RESEARCH METHODS AND TOOLS

 
 
  
 
 
  
1. Which one of the following is a data collection method?

a. The case study.

b. Positivism.
c. The onion.
d. Interview @

2. The research process is best described as a:

a) Method to select a frame of reference
b) Set of rules that govern the selection of subjects
c) Series of steps completed in a logical order @
d) Plan that directs the research design

3. A research proposal is best described as a(n)

a) Framework for data collection and analysis
b) Description of the research process for a research project @
c) Description of how the researcher plans to maintain an ethical perspective during the study
d) Argument for the merit of the study

The purpose of a literature review is to

a) Use the literature to identify present knowledge and what is unknown
b) Assist in defining the problem and operational definition
c) Identify strengths and weaknesses of previous studies
d) All of the above @
The statement 'To identify the relationship between the time the patient spends on the operating table
and the development of pressure ulcers' is best described as a research:
a) Objective
b) Aim
c) Question
d) Hypothesis @
A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables is known as the:
a) Concept definition
b) Hypothesis @
c) Problem statement
d) Research question
There is no significant difference in the endurance of basketball players and volleyball players' is an
example of a
a) Null hypothesis @
b) Directional hypothesis
c) Non-directional hypothesis
d) Simple hypothesis

1. What is a research design?

(a) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data @
(b) The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
(c) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
(d) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
A simple random sample is one in which:
 (a) From a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected
(b) A non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize
(c) The researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups
(d) Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected @
It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:
(a) The population is widely dispersed geographically
(b) You have limited time and money available for travelling
(c) You want to use a probability sample in order to generalise the results
(d) All of the above @

The standard error is a statistical measure of:

(a) The normal distribution of scores around the sample mean
(b) The extent to which a sample mean is likely to differ from the population mean @
(c) The clustering of scores at each end of a survey scale
(d) The degree to which a sample has been accurately stratified
What effect does increasing the sample size have upon the sampling error?
(a) It reduces the sampling error @
(b) It increases the sampling error
(c) It has no effect on the sampling error
(d) None of the above

Which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling?

(a) Snowball sampling
(b) Stratified random sampling @
(c) Quota sampling
(d) Convenience sampling
Snowball sampling can help the researcher to
(a) Access deviant or hidden populations @
(b) Theorise inductively in a qualitative study
(c) Overcome the problem of not having an accessible sampling frame
(d) All of the above

Why do you need to review the existing literature?

(a) To make sure you have a long list of references
(b) Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
(c) To find out what is already known about your area of interest @
(d) To help in your general studying
Closed ended questions are those that
(a) Have a fixed range of possible answers @
(b) Prevent respondents from allocating themselves to a category
(c) Encourage detailed, elaborate responses
(d) Relate to the basic demographic characteristics of respondents
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of telephone interviewing?
(a) Researchers do not have to spend so much time and money on travelling @
(b) Some people in the target population may not own a telephone
(c) It can be difficult to build rapport over the telephone
(d) Interviewers cannot use visual cues such as show cards
An open question is one that:
(a) Allows respondents to answer in their own terms
(b) Does not suggest or provide a limited range of responses
(c) Can help to generate answers for closed questions
(d) All of the above

 'Research methods':
(a) is a term used to refer to all aspects of the implementation of methods.
 (b) are the procedures a researcher uses to gather information. @
(c) are a set of abstract concepts together with propositions about they are related.
(d) none of the above.
The process of selecting a subset of a population is known as:
(a) survey research.
(b) Representation
(c) triangulation.
(d) sampling. @

In a study of effects of alcohol on driving ability, the control group should be given
(a) a high dosage of alcohol.
(b) one-half the dosage given the experimental group
(c) a driving test before and after drinking alcohol.
(d) no alcohol at all.
A scientific explanation that remains tentative until it has been adequately tested is called a(n)
(a) Theory
(b) Law
(c) Experiment
(d) Hypothesis @

