FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TERM PAPER ON

THE IGBO PEOPLE AND NIGERIA OF TOMORROW

WRITTEN BY

ELIBE EME JOHNSON

20071559573

SUBMITTED TO

MR. DAN CHIMA AMADI

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE ENG 313

APRIL, 2010.
[
 DEDICATION

With heartfelt and gratitude ii dedicate this work to our Almighty God

Jehovah whose help makes this work to be a success. I must

acknowledge my beloved parents, for giving me a decent education. I

am not forgetting my brothers, friends, neighbors and well wishers for

their motivations and support.

[

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research work of this nature could not have not completed without the

assistance and encouragement of many people with specialized

knowledge. I am particular grateful our lecturer Mr. Dan Chima and to

all men and women published and unpublished materials, which I

made reference to while writing this term paper.

I must acknowledge my brother Engr. Simeon Elibe, MTN

FOUNDATION, The typist and the members of Futo Librarians for their

varying contribution.
 ABSTRACT

The Ibos are people located in the some part of Nigeria; they formed

seven states in Nigeria (completely Ibos and those that have big Igbo

area and population). Their origin cannot be ascertained due to many

constraints, and thus it has been concluded that they are no early

intrusion into their present locations.

They played a very important role in the founding of Nigeria and its

independence, but circumstance beyond their control led them to fight

for their liberation in the year 1967. After the war ended in 1970,

Nigerian military government promised the reconciliation,

rehabilitation and reconstruction of Igbo land and people, instead, they

now brought alienation, dejection, marginalization, and all sort of

injustice to the Igbo people. This is feared could be a threat to their

existence. The future of the Igbo people in Nigerian political and social

well- being is foreseen to be blink, if concerted efforts are not made

today to reverse the trend of things.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

(1) General description of the Igbo people.

The Igbo people are those who have as their natural home, The Igbo

land, which is located in the southern part of Nigeria.

Basden (1966:110) describes that: “the Igbo land lies astride the

lower reaches of river Niger, immediately north of Delta and from a

considerable part of the west African protectorate known as Nigeria”.

The anthological geographic domination of Igbo land is further

described by Nzimiro (1965:117-118) as follows:

The Igbo’s are those who have been grouped into the Kwa stock

but with variations of dialect……..their territorial divisions cover the

whole area stretching from the coastlines of the Bright of Benin, and

continue to thee outskirts of Ibibio and Efik territories in the east, with

it eastern boundary being formed by the Cross river on the southern

and western side, it stretches to the borders of Ijaw, Jekri, Igado.……

and spread across the Niger to the confirms of Benin…its utmost

northern limits reach the boundary between southern and northern

Nigeria where the Akpoto and Muslins are the nearest neighbors.

Today the Ibos are found in seven states in Nigeria comprising five
completely Ibos (Enugu, Imo, Abia, Ebonyi, Anambra) and the other

two (Rivers and Delta states) which have a big Igbo area and

population

(ii) Statement of problem

The history of Igbo people has not been fully ascertained over the

century and different scholars has made several ascertains concerning

the Igbo origin. Afigbo (1986:1) disclose that:

The writing of Igbo history is still at a very rudimentary stage.

Not only are we still to worse on the main stages in the evolution of

Igbo culture and society, but what is more the raw materials

archaeological ethnographic, linguistic etc. from which the historian

can distill Igbo history are yet to be adequate uncovered, collected,

collated and interpreted.

To this effect I will limit my research to the fact that the Igbo people

are no recent intrusion into their ethnological landscape of Nigeria as

researcher approximate their existence in this location as early as

1300Ad
(v) Purpose of the study

This study is aimed at:

(1) Establishing the fact that the Igbo people were at the

beginning of Nigeria, that is at its very foundation and has

continued to help in her consolidation through their sweat,

strive, blood, talent and their treasure.

(2) Address the condition of Ibos in Nigeria and what will become

of them in the future of Nigeria.

(v) Significance of the study

This term paper will help more researchers to inquire more into the

topics (roles of Igbo people in Nigeria development, their present state

in Nigeria politics and the authenticity of the view their neighboring

tribe have concerning them).

(iv). Limitation and scope of the study. The study of Igbo people in

Nigeria is broad and inclusive. I limit this work to the discussion of

Igbo’s history, their roles in political system and economical

development.
CHAPTER TWO

THE IGBO HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

2.1 THE ORIGIN OF IGBO PEOPLE

To help us understand the Igbo people’s origin we must follow several

specified steps. Isichei (1970:19) declared that:

The history of many people begins with a migration, and a founding

father, but the available evidence suggest that the Igbo and their forbears

have lived in much their present homes from the dawn of human history.

