Sar 3 Comp 2

Hatter 1
Jasmine Hatter
Carrie Hatfield
English 1302
2 April 2020
SAR 3
Burkhardt, Brett C. “Criminal Punishment, Labor Market Outcomes, and Economic Inequality:
Devah Pager’s Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass
Incarceration.” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 34, no. 4, Fall 2009, pp. 1039–1060.
EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01172.x.
Brett Burkhardt wrote the article, “Criminal Punishment, Labor Market
Outcomes, and Economic Inequality: Devah Pager’s Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in
an Era of Mass Incarceration.” to illustrate the impact of mass incarceration and the role it plays
in the racial divide within the criminal justice system. Burkhardt wrote this essay to shed light
upon the economic inequality in the law. Burkhart addresses all the psychological damage of
people who were victims to racial discrimation while incarcerated and how it affects the families
involved. He also notes that imprisoned people who are colored have a harder time finding a job,
which could lead them to things that might land them back in jail.
Gerstmann, Evan. “Where Is Equal Protection? Applying Strict Scrutiny to Use of Race by Law
Enforcement.” Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic Justice, vol. 29, Spring 2013, pp. 1–
31. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=92007992&site=ehost-live.
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In the article, “Where Is Equal Protection? Applying Strict Scrutiny to Use of
Race by Law Enforcement.” by Evan Gerstmann, the author attempts to move the debate
over by shedding light on the abuse of power by police and why racial profiling is not a
successful tactic. Gerstmann argues that courts should apply critical observation and
examination use of race by law enforcement. He states that police should stop pulling
people over and interrogating them based on descriptions of race only. Gerstmann notes
that when other institutions depend on the skin color of others, courts already know to
apply strict scrutiny regardless of the institute’s reputation. Gerstmann thinks that it is
important that courts apply the same rules and ideas everywhere across America.
Philogene, Meikhel M. “Why the Black Man Is Really Gray.” National Lawyers Guild Review,
vol. 75, no. 3, Spring 2019, pp. 1–20. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
“Why the Black Man Is Really Gray” written by Meikel Philogene gives a better
description on the information of mass incarceration and racial discrimination against colored
people. Philogene states that the criminal justice system tries enforce racial segregation and
allows racial inquality to flourish within the prison walls. Philogene notes that current systems
will say that this discrimination promotes safety for prisoners, so prison systems are allowed to
get away with discrimination in today’s society. Philogene writes in this article that the constant
negative racial stereotypes and remarks that are appearing in the news, sports, and entertainment
industries are aiding the over growing amount of police brutality incidents towards black people.
Cox, Robynn. “Mass Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful Aging.” Mass
Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful Aging | American Society on

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Aging, www.asaging.org/blog/mass-incarceration-racial-disparities-health-and-
successful-aging.
In the article, “Mass Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful
Aging.” by Robynn Cox, the author notes all the long-term effects of mass incarceration and how
it indirectly causes stress on anyone involved including immediate family and relatives. The
author points out if you compare the rates of blacks and whites in the prison system, it is clear
that black people are more impacted than white people. This is not to say that black people
commit more crimes than white people, but rather black people are placed in jail longer and
more frequently than white people. According to Cox, African-Americans who have been
incarcerated have a higher death rate due to the emotional trauma and the psychological setbacks
that can be placed on a person after being in prison. Cox concludes her article stating that there
can not be a discussion about racial health disparities without considering the emotional trauma
placed on people of color because of the criminal justice system.
Rovner, Josh, et al. “Race & Justice News: Department of Justice Frames Reforms as Anti-
Police.” The Sentencing Project, 18 Dec. 2019, www.sentencingproject.org/news/race-
justice-news-department-justice-frames-reforms-anti-police/.
“Race & Justice News: Department of Justice Frames Reforms as Anti-Police.” written
by Josh Rovner reports that American officials are framing some policing and prosecutorial
reforms as anti-police riots. Attorney General William Barr stated during a ceremony honoring
police officers “If communities don’t give that support and respect they might find themselves
without the police protection they need'' this statement caused a lot of commotion within the
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colored community and people that have protested about police brutality who feel scared about
their safety. Another Attorney General, trying to support Willam Barr, has argued that people are
misinterpreting Barr’s statements and they are trying to criminalize police. Ronver believes that
most district attorneys feel that someone has to have the power, money, and influence to enforce
the law and regulate people's lives.
Work Cited
Burkhardt, Brett C. “Criminal Punishment, Labor Market Outcomes, and Economic
Inequality: Devah Pager’s Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass
Incarceration.” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 34, no. 4, Fall 2009, pp. 1039–1060.
EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01172.x.
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Gerstmann, Evan. “Where Is Equal Protection? Applying Strict Scrutiny to Use of Race
by Law Enforcement.” Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic Justice, vol. 29, Spring
2013, pp. 1–31. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
Philogene, Meikhel M. “Why the Black Man Is Really Gray.” National Lawyers Guild
Review, vol. 75, no. 3, Spring 2019, pp. 1–20. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=138875041&site=ehost-live.
Cox, Robynn. “Mass Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful Aging.”
Mass Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful Aging | American
Society on Aging, www.asaging.org/blog/mass-incarceration-racial-disparities-health-
and-successful-aging.
Rovner, Josh, et al. “Race & Justice News: Department of Justice Frames Reforms as
Anti-Police.” The Sentencing Project, 18 Dec. 2019,
www.sentencingproject.org/news/race-justice-news-department-justice-frames-reforms-
anti-police/.

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Hatter 1

Brett Burkhardt wrote the article, “Criminal Punishment, Labor Market

31. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

In the article, “Where Is Equal Protection? Applying Strict Scrutiny to Use of

vol. 75, no. 3, Spring 2019, pp. 1–20. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful Aging | American Society on

In the article, “Mass Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful

placed on people of color because of the criminal justice system.

Police.” The Sentencing Project, 18 Dec. 2019, www.sentencingproject.org/news/race-

the law and regulate people's lives.

Burkhardt, Brett C. “Criminal Punishment, Labor Market Outcomes, and Economic

2013, pp. 1–31. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

Review, vol. 75, no. 3, Spring 2019, pp. 1–20. EBSCOhost,

Mass Incarceration, Racial Disparities in Health, and Successful Aging | American

Society on Aging, www.asaging.org/blog/mass-incarceration-racial-disparities-health-

Anti-Police.” The Sentencing Project, 18 Dec. 2019,

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