A study to determine the degree of relationship between two events is called

a.naturalistic observation.
b the correlational method. @
.
c.a controlled experiment.
d. The survey method

In an experiment to find out if taking steroids increases muscle mass scores, the muscle mass scores
would be
a. the independent variable.
b. a control variable.
c. an extraneous variable.
the dependent variable. @

4. Reliability is most simply known as which of the following?

a.  Consistency or stability @
b.  Appropriateness of interpretations on the basis of test scores
c.  Ways in which people are the same
d.  A rank order of participants on some characteristic
 
5. An ordinal scale is:
a. The simplest form of measurement
b. A rank-order scale of measurement @
c. A scale with equal intervals between adjacent numbers
d. A scale with an absolute zero point
e. A categorical scale
16. Which of the following is not a type of reliability?
a. Test-retest
b. Split-half
c. Content @
d. Internal consistency

  
6. Which of these is not a method of data collection.
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Experiments @
d. Observations
10. Researchers use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to collect data. Which of the
following statements is true?
a. Open-ended questions directly provide quantitative data based on the researcher’s predetermined
response categories
b. Closed-ended questions provide quantitative data in the participant’s own words
c. Open-ended questions provide qualitative data in the participant’s own words @
d. Closed-ended questions directly provide qualitative data in the participants’ own words
 
 

15. Another name for a Likert Scale is a(n):

a. Interview protocol
b. Event sampling
c. Summated rating scale @
d. Ranking
 
16. Which of the following is not one of the six major methods of data collection that are used by
educational researchers?
a.  Observation
b.  Interviews
c.  Questionnaires
d.  Checklists @
  
18. Which one of the following in not a major method of data collection:
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Secondary data
d. All of the above are methods of data collection @
 
  
1. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is called:
a. A nonrandom sampling method
b. A quota sample
c. A snowball sample
d. An Equal probability selection method @
 
2. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within
each ethnic group at random.
c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number
table to pick cases from the table. @
d. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
 
   
7. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?
a. Snowball sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Purposive sampling
e. They are all forms of nonrandom sampling @
 
8. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population from which a
sample has been taken?
a. A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b. A small sample based on simple random sampling
c. A large sample based on simple random sampling @
d. A small cluster sample
 
9. Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Purposive sampling @
 
10. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?
a. Cluster sampling @
b. Simple random sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Proportional stratified sampling
 
12. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method
called ______.
a.  Simple random sampling
b.  Cluster sampling
c.  Systematic sampling
d.  Convenience sampling @
 
16. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask the research
participants to identify other potential research participants?
a. Snowball @
b. Convenience
c. Purposive
d. Quota
 
17. Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling technique discussed in your
chapter?
a. Simple random sampling @
b. Proportional stratified sampling
c. Cluster random sampling
d. Systematic sampling
21. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling?
a.  Cluster sampling @
b.  Convenience sampling
c.  Quota sampling
d.  Purposive sampling
e.  They are all type of nonrandom sampling
  
24. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.
a. Sampling @
b. Census
c. Survey research
d. None of the above
 
 
 
28. ___________ is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules.
a.  Sample @
b.  Population
c.  Statistic
d.  Element
 
30. The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population
with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called _____.
a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling @
d. Snowball sampling
 
 

 
1. When a extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and influences the
dependent variable, it is called:
a. Another dependent variable
b. A confounding variable @
c. A moderating variable
d. An unreliable variable
 
8. An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences
the dependent variable is known as a _______________.
a  Confounding variable @
b. Third variable
c. Second variable
d. Both a and b are correct
 
 
1. Analysis of covariance is:
a.  A statistical technique that can be used to help equate groups on specific variables @
b.  A statistical technique that can be used to control sequencing effects
c.  A statistical technique that substitutes for random assignment to groups
d.  Adjusts scores on the independent variable to control for extraneous variables
 
 
    
8. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable?
a. Presence technique
b. Amount technique
c. Type technique
d. Random technique @
9. Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to determine the initial
equivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment variable is introduced into the research
setting.
a. One-group pretest-posttest design
b. Pretest-posttest control group design @
c. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
d. Both b and c
 
 
11. The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the _____.
a. Experimental group @
b. Control group
c. Participant group
d. Independent group
 
12. Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls for both known and
unknown variables?
a. Building the extraneous variable into the design
b. Matching
c. Random assignment @
d. Analysis of covariance
 
13. The group that does not receive the experimental treatment condition is the ________.
a. Experimental group
b. Control group @
c. Treatment group
d. Independent group
 
14. There are a number of ways in which confounding extraneous variables can be controlled. Which
control technique is considered to be the best?
a. Random assignment @
b. Matching
c. Counterbalancing
d. None of the above
 
15. Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to groups in an
experimental study?
a.  Split-half (e.g., first half versus second half of a school directory)
b.  Even versus odd numbers
c.  Use a list of random numbers or a computer randomization program @
d.  Let the researcher decide which group will be the best
 
 
22. Which method of controlling confounding extraneous variables takes precedence over all other
methods?
a. Matching individual participants
b. Holding extraneous variables
c. Building the extraneous variable into the research design
d. Counterbalancing
e. Randomly assign research participants to the groups @
 
23. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced
by the ____.
a. Dependent variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Independent variable @
d. Confounding variable
 
24. This type of design is one where all participants participate in all experimental treatment
conditions.
a. Factorial design
b. Repeated measures design @
c. Replicated design
d. Pretest-posttest control-group design
 
  

 
  
3. Partial correlation analysis involves:
 a.  Examining the relationship between two or more variables controlling for additional
            variables statistically @
 b.  Including only one group in a correlational analysis 
 c.  Matching participants on potential confounding variables
d.   Limiting the sample to individuals at a constant level of an extraneous variable
 
 
   
14. Which one of the following is not a step in nonexperimental research?
a.       Determine research problem and hypotheses
b.      Analyze data
c.       Interpret results
d.      All are steps @
 
15. If a research finding is statistically significant, then ____.
a. The observed result is probably not due to chance @
b. The observed result cannot possibly be due to chance
c. The observed result is probably a chance result
d. The null hypothesis of “no relationship” is probably true

 
17. Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in a research study?
a.  Gender
b.  Ethnicity
c.  Intelligence and other traits
d.  None of the above can be manipulated in a research study @
 
   
25. If a correlation coefficient is .96, we would probably be able to say that the relationship is ____.
a. Weak
b. Strong
c. Statistically significant
d. b is true and c is probably true @
 
 
32. The Pearson product moment correlation measures the degree of  _________ relationship present
between two variables.
a. Curvilinear
b. Nonlinear
c. Linear and quadratic
d. Linear @
 

 
 
1. A researcher was interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. She interviews
several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are considered:
a.  Primary sources @
b.  Secondary Sources
c.  External critics
d.  Internal critics
 
2. The process of dealing with concerns over the authenticity of a source is referred to as:
a.  Sourcing
b.  Internal criticism
c.  Secondary criticism
d. External criticism @
 
3. A researcher studying the history of physical education finds a manuscript that purports to be from
the 14th century. Before he uses the source, he goes to three other experts who help him identify
whether the manuscript is authentic or not. His authentification of the object is referred to as:
a.  Positive criticism
b.  Internal criticism
c.  Secondary criticism
d.  External criticism @
 
4. to know the accuracy of the information contained in the sources present in the historical data is : 
a.  Positive criticism
b.  Internal criticism @
c.  External criticism
d.  Secondary criticism

 
6. Historical research is conducted for which of the following reasons?
a.  To identify the relationship that the past has to the present 
b.  To evaluate and record accomplishments of individuals or entities 
c.  To uncover the unknown
d.  All of the above
 
