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Music Intervention For Pain and Anxiety
Music Intervention For Pain and Anxiety
Music Intervention for Pain and Anxiety Management of the Primiparous Women During Labour:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Ching-Hui CHUANG1,2*, Po-Cheng CHEN3*, ChihChen Sophia LEE4, Chung-Hey CHEN5, Yu-Kang TU6
,Shih-Chung WU7
1
Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
2
Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
3
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and
Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
4
Department of Music Therapy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, Oklahoma,
USA.
5
Institute of Allied Health Sciences & Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University,
Tainan, Taiwan.
6
Institute of epidemiology and preventive medicine, college of public health, National Taiwan
University, Taipei, Taiwan.
7
Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung
University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been
through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to
differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi:
10.1111/jan.13871
Author affiliations:
Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Doctoral
Student, Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Email: [email protected]
Po-Cheng Chen, MD
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and
Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Institute of Allied Health Sciences & Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan,
Accepted Article
Taiwan
Email: [email protected]
Institute of epidemiology and preventive medicine, college of public health, National Taiwan
University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Email: [email protected]
Shih-Chung Wu, MD
TEL: +886 (6) 235-3535 ext. 5846 FAX: +886 (6) 2377550
Email: [email protected]
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or
Accepted Article
not-for-profit sectors.
ABSTRACT
Aims
To determine the effect of music on the management of pain and anxiety in primiparous women
during labour.
Background
Music is cost-effective intervention in clinical practice to reduce pain, stress and anxiety. However, a
systematic review with meta-analysis for investigating its effects during labour is still lacking.
Design
Data sources
primiparous women who were expected to give normal spontaneous delivery were searched and
screened up to 31 July 2017. The recruited trials for this review were compliant with the standards of
Results
A total of 392 primiparous pregnant women (197 in the music intervention group and 195 in the
routine care group) from 5 studies were included in this review. Music as an intervention seemed to
lower the pain scores for primiparous women during labour, but the effect was not statistically
significant. However, there was a significant benefit of music intervention compared with routine care
for primiparous women during labour. In the sensitivity analysis, music intervention showed
significant effect on the improvement of pain and anxiety for primiparous women during labour.
Conclusion
Music intervention may be an effective intervention for the management of pain and anxiety for
Labour pain is inevitable and may have adverse effects on the physical and psychological
outcomes of labour.
and anxiety.
Music is an effective intervention for the relief of labour pain and anxiety.
Music intervention reduces the labour pain and anxiety of primiparous women during labour.
labour and full cervical dilatation) is inevitable and may have adverse effects on the physical and
psychological outcomes associated with the birthing process (Boryri, Noori, Teimouri, & Yaghobinia,
2016). The rise in physical parameters such as the respiratory rate, oxygen consumption,
catecholamine levels, cardiac output and blood pressure may have harmful effects on both the
pregnant women and their foetuses (Stott, Papastefanou, Paraschiv, Clark & Kametas, 2017; Su et al.,
2015). Labour pain can disturb the emotional control during ongoing childbirth (Sandall, Soltani,
Gates, Shennan, & Devane, 2016; Simavli, Gumus, Kaygusuz, Yildirim, Usluogullari, & Kafali,
2014) and postpartum mental health. All of the above can lead to anxiety in regard to future labour
and mother-infant bonding (Goodman, Mackey, & Tavakoli, 2004). Cervical expansion and uterine
contractions (Whitburn, Jones, Davey, & Small, 2017) are the primary causes of pain during labour.
Due to the potential adverse effects of analgesic drugs on mothers and their new-borns (Girit et al.,
2017; Cadavid, 2017), many pregnant women therefore choose complementary and alternative
therapies to control labour pain and anxiety (Dehcheshmeh & Rafiei, 2015). Several preliminary
studies suggested that music intervention, a modality broadly accepted by pregnant women, decreased
their anxiety, psychological stress and depression during pregnancy, as soon as after two weeks of
intervention (Chang, Chen & Huang, 2008; Chang & Chen, 2004) and increased the satisfying
experience for women undergoing caesarean delivery (Chang & Chen, 2005). It also significantly
of anxiety.