The fact that they and their neighbors speak very different but related

language points to this conclusion. Any attempt to derive absolute time set

from patterns of linguistic change involves us in great metrological

difficulties…but the linguistic evidence certainly suggests ancient and

continuous settlement.

The topic of Igbo origin has seen several controversial assertions

based on hypothesis that includes:

1. That Igbo people came from the east (either Egypt or Israel).when

this hypothesis is patronized by African, scholars see it as an advanced

search for a noble cultural ancestor ……….when it is advanced by

Europeans, the same scholars see it as part of the age old Europeans

effort to discredit African initiative and genius and to attribute all

important development in African history to outside (non Africa

influence).

The historian Lugard (1898:459) opined that the groups of south-east

have no history before the Europeans.

2. That they were created where they are now found. This

autochthony is found among Igbo’s tribe and suggest that they have

settle in what is now known as Nigeria for a very long time indeed.

Moreover, the little evidence made from archaeology and linguistic.

Supports the claim of Igbo’s not being a recent intrusion into Nigeria.

2.2 IGBOS AS NIGERIA PATHFINDERS

The Ibos have a great historical and cultural pedigree as Recognized

and attested by world class Anthropologists, colonial administrators

and foreign missionaries who have also recognized their great human

strive and dynamism, versatility and creatively.

As stated early the Igbo people were there at the beginning of

the country called Nigeria (i.e. its foundation) and have contributed a

lot in its early development.

The Igbo people entered the Nigeria Amalgamation in 1914 with

some handicap, since they appear to have least exposure and

 interaction with other civilization, development kingdoms, and

empires. Presenting the Igbo positions Nwankwo discloses that:

... Apart from the fact that unlike the Hausa/Fulani, and the Yoruba of

the west, The Igbo never established any contagious natural kingdom

or empire in the whole of their history a fact, which limit elite capacity

for mobilization and sustainable follower ship and major index of group

survival . The Igbo were among the last batch of people to be touched

by dominant external influences. While a greater part of northern

Nigeria had already been explored ………

The above mentioned handicap of the Igbo were cancelled out between

1945 and 1960, in almost all section of their life (educationally,

intellectually, economically).they became the leading lights in the

nationals struggle for independence. The Igbo people have been

everything to Nigeria (foremost nationalist when everyone was

skeptical or even aversive to the idea of Nigeria, great freedom

fighters when some wanted independence postponed, great proponent

of the one Nigeria).The founding fathers of the country independence

Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe , Alhaji Ahmadu Bello , and chief Obafemi

Awolowo, Covered virtually all types of government between

themselves. The progressive of the Sarduana at first was

confederation, Awolowo was advocating for federalism, but Azikiwe

was the only person that advocated for unitarism. Azikiwe guest for

one Nigeria has been thee cherished dream and effort the Igbo’s.

In corroboration to this facts many renowned nationalist have the

saying that late chief Obafemi Awlowo fought for the interest of the

Yoruba and late Ahmadu Bello did the same for the northerners, Zik

devoted all his time and energy preaching and serving the interest of

the entire country. In fact the Igbo were consumed by the idea of one

Nigerian paying great price for the unity and independence of Nigeria.

They played a heroic and pioneering role in national development.

Furthermore, unlike any other ethnic group, they are spread in

incomparably larger number across the length and breathe of Nigeria

and have contributed immeasurably in the economic and social

development of their adopted places of residence .Uwakata (2003:5)

concludes:

…….of course the Igbo man will pay a great price for his zealousness for

Nigeria……. to love Nigeria more than his Igboness. He came to be much that

it swallowed him. The Igbo man’s benevolence and handwork soon became

his undoing, his achievement bred for him jealousies, his hard work soon

became to be seen as domination, and his versatility exploration. The Igbo

man came to be feared, hated, suspected and eventually suffered a great

massacre in the history the Igbo man in Nigeria

 CHAPTER THREE

Background Igbo present predicament.

3.1 The Nigeria Biafra war.

Igbo political personality and survival has been shaped by the series of

events, actions and omission that could have transpired at this time. A

cursory glance at some events and actions now would be necessary.

