes are part of a largely unified outcome, one
of “customer value creation.” This goal is expedited with business process
management, which aims to analyze, improve, and enact business processes.
Business Process
Management System
AKTUTHEINTACTONE12 JUL 2019 1 COMMENT
Managing business processes is a huge challenge in most organizations. Businesses aren’t
investing enough efforts in streamlining their business processes due to the lack of awareness
about its repercussions.
Business Process Management is how a company creates, edits, and analyzes the
predictable processes that make up the core of its business.
Each department in a company is responsible for taking some raw material or data and
transforming it into something else. There may be a dozen or more core processes that each
department handles.
With Business Process Management, a company takes a step back and looks at all of these
processes in total and individually. It analyzes the current state and identifies areas of
improvement to create a more efficient and effective organization.
A business process is any sequence of events or tasks that must be performed for a business
to operate. For example, a customer’s purchase resulting in delivery is a key business process
that exists in many organizations.
When left unorganized and unsystematized, poor business processes can lead to mayhem. At
the individual level, people only see one part of a process, and very few can scan out and see
the full effects of a process, where it starts and ends, the key data needed, and where potential
bottlenecks and inefficiencies lie.
Unmanaged, chaotic processes hurt business and lead to one or more of these scenarios:
Time wasted
More errors
Increased blame
Lack of data
Demoralized employees
Applying business process management organizations can improve their processes and keep
all aspects of operations running optimally.
Step 1: Design
Most processes include a form to collect data and a workflow to process it. Build your form
and identify who will own each task in the workflow.
Step 2: Model
Represent the process in a visual layout. Fix details like deadlines and conditions to give a
clear idea of the sequence of events, and the flow of data through the process.
Step 3: Execute
Execute the process by testing it live with a small group first and then open it up to all users.
Make sure you restrict access to sensitive information.
Step 4: Monitor
Keep an eye on the process as it runs through the workflow. Use the right metrics to identify
progress, measure efficiency, and locate bottlenecks.
Step 5: Optimize
As you analyze, notice any changes that need to be done to your form or workflow to make
them more efficient. Consider business process improvement steps.
Integration-Centric BPM:
This type of business process management system handles processes that primarily jump
between your existing systems (e.g. HRMS, CRM, ERP) without much human involvement.
Integration-centric business process management systems have extensive connectors and API
access to be able to create processes that move fast.
Human-Centric BPM:
Human-centric BPM is for those processes that are primarily executed by humans. These
often have a lot of approvals and tasks performed by individuals. These platforms excel at a
friendly user interface, easy notifications, and quick tracking.
Document-Centric BPM:
These business process management solutions are required when a document (e.g. a contract
or agreement) is at the heart of the process. They enable routing, formatting, verifying, and
getting the document signed as the tasks pass along the workflow.
Most business process management systems will be able to incorporate elements of each of
these, but each one will usually have one specialty.
Components of an
information System
AKTUTHEINTACTONE12 JUL 2019 1 COMMENT
An information system is essentially made up of five components hardware, software,
database, network and people. These five components integrate to perform input, process,
output, feedback and control.
Hardware consists of input/output device, processor, operating system and media devices.
Software consists of various programs and procedures. Database consists of data organized in
the required structure. Network consists of hubs, communication media and network devices.
People consist of device operators, network administrators and system specialist.
Information processing consists of input; data process, data storage, output and control.
During input stage data instructions are fed to the systems which during process stage are
worked upon by software programs and other queries. During output stage, data is presented
in structured format and reports.
In an organization, data input is done by the end user which is processed to generate
information products i.e. reports, which are utilized by internal and or external users. Such a
system is called operation support system.
The purpose of the operation support system is to facilitate business transaction, control
production, support internal as well as external communication and update organization
central database. The operation support system is further divided into a transaction-
processing system, processing control system and enterprise collaboration system.
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
These transactions can be categorized into batch transaction processing, single transaction
processing and real time transaction processing.
In recent times, there is more stress on team effort or collaboration across different functional
teams. A system which enables collaborative effort by improving communication and sharing
of data is referred to as an enterprise collaboration system.
Characteristics of DSS:
(i) DSS incorporate both data and models.
(ii) They are designed to assist managers in their decision processes in semi-structured or
unstructured tasks.
(iv) DSS improve the effectiveness of the decisions; not the efficiency with which decisions
are being made.
Benefits of DSS:
(i) A DSS enables the solution of complex problems that ordinarily cannot be solved by other
computerized approaches.
(ii) A DSS enables a thorough quantitative analysis in a very short time. Even frequent
changes in a scenario can be evaluated objectively in a timely manner.
(iii) DSS imparts ability to try several different strategies under different configurations,
quickly and objectively.
(iv) Data collection and model construction experimentations are executed with active users’
participation; thus greatly facilitating communication among managers.
(v) Routine application of DSS results in reducing or eliminating the cost of wrong decisions.
Thus decisions are of a high quality and have a greater chance of successful implementation.
Executive Information System is very user friendly in the nature. It is supported at a large
extent by the graphics.
Executive support system can be defined as the comprehensive executive support system that
goes beyond the Executive Information System and also includes communications, office
automation, analysis support etc.
1. Internal factors
i. Need for the timely information.
ii. Need for the improved communications.
iii. Need for the access to the operational data.
iv. Need for the rapid status updates on the various business activities.
v. Need for the access to the corporate database.
vi. Need for very accurate information.
vii. Need for the ability to identify the various historical trends.
2. External Factors
i. Increasing and intensifying the global competition.
ii. Rapidly changing the business environment.
iii. Need to be more pro active.
iv. Need to access the external database.
v. Increasing the various government regulations.
1. Informational characteristics
i. Flexibility and ease of use.
ii. Provides the timely information with the short response time and also with the quick
retrieval.
iii. Produces the correct information.
iv. Produces the relevant information.
v. Produces the validated information.
Components of MIS
The major components of a typical management information system are;
In the same way that a process must flow, avoiding bottlenecks and waste, seeking
efficiency and effectiveness in an organizational process structure, the value created by
the company is managed in a way that a process always delivers to the next step all that
they need to progress efficiently.
Thus, an area or department will be responsible for a particular process from start to
finish.
First, there must be a culture of processes installed in the company or, at least,
everyone should be aware of what the business processes are. Moreover, it is
necessary to have an objective consensus about the concept of the value of production
within the company, as well as the delivery to the end customer.
Therefore, it is determinate to keep in mind the importance of carrying out each process
with quality, make it clear what skills and knowledge are necessary to perform each
process and realize that a process has an influence on others and can interfere with the
results.
For all of this to happen in an organized manner, it is critical to formally define the
owners of processes, document them properly, systematically and continuously make
measurements of all of them and their results.
In this context, an agile BPM tool, that’s intuitive and brings more fluidity to
communication and transparency to information is extremely necessary.
Process Owner
It is the employee directly responsible for a process, its important to know who this is
and how they perform.
In this case, the employee is responsible for conducting a process management project
to make it better. It is subject to the decisions and guidelines of the process office.
Process Analyst
This developer, as the functions name suggests, should be alert and always analyzing
the processes and proposing improvements. His role includes giving full support to
process owners, so they have all the necessary information and data that will help them
make decisions.
Process Architect
With a broader view, the process architect has an important role in the organizational
process structure; they should ensure that the architecture is maintained properly and
within reference standards or even suggest changes and improvements that bring
results to generate value for the company.
Business Analyst
Unlike the process analyst, this employee analyzes the technology demands that the
company needs to manage processes, seeking the most appropriate solutions.
Specialist
They are experienced employees and should be closely linked to improvement initiative
processes. Their role is crucial in helping the other professionals to have great
knowledge about the business
An organizational process structure only works if the company understands the concept.
Also, the company should ensure that they will not ignore initiatives, and they occur in a
coordinated manner, with a common goal aligned with the top management of the
organization.
For this, the process empowerment office can be an excellent addition to ensure the
success of a process structured organization.
Business Process Re-Engineering
AKTUTHEINTACTONE26 JUN 2019 2 COMMENTS
The Business Process Re-engineering or BPR is the analysis and redesign of core business
processes to achieve the substantial improvements in its performance, productivity, and
quality. The business process refers to the set of interlinked tasks or activities performed to
achieve a specified outcome.
Simply, the business process reengineering means to change the way an individual performs
the work such that better results are accomplished. The purpose of business process
reengineering is to redesign the workflows in order to dramatically improve the customer
service, achieve higher levels of efficiency, cut operational costs and become a world-class
competitor.
The processes the company is using might have become outdated or holds no
relevance in the current market scenario.
Often, the sub-divisions in the organization aims at improving their respective
division performance and overlook the resultant effects on the other departments. This might
lead to the underperformance of the firm as a whole.
Due to the departmentalization, each employee focuses on the performance of his
respective department and may overlook the critical issues emerging in other areas of the
firm, and therefore, the need for re-engineering arises so that the role of the employees could
be broadened and shall be made more responsible towards the firm.
The existing business process could be lengthy, time-consuming, costly, obsolete,
therefore, is required to be redesigned to match it with the current business requirements.
The technology keeps on updating and in order to catch up with it, reengineering is
a must.
Thus, the business process re-engineering focuses on obtaining the quantum gains in terms of
cost, time, output, quality and responsiveness towards customers. Also, it emphasizes on
simplifying and streamlining the business process by eliminating the unnecessary or time-
consuming business activities and speeding up the workflow by making the use of high-tech
systems.
inventory to produce the product .The product is shipped. A bill or invoice will then have
to be generated by the accounting department and a notice is sent to the customer
indicating that the product is shipped. Such systems which support the cross functional
business processes are called cross functional business systems.
Many companies today are using information technology to develop integrated cross-
functional enterprise systems that cross the boundaries of traditional business functions
in order to reengineer and improve vital business processes all across the enterprise.
These organizations
Business firms are turning to Internet technologies to integrate the flow of information
among their internal business functions and their customers and suppliers. Companies
are using the World Wide Web and their intranets and extranets as the technology
platform for their cross- functional and interorganizational information systems.