7.  Historical research is interpretative.
a. True @
b. False
c. sometime true
d. sometime false
 
8.  The following is a step in the process of historical research?
a.  Preparing a report or narrative exposition  
b.  Identifying a research topic and formulation of the research problem or question
c.  Data collection and/or literature review
d.  All of the above @
  
10.  In historical research, a primary source _________.
a.  Consists of firsthand accounts by witnesses to events  @
b.  Can consist of sources that include original maps, diaries, transcripts of the minutes of a  meeting,
and photographs 
c.  Both a and b @
d. none of the above
 
11.  In historical research secondary sources are _________.
a.  Generally considered more useful that primary sources 
b.  Generally considered less useful than primary sources @
 
  
14.  The process of determining the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the sources
collected is known as ______.
a.  External criticism
b.  Internal criticism @
c.  Vagueness
d.  Presentism
  
 
1. What is the median of the following set of scores?
18, 6, 12, 10, 14 ?
a. 10
b. 14
c. 18
d. 12 @
 
2. Approximately what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean in a
normal distribution?
a. 34%
b. 95%
c. 99%
d. 68% @
 
3. The denominator (bottom) of the z-score formula is
a.      The standard deviation @
b.     The difference between a score and the mean
c.      The range
d.     The mean
 
 
5. The standard deviation is:
a. The square root of the variance
b. A measure of variability
c. An approximate indicator of how numbers vary from the mean
d. All of the above @
 
6. Hypothesis testing and estimation are both types of descriptive statistics.
a. True
b. False @
 
 
8. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a ____.
a.  Line graph
b.  Bar graph @
c.  Scatterplot
d.  Vertical graph
 
9. The goal of ___________ is to focus on summarizing and explaining a specific set of data.
a.  Inferential statistics
b.  Descriptive statistics @
c.  None of the above
d.  All of the above
 
10. The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the ____.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode @
d. Range
 
11. As a general rule, the _______ is the best measure of central tendency because it is more precise.
a. Mean @
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range
 
 
13. Why are variance and standard deviation the most popular measures of variability?
a. They are the most stable and are foundations for more advanced statistical analysis @
b. They are the most simple to calculate with large data sets
c. They provide nominally scaled data
d. None of the above
 
14. ____________ is the set of procedures used to explain or predict the values of a dependent
variable based on the values of one or more independent variables.
a. Regression analysis @
b. Regression coefficient
c. Regression equation
d. Regression line
 
15. The ______ is the value you calculate when you want the arithmetic average.
a.  Mean @
b.  Median
c.  Mode
d.  All of the above
 
16. ___________ are used when you want to visually examine the relationship between two
quantitative variables.
a. Bar graphs
b. Pie graphs
c. Line graphs
d. Scatterplots @
 
17. The _______ is often the preferred measure of central tendency if the data are severely skewed.
a. Mean
b. Median @
c. Mode
d. Range
 
18. Which of the following is the formula for range?
a.   H + L
b.   L x H
c.   L - H
d.   H – L @
 
19. Which is a raw score that has been transformed into standard deviation units?
a.   z score @
b.   SDU score
c.   t score
d.   e score
 
20. Which of the following is NOT a measure of variability?
a.  Median @
b.  Variance
c.  Standard deviation
d.  Range
 
21. Which of the following is NOT a common measure of central tendency?
a.  Mode
b.  Range @
c.  Median
d.  Mean
 
22. What is the median of this set of numbers: 4, 6, 7, 9, 2000000?
a. 7.5
b. 6
c. 7 @
d. 4
 
23. What is the mean of this set of numbers: 4, 6, 7, 9, 2000000?
a. 7.5
b. 400,005.2 @
c. 7
d. 4
 
24.  Which of the following  is interpreted as the percentage of scores in a reference group that falls
below a particular raw score?
a.  Standard scores
b.  Percentile rank @
c.  Reference group
d.  None of the above
 
