Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B3 Republic V Eugenio
B3 Republic V Eugenio
Doctrine:
Topic: Bill of Rights – Ex Post Facto Law
Subtopic: Prohibition against ex post facto law or bill of attainder only applies to penal matters
Digested by: JSRG
FACTS:
1. Under the authority granted by the Resolution, the AMLC filed an application to inquire
into or examine the deposits or investments of Alvarez, Trinidad, Liongson and Cheng
Yong before the RTC of Makati, Branch 138, presided by Judge (now Court of Appeals
Justice) Sixto Marella, Jr.
2. The Makati RTC heard the testimony of the Deputy Director of the AMLC, Richard
David C. Funk II, and received the documentary evidence of the AMLC. Thereafter,
on 4 July 2005, the Makati RTC rendered an Order (Makati RTC bank inquiry order)
granting the AMLC the authority to inquire and examine the subject bank accounts of
Alvarez, Trinidad, Liongson and Cheng Yong, the trial court being satisfied that there
existed probable cause to believe that the deposits in various bank accounts are
related to the offense of violation of Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act now the
subject of criminal prosecution before the Sandiganbayan as attested to by the
Informations, Exhibits C, D, E, F, and G Pursuant to the Makati RTC bank inquiry
order, the CIS proceeded to inquire and examine the deposits, investments and
related web accounts of the four.
3. Meanwhile, the Special Prosecutor of the Office of the Ombudsman, Dennis Villa-
Ignacio, wrote a letter dated 2 November 2005, requesting the AMLC to investigate
the accounts of Alvarez, PIATCO, and several other entities involved in the nullified
contract. The letter adverted to probable cause to believe that the bank accounts were
used in the commission of unlawful activities that were committed a in relation to the
criminal cases then pending before the Sandiganbayan.
Whether or not the proscription against ex post facto laws applies to Section 11 of the
AMLA (a provision which does not provide a penal sanction BUT which
merely authorizes the inspection of suspect accounts and deposits).
RULING:
Yes. The proscription against ex post facto laws applies to Section 11 of the AMLA.
(1) The fact that bank accounts were involved in activities later
on enumerated in the law did not, by itself, remove such accounts from
the shelter of absolute confidentiality.(2) In order that bank accounts could
be examined, there was need to secure either the written permission of the
depositor OR a court order authorizing such examination, assuming that
they were involved in cases of bribery or dereliction of duty of public officials,
or in a case where the money deposited or invested was itself the subject
matter of the litigation
The AMLA, being a substantive penal statute, has no retroactive effect and the
bank inquiry order could not apply to deposits or investments opened prior to the
affectivity of the AMLA (17 October 2001). The subject bank accounts, opened in 1989 to
1990, could not be the subject of the bank inquiry order without violating the constitutional
prohibition against ex post facto laws.
Thus, the proscription against ex post facto laws applies to Section 11 of the AMLA.
Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
SECOND DIVISION
DECISION
TINGA, J.:
The present petition for certiorari and prohibition under Rule 65 assails the orders and resolutions
issued by two different courts in two different cases. The courts and cases in question are the
Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 24, which heard SP Case No. 06-1142001 and the Court of
Appeals, Tenth Division, which heared CA-G.R. SP No. 95198.2 Both cases arose as part of the
aftermath of the ruling of this Court in Agan v. PIATCO3 nullifying the concession agreement
awarded to the Philippine International Airport Terminal Corporation (PIATCO) over the Ninoy
Aquino International Airport – International Passenger Terminal 3 (NAIA 3) Project.
I.
Following the promulgation of Agan, a series of investigations concerning the award of the NAIA 3
contracts to PIATCO were undertaken by the Ombudsman and the Compliance and Investigation
Staff (CIS) of petitioner Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC). On 24 May 2005, the Office of the
Solicitor General (OSG) wrote the AMLC requesting the latter’s assistance "in obtaining more
evidence to completely reveal the financial trail of corruption surrounding the [NAIA 3] Project," and
also noting that petitioner Republic of the Philippines was presently defending itself in two
international arbitration cases filed in relation to the NAIA 3 Project. 4 The CIS conducted an
intelligence database search on the financial transactions of certain individuals involved in the
award, including respondent Pantaleon Alvarez (Alvarez) who had been the Chairman of the PBAC
Technical Committee, NAIA-IPT3 Project.5 By this time, Alvarez had already been charged by the
Ombudsman with violation of Section 3(j) of R.A. No. 3019. 6 The search revealed that Alvarez
maintained eight (8) bank accounts with six (6) different banks. 7
On 27 June 2005, the AMLC issued Resolution No. 75, Series of 2005, 8 whereby the Council
resolved to authorize the Executive Director of the AMLC "to sign and verify an application to inquire
into and/or examine the [deposits] or investments of Pantaleon Alvarez, Wilfredo Trinidad, Alfredo
Liongson, and Cheng Yong, and their related web of accounts wherever these may be found, as
defined under Rule 10.4 of the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations;" and to authorize the
AMLC Secretariat "to conduct an inquiry into subject accounts once the Regional Trial Court grants
the application to inquire into and/or examine the bank accounts" of those four individuals. 9 The
resolution enumerated the particular bank accounts of Alvarez, Wilfredo Trinidad (Trinidad), Alfredo
Liongson (Liongson) and Cheng Yong which were to be the subject of the inquiry. 10 The rationale for
the said resolution was founded on the cited findings of the CIS that amounts were transferred from
a Hong Kong bank account owned by Jetstream Pacific Ltd. Account to bank accounts in the
Philippines maintained by Liongson and Cheng Yong.11 The Resolution also noted that "[b]y
awarding the contract to PIATCO despite its lack of financial capacity, Pantaleon Alvarez caused
undue injury to the government by giving PIATCO unwarranted benefits, advantage, or preference in
the discharge of his official administrative functions through manifest partiality, evident bad faith, or
gross inexcusable negligence, in violation of Section 3(e) of Republic Act No. 3019."12
Under the authority granted by the Resolution, the AMLC filed an application to inquire into or
examine the deposits or investments of Alvarez, Trinidad, Liongson and Cheng Yong before the
RTC of Makati, Branch 138, presided by Judge (now Court of Appeals Justice) Sixto Marella, Jr. The
application was docketed as AMLC No. 05-005.13 The Makati RTC heard the testimony of the Deputy
Director of the AMLC, Richard David C. Funk II, and received the documentary evidence of the
AMLC.14 Thereafter, on 4 July 2005, the Makati RTC rendered an Order (Makati RTC bank inquiry
order) granting the AMLC the authority to inquire and examine the subject bank accounts of Alvarez,
Trinidad, Liongson and Cheng Yong, the trial court being satisfied that there existed "[p]robable
cause [to] believe that the deposits in various bank accounts, details of which appear in paragraph 1
of the Application, are related to the offense of violation of Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act now
the subject of criminal prosecution before the Sandiganbayan as attested to by the Informations,
Exhibits C, D, E, F, and G."15 Pursuant to the Makati RTC bank inquiry order, the CIS proceeded to
inquire and examine the deposits, investments and related web accounts of the four. 16
Meanwhile, the Special Prosecutor of the Office of the Ombudsman, Dennis Villa-Ignacio, wrote a
letter dated 2 November 2005, requesting the AMLC to investigate the accounts of Alvarez,
PIATCO, and several other entities involved in the nullified contract. The letter adverted to probable
cause to believe that the bank accounts "were used in the commission of unlawful activities that
were committed" in relation to the criminal cases then pending before the
Sandiganbayan.17 Attached to the letter was a memorandum "on why the investigation of the
[accounts] is necessary in the prosecution of the above criminal cases before the Sandiganbayan." 18
In response to the letter of the Special Prosecutor, the AMLC promulgated on 9 December 2005
Resolution No. 121 Series of 2005,19 which authorized the executive director of the AMLC to inquire
into and examine the accounts named in the letter, including one maintained by Alvarez with DBS
Bank and two other accounts in the name of Cheng Yong with Metrobank. The Resolution
characterized the memorandum attached to the Special Prosecutor’s letter as "extensively justif[ying]
the existence of probable cause that the bank accounts of the persons and entities mentioned in the
letter are related to the unlawful activity of violation of Sections 3(g) and 3(e) of Rep. Act No. 3019,
as amended."20
Following the December 2005 AMLC Resolution, the Republic, through the AMLC, filed an
application21 before the Manila RTC to inquire into and/or examine thirteen (13) accounts and two (2)
related web of accounts alleged as having been used to facilitate corruption in the NAIA 3 Project.