UNIT-2
Characteristics of
Enterprise Systems
AKTUTHEINTACTONE13 JUL 2019 1 COMMENT
Earlier, in large organizations, different information systems were used to serve different
business functions like sales, marketing, production, manufacturing, etc., separately. The
business processes in each business function were disparate and not capable of sharing
information with each other. It was difficult for the managers to assemble the data
fragmented into separate systems in order to present an overall picture of the organization’s
operations and take firm-wide decisions.
At the time a customer places an order, for example, the sales personnel might not be able to
tell him whether the desired items are in inventory or are to be produced. To overcome such
difficulties, in recent years, many organizations have opted to replace the several distinct
information systems with a single integrated system that can support the business activities
for different business functions. Such systems are called enterprise systems.
An enterprise system, also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, is a cross-
functional information system that provides organization-wide coordination and integration
of the key business processes and helps in planning the resources of an organization. With the
help of enterprise resource planning systems, information can flow seamlessly across the
firm. Also, different business processes from sales, production, manufacturing, logistics, and
human resources,can be integrated into organization-wide business processes.
An ERP system is driven by the ERP software suite-a set of integrated software modules–and
a common centralized database. The software modules support the basic business processes
under different functional areas, and the database stores data from and feeds the data to
various applications supporting the internal business activities.
Some examples of business processes supported by ERP software include accounts payable,
general ledger, cash management and forecasting, personnel administration, payroll, time
management, inventory management, product pricing, billing,etc. Initially, ERP software was
designed for automating a firm’s internal ‘back-office’ business processes, but now, it can
also communicate with customers, suppliers, and other business partners.
For implementing ERP systems, organizations need to identify the business processes to be
automated and then map those processes to the processes provided by ERP systems. All this
requires a great amount of effort. Moreover, organizations may find that the business
processes of these systems are not able to support the way that organization’s business
processes work.
In such cases, the software may need to be customized to satisfy the requirements of the
organizations. This may not only deteriorate the system’s performance but also need
compromising the information and process integration. Thus, to obtain the maximum benefit
from enterprise resource planning software, the organizations should change their way of
working according to the business processes of software instead of customizing the software.
Nowadays, a variety of ERP software offered by different software vendors are available in
the market. Some major enterprise resource planning software along with their vendors are:
ERP Software
ERP Software Vendor
Oracle
Oracle
Manufacturing
PeopleSoft Prople
MFG/Pro QAD
Bann
Triton
Enterprise Applications
AKTUTHEINTACTONE13 JUL 2019 1 COMMENT
Several of the biggest ERP benefits when implementing this type of software:
1. Focused IT Costs
Although ERP is often a large investment, it can unify your IT costs and improve
efficiency. Instead of spending resources on multiple systems that all need dedicated
staff, infrastructure, support teams and licenses, you can focus all these costs into one
ERP. Additionally, if you spend more on disparate systems than you would on a
centralized ERP, you might even save on IT costs overall. Using a single system also
reduces training requirements for end-users, since they only need to learn one system
rather than interacting with numerous individual applications.
While an ERP can include numerous functional areas such as customer resource
management (CRM), accounting, HR management and supply chain management, the
design of the system is to be modular. This lets you use only the pieces that align to your
needs. At the core, an ERP is the glue that binds other systems and their data together.
Some ERPs let you integrate numerous third-party systems into a unified whole.
2. Total Visibility
This benefit of ERP is one of the biggest selling points for the software. ERP allows total
access to every important process in your business by making data from every
department easily accessible to you and your senior management. For example, you
can monitor inventory levels on a daily basis, including future consignments that are yet
to be received and inventory currently in transit. By knowing precisely where you stand
regarding inventory levels, you can control your working capital on a more precise level.
In addition to this, many ERP vendors also offer business intelligence services with their
software. This BI functionality allows businesses to gain a deeper level of analytical
insight into their operations. These insights aid in corporate planning by identifying both
operational strengths and problem areas that need improvement. Providing this kind of
detailed view into a company’s data gives ERP users the ability to make better-informed
decisions based on trends and metrics.
4. Complete Customization
One of the biggest advantages of enterprise resource planning software in the present
day is its modular makeup. Most ERP vendors offer several applications that can be
implemented together according to business needs. Barring a few exceptions, each
application is designed to be able to stand alone or integrate with the larger suite. This
way, your company can pick and choose which components work best and can leave
out what you don’t need.
Another aspect of customization involves how the software is implemented. The two
major deployments are on-premise and through the cloud. With an on-premise system,
physical software must be purchased and installed on all company computers and
servers. With a cloud-based system, the entire software bundle is handled completely
off-site by an ERP provider.
5. Improved Efficiency
Along with reduced IT and training costs, an ERP can reduce the time and effort
required by your workforce to carry out their daily activities. Properly implemented, an
ERP can greatly reduce or eliminate repetitive manual processes, thus freeing up team
members to focus on revenue-affecting tasks. The system likewise can aid in the
adoption and enforcement of industry best-practice processes, aligning all actions
across the enterprise.
6. Customer Service
Your company’s clients also receive ERP system benefits, even if they don’t know it.
Because client information is centralized and streamlined, your sales team will be able to
focus on building and maintaining customer relationships instead of maintaining
spreadsheets. At the end of the day, the number one thing a business should be
concerned about is customer acquisition and retention. Through the end-to-end tracking
and insight offered by an ERP, you can provide better customer interaction from targeted
marketing all the way through late-phase customer service.
Most up-to-date ERP suites also support eCommerce integration. This means your
business will be better able to handle web-based order processing and client
interactions.
Further, what helps ERPs maintain a high level of data security is that they provide a
single input system. Merging information from multiple systems often causes conflicts
between sources, but having a single repository of information helps improve the
accuracy, consistency and security of your company’s data.
Both on-premise and cloud-based ERP systems offer your organization a higher degree
of security. The database system the ERP runs off of also enables centralized backups
of your critical and sensitive data. Cloud-based ERP systems, despite what many people
think, offer an extra layer of security. Since all of your company’s data is managed
through the cloud, they employ round-the-clock security experts to ensure their servers
are protected. This makes it far more difficult for hackers to run test attacks like they
would on a private server.
This allows for real-time project updates and better communication across the whole
company. With an ERP system in place, every employee has on-demand access to the
entire company’s wealth of data, which allows them to see the big picture. In turn, this
gives your employees the tools they need to make proactive decisions while making
them feel more valued. The net effect on your business is increased efficiency and
reduced operational costs associated with manual data tracking, as well as higher
employee engagement.
In addition, an ERP can dramatically improve profitability and reduce overages involving
inventory and production. Unified insight into sales, production and delivery schedules
permit stock levels to be optimized rather than relying on “best guess” estimates for
upcoming volumes.
Whether you’re expanding your customer base; entering new markets; rolling out new
processes, departments or products; or are otherwise growing your business, adding
new functionality to an ERP platform is easy with the right software vendor. Just make
sure that when you’re speaking to vendors they understand your intentions for growth in
the future.
Features of Enterprise
Resource Planning
ERP is the short form of Enterprise Resource Planning. In an organization there are many
important processes such as customer order fulfillment and manufacturing etc.
It started in the form of a inventory control system in 1960. Looking at how beneficial a
computer based database is for industries and in response to Toyota manufacturing
program Joseph Orlicky developed material requirements planning (MRP) in 1964. The first
company to use MRP was Black & Decker in 1964.
MRP helps in ensuring that right materials are available for production with right
quantity to avoid shortages.
MRP helps in reducing waste by maintaining lowest possible materials and product
levels in stock.
An MRP system helps plan manufacturing functions, delivery schedules and
purchasing.
The main shortcoming of an MRP system is Data Integrity. For successful material
requirements planning the data fed in the system must be accurate or it can cause serious
production and stock errors.
It is a computer based system that can create detail production schedules using real time data
to coordinate the arrival of component materials with machine and labor availability.
MRP 2.0 is widely used in industries today by itself but it can also be used as a module of
more extensive ERP systems.
The function of ERP is to create a common database serving in multiple functional areas so
whenever data of one system is needed for other it can be attained easily. An ERP system
seeks to streamline business operations by integrating the data and refining the processes
required to operate an organization. ERP is business solution software that integrates and
automates the data management of a company’s business processes.
ERP II can enable access to information by those outside the company or original entity, e.g.,
a manufacturing plant that allows access to planning information by another plant or its
customers. Software that allows access by those outside the company has more stringent
security plus design to avoid access to certain company information.
Benefits of an Enterprise Systems
Enterprise systems can integrate business processes such as sales, financial
management, human resource management and inventory management into a single
platform that makes it easier for you and your employees to do your work and get
access to key data that you need. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of
enterprise business systems to get the most benefits for your small business.
At the same time, these systems help organize key information in a place for easy
access regardless of location. That means your employees will all have access to the
data necessary to do their jobs even if they work from home or do field work.
These systems also have alert capabilities that can inform you when potential
problems occur, such as a spike in product defects or a low inventory.
At the same time, that data is of use when you need proof of your business’s
performance for some regulatory body. The University of Scranton suggests that these
systems make it easier to meet the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s requirements regarding
inventory and asset management.
Generally, cloud-based enterprise systems are more affordable initially. For example,
Software Advice listed an estimated budget of $87,209 for a cloud-based enterprise
system for 21 to 50 users versus $205,533 for a perpetual license.
All of these require time that you’ll have to take away from other business tasks. This
can be a challenge if you’re already struggling with other demands.
Introduction to Database
Management System
Database: Database is a collection of inter-related data which helps in efficient retrieval,
insertion and deletion of data from database and organizes the data in the form of tables,
views, schemas, reports etc. For Example, university database organizes the data about
students, faculty, and admin staff etc. which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion
of data from it.
Data Definition: It helps in creation, modification and removal of definitions that define the
organization of data in database.
Data Updation: It helps in insertion, modification and deletion of the actual data in the
database.
Data Retrieval: It helps in retrieval of data from the database which can be used by
applications for various purposes.
User Administration: It helps in registering and monitoring users, enforcing data security,
monitoring performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency control and
recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.
Advantages of DBMS
DBMS helps in efficient organization of data in database which has following advantages
over typical file system.