First, is to understand the nature of the situation as experienced by

Ibos in a general way. Otite (2004: ix) explains:

Conflict is perceived in most part of the world, including Nigeria as

something abnormal, dysfunctional…yet conflict is a part of life and

could be a precursor of a positive change. Every plural society is bound

to experience one form of conflict or the other. What makes a society

an ideal polity is the extent to which the conflicting interests and made

in a society are constructively managed so that violence does not

threaten its continued existence to this extent conflict is not to be

demonized but confronted with efficient procedures for comparative

problem solving.

The reserve has been the case in Nigeria as early as 1960 after her

independence. Nigeria witness a series of social and political conflict

when the contraption called Nigeria and unity called amalgamation

imposed by the colonial master were seriously tested by inter and intra

tribal regional and sectional disagreement on a number of issues , and

the struggle for political power, and control. These uncontrolled

conflicts believed to have resulted from the centrifugal forces to mal

administration, nepotism, corruption, economic management, blatant

rigging of election political intolerance and ethnic corruption led to

series of events and thus the civil war. The Biafra war started after the

creation of Biafra(a sovereign state), as a result of the humiliation,

extermination, bloodletting and spilling of innocent blood of Igbo and

those of the people of eastern region. These threats to the easterner’s

security and survival led to the declaration of the independent republic

of Biafra by Ojukwo on 30 May, 1967.

Ojukwo (1969:22) puts it this way:

……….worst of all came the genocide in which over 30,000 of our kith

and kin were slaughtered in cold blood all over Nigeria and nobody

asked questions, nobody showed regret, nobody showed remorse. This

Nigeria has become a jungle with no safety, no justice and no hope for

our people. We decided there to found a new place a human habitation

away from the Nigeria jungle.

That was the origin of our Biafra.

On 26th August, 1967 Nigeria supreme military council declared an

open war against Biafra a terrible fratricidal war which lasted for 30

solid months, claiming millions of lives. After three years the federal

military government eventually triumphed with the end of the world in

January 15th 1970.

Evidently, it is clear that the Igbo’s were destroyed for no cause

of their own. Accepting that the key players in the 1966 coups in

Nigeria were Igbo, yet they were soldiers. Accepting that the coup did

not materialized in the east as it did elsewhere, which the key coup

plotters regretted. The coup was done on behalf of the Igbo people

who knew nothing of it. Six other military coups in Nigeria whose

leaders were mainly from the northern and western part of Nigeria,

involving casualties since the first coup, have never been visited with

the action of the plotters on their ethnic group. Thus the question is

why did the Igbo’s have to suffer such brutality because of the action

of few military men who happens to be Igbo’s not minding that first

coup enjoyed the support of most Nigeria’s?

Hence it can be argued that it was not Igbo or easterners who

reneged on the Aburi accord which become rallying point of people of

easterner Nigeria, for everyone knew that Igbo’s and their easterners

were at the forefront in making Nigeria one.

This paradoxical and ironic state was explained by Nwabueze

(1985:261-262) thus:

The same people who had been the most active advocate of Nigeria

unity should also have sponsored secession……seems to be that

secession was forced upon them by a combination of tragic events.

The planned massacre in 1966 of thousands Igbo resident In the

north, the inability of the federal government to protect them and their

properties against such acts of wanton destruction, the constant state

of fear and insecurity in which he had to live, the possibility that the

pogrom might be regenerated ……consequent mass exodus of Igbo

from rest of Nigeria the safety of their homes In eastern Nigeria, the

failure to keep faith over the agreement reached by the military

leaders at Aburi, Ghana ……. These and other acts of oppression

combined produced in Ibos a feeling that they were no longer wanted

in federation

Further research into this issue made it evident that Igbo people were

simple the ultimate victims of other people quarrels and political feuds.

The Biafra war which ended in Jan 1970 left Igbo’s and the
easterners within the Biafra enclave, poor and dejected, A people who

spent their treasures building up what others suddenly found

themselves pamper, formally Igbo now found themselves without roots

despite the fact that the goal of the war which was survival could be

said to have been achieved. Both Nigeria and Igbo’s felt the impact of

the war and were happy it ended, that Gowon declared “no victor no

vanquished” and went further to promise the triple “Rs” for eastern

region namely reconciliation, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Before

we proceed lets attend to the question. Was General Gowon’s

promised concerning the Igbo’s realized? What is the condition that

ensued after the civil war?