Among said accounts were the DBS Bank account of Alvarez and the Metrobank accounts of Cheng
Yong. The case was raffled to Manila RTC, Branch 24, presided by respondent Judge Antonio
Eugenio, Jr., and docketed as SP Case No. 06-114200.
On 12 January 2006, the Manila RTC issued an Order (Manila RTC bank inquiry order) granting
the Ex Parte Application expressing therein "[that] the allegations in said application to be impressed
with merit, and in conformity with Section 11 of R.A. No. 9160, as amended, otherwise known as the
Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) of 2001 and Rules 11.1 and 11.2 of the Revised Implementing
Rules and Regulations."22 Authority was thus granted to the AMLC to inquire into the bank accounts
listed therein.
On 25 January 2006, Alvarez, through counsel, entered his appearance 23 before the Manila RTC in
SP Case No. 06-114200 and filed an Urgent Motion to Stay Enforcement of Order of January 12,
2006.24 Alvarez alleged that he fortuitously learned of the bank inquiry order, which was issued
following an ex parte application, and he argued that nothing in R.A. No. 9160 authorized the AMLC
to seek the authority to inquire into bank accounts ex parte.25 The day after Alvarez filed his motion,
26 January 2006, the Manila RTC issued an Order 26 staying the enforcement of its bank inquiry
order and giving the Republic five (5) days to respond to Alvarez’s motion.
The Republic filed an Omnibus Motion for Reconsideration27 of the 26 January 2006 Manila RTC
Order and likewise sought to strike out Alvarez’s motion that led to the issuance of said order. For
his part, Alvarez filed a Reply and Motion to Dismiss 28 the application for bank inquiry order. On 2
May 2006, the Manila RTC issued an Omnibus Order 29 granting the Republic’s Motion for
Reconsideration, denying Alvarez’s motion to dismiss and reinstating "in full force and effect" the
Order dated 12 January 2006. In the omnibus order, the Manila RTC reiterated that the material
allegations in the application for bank inquiry order filed by the Republic stood as "the probable
cause for the investigation and examination of the bank accounts and investments of the
respondents."30
Alvarez filed on 10 May 2006 an Urgent Motion31 expressing his apprehension that the AMLC would
immediately enforce the omnibus order and would thereby render the motion for reconsideration he
intended to file as moot and academic; thus he sought that the Republic be refrained from enforcing
the omnibus order in the meantime. Acting on this motion, the Manila RTC, on 11 May 2006, issued
an Order32 requiring the OSG to file a comment/opposition and reminding the parties that judgments
and orders become final and executory upon the expiration of fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof,
as it is the period within which a motion for reconsideration could be filed. Alvarez filed his Motion for
Reconsideration33 of the omnibus order on 15 May 2006, but the motion was denied by the Manila
RTC in an Order34 dated 5 July 2006.
On 11 July 2006, Alvarez filed an Urgent Motion and Manifestation35 wherein he manifested having
received reliable information that the AMLC was about to implement the Manila RTC bank inquiry
order even though he was intending to appeal from it. On the premise that only a final and executory
judgment or order could be executed or implemented, Alvarez sought that the AMLC be immediately
ordered to refrain from enforcing the Manila RTC bank inquiry order.
On 12 July 2006, the Manila RTC, acting on Alvarez’s latest motion, issued an Order 36 directing the
AMLC "to refrain from enforcing the order dated January 12, 2006 until the expiration of the period to
appeal, without any appeal having been filed." On the same day, Alvarez filed a Notice of
Appeal37 with the Manila RTC.
On 24 July 2006, Alvarez filed an Urgent Ex Parte Motion for Clarification.38 Therein, he alleged
having learned that the AMLC had began to inquire into the bank accounts of the other persons
mentioned in the application for bank inquiry order filed by the Republic.39 Considering that the
Manila RTC bank inquiry order was issued ex parte, without notice to those other persons, Alvarez
prayed that the AMLC be ordered to refrain from inquiring into any of the other bank deposits and
alleged web of accounts enumerated in AMLC’s application with the RTC; and that the AMLC be
directed to refrain from using, disclosing or publishing in any proceeding or venue any information or
document obtained in violation of the 11 May 2006 RTC Order. 40
On 25 July 2006, or one day after Alvarez filed his motion, the Manila RTC issued an
Order41 wherein it clarified that "the Ex Parte Order of this Court dated January 12, 2006 can not be
implemented against the deposits or accounts of any of the persons enumerated in the AMLC
Application until the appeal of movant Alvarez is finally resolved, otherwise, the appeal would be
rendered moot and academic or even nugatory." 42 In addition, the AMLC was ordered "not to
disclose or publish any information or document found or obtained in [v]iolation of the May 11, 2006
Order of this Court."43 The Manila RTC reasoned that the other persons mentioned in AMLC’s
application were not served with the court’s 12 January 2006 Order. This 25 July 2006 Manila RTC
Order is the first of the four rulings being assailed through this petition.