Background
Labour is a challenging process and labour pain is usually accompanied by anxiety during the birthing
process (Boryri et al., 2016). Anxiety enhances the sensation of pain during labour; it can be modified
through psychological and physiological approaches (Christiaens & Bracke, 2007). Among the
options of complementary and alternative therapies for pain management during labour, music
nursing practices. Music intervention via active listening (accompanied with breathing and imagery
exercises guided by the music) has been applied to manage labour pain and anxiety among pregnant
women (Liu, Chang, & Chen, 2010). Auditory stimulation may hinder the pathways of pain
transmission by diminishing the reaction to pain stimuli, thus blocking pain perception (Nilsson,
Unosson, & Rawal, 2005; Simavli et al., 2014), especially during the active phase (Phumdoung &
Good, 2003).
2016). Music can improve anxiety among primiparous women during their pregnancy. Listening to
participant-preferred music from three categories (Western classical, Pleasant Music and Chinese
Folk Music) for 2 hours after lunch for 30 minutes per day decreased anxiety levels and improved the
physiological performance of pregnant women (Yang et al., 2009). Music can also reduce the prenatal
pain and anxiety. Although there are many alternative and complementary therapies for ameliorating
labour pain, music intervention is one of the safest and easiest therapies to administer in healthcare
settings. A Cochrane review (Laopaiboon, Lumbiganon, Martis, Vatanasapt, & Somjaivong, 2009)
found only one study (Chang & Chen, 2005) reporting the effect of music intervention on women’s
satisfaction and anxiety during cesarean delivery and the result was statistically significant. One
Cochrane review (Smith, Levett, Collins, & Crowther, 2011) found the effect of music intervention on
pain intensity and anxiety during labour, but the effect was not statistically significant. Some clinical
trials thereafter evaluated the effect of music during labour. Therefore, we planned to perform a
systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate the effects of music intervention on the
The aim of this review was to determine the effect of music on the relief of labour pain and anxiety
Design
This was a systematic review with meta-analysis regarding music intervention for pain and anxiety
among primiparous women during labour. We conformed to the standards of the Cochrane
Search methods
The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to gather evidence describing the music
intervention for pain and anxiety of the primiparous women during labour; quantitative studies
fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. We defined the techniques of music intervention as
active listening accompanying with breathing or imagery exercises guided by the music. We planned
deliveries.
Electronic publications from MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched using a
combination of subject headings and text words. The PICOS search is listed in Table 1. The subject
headings, text words and keywords for inclusion in the search strategy were discussed and agreed
with two authors (C.-H. C. & P.-C. C.). Additional searches for the ongoing trials in the
ClinicalTrials.gov and meta-analyses listed in the database of PROSPERO and Cochrane database
were also conducted. All the registries and databases were searched up to 31 July 2017.
that the recruited studies for analysis met the inclusion criteria. We included trials evaluating the
effects of music intervention on the relief of pain and anxiety for primiparous women receiving
perinatal cares. The primary outcomes were the improvements of pain and anxiety.
Quality appraisal
Two authors (C.-H. C. & P.-C. C.) independently reviewed the selected trials based on the principles
listed in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions to evaluate the quality of the
methodology (Higgins & Green, 2011). The domains for assessing the risks of bias included:
other biases, incomplete data and selective report. The quality of each domain was classified as low
risk, high risk, or unclear. We assessed each outcome pooled in the meta-analysis with the quality of
evidence by using the GRADE approach, according to the presence of the following five factors: risk
of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias (Guyatt et al., 2011). We
employed data from GRADEprofiler GDT (GRADEpro GDT 2015) to produce Summary of Findings
tables for the comparisons: music intervention versus routine care for pain and anxiety management
consensus. If a consensus was not achieved, a third author (C.-H. C.) was consulted. The
characteristics of the analysed studies were in a format of the authors, publication year, study location,
intervention, number of participants and outcome measures. The outcome measures were presented as
the mean with 95% confidence interval (CI). When the mean value was unavailable, the median value
was instead adopted for the meta-analysis. The standard deviations (SD) could be imputed from the p
values according to guidance given in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of
Intervention (Higgins & Green, 2011). If only means and SD for the baseline and follow-up
measurements of each group were reported, we calculated the change of means and SD for each group
(Tu, Baelum, & Gilthorpe, 2005; Egger, Davey Smith, Schneider, & Minder, 1997) according to the
Change in mean =
Change in SD =
between the matched pairs of baseline and follow-up measurements and we set r = 0.5 for each group.