25. The median is ______.
a.  The middle point @
b.  The highest number
c.  The average
d.  Affected by extreme scores
 
26. Which measure of central tendency takes into account the magnitude of scores?
a. Mean @
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range
 
27. If a test was generally very easy, except for a few students who had very low
scores, then the distribution of scores would be _____.
a. Positively skewed
b. Negatively skewed @
c. Not skewed at all
d. Normal
  
29. Which of the following represents the fiftieth percentile, or the middle point in a set of numbers
arranged in order of magnitude?
a. Mode
b. Median @
c. Mean
d. Variance
 
30. If a distribution is skewed to the left, then it is __________.
a. Negatively skewed @
b. Positively skewed
c. Symmetrically skewed
d. Symmetrical
 
31. In a grouped frequency distribution, the intervals should be what?
a. Mutually exclusive
b. Exhaustive
c. Both A and B @
d. Neither A nor B
 
 
 
1. Which of the following symbols represents a population parameter?
a.  SD
b.  
c.  r
d.  0
  
3. What does it mean when you calculate a 95% confidence interval?
a.  The process you used will capture the true parameter 95% of the time in the long run
b.  You can be “95% confident” that your interval will include the population parameter
c.  You can be “5% confident” that your interval will not include the population parameter
d.  All of the above statements are true @
 
5. Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis?
a.  The coin is not fair
b.  There is a correlation in the population
c.  There is no difference between male and female incomes in the population @
d.  The defendant is guilty
 
6. The analysis of variance is a statistical test that is used to compare how many group means?
a. Three or more
b. Two or more @
 
7. What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called?
a. Sampling error
b. Sample error
c. Standard error @
d. Simple error
 
8. Hypothesis testing is the key branches of the field of inferential statistics?
a. True @
b. False
 
9. A ______ is a subset of a _________.
a. Sample, population @
b. Population, sample
c. Statistic, parameter
d. Parameter, statistic
 
10. A _______ is a numerical characteristic of a sample and a ______ is a numerical characteristic of
a population.
a. Sample, population
b. Population, sample
c. Statistic, parameter @
d. Parameter, statistic
  
12. As a general rule, researchers tend to use ____ percent confidence intervals.
a. 99%
b. 95% @
c. 50%
d. none of the above
 
13. Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when he or she is
engaging in hypothesis testing?
a.  The alternative hypothesis @
b.  The null hypothesis
c.  Both the alternative and null hypothesis
d.  Neither the alternative or null hypothesis
 
14. When p<.05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means
that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or
alpha level of .05).
a. True @
b. False
 
15. When p>05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means that
the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha
level of .05).
a. True
b. False @
 
16. _________ are the values that mark the boundaries of the confidence interval.
a.       Confidence intervals
b.      Confidence limits @
c.       Levels of confidence
d.   Margin of error
 
17. _____ results if you fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually false.
a.       Type I error
b.      Type II error @
c.       Type III error
d.      Type IV error
 
_____ results if you reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true.
a.       Type I error @
b.      Type II error
c.       Type III error
d.      Type IV error

18. A good way to get a small standard error is to use a ________.

a.  Repeated sampling      
b.  Small sample       
c.  Large sample     @  
d.  Large population
 
19. the probability of not committing a type II error is known as:
a. power of the test @
b. level of significance
c. confidence level
d. degree of freedom
20. a test is known as ------------- if it test the hypothesis that whether the means of two groups are
significantly different or not.
a. two tailed test @
b. one tailed test
c. analysis of covarience
d. one way ANOVA

 
22. ________ is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution.
a.  Standard error @
b.  Sample standard deviation
c.  Replication error
d.  Meta error
   
25. When the researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, a ____ error occurs.
a.   Type I @
b.   Type A
c.   Type II
d.   Type B
 
26. A post hoc test is ___.
a.  A test to compare two or more means in one overall test
b.  A test to determine regression to the mean
c.  A follow-up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more groups @
d.  A follow-up test to the independent t-test
 