3.2 WAR BY OTHER MEANS

After 40 years now since the civil war ended, none of the promises

have been realized in any appreciable or recognizable way. Rather the

Igbo people in particular have been made to feel vanquished all these

while

Although formal war did ended, yet there appears to have been

more insidious more perfidious, more destructive and dangerous war

against the Igbo’s

Uwalaka (2004:19) classified this war as “the Igbo question” in

Nigeria. This incident and destructive war (past civil war) has been

against the Igbo men psyche, self identity and ,self worth, self

consciousness, economic welfare. Uwalaka goes on to symbolized this

war against Igbo people by the word ‘marginalization’ , which are

official and calculated attempt to keep the Ibos poor and deprived, to

keep them permanently and psychologically defeated, to keep them

subservient doing the masters bidding, to keep them divided in order

to manipulate them.

The war against the Igbo people which is going on today is total

(economic, bureaucratic, political and structural), marginalization of

the Igbo has been well documented and well known as the cause of

Igbo predicament in the Nigeria of today, and also disclose the inability

or failure of Nigeria to heal the wounds of the civil war (giving the

Igbo’s as the sense of belonging).

(Vanguard Jan 21 2000)

a. Marginalization of Igbo people

Marginalization is regarded as the regulation of a people to an

unimportant position in a group. Interest of marginalized people is not

called for when serious decisions of natural interest are being taking.

The extent and seriousness of this issue of marginalization of the Igbo

people can be better understood by considering the articulation of

some prominent and well –informed Ibos. Former senate President and

a running mate in ANPP at the 2003 election declares that the current

marginalization of the Igbo is a continuation of the civil war that ended

over 3oyrs ago and that this war has taking many forms including

destruction of properties to strangers whenever it may be in Nigeria,

burning down of market because people are making some profit ,

restricting promotion of Igbo people for jobs which they are qualified

for, even withdrawal of this people from their jobs. Just because they

are Igbo’s and failure to give Ibos a place In Nigeria military (daily

champion of 21st July 2000 page 8) Dr Arthur Nwankwo a foremost

publisher writer and altruist comments on Igbo marginalization

saying that marginalization has become Igbo men bedmate and this

has resulted in a dangerous state of alienation and exclusion, implying

that the Igbo people has been effectively shut out from every sphere

of their natural life. to sum this up life let’s consider the articulation

that Dim Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu made concerning the

Igbo’s marginalization during his Presidential campaign as a candidate

of (APGA), he comments on the continuing sufferings of the Ibos by

stating that the Ibos are not seen as a people but are seen as a target

to which all problems and darts aimed at.

There is deliberate structural imbalance devised to minimize the

Ibos for instance, when Yoruba’s misunderstands themselves in the

street of Idumota and Balogun, Ibos are killed and their shops burnt.

When Hausa’s have problems In Kano Ibos are killed. Worst of all the

Gowon military government in attempt to win the war hurriedly split

Nigeria into 12 state to break the back bone of resistance in the east.

This tactics was the initiated by other subsequent military

governments, today the main land Igbo are chiseled into five states,

while their Yoruba and Fulani/ Hausa counterparts have seven and 19

states muscles , thus when it comes to national resources

disbursement , the Igbo’s share are insignificant in comparison with

their contemporary tribes.

 The cumulative consequences of this wide ranging marginalization

are quite pronounced in economic sector which has sentenced the

Igbo’s to economic penury and stagnation.

However, the Igbo’s having been outsiders in the political

catenations in Nigerian since 1970, coupled with many strategic

federal economic and political policies, which united their access of

political power. There has been the hemorrhaging of their economy, to

the point that it has become not only ecological waste land but also

economic waste land from which refuges stream out to the viable

centre of Abuja in the north and Lagos in the west.

Uwalaka (2004:24) asserts that “the conditions viz insecurity,

governmental recklessness, injustice, feeling of exclusion and

resentment that dragged us down the road of physical war are rousing

once again and the Igbo man again is the victim.

It is an irony that those who the Igbo people taught how to read

and write, those they taught the basic rudiments of civilized living,

those they taught the act of modern government, now present

themselves and at time with justification to teach Ibos on political

maturity, political wisdom, political prudence, political statecraft, and

political strategy . These unjust neglect inflicted on Ibos by groups and

governments is indeed a word turn upside down.