Data Warehousing
The term “Data Warehouse” was first coined by Bill Inmon in 1990. According to Inmon, a
data warehouse is a subject oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of
data. This data helps analysts to take informed decisions in an organization.
A data warehouses is kept separate from operational databases due to the following reasons −
An operational database is constructed for well-known tasks and workloads such as
searching particular records, indexing, etc. In contract, data warehouse queries are often
complex and they present a general form of data.
Operational databases support concurrent processing of multiple transactions.
Concurrency control and recovery mechanisms are required for operational databases to
ensure robustness and consistency of the database.
An operational database query allows to read and modify operations, while an OLAP
query needs only read only access of stored data.
An operational database maintains current data. On the other hand, a data warehouse
maintains historical data.
Note − A data warehouse does not require transaction processing, recovery, and concurrency
controls, because it is physically stored and separate from the operational database.
Financial services
Banking services
Consumer goods
Retail sectors
Controlled manufacturing
Information Processing: A data warehouse allows to process the data stored in it.
The data can be processed by means of querying, basic statistical analysis, reporting using
crosstabs, tables, charts, or graphs.
Analytical Processing: A data warehouse supports analytical processing of the
information stored in it. The data can be analyzed by means of basic OLAP operations,
including slice-and-dice, drill down, drill up, and pivoting.
Data Mining: Data mining supports knowledge discovery by finding hidden patterns
and associations, constructing analytical models, performing classification and prediction.
These mining results can be presented using the visualization tools.
The database size is from 100GB The database size is from 100 MB to 100
12
to 100 TB. GB.
Data warehousing is the process of constructing and using a data warehouse. A data
warehouse is constructed by integrating data from multiple heterogeneous sources that
support analytical reporting, structured and/or ad hoc queries, and decision making. Data
warehousing involves data cleaning, data integration, and data consolidations.
Query-driven Approach
Update-driven Approach
Query-Driven Approach
This is the traditional approach to integrate heterogeneous databases. This approach was used
to build wrappers and integrators on top of multiple heterogeneous databases. These
integrators are also known as mediators.
When a query is issued to a client side, a metadata dictionary translates the query into
an appropriate form for individual heterogeneous sites involved.
Now these queries are mapped and sent to the local query processor.
The results from heterogeneous sites are integrated into a global answer set.
Disadvantages
Update-Driven Approach
This is an alternative to the traditional approach. Today’s data warehouse systems follow
update-driven approach rather than the traditional approach discussed earlier. In update-
driven approach, the information from multiple heterogeneous sources are integrated in
advance and are stored in a warehouse. This information is available for direct querying and
analysis.
Advantages
This approach has the following advantages −
Data Mining
There is a huge amount of data available in the Information Industry. This data is of no use
until it is converted into useful information. It is necessary to analyze this huge amount of
data and extract useful information from it.
Extraction of information is not the only process we need to perform; data mining also
involves other processes such as Data Cleaning, Data Integration, Data Transformation, Data
Mining, Pattern Evaluation and Data Presentation. Once all these processes are over, we
would be able to use this information in many applications such as Fraud Detection, Market
Analysis, Production Control, Science Exploration, etc.
Data Mining is defined as extracting information from huge sets of data. In other words, we
can say that data mining is the procedure of mining knowledge from data. The information or
knowledge extracted so can be used for any of the following applications:
Market Analysis
Fraud Detection
Customer Retention
Production Control
Science Exploration
Apart from these, data mining can also be used in the areas of production control, customer
retention, science exploration, sports, astrology, and Internet Web Surf-Aid
Customer Profiling− Data mining helps determine what kind of people buy what
kind of products.
Identifying Customer Requirements− Data mining helps in identifying the best
products for different customers. It uses prediction to find the factors that may attract new
customers.
Cross Market Analysis− Data mining performs Association/correlations between
product sales.
Target Marketing− Data mining helps to find clusters of model customers who share
the same characteristics such as interests, spending habits, income, etc.
Determining Customer purchasing pattern− Data mining helps in determining
customer purchasing pattern.
Providing Summary Information− Data mining provides us various
multidimensional summary reports.
Finance Planning and Asset Evaluation− It involves cash flow analysis and
prediction, contingent claim analysis to evaluate assets.
Resource Planning− It involves summarizing and comparing the resources and
spending.
Competition− It involves monitoring competitors and market directions.
Fraud Detection
Data mining is also used in the fields of credit card services and telecommunication to detect
frauds. In fraud telephone calls, it helps to find the destination of the call, duration of the call,
time of the day or week, etc. It also analyzes the patterns that deviate from expected norms.
Data mining deals with the kind of patterns that can be mined. On the basis of the kind of
data to be mined, there are two categories of functions involved in Data Mining −
Descriptive
Classification and Prediction
Descriptive Function
The descriptive function deals with the general properties of data in the database. Here is the
list of descriptive functions −
Class/Concept Description
Mining of Frequent Patterns
Mining of Associations
Mining of Correlations
Mining of Clusters
Class/Concept Description
Class/Concept refers to the data to be associated with the classes or concepts. For example, in
a company, the classes of items for sales include computer and printers, and concepts of
customers include big spenders and budget spenders. Such descriptions of a class or a
concept are called class/concept descriptions. These descriptions can be derived by the
following two ways −
Data Characterization− This refers to summarizing data of class under study. This
class under study is called as Target Class.
Data Discrimination− It refers to the mapping or classification of a class with some
predefined group or class.
Frequent Item Set− It refers to a set of items that frequently appear together, for
example, milk and bread.
Frequent Subsequence− A sequence of patterns that occur frequently such as
purchasing a camera is followed by memory card.
Frequent Sub Structure− Substructure refers to different structural forms, such as
graphs, trees, or lattices, which may be combined with item-sets or subsequences.
Mining of Association
Associations are used in retail sales to identify patterns that are frequently purchased
together. This process refers to the process of uncovering the relationship among data and
determining association rules.
For example, a retailer generates an association rule that shows that 70% of time milk is sold
with bread and only 30% of times biscuits are sold with bread.
Mining of Correlations
It is a kind of additional analysis performed to uncover interesting statistical correlations
between associated-attribute-value pairs or between two item sets to analyze that if they have
positive, negative or no effect on each other.
Mining of Clusters
Cluster refers to a group of similar kind of objects. Cluster analysis refers to forming group of
objects that are very similar to each other but are highly different from the objects in other
clusters.
Classification− It predicts the class of objects whose class label is unknown. Its
objective is to find a derived model that describes and distinguishes data classes or concepts.
The Derived Model is based on the analysis set of training data i.e. the data object whose
class label is well known.
Prediction− It is used to predict missing or unavailable numerical data values rather
than class labels. Regression Analysis is generally used for prediction. Prediction can also be
used for identification of distribution trends based on available data.
Outlier Analysis− Outliers may be defined as the data objects that do not comply
with the general behavior or model of the data available.
Evolution Analysis− Evolution analysis refers to the description and model
regularities or trends for objects whose behavior changes over time.
We can specify a data mining task in the form of a data mining query.
This query is input to the system.
A data mining query is defined in terms of data mining task primitives.
Note − These primitives allow us to communicate in an interactive manner with the data
mining system. Here is the list of Data Mining Task Primitives −
Database Attributes
Data Warehouse dimensions of interest
Characterization
Discrimination
Association and Correlation Analysis
Classification
Prediction
Clustering
Outlier Analysis
Evolution Analysis
Background knowledge
The background knowledge allows data to be mined at multiple levels of abstraction. For
example, the Concept hierarchies are one of the background knowledge that allows data to be
mined at multiple levels of abstraction.
Rules
Tables
Charts
Graphs
Decision Trees
Cubes
Data mining is not an easy task, as the algorithms used can get very complex and data is not
always available at one place. It needs to be integrated from various heterogeneous data
sources. These factors also create some issues. Here in this tutorial, we will discuss the major
issues regarding −
Handling of relational and complex types of data− The database may contain
complex data objects, multimedia data objects, spatial data, temporal data etc. It is not
possible for one system to mine all these kind of data.
Mining information from heterogeneous databases and global information
systems− The data is available at different data sources on LAN or WAN. These data source
may be structured, semi structured or unstructured. Therefore mining the knowledge from
them adds challenges to data mining.
Inserts and Short and fast inserts and updates Periodic long-running batch jobs refresh
Updates initiated by end users the data
Every workflow management software makes use of a workflow engine, which helps in
creating and modifying the different tasks in the system. It also makes use of the necessary IT
and human resources based on the functionality and time, as well as taking care of scheduling
the different activities involved in different processes.
Workflow management software provides a well-planned, structured and centralized
approach for managing business processes, and can help in reducing the resources involved in
the process. It is capable of increasing parallel run tasks, unlike with a manual process.
Workflow management software reduces the time needed for transferring pending work
between tasks and allows for continual tracking and notification. It also greatly reduces the
costs associated with documentation involving paper and manual interventions.
It is not difficult to implement, and allows business processes to continue without major
modifications in the application. It brings in continuous business improvements; streamlining
and simplification of business processes can be easily tackled, as it provides good process
control.
This software helps improve customer service as consistency in doing tasks allows greater
predictability in customer response levels. It also allows more flexibility to meet business
needs, as well as providing support for runtime functions, built time functions and runtime
interaction functions.
There are several benefits of workflow management software. Here are some of them:
Below are some of the advantages you can gain with workflow management software.
Unit-3
ERP is an industry term for the broad set of activities that helps an enterprise manage the
important aspects of its business. The information made available through an ERP system
provides visibility for key performance indicators (KPIs) required for meeting corporate
objectives. ERP software applications can be used to manage product planning, purchase
parts, maintain and keep track of inventories, interact with suppliers, provide customer
service, and track orders.
Production Planning
In the process of evolution of manufacturing requirements planning (MRP) II into ERP, while
vendors have developed more robust software for production planning, consulting firms have
accumulated vast knowledge of implementing ERP production planning module. Production
planning optimizes the utilization of manufacturing capacity, parts, components and material
resources using historical production data and sales forecasting.