27. The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions about
populations based on sample data is referred to as ___________.
a.  Descriptive statistics
b.  Inferential statistics @
c.  Sample statistics
d.  Population statistics
 
28. A statistical test used to compare 3 or more group means is known as _____.
a.  One-way analysis of variance @
b.  Post hoc test
c.  t-test for correlation coefficients
d.  Simple regression
  
30. The cutoff the researcher uses to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis is called the:
a.  Significance level
b.  Alpha level
c.  Probability value
d.  Both a and b are correct @
 
31. Which ____ percent confidence interval will be the widest (i.e., the least precise) for a particular
data set that includes exactly 500 cases?
a.  99% @
b.  95%
c.  90%
d.  None of the above
 
32. As sample size goes up, what tends to happen to 95% confidence intervals?
a.  They become more precise
b.  They become more narrow
c.  They become wider
d.  Both a and b @
 
33. __________ is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.
a.       Type I error
b.      Type II error @
c.       Type A error
d.      Type B error
 
34. Which of the following statements is/are true according to the logic of hypothesis testing?
a.   When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected
b.  When the null hypothesis is false, it should be rejected
d.  When the null hypothesis is false, it should not be rejected
e.  Both a and b are true @
  
36. Assuming innocence until “proven” guilty, a Type I error occurs when an innocent person is
found guilty.
a.  True @
b.  False
 
37. This is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.
a.  Standard error
b.  Sampling error @
c.  Difference error
d.  None of the above
 
38. The “equals” sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing?
a.  Null @
b. Alternative
c.  It can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis
 
39. A Type I error is also known as a ______.
a. False positive @
b. False negative
c. Double negative
d. Positive negative
 
40. A Type II error is also known as a ______.
a. False positive
b. False negative @
c. Double negative
d. Positive negative
 
41. the formula of rank order correlation coefficient is.
a. 1-6€D2/N(N2-1) 
b. 1+6€D2/N(N2-1) 
c. 1-6€D2/N2(N-1) 
d. none of the above

The number of basketball shoots is a type of:

a) Discrete variables @
b) Continuous variables
 c) True variables
d) None of the above
The sum of deviation of all the score in a set from their mean is
a) Zero @
b) Less than zero
c) More than zero
d) One
To find out the mode from median and mean, the formula is
a) 3 median -2 mean @
b) 3mean – 2 median
c) 3 median + 2 mean
d) 3 mean +2 median

 In positively skewed distribution, the exact position of central tendency is

a) Mode < median < mean @
b) mean < median < mode
c) Mode < mean < median
d) mean < mode < median

 In negatively skewed distribution, the exact position of central tendency is

a) Mode > median > mean @
b) mean > median > Mode
c) Median > mode > mean
d) Mode > mean > median

The measures of variability taken about median is

a) Quartile deviation @
b) Range
c) Mean deviation
d) SD

In a normal distribution the value of mean, median and mode are:

a) mean=median= mode @
b) mean >median>mode
c) Mode > mean > median
d) Mode < median < mean

The lack of symmetricity of normal curve is know as

a) Kurtosis
b) Skewness @
c) Flatness
d) None of the above

The measure of flatness of normal curve is known as:-

a) Kurtosis
b) Skewness
c) Binomial expansion
d) None of the above

If the calculated value of t is greater than the tabulated value of t:-

a) The significant difference will occur
b) The significant effect will occur
c) The alternate hypothesis will accept
d) All the above
 
  
2. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other
professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems? 
a. action research @
b. basic research
c. predictive research
d. orientational research
3. How much confidence should you place in a single research study? 
a. you should completely trust a single research study.
b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same findings @
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
4. The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of
research?
a. basic research @
b. action research
c. evaluation research
d. orientational research 
5. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?
a. rationalism
b. deductive reasoning @
c. inductive reasoning
d. probabilistic
 
7. Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the "same variables but
different people" is which of the following?
a. exploration
b. hypothesis
c. Replication @
d. empiricism
8.  ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.
a. rationalism
b. deductive reasoning
c. logic
d. Empiricism @
   
15. Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) theory?
a. Inductive @
b. Deductive
c. Imductive
d. Top down
   
18. Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method @
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method
 
19. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?
a. Deductive method @
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method
 
20. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method @
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method
 
   
4. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___.
a. a constant
b. a variable @
c. a cause-and-effect relationship
d. a descriptive relationship
5. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
a. categorical variable
b. dependent variable
c. independent variable @
d. intervening variable
6. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c. it uses the deductive scientific method
d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment @
  
8. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect
relationships?
a. nonexperimental Research
b. experimental Research @
9. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. extraneous variables are never present
b. a positive correlation usually exists
c. a negative correlation usually exists 
d. manipulation of the independent variable @
10. In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the
independent variable.
a. basic research
b. quantitative research
c. experimental research
d. causal-comparative and correlational research @
11. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. resistance to manipulation
b. manipulation of the independent variable @
c. the use of open-ended questions
d. focuses only on local problems
12.. A positive correlation is present when _______.
a. two variables move in opposite directions.
b. two variables move in the same direction. @
c. one variable goes up and one goes down
d. several variables never change.
13. Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative method for one phase and the quantitative
method for another phase is known as ______.
 a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research @
e. mixed model research
15.. Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?
a. experimental research
b. historical research @
c. replication
d. archival research
16. ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research @
c. ethnography
d. correlational research
17.. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
a. age, temperature, income, height
b. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
c. gender, religion, ethnic group
d. both a and b @
18.. What is the opposite of a variable?
a. a constant @
b. an extraneous variable
c. a dependent variable
d. a data set
20. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
a. age
b. annual income
c. grade point average
d. Religion @
21. In research, something that does not "vary" is called a ___________.
a. variable
b. method
c. Constant @
d. control group 
23. A researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She develops a
model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that parent involvement
has an impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school work. Thus, in her model,
greater parent involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student
achievement. Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study?
a. Manipulated variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Confounding variable
d. Mediating or intervening variable @

 
25. Which correlation is the strongest?
a.   +.10
b.   -.95
c.   +.90
d.  -1.00 @
 
26. The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:
a. Positive @
b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated
 
 

 
6. According to the text, which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the
development of a research idea?
a. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis @
b. Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research question, and hypothesis
c. Research topic, hypothesis, research purpose, research question, research problem
d. Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question, research purpose
 
 
9.  Sources of researchable problems can include: 
a.  Researchers’ own experiences as educators
b.  Practical issues that require solutions
c.  Theory and past research 
d.  All of the above @
  
 
12.  A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to do
which of the following?
a.  To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest
b.  To identify potential methodological problems in the research area
c.  To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest 
d.  All of the above @
  
 
17.  The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
a.  Cost and time required to conduct the study
b.  Skills required of the researcher
c.  Potential ethical concerns
d.  All of the above @
 
18.  A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally ______.
a.  Is made prior to the literature review 
b.  Is made after the literature review
c.  Will help guide the research process 
d.  b and c @
 
22. The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?
a. Introduction
b. Method @
c. Data analysis
d. Discussion
 
23.  Research hypotheses are ______.
a.  Formulated prior to a review of the literature 
b.  Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c.  Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted
d.  b and c @
 
25.  A research plan _____.
a.  is a blue print of the study
b.  is a conclusion of the study
c.  is a thesis of the study
d.  All of the above
 
 
27.  The Introduction section of the research plan
a.  Gives an overview of prior relevant studies
b.  Contains a statement of the purpose of the study
c.  gives boundaries and significance of the study 
d.  All of the above @
 
28. According to your text, which of the following is not a source of research ideas?
a. Everyday life
b. Practical issues
c. Past research
d. Theory
e. All of the above ARE sources of research ideas @

a.They are assigned to experimental and control groups from a sample which is representative of
the larger population.

b They each have an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental or control group.
.

c.They are assigned to experimental and control groups so that the groups differ on some critical
variable before the experiment begins.

d neither the experimenter nor the subject knows whether the subject is in the experimental or
. control group.