In response, the Republic filed an Urgent Omnibus Motion for Reconsideration44 dated 27 July 2006,
urging that it be allowed to immediately enforce the bank inquiry order against Alvarez and that
Alvarez’s notice of appeal be expunged from the records since appeal from an order of inquiry is
disallowed under the Anti money Laundering Act (AMLA).
Meanwhile, respondent Lilia Cheng filed with the Court of Appeals a Petition for Certiorari,
Prohibition and Mandamus with Application for TRO and/or Writ of Preliminary Injunction45 dated 10
July 2006, directed against the Republic of the Philippines through the AMLC, Manila RTC Judge
Eugenio, Jr. and Makati RTC Judge Marella, Jr.. She identified herself as the wife of Cheng
Yong46 with whom she jointly owns a conjugal bank account with Citibank that is covered by the
Makati RTC bank inquiry order, and two conjugal bank accounts with Metrobank that are covered by
the Manila RTC bank inquiry order. Lilia Cheng imputed grave abuse of discretion on the part of the
Makati and Manila RTCs in granting AMLC’s ex parte applications for a bank inquiry order, arguing
among others that the ex parte applications violated her constitutional right to due process, that the
bank inquiry order under the AMLA can only be granted in connection with violations of the AMLA
and that the AMLA can not apply to bank accounts opened and transactions entered into prior to the
effectivity of the AMLA or to bank accounts located outside the Philippines. 47
On 1 August 2006, the Court of Appeals, acting on Lilia Cheng’s petition, issued a Temporary
Restraining Order48 enjoining the Manila and Makati trial courts from implementing, enforcing or
executing the respective bank inquiry orders previously issued, and the AMLC from enforcing and
implementing such orders. On even date, the Manila RTC issued an Order49 resolving to hold in
abeyance the resolution of the urgent omnibus motion for reconsideration then pending before it until
the resolution of Lilia Cheng’s petition for certiorari with the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals
Resolution directing the issuance of the temporary restraining order is the second of the four rulings
assailed in the present petition.
The third assailed ruling50 was issued on 15 August 2006 by the Manila RTC, acting on the Urgent
Motion for Clarification51 dated 14 August 2006 filed by Alvarez. It appears that the 1 August 2006
Manila RTC Order had amended its previous 25 July 2006 Order by deleting the last paragraph
which stated that the AMLC "should not disclose or publish any information or document found or
obtained in violation of the May 11, 2006 Order of this Court." 52 In this new motion, Alvarez argued
that the deletion of that paragraph would allow the AMLC to implement the bank inquiry orders and
publish whatever information it might obtain thereupon even before the final orders of the Manila
RTC could become final and executory.53 In the 15 August 2006 Order, the Manila RTC reiterated
that the bank inquiry order it had issued could not be implemented or enforced by the AMLC or any
of its representatives until the appeal therefrom was finally resolved and that any enforcement
thereof would be unauthorized.54
The present Consolidated Petition55 for certiorari and prohibition under Rule 65 was filed on 2
October 2006, assailing the two Orders of the Manila RTC dated 25 July and 15 August 2006 and
the Temporary Restraining Order dated 1 August 2006 of the Court of Appeals. Through an Urgent
Manifestation and Motion56 dated 9 October 2006, petitioner informed the Court that on 22
September 2006, the Court of Appeals hearing Lilia Cheng’s petition had granted a writ of
preliminary injunction in her favor. 57 Thereafter, petitioner sought as well the nullification of the 22
September 2006 Resolution of the Court of Appeals, thereby constituting the fourth ruling assailed in
the instant petition.58
The Court had initially granted a Temporary Restraining Order 59 dated 6 October 2006 and later on a
Supplemental Temporary Restraining Order60 dated 13 October 2006 in petitioner’s favor, enjoining
the implementation of the assailed rulings of the Manila RTC and the Court of Appeals. However, on
respondents’ motion, the Court, through a Resolution61 dated 11 December 2006, suspended the
implementation of the restraining orders it had earlier issued.
Oral arguments were held on 17 January 2007. The Court consolidated the issues for argument as
follows:
1. Did the RTC-Manila, in issuing the Orders dated 25 July 2006 and 15 August 2006 which
deferred the implementation of its Order dated 12 January 2006, and the Court of Appeals, in
issuing its Resolution dated 1 August 2006, which ordered the status quo in relation to the 1
July 2005 Order of the RTC-Makati and the 12 January 2006 Order of the RTC-Manila, both
of which authorized the examination of bank accounts under Section 11 of Rep. Act No.
9160 (AMLA), commit grave abuse of discretion?
(b) What legal procedures and standards should be observed in the conduct of the
proceedings for the issuance of said order?
2. Is it proper for this Court at this time and in this case to inquire into and pass upon the
validity of the 1 July 2005 Order of the RTC-Makati and the 12 January 2006 Order of the
RTC-Manila, considering the pendency of CA G.R. SP No. 95-198 (Lilia Cheng v. Republic)
wherein the validity of both orders was challenged?62
After the oral arguments, the parties were directed to file their respective memoranda, which they
did,63 and the petition was thereafter deemed submitted for resolution.
II.
Petitioner’s general advocacy is that the bank inquiry orders issued by the Manila and Makati RTCs
are valid and immediately enforceable whereas the assailed rulings, which effectively stayed the
enforcement of the Manila and Makati RTCs bank inquiry orders, are sullied with grave abuse of
discretion. These conclusions flow from the posture that a bank inquiry order, issued upon a finding
of probable cause, may be issued ex parte and, once issued, is immediately executory. Petitioner
further argues that the information obtained following the bank inquiry is necessarily beneficial, if not
indispensable, to the AMLC in discharging its awesome responsibility regarding the effective
implementation of the AMLA and that any restraint in the disclosure of such information to
appropriate agencies or other judicial fora would render meaningless the relief supplied by the bank
inquiry order.
Petitioner raises particular arguments questioning Lilia Cheng’s right to seek injunctive relief before
the Court of Appeals, noting that not one of the bank inquiry orders is directed against her. Her
"cryptic assertion" that she is the wife of Cheng Yong cannot, according to petitioner,
"metamorphose into the requisite legal standing to seek redress for an imagined injury or to maintain
an action in behalf of another." In the same breath, petitioner argues that Alvarez cannot assert any
violation of the right to financial privacy in behalf of other persons whose bank accounts are being
inquired into, particularly those other persons named in the Makati RTC bank inquiry order who did
not take any step to oppose such orders before the courts.