ERP production module will just handle a tiny portion of the production. The module
begins with Product creation. There will be a component master and stage master. This
module is mainly designed to monitor day-to-day production progress. On completion of any
work order information will be passed on to despatch for delivery. Reports on the delivery
schedule will be available in this module.
Production Planning helps an organization plan production with the optimum utilization of all
available resources. Material Requirement Planning is done based on the production advice
generated by the sales department. Feasibility of production is evaluated using details like
raw material availability and procurement time, machine availability and capacity. A
production schedule is generated for all machines where the scheduling is done in an
optimized fashion based on the priorities of production.
Here, increased efficiency in sales and distribution is a key factor to ensure that companies
retain a competitive edge and improve both profit margins and customer service. In helping
business to ‘beat them on delivery’, the Sales and Distribution module of eresource ERP
systems offers a comprehensive set of best-of-bred component for both order and logistics
management.
Resource ERP system is tightly integrated with the Sales and Distribution module. This
integration enables the mapping and supply of single-site or multi-site organizations.
Developing precise logistics planning for just-in-time deliveries, this system can also
generate replenishment orders by using defined warehouse requirements.
The following are the sales related business transactions:
During sales order-processing the following basic functions are carried out:
Inquiry handling
Quotation preparation and processing
Contracts and contact management (order management)
Monitoring the sales transaction
Checking for availability
Transferring requirements to materials planning (MRP)
Scheduling the delivery
Calculating pricing and taxes
Checking credit limits
Invoicing/billing
Creating printed or electronically transmitted documents
Depending on how your particular system is configured, these functions may be completely
automated. The data that results from these basic functions is stored in the system where it
can be displayed. eresource ERP ‘s Sales and Distribution module very actively interacts with
the material management and financial accounting module for delivery and billing.
ERP HR modules refer to the systems and processes at the intersection between human
resource management (HRM) and information technology. On the whole, these ERP
systems have their origin on software that integrates information from different
applications into one universal database.
The linkage of its financial and human resource modules through one database is the
most important distinction to the individually and proprietary developed predecessors,
which makes this software application both rigid and flexible.
1. Organizational Management
2. E-Recruitment
3. Time Management
4. Personal Administration
5. Payroll
6. Reporting
The HR management module is a component covering many other HR aspects from
application to retirement. The system records basic demographic and address data,
selection, training and development, capabilities and skills management, compensation
planning records and other related activities.
Leading-edge systems provide the ability to “read” applications and enter relevant data
to applicable database fields, notify employers and provide position management and
position control.
In the transactions of the payroll module, the user is allowed entering the daily
attendance data of all the employees of the company on the payroll. The user can mark
the entire employee’s data as present or absent. Also if the operator of the company has
done any overtime then the user of the software can enter the data relating to the
operators over time.
Also, the processing of the payroll and the attendance can be done in this module. The
reports will correctly specify the leaves and the attendance is taken of the employee
after the processing of the attendance has been done.
The WorkTime gathers standardized time and work-related efforts. The most advanced
modules provide broad flexibility in data collection methods, labor distribution capabilities
and data analysis features. Cost analysis and efficiency metrics are the primary
functions.
And that’s just scratching the surface! No two ERP systems are exactly the same, but their
shared purpose is to centralize and streamline all facets of a business’ operations.
Increased efficiency
There are huge time-saving implications of using an ERP inventory management system.
Managing operations using a centralized system not only cuts down on double-handling but
also allows for automation of daily tasks. This translates to increase production and more
accurate output in less time.
Cost savings
Every business owner knows that efficiency equals cost savings. Rather than paying for
segmented resources or systems to handle different parts of the business, ERP inventory
management systems handle many working parts simultaneously, reducing overall workload
and minimizing expenses.
ERP Modules in
Quality Management
AKTUTHEINTACTONE6 AUG 2019 1 COMMENT
A quality management strategy requires certain details. Here are a few of the ways ERP can
gather that information.
Data quality and collection is a key area where ERP can help. Using the latest technologies,
ERP logs data instantaneously in a user-friendly interface. This saves you the time and
trouble of collecting data across various partners, customers, and suppliers, empowering you
to instead focus your efforts on growing your business.
The ability to access real-time data is also essential. You wouldn’t base supply orders on
market demand from 2015, so why should your quality management strategy be based around
old, irrelevant information? ERP ensures that decision-makers have the most up-to-date data
at their fingertips.
Ensure Standardization
Standardizing materials, products, and procedures is key to running a successful business and
producing a consistent product. Regardless of your industry, most manufacturers have raw or
semi-processed materials coming in from an outside source. To ensure everything that passes
through your doors is of the same high standard, quality assurance can’t come down to mere
trust. ERP automates a system of inspections, allowing you and your managers to create a
quality checklist that raw materials must pass before they are approved and sent to the
production line. Every step of your supply chain should reach a common set of key
performance indicators (KPIs) and ERP will track this information and present it in a user-
friendly dashboard.
If any issue does occur, ERP data can help you track the origins of that product batch, sort
quality control issues using the information, and take steps to pull remaining product off the
shelf. A single ERP solution across your company will break down any silos that exist and
ensure all departments and locations are meeting the same standards.
Finally, standardization will also ensure that all workers, past and present, have the right
“recipe” to manufacture your products. This legacy is key to maintaining quality over
decades.
With ERP, quality assurance becomes an integrated, streamlined part of your company’s
operations. Remember that a quality management strategy means the production of a higher
quality product and, ultimately, a happier customer down the line.
Ultimately whatever be the industry in which you’re present or the size, to survive and
succeed in the present scenario, it is imperative that you maintain a very high quality at all
stages of manufacturing and distribution
ERP in Customer
Relationship Management
AKTUTHEINTACTONE6 AUG 2019 1 COMMENT
1. Marketing
2. Customer Service
3. Sales
While these three are the main modules, the CRM software is not restricted to them. The
CRM modules can and should be incorporated into the Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP) software which provides the management of an organization with insightful
information by organizing data collected from the different levels of the business.
Most importantly, it will give a more clear cut picture of the customers who can now be
served in a more efficient manner. This is likely to lead to an increase in the rate of
customer retention as more lasting relationships can be built. Moreover, it will enable the
organization to maximize on any existing or upcoming opportunities. The integration of
CRM module into ERP will commission the organization to deliver more value-added
services, giving them an advantage over their competitors.
Therefore, as a result, a more comprehensive data set can be compiled which can be
used by the management to increase productivity levels while stimulating growth.
SAP ERP
AKTUTHEINTACTONE6 AUG 2019 1 COMMENT
SAP ERP is an enterprise resource planning software developed by the German
company SAP SE. SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization.
The latest version (SAP ERP 6.0) was made available in 2006. The most recent
Enhancement Package (EHP8) for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016.
Business Processes included in SAP ERP are Operations (Sales & Distribution,
Materials Management, Production Planning, Logistics Execution, and Quality
Management), Financials (Financial Accounting, Management Accounting, Financial
Supply Chain Management), Human Capital Management (Training, Payroll, e-
Recruiting) and Corporate Services (Travel Management, Environment, Health and
Safety, and Real-Estate Management).
Implementation
SAP ERP consists of several modules, including Financial Accounting (FI), Controlling
(CO), Asset Accounting (AA), Sales & Distribution (SD), Material Management (MM),
Production Planning (PP), Quality Management (QM), Project System (PS), Plant
Maintenance (PM), Human Resources (HR).[6] SAP ERP collects and combines data
from the separate modules to provide the company or organization with enterprise
resource planning.
Phase 3: Realization
Companies planning to implement or upgrade an SAP ERP system should pay strict
attention to system integration to save their SAP ERP implementation from failure. With
system integration in place, data flows move completely and correctly among various
SAP ERP components, thereby not only streamlining business processes but also
eliminating or minimizing redundant data entry efforts.
Advantages
Disadvantages
BAAN ERP
Its core, the Baan software suite focused on corporate record keeping and
administrative services. Initially known as Triton, Baan was a modular software
suite, offering numerous small programs that companies could purchase to suit
their individual needs. Baan programs could aid in manufacturing and distribution,
financial calculation, project estimates and management applications.
Features of the software varied across numerous versions and, in Baan’s early
days, the company’s programmers could even customize the software to suit the
needs of specific clients. However, one of the keys to Baan’s success was
creating an off-the-shelf, core version of Baan ERP software that could be used
on standard computing systems. This was initially powered by the Unix operating
system in the early 1980s, which helped make the software platform-
independent. Later, the software would become compatible with Windows
platforms, too.
Oracle ERP
AKTUTHEINTACTONE6 AUG 2019 1 COMMENT
Oracle Enterprise Resource Planning Cloud is a cloud-based software application suite
introduced by Oracle Corporation in 2012. Oracle ERP Cloud manages enterprise functions
including accounting, financial management, project management, and procurement.
In March 2017, Oracle ERP Cloud received HIPAA certification. The software suite is
designed to support international enterprise functions and includes multi-GAAP, multi-
currency, multi-language, and multi-subsidiary capabilities.
Certifications
Oracle offers certifications in Software as a Service (SaaS) specializations for Oracle ERP
Cloud.
Global Visibility
ERP software has always been known for the role-based or permission-based access to view
the SCM data. The ERP allows manufacturers to know how and where the inventory is
located throughout the chain management. This will allow the management of drafting a
well-planned production. This means they have data at their disposal regarding the inventory
levels, purchasing and production performance etc.
ERP systems make it easier for an organization to measure quantitative and qualitative
factors of respective vendors. This helps the management in making better decisions and
performance improvements in the current market. It helps the purchasing department to select
the supplier or vendor and facilitate continual monitoring. Data of this kind can help to better
negotiate at the time of switching vendors.
ERP is a natural extension and provides a comprehensive management system that integrates
and manages your transactions and other important data in one single system. Many
companies fail to cope up with the growing consumer demand due to discrete data which
delays the supply chain functions. ERP system keeps all your data in one system with
enterprise-wise visibility.
Enhanced Collaboration
ERP systems help organizations to control all suppliers and distributors. This helps the
managers to understand who is doing what operations at all the given times. ERP also bridges
the gap between all the supply chain partners. Hence, it is possible for all the members of the
organization to share vital information about demand, forecasting, production status and
transportation plans in real time.
