Operating System (English) PDF

Operating System
What is an Operating System?

 An Operating system (OS) is software which acts as an interface between the end user and
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. Every computer must
have at least one OS to run other programs.
 An application likes Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc needs some environment in which it will
run and perform its task.
 The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the
computer's language.
 It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device without having an
operating system.
Features of Operating System:-
Important features of an Operating System:
 Protected and supervisor mode

 Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
 Program Execution
 Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
 Handling I/O operations
 Manipulation of the file system
 Error Detection and handling
 Resource allocation
 Information and Resource Protection
Functions of an Operating System:-

Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
1. Memory Management
 Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main
memory is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own address.
 Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program
to be executed, it must in the main memory. An Operating System does the following
activities for memory management −
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part are not in
use.
 In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and how much.
 Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.
2. Processor Management
 In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor when
and for how much time. This function is called process scheduling. An Operating System
does the following activities for processor management −
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for this task is
known as traffic controller.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
3. Device Management
 An Operating System manages device communication via their respective drivers. It does the
following activities for device management −
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
4. File Management
 A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions.
 An Operating System does the following activities for file management −
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are often known
as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.
5. Input/Output Management
The input and output subsystem consists of:
 A memory management component that includes buffering, caching and spooling

 A general device-driver interface
 Drivers for specific hardware devices
6. Important functions of an operating System:

 Security
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
Types of Operating system

1) Batch Operating System
2) Time Sharing OS
3) Multiprogramming
4) Real Time OS
5) Distributed OS
6) Network OS
1) Batch operating system

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares
his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up
processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave
their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements
into batches.
The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −
 Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

 CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
 Difficult to provide the desired priority.
2) Time-sharing systems
These are multi-user and multi-process systems. Multi-user means system allows multiple users
simultaneously. In this system, a user can run one or more processes at the same time. Examples of
time-sharing systems are UNIX, Linux, Windows server editions.
3) Multiprogramming
Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time, is referred as
multiprogramming. Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor. Multiprogramming
increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute.
An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming.
 The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
 This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
 The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
 Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and system
resources using memory management programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle, unless
there are no jobs to process.
4) Real Time operating System

A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the
system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response
time. So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.
5) Distributed operating System

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and
multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as
sites, nodes, computers, and so on.
6) Network operating System

A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the
network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a
network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.
Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.

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Operating System

What is an Operating System?

 Protected and supervisor mode

Functions of an Operating System:-

 A memory management component that includes buffering, caching and spooling

6. Important functions of an operating System:

Types of Operating system

1) Batch operating system

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −

 Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

4) Real Time operating System

5) Distributed operating System

6) Network operating System

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