We wish to test the hypothesis that music improves learning. We compare test scores of students
who study to music with those who study in silence. Which of the following is an extraneous
variable in this experiment?
a. the presence or absence of music
b. the students' test scores
c. the amount of time allowed for the studying
d. silence

An experiment is performed to see if background music improves learning. Two groups study the
same material, one while listening to music and another without music. The independent variable
is
a. learning.
b. the size of the group.
c. the material studied.
d. music.

Which of the following coefficients of correlation indicates the strongest relationship between
two sets of variables?
a. -0.98
 b. 0.90
c. 0.00
d. 1.20

The most powerful research tool is a (an)

a. clinical study.
b. experiment.
c. survey.
d. correlational study.

Students who do better in high school tend to do better in college. This is an example of
a. a negative correlation.
b. a zero correlation.
c. a positive correlation.
d. a perfect correlation.

In the traditional learning experiment, the effect of practice on performance is investigated.

Performance is the __________ variable.
a. independent
b. extraneous
c. dependent
d. control

An advantage of the experimental method in physical education is

a the identification of a cause- and-effect relationship.
.
b similar to the correlational method in that causality is determined.
.
c that the surroundings are always similar to real life experiences.
.
d that it is an informal way to investigate behavior.
.
  A correlation coefficient of 0 means that there is
a. a strong negative relationship between the two variables.

b. a strong positive relationship between the two variables.

c. a perfect positive relationship between the two variables.

d. no relationship between the two variables.

The independent variable in an experiment is

a. the subject himself.
b.a measure of the subject's behavior.
c. the variable that the experimenter chooses to manipulate.
d.any unwanted variable that may adversely affect the subject's performance.

 A simple experiment has two groups of subjects called

a. the dependent group and the independent group.
b. the extraneous group and the independent group.
c. the before group and the after group.
d. the control group and the experimental group.
Which of the following coefficients of correlation indicates the weakest relationship between two sets
of variables?
a. 0.08
b. -0.29
c. 0.48
d. -1.00
A correlation coefficient of -1.09 indicates a(n)
a. strong positive correlation.
b. strong negative correlation.
c. cause/effect relationship.
d. error in computation.

Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other
professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems?
a. action research @
b. basic research
c. predictive research
d. orientational research
The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of
research?
a. basic research @ b. action research c. evaluation research d. orientational research

Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?

a. Deductive method @
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) theory?

a. Inductive @
b. Deductive
c. Imductive
d. Top down

A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):

a. categorical variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. intervening variable

Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect
relationships?
a. nonexperimental Research b. experimental Research
What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. extraneous variables are never present b. a positive correlation usually exists c. a negative
correlation usually exists d. manipulation of the independent variable @
A positive correlation is present when _______.
a. two variables move in opposite directions.
b. two variables move in the same direction.@
c. one variable goes up and one goes down
d. several variables never change.

Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____? \
a. experimental research
b. historical research
c. replication
d. archival research
……. research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. ethnography
d. correlational research

Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

a. age, temperature, income, height
b. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
c. gender, religion, ethnic group
d. both a and b @

What is the opposite of a variable?

a. a constant @
b. an extraneous variable
c. a dependent variable
d. a data set

Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?

a. age
b. annual income
c. grade point average
d. religion @

In research, something that does not "vary" is called a ___________.

a. variable
b. method
c. constant @
d. control group

Which correlation is the strongest?

a. +.10
b. -.95
c. +.90
d. -1.00

The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:

a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated

Which of the following statements are true? (Check one)

I. Categorical variables are the same as qualitative variables. 
II. Categorical variables are the same as quantitative variables. 
III. Quantitative variables can be continuous variables.
a) I only
b) II only
c) III only
d) I and III only