Ostensibly, the proximate question before the Court is whether a bank inquiry order issued in
accordance with Section 10 of the AMLA may be stayed by injunction. Yet in arguing that it does,
petitioner relies on what it posits as the final and immediately executory character of the bank inquiry
orders issued by the Manila and Makati RTCs. Implicit in that position is the notion that the inquiry
orders are valid, and such notion is susceptible to review and validation based on what appears on
the face of the orders and the applications which triggered their issuance, as well as the provisions
of the AMLA governing the issuance of such orders. Indeed, to test the viability of petitioner’s
argument, the Court will have to be satisfied that the subject inquiry orders are valid in the first place.
However, even from a cursory examination of the applications for inquiry order and the orders
themselves, it is evident that the orders are not in accordance with law.
III.
Money laundering has been generally defined by the International Criminal Police Organization
(Interpol) `as "any act or attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained
proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources." 64 Even before the passage
of the AMLA, the problem was addressed by the Philippine government through the issuance of
various circulars by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Yet ultimately, legislative proscription was
necessary, especially with the inclusion of the Philippines in the Financial Action Task Force’s list of
non-cooperative countries and territories in the fight against money laundering. 65 The original AMLA,
Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9160, was passed in 2001. It was amended by R.A. No. 9194 in 2003.
Section 4 of the AMLA states that "[m]oney laundering is a crime whereby the proceeds of an
unlawful activity as [defined in the law] are transacted, thereby making them appear to have
originated from legitimate sources."66 The section further provides the three modes through which
the crime of money laundering is committed. Section 7 creates the AMLC and defines its powers,
which generally relate to the enforcement of the AMLA provisions and the initiation of legal actions
authorized in the AMLA such as civil forefeiture proceedings and complaints for the prosecution of
money laundering offenses.67
In addition to providing for the definition and penalties for the crime of money laundering, the AMLA
also authorizes certain provisional remedies that would aid the AMLC in the enforcement of the
AMLA. These are the "freeze order" authorized under Section 10, and the "bank inquiry order"
authorized under Section 11.
Respondents posit that a bank inquiry order under Section 11 may be obtained only upon the pre-
existence of a money laundering offense case already filed before the courts. 68 The conclusion is
based on the phrase "upon order of any competent court in cases of violation of this Act," the word
"cases" generally understood as referring to actual cases pending with the courts.
We are unconvinced by this proposition, and agree instead with the then Solicitor General who
conceded that the use of the phrase "in cases of" was unfortunate, yet submitted that it should be
interpreted to mean "in the event there are violations" of the AMLA, and not that there are already
cases pending in court concerning such violations. 69 If the contrary position is adopted, then the bank
inquiry order would be limited in purpose as a tool in aid of litigation of live cases, and wholly inutile
as a means for the government to ascertain whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain an
intended prosecution of the account holder for violation of the AMLA. Should that be the situation, in
all likelihood the AMLC would be virtually deprived of its character as a discovery tool, and thus
would become less circumspect in filing complaints against suspect account holders. After all, under
such set-up the preferred strategy would be to allow or even encourage the indiscriminate filing of
complaints under the AMLA with the hope or expectation that the evidence of money laundering
would somehow surface during the trial. Since the AMLC could not make use of the bank inquiry
order to determine whether there is evidentiary basis to prosecute the suspected malefactors, not
filing any case at all would not be an alternative. Such unwholesome set-up should not come to
pass. Thus Section 11 cannot be interpreted in a way that would emasculate the remedy it has
established and encourage the unfounded initiation of complaints for money laundering.
Still, even if the bank inquiry order may be availed of without need of a pre-existing case under the
AMLA, it does not follow that such order may be availed of ex parte. There are several reasons why
the AMLA does not generally sanction ex parte applications and issuances of the bank inquiry order.
IV.
It is evident that Section 11 does not specifically authorize, as a general rule, the issuance ex
parte of the bank inquiry order. We quote the provision in full:
SEC. 11. Authority to Inquire into Bank Deposits. ― Notwithstanding the provisions of
Republic Act No. 1405, as amended, Republic Act No. 6426, as amended, Republic Act No. 8791,
and other laws, the AMLC may inquire into or examine any particular deposit or investment with any
banking institution or non bank financial institution upon order of any competent court in cases of
violation of this Act, when it has been established that there is probable cause that the deposits or
investments are related to an unlawful activity as defined in Section 3(i) hereof or a money
laundering offense under Section 4 hereof, except that no court order shall be required in cases
involving unlawful activities defined in Sections 3(i)1, (2) and (12).
To ensure compliance with this Act, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) may inquire into
or examine any deposit of investment with any banking institution or non bank financial
institution when the examination is made in the course of a periodic or special examination,
in accordance with the rules of examination of the BSP. 70 (Emphasis supplied)
Of course, Section 11 also allows the AMLC to inquire into bank accounts without having to obtain a
judicial order in cases where there is probable cause that the deposits or investments are related to
kidnapping for ransom,71 certain violations of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002,72 hijacking and other violations under R.A. No. 6235, destructive arson and murder. Since
such special circumstances do not apply in this case, there is no need for us to pass comment on
this proviso. Suffice it to say, the proviso contemplates a situation distinct from that which presently
confronts us, and for purposes of the succeeding discussion, our reference to Section 11 of the
AMLA excludes said proviso.
In the instances where a court order is required for the issuance of the bank inquiry order, nothing in
Section 11 specifically authorizes that such court order may be issued ex parte. It might be argued
that this silence does not preclude the ex parte issuance of the bank inquiry order since the same is
not prohibited under Section 11. Yet this argument falls when the immediately preceding provision,
Section 10, is examined.
SEC. 10. Freezing of Monetary Instrument or Property. ― The Court of Appeals,
upon application ex parte by the AMLC and after determination that probable cause exists that any
monetary instrument or property is in any way related to an unlawful activity as defined in Section 3(i)
hereof, may issue a freeze order which shall be effective immediately. The freeze order shall be for
a period of twenty (20) days unless extended by the court.73
Although oriented towards different purposes, the freeze order under Section 10 and the bank
inquiry order under Section 11 are similar in that they are extraordinary provisional reliefs which the
AMLC may avail of to effectively combat and prosecute money laundering offenses. Crucially,
Section 10 uses specific language to authorize an ex parte application for the provisional relief
therein, a circumstance absent in Section 11. If indeed the legislature had intended to authorize ex
parte proceedings for the issuance of the bank inquiry order, then it could have easily expressed
such intent in the law, as it did with the freeze order under Section 10.