In the current business scenario, information is the key resource for any organization. If
organizations do not have sufficient mechanism that gives them the power to make effective
decisions then there are chances that their future will always be a mystery. With the
implementation of ERP, an organization will be able to function as a single entity that will
improve the accuracy and integrity leading to a better decision-making process.
Improved Supply Chain Network
ERP systems provide complete visibility throughout the supply chain network which isn’t
possible in the manual processes. By implementing ERP, an organization can monitor all the
statuses and activities of suppliers, plants, warehouse and stores, and all other members
involved in the supply chain. This, in turn, helps in effective tracking and monitoring process
management.
Decrease in Delays
Supply chains who did not implement an ERP already placed complaints about poor business
relationships with the loss of business. Many factors have negative impacts on businesses and
therefore results in negative impact with the customers who are the main force of attraction
for a supply chain. With the implementation of ERP, all the activities can be co-ordinated and
executed ensuring higher levels of on-time delivery across the chain.
An intelligent ERP system not only prevents fraud and theft but also helps ensure compliance
with legal requirements and rules. A traditional ERP system facilitates user-based roles to
access and modify data that prevents theft.
Enterprise resource planning comes to help too many organizations that look forward to
streamlining their customer service experience. ERP’s streamline customer service
experience that allows employees ensure that their customers are getting a consistent
experience and the back office process is not interrupted. Automation of all other resources
helps organizations to respond to customers quickly and forecast new products.
Inbound Logistics
These are all processes that are involved in the receiving, storing, and internal distribution of
the raw materials or basic ingredients of a product or service. The relationship with the
suppliers is essential to the creation of value in this matter.
Production
These are all the activities (for example production floor or production line) that convert
inputs of products or services into semi-finished or finished products. Operational systems
are the guiding principle for the creation of value.
Outbound logistics
These are all activities that are related to delivering the products and services to the customer.
These include, for instance, storage, distribution (systems) and transport.
These are all processes related to putting the products and services in the markets including
managing and generating customer relationships. The guiding principles are setting oneself
apart from the competition and creating advantages for the customer.
Service
This includes all activities that maintain the value of the products or service to customers as
soon as a relationship has developed based on the procurement of services and products.
The Service Profit Chain Model is an alternative model, specific designed for service
management and organizational growth.
Support activities within the Porter’s Value Chain Analysis assist the primary activities and
they form the basis of any organization. In the figure dotted lines represent linkages between
a support activity and a primary activity. A support activity such as human resource
management for example is of importance within the primary activity operation but also
supports other activities such as service and outbound logistics.
Firm infrastructure
This concerns the support activities within the organization that enable the organization to
maintain its daily operations. Line management, administrative handling, financial
management are examples of activities that create value for the organization.
This includes the support activities in which the development of the workforce within an
organization is the key element. Examples of activities are recruiting staff, training and
coaching of staff and compensating and retaining staff.
Technology development
These activities relate to the development of the products and services of the organization,
both internally and externally. Examples are IT, technological innovations and improvements
and the development of new products based on new technologies. These activities create
value using innovation and optimization.
Procurement
These are all the support activities related to procurement to service the customer from the
organization. Examples of activities are entering into and managing relationships with
suppliers, negotiating to arrive at the best prices, making product purchase agreements with
suppliers and outsourcing agreements. Organizations use primary and support activities as
building blocks to create valuable products, services and distinctiveness.
Porter’s Value Chain Analysis: There are four basic steps that have to be followed if you
wish to use the Value Chain as an analysis model. By following these basic steps the
organization can be analyzed using the Value Chain.
For each primary activity, sub-activities can be determined that create a specific value for an
organization.
Here it concerns the idea how value support activities such as firm infrastructure, human
resource management, technology development and procurement can create value within the
primary activities. Use the same distinction as in step 1 for direct and indirect activities and
quality assurance. For example, consider how human resource management can create value
to inbound logistics, marketing & sales and service. This will also have to be done for the
other support activities.
This is a crucial and time-consuming step because this is about finding the links between the
added value you have identified. This part is of importance for an organization when it
concerns increasing competitive advantage from the value chain. For example, a development
within a CRM solution can have a link with increasing production and sales volumes through
certain investments. Another example is the link between the complaints that have been
recorded within the primary activity and the increase of unfilled vacancies (human resource
management) within the primary activity outbound logistics.
After you have completed the value chain analysis it is important to determine what activities
are to be optimized in order to create added value. This is about quantitative and qualitative
investments that can eventually contribute to increasing your customer base, competitive
advantage and profitability. Creating business cases will help you give priority and return on
investment (ROI) to the possibly required added value creation of a primary or support
activity.
However, is this really extending the continuum of business opportunity or simply a form of
reframing? Innovation is widely mistaken for any technology that changes how firms operate
or deliver their product or service. This type of innovation taking place at the early stages, is
considered to be inferior. Therefore, what exactly should innovation be and how can
companies create competitive advantages?
The answer is not straightforward but lies in a company asking itself three questions as a
starting point:
Companies need to understand that the sources of competitive advantage are changing in the
continuum of the economic boundary. Great value can be achieved by adopting a more
malleable view on defining processes, effective strategy, and this will lead to innovation and
untapped competitive advantages. So how can ERP aid a company in creating untapped
competitive advantages? By leveraging on the process capability of a business, ERP
transfers insights, which should trigger opportunity creations and thus allow for a constant
validation and adaptive ecosystem for a business to adopt an ambidextrous structure.
ERP eliminates redundancies. Once information goes into the system, the system distributes
tasks to every department that might need that information. This removes duplicated
information, which in turn, reduces data errors. Because of this, you can expect to have a
shortened cycle time for all of your purchases; these purchases can then be automated to
avoid any delays.
Inputting data manually can require almost an army of administration and staff, and of
course, with so many employees, the chance for human error heightens considerably. With an
implemented ERP solution, however, this information is easily accessible to your employees,
which means fewer mistakes and less down time. With the ERP solution also automating and
simplifying tasks, your employees have more time to focus on other necessary tasks.
Improved Productivity
Consistency is key! All work sequences follow the same model which means confusion and
frustration are eliminated. The ERP solution’s real-time data also allows your employees to
access the information they need quickly from within the same integrated system. This means
your processes run more smoothly, and any modifications can be done so on the fly.
Happy customers mean better business! Many ERP software packages allow employees to
access customer information through a client screen. Employees can view past and present
billing information, purchase orders, past orders, etc. They will no longer need to seek out the
appropriate person to answer the question your client has. This also reduces the amount of
time the customer spends on hold–a big difference with customer satisfaction.
ERP empowers companies to organize, analyze, and utilize the data that is quickly becoming
the lifeblood of their organization. As technology evolves in impressive and unexpected
ways, ERP is an essential business tool now more than it’s ever been.
2019 promises to be a watershed year for ERP. If you don’t have an ERP system in place,
you’re going to be overdue. If you’re already using ERP, you can look forward to exciting
advancements that will take your system to the next level.
No matter which camp you fall into, stay informed of the following trends to keep your
competitive edge in the manufacturing industry this year.
Additive manufacturing increases your volume of data at every step of the production
process, and your ERP system must be able to keep up. As manufacturers implement 3D
printers throughout 2019, they will need to carefully review the capabilities of their existing
ERP to be able to reap the rewards of this trend.
2. Built-In Analytics
Older ERP systems may excel at collecting and organizing data, but they are more limited
when it comes to analytics and reporting. Now that data-driven decision-making has become
every manufacturer’s priority, ERP solutions are improving their analytics capabilities to
meet manufacturers’ needs.
Modern ERP solutions allow users to run ad-hoc reports, access data visualizations or embed
analytics tools into their existing applications. This provides real-time information leaders
can use to make key decisions quickly.
Through 2019 and beyond, ERP will increasingly become an end-to-end data tool that
informs decision-making at all levels — from the executive suite to the factory floor. For
modern manufacturers, this means it will be critical to invest in a modern ERP solution in
order to keep up with your data-driven competitors.
3. Cloud Dominance
Cloud ERP is nothing new, but it’s quickly becoming industry standard for many
manufacturing sectors. The cloud ERP market is projected to grow from $18.5 billion in 2016
to $29.8 billion in 2021, as more companies look beyond on-premises solutions. The
forecasted growth makes sense considering the benefits of the cloud, which include lower
costs, broader access, easier management, and better security. An off-site ERP solution will
become especially advantageous as many manufacturers continue to expand their operations
across the globe.
As the cloud ERP market continues to diversify in 2019, we expect to see more features and
customization options to suit your manufacturing needs.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is making manufacturing more efficient and improving
transparency as we move into the new year — and further into Industry 4.0.
Internet-connected sensors create a direct link between an operational piece of machinery and
your ERP system. The ERP system automatically collects real-time data about machine
performance, so production can be tracked closely and improved precisely, with fewer human
technicians and less manual input.
This data can help manufacturers schedule routine maintenance to avoid sudden mechanical
breakdowns and costly downtime. Using IoT devices with ERP promotes communication
between all of your systems and increases visibility into your supply chain, keeping your
entire organization on the same page.
In the past, most ERP implementations happened in isolation, but that will become rare in
2019. Most implementations will act as just one piece of a much broader change management
strategy and new ERP solutions will be implemented in conjunction with other tech upgrades.
That means it’s essential to have an ERP system that has been designed with your
manufacturing company’s unique needs and goals in mind
ERP to ERP II
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the integrated management of main business
processes, often in real-time and mediated by software and technology.
ERP provides an integrated and continuously updated view of core business processes using
common databases maintained by a database management system. ERP systems track
business resources—cash, raw materials, production capacity—and the status of business
commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll. The applications that make up the system
share data across various departments (manufacturing, purchasing, sales, accounting, etc.)
that provide the data. ERP facilitates information flow between all business functions and
manages connections to outside stakeholders.
Two-tier ERP software and hardware lets companies run the equivalent of two ERP systems
at once: one at the corporate level and one at the division or subsidiary level. For example, a
manufacturing company could use an ERP system to manage across the organization using
independent global or regional distribution, production or sales centers, and service providers
to support the main company’s customers. Each independent center (or) subsidiary may have
its own business models, workflows, and business processes.