Synthesis
Random-effects models were used for the meta-analysis due to the various participant groups and
treatment protocols (DerSimonian & Laird, 1986). Continuous data were expressed as mean
differences (MD) with 95% CIs or as standardized mean differences (SMD) if the outcomes were
conceptually the same in the different studies but measured in different ways. The I2 statistics were
calculated for evaluating the heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was performed when substantial
heterogeneity was recognized. If there were 10 or more studies in the meta-analysis, we planned to
investigate reporting bias using funnel plots (Egger et al., 1997). All the statistical analyses were
conducted using Revman (Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program], Version 5.3.
A flow diagram of included studies is shown in Figure 1. Five published studies (Hosseini, Bagheri, &
Honarparvaran, 2013; Karkal, Kharde, & Dhumale, 2017; Liu et al., 2010; Phumdoung & Good,
2003; Simavli et al., 2014) were included in this systematic review. Table 2 describes the
characteristics and major outcomes of these studies. All the study locations were in Asia. Although
the outcomes were measured before and after receiving either routine care or additional music
intervention during labour, the time periods of data collection were inconsistent in the included
studies. Two studies (Hosseini et al., 2013; Phumdoung & Good, 2003) collected the data during the
active phase, while 2 studies (Liu et al., 2010; Simavli et al., 2014) collected the data in the latent and
active phases. The follow-up time was unknown in one study (Karkal et al., 2017). All the studies
applied visual analog scale for the evaluation of pain. Only 4 studies (Karkal et al., 2017; Liu et al.,
2010; Phumdoung & Good, 2003; Simavli et al., 2014) reported the outcome of anxiety, where three
studies (Liu et al., 2010; Phumdoung & Good, 2003; Simavli et al., 2014) used visual analog scale
and 1 study (Karkal et al., 2017) used Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale.
risk of bias was low on two out of six domains (incomplete outcome data and selective reporting).
There was no blinding of participants and personnel in all the included studies. In other domains of
risk of bias assessment, the risk of bias was high. The study by Hosseini et al. (2013) was a
quasi-experimental design, so there was a high risk of bias resulting from the lack of randomization,
allocation and blinding. There was no description of random sequence generation in 2 studies (Karkal
et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2010), no description of allocation concealment in 3 studies (Liu et al., 2010,
Phumdoung & Good, 2003, Simavli et al., 2014) and no description of blinding of outcome
assessment in 2 studies (Phumdoung & Good, 2003; Simavli et al., 2014). Because the protocols of
music intervention varied among these studies, bias in the treatment effect might exist and the domain
of other bias was recorded as unclear for all the included studies. The quality of evidence included the
pain and anxiety outcomes in the GRADE summary table (Table 3). There was moderate evidence
that music intervention could improve pain and anxiety of the primiparous women during labour.
The outcomes were synthesized in the forest plots in Figure 3. Music intervention seemed to lower the
pain scores for primiparous women during labour, but the effect was not statistically significant (MD
-1.80, 95% CI -4.12 - 0.52, 392 participants, 5 studies, I2 statistic = 99%). However, music
Sensitivity analysis
Pooled results were of high heterogeneity for both outcomes of pain and anxiety, so sensitivity
analysis was performed for each outcome. We excluded one study (Karkal et al., 2017) in the
sensitivity analysis to rule out the outlier effect (Figure 4). Music intervention could significantly
reduce the severity of pain for primiparous women during labour (MD -0.92, 95% CI -1.33 - -0.51,
332 participants, 4 studies, I2 statistic = 45%). For the change of anxiety scores, the pooled result was
presented as MD with 95% CI because the remaining 3 studies used the same outcome measurement
(visual analog scale for anxiety). Like the previously pooled result, music intervention could reduce
anxiety scores more compared with routine care for primiparous women during labour, but the
heterogeneity was lower (MD -0.96, 95% CI -1.15 - -0.76, 302 participants, 3 studies, I2 statistic =
0%).
effect of music intervention for primiparous women during labour. Our review procedure was based
on the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
(Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009). Music intervention is a welcome option for pain control
in primiparous women during labour (Liu et al., 2010). One Cochrane review (Smith, Levett, Collins,
& Crowther, 2011) found the effect of music intervention on pain intensity and anxiety during labour,
but the effect was not statistically significant. In this systematic review, the included studies showed
that music intervention could relieve labour pain and reduce the level of anxiety for primiparous
women, but the pooled results were of high heterogeneity and not statistically significant regarding
the changes of the pain scores. In the sensitivity analysis, one study (Karkal et al., 2017) was excluded
and the heterogeneity of both pain and anxiety results obviously decreased. In addition, a significant
improvement in both pain and anxiety during labour was also observed.