Even more tellingly, the current language of Sections 10 and 11 of the AMLA was crafted at the
same time, through the passage of R.A. No. 9194. Prior to the amendatory law, it was the AMLC, not
the Court of Appeals, which had authority to issue a freeze order, whereas a bank inquiry order
always then required, without exception, an order from a competent court. 74 It was through the same
enactment that ex parte proceedings were introduced for the first time into the AMLA, in the case of
the freeze order which now can only be issued by the Court of Appeals. It certainly would have been
convenient, through the same amendatory law, to allow a similar ex parte procedure in the case of a
bank inquiry order had Congress been so minded. Yet nothing in the provision itself, or even the
available legislative record, explicitly points to an ex parte judicial procedure in the application for a
bank inquiry order, unlike in the case of the freeze order.
That the AMLA does not contemplate ex parte proceedings in applications for bank inquiry orders is
confirmed by the present implementing rules and regulations of the AMLA, promulgated upon the
passage of R.A. No. 9194. With respect to freeze orders under Section 10, the implementing rules
do expressly provide that the applications for freeze orders be filed ex parte,75 but no similar
clearance is granted in the case of inquiry orders under Section 11. 76 These implementing rules were
promulgated by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Insurance Commission and the Securities and
Exchange Commission,77 and if it was the true belief of these institutions that inquiry orders could be
issued ex parte similar to freeze orders, language to that effect would have been incorporated in the
said Rules. This is stressed not because the implementing rules could authorize ex
parte applications for inquiry orders despite the absence of statutory basis, but rather because the
framers of the law had no intention to allow such ex parte applications.
Even the Rules of Procedure adopted by this Court in A.M. No. 05-11-04-SC78 to enforce the
provisions of the AMLA specifically authorize ex parte applications with respect to freeze orders
under Section 1079 but make no similar authorization with respect to bank inquiry orders under
Section 11.
The Court could divine the sense in allowing ex parte proceedings under Section 10 and in
proscribing the same under Section 11. A freeze order under Section 10 on the one hand is aimed at
preserving monetary instruments or property in any way deemed related to unlawful activities as
defined in Section 3(i) of the AMLA. The owner of such monetary instruments or property would thus
be inhibited from utilizing the same for the duration of the freeze order. To make such freeze order
anteceded by a judicial proceeding with notice to the account holder would allow for or lead to the
dissipation of such funds even before the order could be issued.
On the other hand, a bank inquiry order under Section 11 does not necessitate any form of physical
seizure of property of the account holder. What the bank inquiry order authorizes is the examination
of the particular deposits or investments in banking institutions or non-bank financial institutions. The
monetary instruments or property deposited with such banks or financial institutions are not seized in
a physical sense, but are examined on particular details such as the account holder’s record of
deposits and transactions. Unlike the assets subject of the freeze order, the records to be inspected
under a bank inquiry order cannot be physically seized or hidden by the account holder. Said
records are in the possession of the bank and therefore cannot be destroyed at the instance of the
account holder alone as that would require the extraordinary cooperation and devotion of the bank.
Interestingly, petitioner’s memorandum does not attempt to demonstrate before the Court that the
bank inquiry order under Section 11 may be issued ex parte, although the petition itself did devote
some space for that argument. The petition argues that the bank inquiry order is "a special and
peculiar remedy, drastic in its name, and made necessary because of a public necessity… [t]hus, by
its very nature, the application for an order or inquiry must necessarily, be ex parte." This argument
is insufficient justification in light of the clear disinclination of Congress to allow the issuance ex
parte of bank inquiry orders under Section 11, in contrast to the legislature’s clear inclination to allow
the ex parte grant of freeze orders under Section 10.
Without doubt, a requirement that the application for a bank inquiry order be done with notice to the
account holder will alert the latter that there is a plan to inspect his bank account on the belief that
the funds therein are involved in an unlawful activity or money laundering offense. 80 Still, the account
holder so alerted will in fact be unable to do anything to conceal or cleanse his bank account records
of suspicious or anomalous transactions, at least not without the whole-hearted cooperation of the
bank, which inherently has no vested interest to aid the account holder in such manner.
V.
The necessary implication of this finding that Section 11 of the AMLA does not generally authorize
the issuance ex parte of the bank inquiry order would be that such orders cannot be issued unless
notice is given to the owners of the account, allowing them the opportunity to contest the issuance of
the order. Without such a consequence, the legislated distinction between ex parte proceedings
under Section 10 and those which are not ex parte under Section 11 would be lost and rendered
useless.
There certainly is fertile ground to contest the issuance of an ex parte order. Section 11 itself
requires that it be established that "there is probable cause that the deposits or investments are
related to unlawful activities," and it obviously is the court which stands as arbiter whether there is
indeed such probable cause. The process of inquiring into the existence of probable cause would
involve the function of determination reposed on the trial court. Determination clearly implies a
function of adjudication on the part of the trial court, and not a mechanical application of a standard
pre-determination by some other body. The word "determination" implies deliberation and is, in
normal legal contemplation, equivalent to "the decision of a court of justice." 81
The court receiving the application for inquiry order cannot simply take the AMLC’s word that
probable cause exists that the deposits or investments are related to an unlawful activity. It will have
to exercise its
own determinative function in order to be convinced of such fact. The account holder would be
certainly capable of contesting such probable cause if given the opportunity to be apprised of the
pending application to inquire into his account; hence a notice requirement would not be an empty
spectacle. It may be so that the process of obtaining the inquiry order may become more
cumbersome or prolonged because of the notice requirement, yet we fail to see any unreasonable
burden cast by such circumstance. After all, as earlier stated, requiring notice to the account holder
should not, in any way, compromise the integrity of the bank records subject of the inquiry which
remain in the possession and control of the bank.
Petitioner argues that a bank inquiry order necessitates a finding of probable cause, a characteristic
similar to a search warrant which is applied to and heard ex parte. We have examined the supposed
analogy between a search warrant and a bank inquiry order yet we remain to be unconvinced by
petitioner.
The Constitution and the Rules of Court prescribe particular requirements attaching to search
warrants that are not imposed by the AMLA with respect to bank inquiry orders. A constitutional
warrant requires that the judge personally examine under oath or affirmation the complainant and
the witnesses he may produce,82 such examination being in the form of searching questions and
answers.83 Those are impositions which the legislative did not specifically prescribe as to the bank
inquiry order under the AMLA, and we cannot find sufficient legal basis to apply them to Section 11
of the AMLA. Simply put, a bank inquiry order is not a search warrant or warrant of arrest as it
contemplates a direct object but not the seizure of persons or property.