Given the realities of globalization, enterprises continuously evaluate how to optimize their
regional, divisional, and product or manufacturing strategies to support strategic goals and
reduce time-to-market while increasing profitability and delivering value. With two-tier ERP,
the regional distribution, production, or sales centers and service providers continue operating
under their own business model—separate from the main company, using their own ERP
systems. Since these smaller companies’ processes and workflows are not tied to main
company’s processes and workflows, they can respond to local business requirements in
multiple locations.
Customization
ERP systems are theoretically based on industry best practices, and their makers intend that
organizations deploy them “as is”. ERP vendors do offer customers configuration options that
let organizations incorporate their own business rules, but gaps in features often remain even
after configuration is complete.
ERP customers have several options to reconcile feature gaps, each with their own pros/cons.
Technical solutions include rewriting part of the delivered software, writing a homegrown
module to work within the ERP system, or interfacing to an external system. These three
options constitute varying degrees of system customization—with the first being the most
invasive and costly to maintain. Alternatively, there are non-technical options such as
changing business practices or organizational policies to better match the delivered ERP
feature set. Key differences between customization and configuration include:
Customization is always optional, whereas the software must always be configured
before use (e.g., setting up cost/profit center structures, organizational trees, purchase
approval rules, etc.).
The software is designed to handle various configurations, and behaves predictably in
any allowed configuration.
The effect of configuration changes on system behavior and performance is
predictable and is the responsibility of the ERP vendor. The effect of customization is less
predictable. It is the customer’s responsibility, and increases testing activities.
Configuration changes survive upgrades to new software versions. Some
customizations (e.g., code that uses pre–defined “hooks” that are called before/after
displaying data screens) survive upgrades, though they require retesting. Other
customizations (e.g., those involving changes to fundamental data structures) are overwritten
during upgrades and must be re-implemented.
Extensions
ERP systems can be extended with third–party software, often via vendor-supplied interfaces.
Extensions offer features such as:
Using SOA principles while designing application integrations results in SOA based
application integration. Simplicity is desired for the traditional and complex world of
integrations. Better and common sense approaches such as Service interactions and
amalgamation supported by Open Standards should be enabled. SOA is needed for the
following main reasons:
Yes. Besides the obvious advantages enumerated by everyone, the key advantage of
this approach is that you are contributing to the future of the SOA of your enterprise. The
integrations with service-oriented approach are loosely coupled with the infrastructure
components and more flexible and refactorable. Logical end-points for integration
services provide far more decoupling and is implementation agnostic. The components
and integration services can be used for creating a composite application or business
process later. The benefits of adopting SOA grow with time. Once you have these
reusable components from across applications, application modules, and other
enterprise software components, creating a new application is relatively easy and thats
when the full potential of SOA is realized.
Most of the design depends on the requirements. But before applying the very same
approach you took for your earlier integration project, you need to keep in mind is that
the goal here is to come up with integration components that are designed for
interoperability, re-usability, and modularity. The key to designing your SOA integrations
is remembering that they are SOA based. Using and adopting SOA principles is the key.
Always try to apply SOA principles composition, abstraction, loose coupling,
discoverability, and amalgamation to your services and integrations.
Based on my experience, considering the following guidelines can help you realize the
SOA vision for integrations with EBS. Most of the following guidelines are generic and
can and have been applied to other ERP integrations as well.
Use standards: Using standards based technologies for your service-oriented
integrations will help eliminate lock-down with products and companies. This is one of
the biggest challenges with traditional EAI. This will enhance easy evolution,
enhancement, and composition of business processes that may use services related to
integrations.
Categorize requirements into data integration and business process integration. Identify
message exchange patterns and use ESB functions (transportation, mediation, and
routing) to model data integration processes. Use BPEL for modeling your processes
that involve anything more than what can be satisfied with ESB functions. Many times it
is hard to classify and try to fit a particular integration process in one of the two buckets.
In such cases it will be a good idea to use layered approach and use ESB functions for
data integration and use BPEL for future extensions to the business integration process.
Introduce Extensibility:
To deliver on the high hopes for soa based integration architecture solution, it is very
important to do some forward thinking for the desired flexibility and agility in your
integration architecture. To deliver on that, think hard early on ways to introduce
extensibility and forward compatibility into the architecture and all the components
including individual integrations and messages.
Enterprise applications have many business functions and technology components that
are application specific and depend on proprietary technologies. These components or
functions should be service enabled before they can participate in the service oriented
integration architecture. Using resource adapters is a way of connecting and interacting
with the application specific components. It is important that the resource adapter is
implemented using industry standards such as J2CA, WSIF, and WSDL and can provide
a web service interface to the application specific functions.
Inject Resiliency:
Build resiliency into the individual integration processes. This may be easy to miss as
even with the best architecture in place. Always think about all the what if scenarios and
try to inject process level resiliency into the individual integration processes.
Exception Handling:
Despite all the forward thinking there are things that might and will go wrong. Define
reusable, extensible, and agile approach to handle exceptions at process level and other
unknown exceptions. Using a common exception handler service with extensible
interface can provide the flexibility, re-usability, and extensibility.
Any one who has worked with application integration can relate to the great deal of time
and energy waste involved when troubleshooting integration issues. With asynchronous
messaging and multiple services, the idea should be to ease the pains of traditional EAI
support functions. This can be done by thinking ahead about how can support functions
be empowered with better ways to provide information visibility and take actions.
Notifications and human work-flow are some of the ways to empower your support team.
Business processes inevitably will involve human interaction in some or other form. If
your integration process involves such role based people interaction, plan ahead and
use standards based mechanisms to have human work-flows.
The integration process probably is not a good place to embed and hard codes the
business rules. Identify the rules and provide loosely coupling between your process and
rules. This would provide the flexibility to change business rules dynamically without
modifying or redeploying your integration services or processes.
Plan for providing visibility into your so integration or business process. This is very
important because today enterprises have heterogeneous systems and applications and
with integrations spanning multiple systems, it becomes very hard to have visibility in run
time. Users (IT and Business) should be able to monitor and have visibility into your
business processes and integrations.
Service Composition:
Provide the capability to provide business functionality that is composed of disparate
and/or independent services. The composite solution may cater to an integration solution
or a new future business process. Service composite architecture is the relevant
standard that addresses service composition. It provides the specifications to describe
the model for building applications and systems using a Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA).
SOA Governance:
In simple terms, plan for the capability to manage and apply policies for the services
within the service portfolio of your integration services. This is critical for SOA and needs
to be planned well to ensure better management and control of services.
ERP Package
AKTUTHEINTACTONE30 AUG 2019 1 COMMENT
Evaluation and selection of ERP package is an essential criterion for successful ERP
implementation. Quality of selection will have a long term impact on the processes of the
organization. It is also not easy to switch to another product with concomitant scale of
investment and complexities. This evaluation and selection process should be properly
directed and normally comprises of following activities:
Requirement analysis forms a base for preparing a Request for Proposal (RFP), where
important technical and commercial perquisites are incorporated. Common examples of
technical perquisites: flexibility, Upgradability, User friendliness, field level security,
Operating system and database compatibility. Common examples of commercial perquisites:
cost, reference sites, high level project plan, resumes of consultants, post implementation
support, financial health of the company, local presence, number of installation and upgrade.
Selection Criteria: A pre-determined selection Criteria should be ready before actual
selection process commences. Selection criteria are normally in the form of questionnaire and
point system, where each question represents a business or technical need. Weightage for
each point or a group of points are predetermined which varies according to criticality of the
issue. These processes help in making the selection process objective and transparent.
Various phases of ERP implementation, for a typical ERP project, are mentioned below:
1. Project Establishment
For a successful implementation, several types of skills are required. To ensure that the
requisite expertises are available to the project, different teams are formed, consisting of
members from the organization and vendor.
Project board
Competence center team, mostly represented by IT personnel of the organization.
Key users team.
Consultants’ team.
Project Implementation Committee.
Entry Criteria
Deliverables
2. Procedure Development
In this phase, key users and competence center team map the existing functional processes
with the functions available in the vanilla ERP application, in conjunction with the vendor
team. The following activities will occur in an iterative manner.
Process mapping
Gap detection
Work-around identification
Organizational impact analysis
Deliverables
This phase includes program development for all modules using the Customization Design
Specification Document, unit testing and system testing of all modules. The individual
programs will be unit tested, based on test plans developed by the vendor. This phase may be
carried out at offshore.
Next, the developed and unit tested application software will be system tested during this
phase. The system testing will be based on the acceptance test plan and test data provided by
the organization. Thereafter it will be installed on the Designated Computed System.
Entry Criteria
Deliverables
4. Acceptance Testing
The focus of user acceptance testing is to exhibit that the system works. From the user’s point
of view, acceptance testing is the final quality control procedure to determine whether the
software product is performing as expected.
Entry Criteria
Deliverables
All identified end users will be trained in the specific functions they are required to work.
The training will be conducted by vendor.
Entry Criteria
Deliverables
End users trained as per training plan
This phase deals on the simulation of the actual business environment. The following
activities will occur iteratively during this phase:
As the team reviews the data model, the business model that is prepared in the Procedure
Development stage may undergo some changes.
Entry Criteria
Deliverables
7. Data Loading
This is the migration phase where data from existing manual/legacy operations are transferred
to System’s database using interface programs or utilities available within the ERP package.
The following activities will occur:
Entry Criteria
Deliverables
8. Live Trial
Once the Final Business Model is ready and database is loaded, the system is ready to go live.
This phase will allow users to work on the application software with real time data.
Entry Criteria
Deliverables
After the go-live event, ensure that the core team meets to discuss what was
successful about the implementation, what did we learn from the project, and what
would you change going forward? The team must document theses “wins”, “learns”,
and “changes” (WLC). Include a WLCs review session when planning out future
initiatives. Develop a practice of incorporating this knowledge of your projects into
the future project planning activities. It is our experience that these sessions provide
valuable insights into not only how the project executed, but the perceptions of the
team members on what worked and what didn’t work. Writing down these discussion
points will help you on future projects.