How could a people who have so much strength be easily

overwhelmed, so much wealth be easily impoverished, so much

oratory but with no serious effect, so much contribution with no

capable reward, so much activity but without much relevance cope?

b. PROCESS OF DE IGBONIZATION

The greatest political danger facing the Igbo as people in the future is

a silent but growing process of de-Igbonization taking place. In my

opinion de-igbonization is a process whereby sons and daughters are

denying their Igbo identity.

Uwalaka (2004:44) observes that:

The traumatizing , humiliating experience and exculpating suggesting and unjust

stigmatization which the Igbo people have gone through in contemporary Nigeria

have become an unbearable burden, and have crushed the spirit of many that they

are seeking refuge in self escape and fight for self ………..the unfortunate decision

that to be able to secure opportunity to be safe to delivery to escape from bondage

live in being un Igbo , anti Igbo or non Igbo’s to dress in borrowed ropes which is

tantamount to self alienation and bear a false work to be a counterpart personality.

The person of de-igbonalization is indeed a lamentable traffic situation for a people

 and a race.

Evidently, all over Nigeria; in offices, streets, market places,

institutions we see Igbo sons and daughters, politician, professionals,

youths and students, who has been swimming and swallowed up in

elaborate flowing of non-Igbo native and tribes, even non-Igbo

mannerism and styles, speaking other people language with unparallel

garrulity, eloquence unlike they do with Igbo languages. These are

indeed the greatest manifestation of the Igbo identify crisis, a real

defeat for a people and also an evidence of in authoriticity and

betrayal of our Igboness.

However, de-igbonilization process started after the civil war,

when certain Igbo speaking areas saw it as an act of liberation to

disown their Igboness and correct their Igbo tongues. Even some

areas of Igbo land have never regarded themselves as real Ibos. The

gravity of this tragic state is fully disclosed by considering the way

Uwalaka (2004:45) quotes Prof. Emmanuel, Nwanolue Emenanjos

unpublished lecture, when he opines that:

On the eve of the Biafra adventure the Igbo’s have a high profile in Nigeria and so it

was fashionable to be Igbo……with the fallen house of Biafra, many Igbo speaking

peoples and groups started to say that they are no longer Igbo’s. This has resulted
 in new myths of origin in certain communities.

If it is not Benin, or some other empire, it must be oriental clearly all these people

have got their anthropology, history and hectographs all wrong. Igbo names did not

sound well and so Ngozi had to change to Blessing, Ihuoma to fine face and Anuri

to Happiness, to sound better their Igbo place names did not look or sit well in their

new states and environment. And so some effusive had to be enervated from the

archeology or proto Igbo for synchronic use

Consequently, when Igbo people can no longer be sure who have a

viable political agenda, or positively change their political destiny will

neither materialize for a common good. Shameful political harlotry and

political directionless, they become innocent.

However, it is pertinent for the Igbo to realize that through

wearing out they identity (by any artificial contrivance and external

theatricals) enthusiastically or unknowingly adopted from the groups

as their own is like living in a fool’s paradise, because the scripture

says ‘when the die is cast and the tongue has betrayed you, then one

will be forced to answers his mother’s’. In my opinion the Igbo people

should have realized that freedom or liberation cannot come from self

hate or borrowed ropes, they have to cherish their potentials such as

adaptability and versatility, as a strong survival instinct and trait, not

as a tool to degenerate to the level of loss of identify and authenticity.

CHAPTER FOUR

THE IGBO PEOPLE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

The fundamental and radical fact of our individual and social existence

is our historicity (the fact that we make history, are immersed in

history and that we are historical being).

For everything that has a past has a story which influence the

present and project into the future.

It is observed that we make history through our free decisions,

choices, projection, and that this history play a vital role and salutary

role in the life of people and the nations. There is a saying that goes

“one who does not learn from the history repeats his mistakes”.

It is very regrettable and of course very counter productive that

the Ibos have not shown very strong sense of historical consciousness,

which is the active awareness that there present is a product of the

long past mark by a common struggle, of terrible vicissitudes of the

sweat and tears achievement, the deprivation or sacrificial good will of

our common ancestors to ensure the survival of their future generation

which is today and future Igbo generations. Many Igbo live as if there

were no yesterday. Benefit of this novelty is obsessive desire for self

improvement, futuristic and progressivism orientation and even liberal

and modern mentality and has benefited the Ibos by helping them to

live dangerous and surviving.