Even as the Constitution and the Rules of Court impose a high procedural standard for the
determination of probable cause for the issuance of search warrants which Congress chose not to
prescribe for the bank inquiry order under the AMLA, Congress nonetheless disallowed ex
parte applications for the inquiry order. We can discern that in exchange for these procedural
standards normally applied to search warrants, Congress chose instead to legislate a right to notice
and a right to be heard— characteristics of judicial proceedings which are not ex parte. Absent any
demonstrable constitutional infirmity, there is no reason for us to dispute such legislative policy
choices.
VI.
The Court’s construction of Section 11 of the AMLA is undoubtedly influenced by right to privacy
considerations. If sustained, petitioner’s argument that a bank account may be inspected by the
government following an ex parte proceeding about which the depositor would know nothing would
have significant implications on the right to privacy, a right innately cherished by all notwithstanding
the legally recognized exceptions thereto. The notion that the government could be so empowered is
cause for concern of any individual who values the right to privacy which, after all, embodies even
the right to be "let
alone," the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized people. 84
One might assume that the constitutional dimension of the right to privacy, as applied to bank
deposits, warrants our present inquiry. We decline to do so. Admittedly, that question has proved
controversial in American jurisprudence. Notably, the United States Supreme Court in U.S. v.
Miller85 held that there was no legitimate expectation of privacy as to the bank records of a
depositor.86 Moreover, the text of our Constitution has not bothered with the triviality of allocating
specific rights peculiar to bank deposits.
However, sufficient for our purposes, we can assert there is a right to privacy governing bank
accounts in the Philippines, and that such right finds application to the case at bar. The source of
such right is statutory, expressed as it is in R.A. No. 1405 otherwise known as the Bank Secrecy Act
of 1955. The right to privacy is enshrined in Section 2 of that law, to wit:
SECTION 2. All deposits of whatever nature with banks or banking institutions in the
Philippines including investments in bonds issued by the Government of the
Philippines, its political subdivisions and its instrumentalities, are hereby considered
as of an absolutely confidential nature and may not be examined, inquired or looked into
by any person, government official, bureau or office, except upon written permission of the
depositor, or in cases of impeachment, or upon order of a competent court in cases of
bribery or dereliction of duty of public officials, or in cases where the money deposited or
invested is the subject matter of the litigation. (Emphasis supplied)
Because of the Bank Secrecy Act, the confidentiality of bank deposits remains a basic state policy in
the Philippines.87 Subsequent laws, including the AMLA, may have added exceptions to the Bank
Secrecy Act, yet the secrecy of bank deposits still lies as the general rule. It falls within the zones of
privacy recognized by our laws.88 The framers of the 1987 Constitution likewise recognized that bank
accounts are not covered by either the right to information89 under Section 7, Article III or under the
requirement of full public disclosure90 under Section 28, Article II.91 Unless the Bank Secrecy Act is
repealed or
amended, the legal order is obliged to conserve the absolutely confidential nature of Philippine bank
deposits.
Any exception to the rule of absolute confidentiality must be specifically legislated. Section 2 of the
Bank Secrecy Act itself prescribes exceptions whereby these bank accounts may be examined by
"any person, government official, bureau or office"; namely when: (1) upon written permission of the
depositor; (2) in cases of impeachment; (3) the examination of bank accounts is upon order of a
competent court in cases of bribery or dereliction of duty of public officials; and (4) the money
deposited or invested is the subject matter of the litigation. Section 8 of R.A. Act No. 3019, the Anti-
Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, has been recognized by this Court as constituting an additional
exception to the rule of absolute confidentiality, 92 and there have been other similar recognitions as
well.93
The AMLA also provides exceptions to the Bank Secrecy Act. Under Section 11, the AMLC may
inquire into a bank account upon order of any competent court in cases of violation of the AMLA, it
having been established that there is probable cause that the deposits or investments are related to
unlawful activities as defined in Section 3(i) of the law, or a money laundering offense under Section
4 thereof. Further, in instances where there is probable cause that the deposits or investments are
related to kidnapping for ransom,94 certain violations of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002,95 hijacking and other violations under R.A. No. 6235, destructive arson and murder, then there
is no need for the AMLC to obtain a court order before it could inquire into such accounts.
It cannot be successfully argued the proceedings relating to the bank inquiry order under Section 11
of the AMLA is a "litigation" encompassed in one of the exceptions to the Bank Secrecy Act which is
when "the money deposited or invested is the subject matter of the litigation." The orientation of the
bank inquiry order is simply to serve as a provisional relief or remedy. As earlier stated, the
application for such does not entail a full-blown trial.
Nevertheless, just because the AMLA establishes additional exceptions to the Bank Secrecy Act it
does not mean that the later law has dispensed with the general principle established in the older
law that "[a]ll deposits of whatever nature with banks or banking institutions in the Philippines x x x
are hereby considered as of an absolutely confidential nature." 96 Indeed, by force of statute, all bank
deposits are absolutely confidential, and that nature is unaltered even by the legislated exceptions
referred to above. There is disfavor towards construing these exceptions in such a manner that
would authorize unlimited discretion on the part of the government or of any party seeking to enforce
those exceptions and inquire into bank deposits. If there are doubts in upholding the absolutely
confidential nature of bank deposits against affirming the authority to inquire into such accounts,
then such doubts must be resolved in favor of the former. Such a stance would persist unless
Congress passes a law reversing the general state policy of preserving the absolutely confidential
nature of Philippine bank accounts.
The presence of this statutory right to privacy addresses at least one of the arguments raised by
petitioner, that Lilia Cheng had no personality to assail the inquiry orders before the Court of Appeals
because she was not the subject of said orders. AMLC Resolution No. 75, which served as the basis
in the successful application for the Makati inquiry order, expressly adverts to Citibank Account No.
88576248 "owned by Cheng Yong and/or Lilia G. Cheng with Citibank N.A.," 97 whereas Lilia Cheng’s
petition before the Court of Appeals is accompanied by a certification from Metrobank that Account
Nos. 300852436-0 and 700149801-7, both of which are among the subjects of the Manila inquiry
order, are accounts in the name of "Yong Cheng or Lilia Cheng." 98 Petitioner does not specifically
deny that Lilia Cheng holds rights of ownership over the three said accounts, laying focus instead on
the fact that she was not named as a subject of either the Makati or Manila RTC inquiry orders. We
are reasonably convinced that Lilia Cheng has sufficiently demonstrated her joint ownership of the
three accounts, and such conclusion leads us to acknowledge that she has the standing to assail via
certiorari the inquiry orders authorizing the examination of her bank accounts as the orders interfere
with her statutory right to maintain the secrecy of said accounts.