The protocols of music listening experiences varied in each study, ranging from the choices of (1) 2
cycles of 30-minute Babane Eshgh via headphone + 30 minutes of break (removing headphone for
assessment) (Hosseini et al., 2013), (2) "most relaxing/distracting" soft European music by
synthesizer, harp, piano, orchestra, jazz arrangement with no lyrics, 60-80 bpm, no strong rhythm or
sustaining notes for 3 hours via earphones with 10 min break per choice of women (Phumdoung &
with or without headphone (Liu et al., 2010) and (4) European Classical/Turkish Art/Turkish
Folk/Turkish Classical/Turkish Popular Music throughout the labouring process: cycles of (i) 40
minutes of chosen music + 20 minutes of break in each hour during the latent and the first 2 hours of
active phase of 1st stage, (ii) 30 minutes of louder and more rhythmic music + 10 minutes of break
from the late active phase of Stage 1 to the end of 2nd stage; music (with no detailed description)
continued into the 3rd stage (Simavli, et al, 2014). Karkal et al. (2017) did not include the details of
the music protocol. The findings suggested that future trials investigating music intervention among
pregnant women should be designed according to the guidelines of the risks of bias appraisal
Although previous trials have recommended that music intervention may be effective in labour pain,
other alternative therapies for labour pain relief such as massage therapy, antenatal education, group
prenatal care, acupuncture, mindfulness-based intervention were also proposed (Smith, Collins, Cyna,
& Crowther, 2006). The lack of network-meta-analysis to verify the efficacy of these alternative
therapies challenges the music recommendation. Massage therapy seemed to be the most helpful
approach in labour pain relief for pregnant women in one study (Kimber, McNabb, Court, Haines, &
Brocklehurst, 2008); however, readers should be mindful of its small study effect when incorporating
distress; nevertheless, the study combined pooling data from original different intervention effects
(e.g., music intervention, antenatal education, group prenatal care, acupuncture, mindfulness-based
intervention) and did not include sufficient data for the efficacy of music intervention in labour
anxiety of primiparous women for meta-analysis. This present study includes a construct of maternal
anxiety (VASA) in our search strategy for the consistency and precision in the search results. Further
randomized studies are required to examine these appropriate intervention outcomes trials and the
applicability of music intervention. A study (Toker & Kömürcü, 2017) indicated that using music
minimalized blood pressure with pre-eclampsia. Further studies evaluating the effects of music
intervention on the maternal anxiety of primiparous women may also consider incorporating
There were still too few well-designed randomized controlled trials to fully evaluate the effect of
music intervention for pain and anxiety management during labour despite the increasing use of
alternative and complementary therapies. Most studies were of small sample size, poor
methodological quality, or inadequately reported. The insufficient reporting also made the assessment
reviewing this study, the timing of the outcome assessment was unknown. Since the pain intensity
changed dramatically during the active phase, the timing of the assessment was important when
evaluating the treatment effects. If the follow-up time was unclear in the study design, assessment bias
would eventually occur. While 2 studies (Liu et al., 2010; Simavli et al., 2014) applied music
intervention following the latent phase and evaluated the pain and anxiety scores in the active phase,
the outcomes were not highly heterogeneous. The probable explanation might be that the change of
pain and anxiety intensity was not as obvious from the latent phase to the initial active phase as that
Limitations
The present systematic review with meta-analysis still has some limitations. First, the participants did
not receive the same protocols of music intervention among the included studies. Treatment effect
bias might exist and physicians should keep this in mind when applying music intervention in clinical
practice. Second, music intervention was administered by nurses and physicians instead of certificated
music therapists in the included studies. Certificated music therapists can use proper techniques when
applying music intervention to help participants relieve stress more efficiently than nurses and
physicians do during labour. Researchers in future studies may consider music intervention by music
part on study design. Insufficient sample size might underestimate the true effects of music
intervention for primiparous women during labour. Besides, the study results should be interpreted
cautiously because of the small study effect. Fourth, methodological quality was not high in the
included studies, which would lower the validity of the evidence of this systematic review. Future
studies should focus on improving study designs to increase credibility for clinical practice. Fifth, the
impacts of covariates, such as age, duration of labour, or treatment time, would influence the clinical
outcomes of music intervention. However, it was difficult to examine the impact of covariates in this
meta-analysis due to the small number of included studies and the outcome variables in the included
studies were mostly self-reported. For more objective outcomes, physical findings (i.e. Heart rate,
blood pressure, respiratory rate and temperature) should be considered in future studies. Finally, all
included studies were from Asian countries, thus the results may not be applicable to the clinical
primiparous women during labour. Future randomized controlled trials with good methodological
Author Contributions:
All authors have agreed on the final version and meet at least one of the following criteria
(recommended by the ICMJE*):
* http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/
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doi:10.1097/01.NMC.0000360425.52228.95
N, number of participants; MT, music therapy; RC, routine care; SD, standard deviation.