After the civil war ended, the past history of Igbo people has

seen difficulties, which led to their present condition today, since

political and social development of any tolerable level cannot exist

when the citizens are under bondage of poverty and ignorance. Politics

is about putting a place the operating organization and distribution

through which the complicated business of nation building, growth and

development could be conducted effectively to create favorable

conditions that facilitates the effective participation of all citizens in the

political process.

Uwalaka (2004:139) concludes: “if what you experience in Igbo

land In particular, and in Nigeria in general is anything to go by, then

political development is a tall order”.

Social development which has to do with improved capacity, ability

and willingness, and as means of a society to contribute its quota to

the move of achieving both individual societal goals in Igbo land and

Nigeria as a whole, is not worthy of admiration. In Nigeria of today the

government has employed poverty as a weapon of domination; they

unleash poverty and hunger to make the masses subservient and

dependent, they keep them poor in order to control and manipulate

them when and as the like. For as Benjamin Franklin said “poverty

often deprive a man of all spirit and virtue. It is hard for an empty bag

to stand upright”.

Ignorance their say is a disease, a chronic disease that has

afflicted most people even the literate ones. This is responsible to a

large extent for the sorrowful plight of people, it has made them

ignorant of; the source of their underdevelopment, their real identity

and the subtle mechanism of exploitation and manipulation which have

kept them where they are, and ignorant of their power as the real king

makers in a democratic set up. Today democracy In Nigeria is even

disastrous to Igbo people and the masses since they are not properly

equipped by education, which is the tool needed to select best ruler

and appropriate course of action, just as Plato feared. Ignorance in

Nigeria does not necessarily mean low literacy rate but the

environment that block a group of people from receiving proper

information about issues and event.

Conclusively, for Nigeria and Igbo land to progress in future, they

must realize the enormous human and material potentials they

possess, our leader must realize that their effort in making peaceful

change impossible is making violent revolution inevitable. The Ibos can

really turn around this horrible fate for Nigeria and their people if the

make concerted effort.In support of this Ukaegbu (2003:10) advised:

The Igbo may feel betrayed and sacrificed by their fellow Nigeria but, must not

allow their faith in Nigeria to die, a faith which has been a strong force all along for

the creation of a strong federation…………… there is a prime need for real and

positive nation building in Nigeria as a foundation for political stability and social

economic development”.

Finally it is evident that since 1970 Nigeria has never seen the total

development without the Igbo’s.

4.1 The future of Nigeria with Igbo strong inclusion

The Igbo versatility, enterprise and outward looking spirit are

Nigerians greatest asset and gift.

The bubbling and almost inexhaustible energy of the Ibos and his

environment, his fertile creativity and vitality are too strong, and too

robust to be enclose or confined in little space like Igbo land alone, but

always restless and seeking outlet into bigger spaces and pushing
frontiers for containment, thus they have natural geographical

endowment as a vocation for Nigeria and African as a whole. The

passionate dedication to democratic ideals and the opportunity for

every individual to fully participate in the affair of the community are

principles from Igbo political history that should stand Nigeria in good

stead in her search for a stable political system.

This is a future in which no one or group would be treated in any way

and manner that constitute threat to their security and survival.

Further more for actualization of this future the Igbo should never

allow themselves to be swallowed up and dissolved in this present

amorphous and oppressive Nigeria in the name of patriotism, since

doing so means giving legitimacy to the socio-economic and political

structures that have marginalized and obstructed their development.

CHAPTER FIVE
 Conclusion

Every ethnic group in Nigeria and beyond has areas where

modernization and western influence have affected or even changed.

Igbo people has after the civil war which ended in the year 1970, seen

various forms of humiliations and injustices from their neighboring

tribes, which is feared could led to their extinction in the near future.

Thanks for the intervention of seasoned scholars and well-wishers,

who through words of advice helps In evaluating their condition, and

providing alternative means to help in enriching their lives the in

Nigeria of tomorrow.

I hope this work will be accepted with an open mind and thus stir

the reader to research more into this topic in other to bring more fact

into lime light.

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Anya, A.O. (1982). The Ecology and Sociology of Igbo Culture, and

Political Development.

NP.

Basden, G.t. (1966).Niger Ibos.

London: Frank Cass & co. ltd publishers.

Isichei, E. (1973). The Ibo People and thee Europeans.

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Nwabueze, B.O. (1985). Constitutionalism in emergent State

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Nwankwo, A. (1980). Nigeria: The Challenge of Biafra.

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Nigeria.

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