While petitioner would premise that the inquiry into Lilia Cheng’s accounts finds root in Section 11 of
the AMLA, it cannot be denied that the authority to inquire under Section 11 is only exceptional in
character, contrary as it is to the general rule preserving the secrecy of bank deposits. Even though
she may not have been the subject of the inquiry orders, her bank accounts nevertheless were, and
she thus has the standing to vindicate the right to secrecy that attaches to said accounts and their
owners. This statutory right to privacy will not prevent the courts from authorizing the inquiry anyway
upon the fulfillment of the requirements set forth under Section 11 of the AMLA or Section 2 of the
Bank Secrecy Act; at the same time, the owner of the accounts have the right to challenge whether
the requirements were indeed complied with.
VII.
There is a final point of concern which needs to be addressed. Lilia Cheng argues that the AMLA,
being a substantive penal statute, has no retroactive effect and the bank inquiry order could not
apply to deposits or investments opened prior to the effectivity of Rep. Act No. 9164, or on 17
October 2001. Thus, she concludes, her subject bank accounts, opened between 1989 to 1990,
could not be the subject of the bank inquiry order lest there be a violation of the constitutional
prohibition against ex post facto laws.
No ex post facto law may be enacted,99 and no law may be construed in such fashion as to permit a
criminal prosecution offensive to the ex post facto clause. As applied to the AMLA, it is plain that no
person may be prosecuted under the penal provisions of the AMLA for acts committed prior to the
enactment of the law on 17 October 2001. As much was understood by the lawmakers since they
deliberated upon the AMLA, and indeed there is no serious dispute on that point.
Does the proscription against ex post facto laws apply to the interpretation of Section 11, a provision
which does not provide for a penal sanction but which merely authorizes the inspection of suspect
accounts and deposits? The answer is in the affirmative. In this jurisdiction, we have defined an ex
post facto law as one which either:
(1) makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law and which was innocent when
done, and punishes such an act;
(2) aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed;
(3) changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the
crime when committed;
(4) alters the legal rules of evidence, and authorizes conviction upon less or different
testimony than the law required at the time of the commission of the offense;
(5) assuming to regulate civil rights and remedies only, in effect imposes penalty or
deprivation of a right for something which when done was lawful; and
(6) deprives a person accused of a crime of some lawful protection to which he has
become entitled, such as the protection of a former conviction or acquittal, or a
proclamation of amnesty. (Emphasis supplied)100
Prior to the enactment of the AMLA, the fact that bank accounts or deposits were involved in
activities later on enumerated in Section 3 of the law did not, by itself, remove such accounts from
the shelter of absolute confidentiality. Prior to the AMLA, in order that bank accounts could be
examined, there was need to secure either the written permission of the depositor or a court order
authorizing such examination, assuming that they were involved in cases of bribery or dereliction of
duty of public officials, or in a case where the money deposited or invested was itself the subject
matter of the litigation. The passage of the AMLA stripped another layer off the rule on absolute
confidentiality that provided a measure of lawful protection to the account holder. For that reason,
the application of the bank inquiry order as a means of inquiring into records of transactions entered
into prior to the passage of the AMLA would be constitutionally infirm, offensive as it is to the ex post
facto clause.
Still, we must note that the position submitted by Lilia Cheng is much broader than what we are
willing to affirm. She argues that the proscription against ex post facto laws goes as far as to prohibit
any inquiry into deposits or investments included in bank accounts opened prior to the effectivity of
the AMLA even if the suspect transactions were entered into when the law had already taken effect.
The Court recognizes that if this argument were to be affirmed, it would create a horrible loophole in
the AMLA that would in turn supply the means to fearlessly engage in money laundering in the
Philippines; all that the criminal has to do is to make sure that the money laundering activity is
facilitated through a bank account opened prior to 2001. Lilia Cheng admits that "actual money
launderers could utilize the ex post facto provision of the Constitution as a shield" but that the
remedy lay with Congress to amend the law. We can hardly presume that Congress intended to
enact a self-defeating law in the first place, and the courts are inhibited from such a construction by
the cardinal rule that "a law should be interpreted with a view to upholding rather than destroying
it."101
Besides, nowhere in the legislative record cited by Lilia Cheng does it appear that there was an
unequivocal intent to exempt from the bank inquiry order all bank accounts opened prior to the
passage of the AMLA. There is a cited exchange between Representatives Ronaldo Zamora and
Jaime Lopez where the latter confirmed to the former that "deposits are supposed to be exempted
from scrutiny or monitoring if they are already in place as of the time the law is enacted."102 That
statement does indicate that transactions already in place when the AMLA was passed are indeed
exempt from scrutiny through a bank inquiry order, but it cannot yield any interpretation that records
of transactions undertaken after the enactment of the AMLA are similarly exempt. Due to the
absence of cited authority from the legislative record that unqualifiedly supports respondent Lilia
Cheng’s thesis, there is no cause for us to sustain her interpretation of the AMLA, fatal as it is to
the anima of that law.
IX.
We are well aware that Lilia Cheng’s petition presently pending before the Court of Appeals likewise
assails the validity of the subject bank inquiry orders and precisely seeks the annulment of said
orders. Our current declarations may indeed have the effect of preempting that0 petition. Still, in
order for this Court to rule on the petition at bar which insists on the enforceability of the said bank
inquiry orders, it is necessary for us to consider and rule on the same question which after all is a
pure question of law.
SO ORDERED.
DANTE O. TINGA
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
LEONARDO A. QUISUMBING
Associate Justice
Chairperson
*MA. ALICIA AUSTRIA CONCHITA CARPIO
MARTINEZ MORALES
Associate Justice Associate Justice
PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.
Associate Justice
ATTESTATION
I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision were reached in consultation before the case was
assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
LEONARDO A. QUISUMBING
Associate Justice
Chairperson, Second Division
CERTIFICATION
Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, and the Division Chairperson’s Attestation, it
is hereby certified that the conclusions in the above Decision were reached in consultation before
the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief Justice
Footnotes
1Entitled "In the Matter of the Application for An Order Allowing An Inquiry Into Certain Bank
Accounts or Investments and Related Web of Accounts, The Republic of the Philippines
Represented by the Anti-Money Laundering Council, Applicant."
4 Rollo, p. 96.
5 Id. at 97.
(j) Knowingly approving or granting any license, permit, privilege or benefit in favor of
any person not qualified for or not legally entitled to such license, permit, privilege or
advantage, or of a mere representative or dummy of one who is not so qualified or
entitled.