1
Visual analog scale was used in Hosseini et al., Karkal et al., Liu et al., Phumdoung et al., Simavli et al.
2
Zung’s self rating anxiety scale was used in Karkal et al.; Visual analog scale was used in Liu et al., Phumdoung et al., Simavli et al.
Certainty Importance
№ of Study Other Relative Absolute
Risk of bias Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision music therapy routine care
studies design considerations (95% CI) (95% CI)
⊕⊕⊕○
a b c
5 randomised serious very serious not serious serious 197 195 - MD 1.8 CRITICAL
(4.12
lower to
0.52
higher)
⊕⊕⊕○
a b
4 randomised serious very serious not serious not serious 182 180 - SMD 3.22 CRITICAL
(4.98
lower to
1.47
lower)
Explanations:
a. The items of unclear risk of bias and high risk of bias accounts for over half of these items.
Studies recruited in
quantitative synthesis
(n = 5)
Other bias
Other bias
Hosseini et al. 2013 1.74 1.295584 15 3.4 1.1995 15 19.8% -1.66 [-2.55, -0.77]
Karkal et al. 2017 -5.29 0.726292 30 0.13 0.631744 30 20.3% -5.42 [-5.76, -5.08]
Liu et al. 2010 2.74 2.241406 30 2.75 2.032043 30 19.5% -0.01 [-1.09, 1.07]
Phumdoung et al. 2003 1.138 1.856276 55 2.096 1.463452 55 20.1% -0.96 [-1.58, -0.33]
Simavli et al. 2014 5.8 0.548361 67 6.68 0.615873 65 20.3% -0.88 [-1.08, -0.68]
Karkal et al. 2017 -33.32 1.969467 30 0 1.277145 30 12.8% -19.81 [-23.52, -16.11]
Liu et al. 2010 1.84 2.693177 30 2.48 2.125441 30 28.9% -0.26 [-0.77, 0.25]
Phumdoung et al. 2003 0.98 2.107257 55 2.025 1.756762 55 29.2% -0.53 [-0.92, -0.15]
Simavli et al. 2014 5.17 0.584038 67 6.13 0.629524 65 29.2% -1.57 [-1.96, -1.18]
Abbreviations: IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.
Accepted Article
(a) Change of pain scores
Hosseini et al. 2013 1.74 1.295584 15 3.4 1.1995 15 15.1% -1.66 [-2.55, -0.77]
Karkal et al. 2017 -5.29 0.726292 30 0.13 0.631744 30 0.0% -5.42 [-5.76, -5.08]
Liu et al. 2010 2.74 2.241406 30 2.75 2.032043 30 11.3% -0.01 [-1.09, 1.07]
Phumdoung et al. 2003 1.138 1.856276 55 2.096 1.463452 55 24.1% -0.96 [-1.58, -0.33]
Simavli et al. 2014 5.8 0.548361 67 6.68 0.615873 65 49.5% -0.88 [-1.08, -0.68]
Karkal et al. 2017 -33.32 1.969467 30 0 1.277145 30 0.0% -19.81 [-23.52, -16.11]
Liu et al. 2010 1.84 2.693177 30 2.48 2.125441 30 2.6% -0.64 [-1.87, 0.59]
Phumdoung et al. 2003 0.98 2.107257 55 2.025 1.756762 55 7.4% -1.04 [-1.77, -0.32]
Simavli et al. 2014 5.17 0.584038 67 6.13 0.629524 65 90.1% -0.96 [-1.17, -0.75]