Transition the consultants
You likely had a team of advisers from your implementation partner involved in the
ERP deployment. Once you are live on the new system, request their updated
implementation documentation. Key documents such as a solution design or technical
design need to be updated and delivered to you as a reference document for future
changes or troubleshooting issues.
Additionally, in your contract with your consultants, did you include any post-go-live
support hours? Is the internal team who will support the ERP system adequately
trained and able to assist the users with technical or process questions? Use some of
these hours to ensure that there is a skill and knowledge transfer.
Quarterly review training
A fundamental way to make sure that you get the adoption you desire from the ERP
system is to initiate quarterly refresher training classes. In the first quarter after go-
live, it should be simply a refresher course. But as you continue, you should dive into
deeper functionality that will help the users in their tasks and expand their knowledge
of the software. Always communicate the “What’s in it for me” benefits to the users
before go-live. If you didn’t do that, this is a perfect time to remind them why they
should be using the system to the fullest and how it will help them with their jobs.
These refresher classes may be in person, but many companies are now using online
training courses. Allowing users to view videos of the classes or take self-guided
training are excellent ways of providing system reinforcement training. Keep these
training classes going and archive them. As there is turnover in your organization,
new users will appreciate the catalog of past courses they can reference.
Processes:
During the implementation, requirements are captured, but often there are some user
requests are not fulfilled during the initial deployment. These may be out of scope,
nice-to-have requests, or items that are not feasible within the timeline defined. As
such, a request backlog is collected. The backlog of requests should be reviewed
post-go-live to determine the appropriate time frame in with which to deliver. In
some cases, the requests are deprioritized. Alternatively, some user stories are put
into the next release cycle. Many companies today are working with an agile process
for delivering on these requirements. In addition to user requests, there may be
additional systems to integrate with, other, non-critical data to load, or even standard
software maintenance releases to apply. All of these should be planned for and put
into a structure that allows for on-going innovation of the ERP system. This delivery
is often part of a governance plan.
Establish your system governance structure
Do you have a process in place for managing changes to the ERP system? How will
you capture ongoing user feedback and requests for enhancements? How will you
adjudicate the priorities and conflicts in requests? How will you manage your backlog
of user requests?
Many IT departments have processes in place to solve users issues. But these
traditional IT tools and methods do not necessarily handle the request backlog for an
ERP system. Most importantly, they do not always tie back the functionality to the
original request (or “user story”). There is a class of software that is used to manage
these issues called Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) software. Using a
quality ALM, your IT team can both manage and document the user stories
(requirements) and provide traceability from system functionality to the original
request.
Aligning user requests is a major component of a governance structure. Think
through how you may harmonize conflicting enhancement requests. For example, one
division may want to rename a set of fields to accommodate the way they do business,
but in doing so, it may break another groups’ way of operating. When establishing a
governance structure, initiate a method of judging and aligning requests. Sort out
how to break logjams of conflicting priorities. All-in-all, it is necessary to plan out
how you manage, harmonize, build and deploy changes to the system.
Begin execution of an on-going maintenance plan
ERP systems need care and feeding. As mentioned above, there are usually quarterly
or semi-annual releases of software updates. These need to be scheduled and
deployed appropriately, without significant user interruption. Along with vendor
updates, new functionality developed internally needs to be prepared and released. A
release cycle needs to be developed. How often and when will you release new
features to the user community? More importantly, how will you communicate the
new features and will any of the new software capabilities require user training? Can
this be timed with the quarterly update training, or will special sessions need to be
scheduled? Keep an eye on development capacity. You may only have a handful of
resources who can implement the ERP changes. They may already have their hands
full managing the system and preparing for vendor enhancements. IT must provide
feedback on capacity back to the business stakeholders. Clear, open
communication should be part of any governance plan.
System evolution planning
Lastly, keeping the ERP system fresh and evolving will continue to allow the business
to operate at peak performance. Re-orgs, acquisitions, divestitures, and other business
management activities will add new complexity or challenges to the ERP software
maintenance. Where possible, have regularly scheduled executive meetings focused
on system direction. When you began your deployment, you likely had a functional
team working on the details of the system and process alignment, and you had an
executive steering committee providing guidance and direction. These groups ideally
should remain and continue to offer improvements and directions for the evolution of
the ERP system.
ERP Post-implementation activities summary
Latest ERP
Implementation Methodologies
1. Traditional Method
Project planning
Normally when the decision for a particular ERP system has to be made, a rough plan of
procedure already exists It now has to be refined and worked out in concrete terms: Dates,
budgets, project team composition, task packages and responsibilities are best written down.
Process analysis
Now comes the “As is analysis” of the business processes and the target definition for the
collaborative ERP project. The adopted specifications serve as a template. Your ERP
manager now gets to know your workflows in detail and works with your team in a common
language.
Process organization
After the “As is analysis”, the processes are “translated” into the standard of the selected ERP
system and, if necessary, workflows and / or data quality are meaningfully optimized.
Configuration
Parallel to the defined work packages from step 3, the vendor begins with the installation of a
test environment on the server and the implementation of the individual subsections. Data is
prepared for migration, forms and interfaces are customized, software extensions are
programmed, and users and roles are set up.
Training
Once the first areas in the new ERP system are ready for launch, the project team is trained
by the software vendor, after which the project team organizes department-specific training
for the end users in the company.
Testing
Extensive tests take place before the Go Live. Real company data is imported into the test
environment and all relevant business processes and functions are simulated.
Go live
Even after such extensive tests, experience has shown that there is still room for improvement
after the go live under full load. Functional gaps or malfunctions are remedied by the vendor,
only after that does the final acceptance take place.
With the introduction method “Global Implementation Method” (GIM), which has proven its
worth since 1999, abas ERP guarantees consistent quality all over the world. To ensure the
highest level of security and ROI during the introduction of abas ERP, we have developed a
worldwide ERP implementation methodology over 40 years of project experience. Your ERP
introduction related goals are at the heart of this 7-step approach. GIM makes it possible to
achieve these goals in line with your available resources and within the given budget and
time frame. Even with international projects, you can be sure that this ERP implementation
methodology will apply to all your locations. In addition, a holistic project organization
ensures the holistic aspect of a multi-site project. Goals, communication and action are
synchronized and coordinated around the globe.
Planning: The activities are the same in this phase as the traditional methodology,
with the vendor consultant taking a bigger role in the construction of the plan. Also, the
vendor project manager is planning the vendor consultants’ time since they are involved
full-time in the next four phases of the project.
Discovery/Setup/Configuration: Here we see the major difference between the two
methodologies. In this phase, the vendor consultants review the current process,
design/configure/setup new processes, and perform an initial test with minimal
involvement of the customer team. The customer implementation team is only involved in
discovery by providing input on current processes. In essence, the vendor team is providing
a “turnkey” approach to system design and the setup of the new system.
Prototype Review/Education: In this phase, the vendor team delivers the new
system to the customer implementation team and begins to educate the customer team
through prototype demonstration workshops. In these reviews, the customer team is
getting educated on the new system and the capabilities of the product. The vendor team
identifies issues and adjusts the new system as needed. At the end of this phase, the
customer team accepts the design of the new system.
Conference Room Pilot: In this phase, the vendor team leads the customer team
through several phases of a conference room pilot (CRP). The last CRP becomes a simulated
“go-live”. When this CRP is completed, the customer team accepts the new system and is
ready to go live.
Cutover Activities: The implementation team plans the cutover process, and trains
the rest of the end-users on the new system. The implementation team performs the
training and the vendor consultants support the team.
Go-Live Support: The implementation team supports the end-user in the use of the
new system. The implementation team provides real-time support. The vendor consultants
are also on-site during the first month to support the quick resolution of new problems as
they arise.
UNIT-5
Team Structures
There are typically three team structures within an ERP implementation team:
The Executive Steering Team (EST) makes up the highest level of management for
the project. The EST consists of senior managers who head the various departments impacted
by the project. One of the key responsibilities of this team is to define the scope in terms of
time and budget. Team members may include the Chief Implementation Officer,
implementation partners from outside consulting firms, and the other department heads such
as the Sales or Accounting Manager.
The Project Management Team (PM) reports directly the EST. Experts in the field
recommend that project managers are not recruited directly from the IT department because
ERP implementations should not be confused with IT projects; they are a much more
collaborative and dynamic and therefore should not be led by the IT team, although the PM
team should most definitely include an IT Project Lead. The PM team should also include a
Consulting Project Manager, as well as a Site Manager if the implementation is a multi-site
project.
The Core Team takes on the actual execution of the project, including business
analysis, consulting, and development. As head of the Core Team, the Team Lead is in
charge of communicating with the PM team. Other team members consist of one or more
Application Consultants, Functional Analysts, and Internal Developers. The combination of
these roles depend on the size of the project. A Site Coordinator will also be necessary if the
project involves multiple sites.
Principle #2: Empower your team to make decisions. Some employees may have a much
clearer picture of how to improve the process. It often takes courage to say it out loud.
Empowering the team helps these individuals step out of their comfort zone and express their
own ideas and could help increase productivity and efficiency.
Principle #3: Keep communication between all levels smooth. Keeping everyone on the
same page is essential for an ongoing project. A daily meeting (called a “standup” if your
implementation partner uses the agile approach to project management like ArcherPoint),
whether in person or using a tool like Skype, is necessary, especially when it comes to
reviewing what the team has achieved, what they are going to achieve, and what obstacles
may become problems if not addressed.
There is a lot of planning required before an ERP project is launched. Choosing the right
people for your implementation team can not only make the process more productive, but can
also save your company money and time
We’ve found that effective ERP implementations start with a team fully engaged in the
process. This means pulling together a talented Project Manager and user champions from the
main area of the manufacturing organization including finance, purchasing, quality,
production, logistics, engineering, etc.