7 Rollo, p. 98.
8 Id. at 96-100.
9 Id. at 99-100.
10 Id. at 98.
11 Id.
12 Id. at 99.
13 Id. at 101.
14 Id.
15 Id.
16 Id. at 27.
17 Id. at 104.
18 Id.
19 Id. at 105-107.
20 Id. at 106.
22 Id. at 109.
23 Id. at 111.
24 Id. at 111-117.
25 Id. at 111.
26 Id. at 118.
27 Id. at 119-130.
28 Id. at 131-141.
29 Id. at 142-147.
30 Id. at 146.
31 Id. at 148-149.
32 Id. at 150.
33 Id. at 151-158.
34 Id. at 167.
35 Id. at 168-169.
36 Id. at 171.
37 Id. at 172-173.
38 Id. at 174-175.
39 Id. at 174.
40 Id. at 175.
41 Id. at 68-69.
42 Id. at 69.
43 Id.
44 Id. at 176-186.
45 Id. at 187-249.
46 Id. at 189.
47 Id. at 200-201.
48 Id. at 73-77.
49 Id. at 78.
51 Id. at 285-287.
52 Id. at 285-286.
53 Id. at 286.
54 Id. at 71.
55 Id. at 6-65.
56 Id. at 299-304.
58 Id. at 302.
59 Id. at 297-298.
60 Id. at 312-313.
61 Id. at 549-551.
62 Id. at 752-753.
65Tirol, supra note 64, at 4-6. The Financial Action Task Force was established in 1989 by
the so-called Group of 7 countries to formulate and encourage the adoption of international
standards and measures to fight money laundering and related activities. Id. at 28.
69 Id. at 600-601.
74Unlike in the present law which authorizes the issuance without need of judicial order when
there is probable cause that the deposits are involved in such specifically enumerated crimes
as kidnapping, hijacking, destructive arson and murder, and violations of some provisions of
the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. See Sec. 11, R.A. No. 9194, in connection with Section
3(i).
75"Rule 10.1. When the AMLC may apply for the freezing of any monetary instrument or
property.
76 See Rule 11.1, Revised Implementing Rules And Regulations R.A. No. 9160, As Amended
By R.A. No. 9194. "Rule 11.1. Authority to Inquire into Bank Deposits With Court
Order. Notwithstanding the provisions of Republic Act No. 1405, as amended; Republic Act
No. 6426, as amended; Republic Act No. 8791, and other laws, the AMLC may inquire into
or examine any particular deposit or investment with any banking institution or non-bank
financial institution AND THEIR SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES upon order of any
competent court in cases of violation of this Act, when it has been established that there is
probable cause that the deposits or investments involved are related to an unlawful activity
as defined in Section 3(j) hereof or a money laundering offense under Section 4 hereof;
except in cases as provided under Rule 11.2."
79See Title VIII, Sec. 44, Rule Of Procedure In Cases Of Civil Forfeiture, Asset Preservation,
And Freezing Of Monetary Instrument, Property, Or Proceeds Representing, Involving, Or
Relating To An Unlawful Activity Or Money Laundering Offense Under Republic Act No.
9160, As Amended.
81See J. Tinga, Concurring and Dissenting, Gonzales v. Abaya, G.R. No. 164007, 10 August
2006, 498 SCRA 445, 501; citing 12 Words and Phrases (1954 ed.), p. 478-479 and 1
BOUVIER'S LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed., 1914), p. 858.
84 Perhaps the prophecy of Justice Brandeis, dissenting in Olmstead v. U.S., 227 U.S. 438,
473 (1928), has come to pass: "[T] ime works changes, brings into existence new conditions
and purposes." Subtler and more far-reaching means of invading privacy have become
available to the Government. Discovery and invention have made it possible for the
Government, by means far more effective than stretching upon the rack, to obtain disclosure
in court of what is whispered in the closet…Moreover, "in the application of a constitution,
our contemplation cannot be only of what has, been but of what may be." The progress of
science in furnishing the Government with means of espionage is not likely to stop with
wiretapping. Ways may someday be developed by which the Government, without removing
papers from secret drawers, can reproduce them in court, and by which it will be enabled to
expose to a jury the most intimate occurrences of the home." Id. at 473-474.
86 "Even if we direct our attention to the original checks and deposit slips, rather than to the
microfilm copies actually viewed and obtained by means of the subpoena, we perceive no
legitimate "expectation of privacy" in their contents. The checks are not confidential
communications but negotiable instruments to be used in commercial transactions. All of the
documents obtained, including financial statements and deposit slips, contain only
information voluntarily conveyed to the banks and exposed to their employees in the ordinary
course of business. The lack of any legitimate expectation of privacy concerning the
information kept in bank records was assumed by Congress in enacting the Bank Secrecy
Act, the expressed purpose of which is to require records to be maintained because they
"have a high degree of usefulness in criminal, tax, and regulatory investigations and
proceedings." Ibid. The passage by the U.S. Congress in 1978 of the Right to Financial
Privacy Act was essentially in reaction to the Miller ruling. Tirol, supra note 64, at 155.
See Tirol, supra note 64, citing Gabriel Singson, Law and Jurisprudence on Secrecy of
87
89 "The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by
law."
90"Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a
policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest."
91Chavez v. PCGG, 360 Phil. 133, 161, citing V Record of the Constitutional Commission 25
(1986).
92 See Phil. National Bank v. Gancayco, et al., 122 Phil. 503, 506-507 (1965).
93Section 8 of R.A. Act No. 6770, or the Ombudsman Act of 1989 empowers the
Ombudsman to "[a dminister oaths, issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum and take
testimony in any investigation or inquiry, including the power to examine and have access to
bank accounts and records." See Sec. 8, Rep. Act No. 6770 (1989). In Marquez v. Hon.
Desierto, 412 Phil. 387 (2001), the Court, interpreted this provision in line with the
"absolutely confidential" nature of bank deposits under the Bank Secrecy Act, infra, and
mandated: "there must be a pending case before a court of competent jurisdiction[;] the
account must be clearly identified, the inspection limited to the subject matter of the pending
case before the court of competent jurisdiction[;] the bank personnel and the account holder
must be notified to be present during the inspection, and such inspection may cover only the
account identified in the pending case." Id. at 397. With respect to the Ombudsman’s power
of inquiry into bank deposits, Marquez remains good law. See Ejercito v. Sandiganbayan,
G.R. Nos. 157294-95, 30 November 2006, 509 SCRA 190, 224 and 226.
97 Rollo, p. 98.
98A copy of such certification was attached to Cheng’s Comment as Annex "2". See id. at
421.
In the Matter of the Petition for the Declaration of the Petitioner’s Rights and Duties under
100
Sec. 8 of R.A. No. 6132, 146 Phil. 429, 431-432 (1970). See also Tan v. Barrios, G.R. Nos.
85481-82, 18 October 1990, 703.