ERP implementations can fail because organizations underestimate the magnitude of the
undertaking and develop a project plan with an unrealistic timeline that leaves no flexibility
to accommodate delays due to even minor unforeseen circumstances. In fact, these
“unknowns” can result in significant project delays, as the dependencies between activities
tend to affect project schedule and resource costs because team members are not effectively
utilized. Planning and managing milestones are critical success factors for the execution of a
successful ERP project schedule. While it’s important to give consideration to resource
loading to ensure the team is equipped to handle the project, it’s extraordinarily difficult to
maintain a fully resource-balanced plan at the task level for a large ERP implementation.
Another potential risk area during the ERP implementation process is lack of appropriate
involvement from the functional areas of the business. Each business process (e.g., Order to
Cash, Record to Report and Requisition to Payment) on a large implementation should have a
process owner whose full-time job is the success of the ERP implementation. Process owners
should be empowered to make functional decisions about the “to-be” business processes, as
well as for scoping, testing and issue resolution. In large organizations, the process owner
role may become permanent, continuing on after implementation to provide global decision-
making, issue resolution and governance for units conducting business within the same ERP
system.
The impact the user community has on the overall success of an ERP system implementation
should not be ignored. An ERP solution will change the way people work in the organization,
making their activities much more connected and transparent. Existing business processes are
likely to change or even become unnecessary, as might the responsibilities of individual
employees.
There is a wide range of technical issues – some anticipated in a formal risk assessment,
some not – which can result in delay or failure in an ERP implementation. Common issues
include:
Insufficient knowledge transfer from the system integrator to the long-term support
team
Network and service-level issues associated with upgrading or outsourcing of data
centers
Insufficient system resources allocated for high demand on middleware and interface
architectures
Stressed network or insufficient bandwidth, especially at remote sites, due to
inadequate volume and stress testing of the infrastructure
Ineffective technical change management processes
Inadequate or unproven business continuity and disaster recovery plans
Change is the law of life and resistance to change is the truth. To balance both these
aspects, change management is essential. Implementing ERP in your organization
implies change and there is bound to be some resistance. To manage the change, it is
essential to have a change management strategy that will ensure a smooth transition
throughout the organization.
In an article on selecting and implementing an ERP system in CIO, Matt Thompson, Vice
President of Professional Services, Estes Group says on change management,
“Organizational change management is pivotal to the success of your project. Typical
ERP projects facilitate massive change in organizations that can include changing of day
to day job descriptions or eliminating job descriptions in total. [These] changes impact
the culture of your company and without careful control and communication plans and
workshops you can create an adverse reaction to ERP [resulting in] barriers [to]
implementation and adoption.” (Source: Cio)
Step 1: Communication
Employees need to know the reasons for adopting the new ERP system and how it will
help the organization. They need to be educated on the features of the new system and
how it will benefit them.
The nature of tasks or even job roles of employees change when ERP is implemented.
Employees need to know what the transition from a functional oriented to a process
oriented organization involves, its benefits, and how their tasks will change once the
system goes live.
In one-way communication, the project was announced and its status was updated
regularly through the Intranet, posters, newsletters, town hall meetings, and integration
test demonstrations.
This step will define who will be affected by the ERP implementation. Analysis will help
know the level of involvement of each stakeholder and will determine the amount of
training they will require.
This analysis will help document the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder. The
roles that will be defined at this stage are:
Leader – Provides direction and alignment
Super Users – SMEs within departments, understand the business process of
their departments
Power Users – Users with advanced knowledge of certain applications who will
monitor the day-to-day transactions of end users
End Users – Everyone who uses the system, they feed the system with data
In this stage, the perceived advantages and disadvantages, job roles, and
responsibilities for each stakeholder after the restructuring of the organization will be
analyzed. To enable stakeholders commit and own the change, an assessment of each
one’s level of involvement is necessary. The results of the stakeholder analysis are used
to identify the training requirements.
Training employees on skills and knowledge is necessary to execute the ERP system.
Training must be customized for each process in the organization so that the users
understand how relevant it is to them.
Training requires an investment of time, money, and effort, but the results are worth it
because it will help employees learn about their roles, and consequently reduce their
resistance to the change. In fact, a report on how top organizations deploy ERP training
by The Aberdeen Group published in 2014 says that Best-in Class organizations (top
20% of companies based on performance) are likely to combine ERP training with day-
to-day business processes so that they learn as they work. (Source: Aberdeen)
End user training will provide employees the knowledge of the software fundamentals
and the benefits it will provide. Organization-wide training is necessary for this – from
management to executive teams, IT project teams to end users.
End user training must be ongoing and should include classes, workshops, and practical
sessions right through the implementation process. It should not be a ‘one and done’
program but a continuous process. Employees typically will not be able to remember all
the different tasks involved in using the new software. So a combination of classroom
training and online learning will work best.
As the above image shows, the process of change management involving the above
three steps should ideally provide employees the skills and knowledge (through end user
training) so that they enter a state of readiness that will convert them into high-
performance end users.
The change management strategy will ensure employees adopt change quickly so that
organizations can adopt the new technology faster with the least impact on productivity.
However, to adequately assess the quality of the implementation and complete this
process, you’ll need to wait long enough for the changes caused by the project to truly
take effect.
There will probably be a period of adjustment before you can finally review the solution
as it was intended to operate: you’ll likely need to overcome some of the usual
resistance to change, hold people’s hands while they operate new systems, and
eliminate technical problems that didn’t emerge when deliverables were tested. You
should therefore typically allow a few weeks, or even a few months, before doing the full
PIR. Where possible, allow for at least one, full, successful cycle of business before
reviewing lessons learned.
What to Review
Here are some tips for conducting the PIR:
Ask for openness: Emphasize the importance of being open and honest in your
assessment, and make sure that people aren’t in any way punished for being open.
Be objective: Describe what has happened in objective terms, and then focus on
improvements.
Document success: Document practices and procedures that led to project
successes, and make recommendations for applying them to similar future projects.
Look with hindsight: Pay attention to the “unknowns” (now known!) that may
have increased implementation risks. Develop a way of looking out for these in future
projects.
Be future-focused: Remember, the purpose is to focus on the future, not to
assign blame for what happened in the past. This is not the time to focus on any one
person or team.
Look at both positives and negatives: Identify positive as well as negative
lessons.
How to Review
As you perform the post-implementation review, certain methods and practices will help
you obtain the best possible information:
Define the scope of the review beforehand: The last thing you want to do is to
create a political problem. Given the number of people often involved in a project, it’s
easy to hurt someone’s feelings when reviewing the project’s success. Clarify your
objectives for the review, and make your intentions clear – this will better ensure that
people share their experiences openly and honestly. Then make absolutely sure that you
stick to these intentions, and that people’s egos aren’t unnecessarily bruised by the
process!
Review key documents: Gather together the key project documents. This will
help you assess the project planning process, as well as the actual benefits achieved
through the project.
Consider using independent reviewers: Where possible, use outside people in
your review process to get an objective, unclouded view of the project. Some people
recommend using only independent people in the review, however, you can learn a lot
from the perspectives of those who were directly involved in the project – this is why the
best strategy is probably to have a balance.
Use appropriate data collection: Collect information in the most appropriate
way, for example, by using interviews and surveys. Also, test the deliverable yourself, to
make sure you get firsthand information.
Deliver appropriate reports: Report your findings, and publicize the results.
Remember that the PIR is designed to help project managers conduct more effective
projects in the future, as well as to measure and optimize the benefits of the specific
project being reviewed.
Present recommendations: Present the detailed recommendations to the
organization and the project leaders, as well as to customers and other stakeholders.
Include as many people as necessary so that you keep – and apply – the best-practice
information in the future.
Whatever situation arises, our friendly experienced support staff is available to help with
your staff’s problems and answer their questions.
Phone
Remote connection
Onsite visits
Email
ERP Security
AKTUTHEINTACTONE31 AUG 2019 1 COMMENT
ERP Security is a wide range of measures aimed at protecting Enterprise resource
planning (ERP) systems from illicit access ensuring accessibility and integrity of system
data. ERP system is a computer software that serves to unify the information intended to
manage the company including Production, Supply Chain Management, Financial
Management, Human Resource Management, Customer Relationship Management,
Enterprise Performance Management, etc. Common ERP systems are SAP, Oracle E-
Business Suite, Microsoft Dynamics.
Complexity
ERP systems process transactions and implement procedures to ensure that users have
different access privileges. There are hundreds of authorization objects in SAP
permitting users to perform actions in the system. In case of 200 users of the company,
there are approximately 800,000 (100*2*20*200) ways to customize security settings of
ERP systems. With the growth of complexity, the possibility of errors and segregation of
duties conflicts increases.
Specificity
Vendors fix vulnerabilities on the regular basis since hackers monitor business
applications to find and exploit security issues. SAP releases patches monthly on Patch
Tuesday, Oracle issues security fixes every quarter in Oracle Critical Patch Update.
Business applications are becoming more exposed to the Internet or migrate to the
cloud.
Lack of competent specialists
ERP Cybersecurity survey revealed that organizations running ERP systems “lack both
awareness and actions taken towards ERP security”. ISACA states that “there is a
shortage of staff members trained in ERP security”[10] and security services have the
superficial understanding of risks and threats associated with ERP systems.
Consequently, security vulnerabilities complicate undertakings such as detecting and
subsequent fixing.
ERP security audit is done manually as various tools with ERP packages do not provide
means for system security auditing. Manual auditing is a complex and time-consuming
process that increases the possibility of making a mistake.
The system includes thousands of parameters and fine settings including segregation of
duties for transactions and tables, and the security parameters are set for every single
system. ERP system settings are customized according to customers’ requirements.
Network layer
In 2011, Sensepost specialists analyzed DIAG protocol used in SAP ERP system for
transferring data from the client to the SAP server. Two utilities were published that
allowed to intercept, decrypt, and modify client-server requests containing critical
information. This made attacks possible including Man-in-the-middle attack. The second
utility operates like a Proxy and was created to identify new vulnerabilities. It allowed
modifying requests coming to client and server.[13]
sending password in cleartext (SAP J2EE Telnet / Oracle listener old versions)
In the SAP ERP system, it is possible to perform administering functions via Telnet
protocol, which encrypts passwords.
Authentification by hash
XOR password encryption (SAP DIAG)
imposing the use of outdated authentication protocols
Incorrect authentication protocols