Ch

inaNationa
l
TeamSe
lec
tionTe s
t
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

2011 (
Fuzhou,Fui
jan)

F
irs
tDay
8:
00 12:
30,Ma
rch27,2011

1 Gi
venani
nt rn ≥3,
ege findt
hemax
imumr
ea rM ,
lnumbe
s
ucht
hatforanypo
sit
ivenumbe
rsx1 ,x2 ,...,xn ,t
her
e
ex
ist
sape
rmu
tat
iony1 ,y2 ,...,yn o
fx1 ,x2 ,...,xn
t
hats
ati
sfi
es
n 2
yi
∑y
i=1
2
i+1
2
-yi+1yi+2 +yi+2
≥ M,
 110 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

whe
reyn+1 = y1 ,yn+2 = y2 .(
poedby QuZhenhua)
s
So
lut
ion.Le
t
n
xi2
F(
x1 ,...,xn )= ∑x
i=1
2
i+1
2 .
-xi+1xi+2 +xi+2

F
irt,t
s akex1 = x2 = … = xn-1 = 1,xn = ε,t
hena
ll
permuta
tionsa
ret
hes
amei
nthes
ens
eofc
ircu
lat
ion.Int
his
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

ca
s e,wehave

2
F(
x1 ,...,xn )= n -3 + 2
+ε .
1 -ε +ε2

tε →0+ ,F → n -1,
Le oM ≤ n -1.
s
t,wes
Nex howt
hatforanypo
sit
ivenumbe
rsx1 ,...,xn ,
t
her
eex
ist
sape
rmu
tat
iony1 ,...,yns
ati
sfi
yngF (
y1 ,...,yn )
≥ n -1.
Inf
act,t
aket
hepe
rmu
tat
iony1 ,...,yn wi
thy1 ≥y2
≥ … ≥yn a ya -ab +b ≤ max(
a2 ,b2),we
2 2
ndbyt
hei
nequa
lit
s
eet
hat
2 2 2
y1 y2 yn-1
F(
y1 ,...,yn )≥ 2 + 2 + … + 2 ≥ n -1,
y2 y3 y1

wher
et he l
asti
nequ
ali
tyis ob
tai
ned by AM-GM i
nequa
lit
y.
Summingup,M = n -1.

tn > 1beani
2 Le nt r,
ege kbet
henumbe
rofd
ist
inc
tpr
ime
f
act
orsofn.Pr
ovet
hatt
her
eex
ist
sani
nt ra,1 <a <
ege
n
+1,
sucht
hatn|a2 -a.(
pos
edby YuHongb
ing)
k
So
lut
ion.Le 1 …pk b
tn =pα et
hes
tanda
rdf
act
ori
zat
ionofn.
1 αk

S
inc 1 ,.
epα ..,pk a
repa
irwi
s ime,byt
ecopr heCh
ine
se
1 αk

Rema
inde em,f
r Theor or each i,1 ≤ i ≤ k,cong
ruence
equa
tions
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 111

x ≡ 1(
modpiαi )
{
x ≡ 0(
modpj
αj
),j ≠i

haves
olu
tionxi .
Foranys
olu
ti 0 =x0 (
onofx2 modn),wes
eet
hatx0(
x0 -1)
≡0(
modn).Thenforeachi =1,2,...,k,e
it rx0 ≡0(
he mod
pii )orx0 ≡ 1(modpiαi ).Fu
rt r,l
he etS(A )bethes um of
α
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

el
emen tsofs
ubstA o
e { , , , }(
f x1 x2 ... xk pa rti
cul
ary S(⌀ )
l ,
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

= 0).Obv
iou
sly,wehave

S(
A )(
S(A )-1)≡ 0(
modn).

(
Thi
sis be
cau
seoft
he s
elec
tion of xi ,s
uch t
hat S(
A)
mod(
pii )
α
ise
it r0or1.)Mor
he eove
rifA ≠ A',t
henS(
A )≢
S(
A')(
modn).The
ref
ore,t
hes
umo
fal
lsub
set
so x1,x2,...,
f{
xn }
ise
xac
tlya
lls
olu
tion
sofx( modn).
x -1)≡ 0(
tS0 =n,Sr b
Le ethel
eas
tnon
-ne
gat
iver
ema
ind
e fx1 +x2 +
ro
… +xr modu
len,r = 1,2,...,k.Thu
sSk = 1.Fora
ll1 ≤r
≤k -1,Sr ≠0.S
incek +1numbe
rsS0 ,S1 ,...,Ska
r n[
ei 1,
n],byDi
rich
let
􀆳sDr
awe
rPr
inc
ipe,t
l her
eex
ist0 ≤l < m ≤k,
æjn (
j +1)
n ,(
s
ucht
hatSl ,Smi
nthes
amei
nte
r lç ,
va 0 ≤j ≤]
èk k
k -1),whe
rel = 0andm =kdono
tho
lds
imu
ltaneou
sly.
n
s,|Sl -Sm |<
Thu .Deno
tey1 = S1 ,yr = Sr - Sr-1
k
(
r = 2,3, ...,k).Soanys fyr ≡ xr (
um o modn)(
r = 1,
2,...,k)mee
tst
her
equ
iremen
t.
fSm -Sl >1,
I thena =yl+1 +yl+2 + … +ym =Sm -Sl ∈
æç ,n ö÷
1 i
sthes
olu
tiono
ftheequa
tionx2 -x ≡ 0(
modn).
è kø
IfSm - Sl = 1,thenn | (
y1 + y2 + … + yl )+ (ym+1 +
ym+2 + … +yk ),t
hatis,n | (
x1 + x2 + … + xl )+ ( xm+1 +
xm+2 + … +xk ).Noti
cet tm > l,wh
ha i
chcon tr
ad i
ctstot he
 112 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

de
fin
iti
onofxi .
IfSm -Sl = 0,t henn|yl+1 +yl+2 + … +ym ,tha
tis,n
|xl+1 +xl+2 + … +xm ,wh
ichcontr
adict
st hedef
ini
tionofxi .
fSm -Sl < 0,
I then

y1 +y2 + … +yl )+ (
a=( ym+1 + … +yk )
Sm -Sl )= 1 - (
= Sk - ( Sm -Sl )
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

n
i
sthes
olu
tiono
fequa
ti modn),and1 <a <1+
onx2 -x ≡0( .
k
ngup,t
Summi her
eex
issas
t ati
sfi
yngt
hecond
iti
on.

t3
3 Le n2 bet
heve
rtexnumbe
rofas
imp
leg
raphG (
int
ege
r
n ≥2).
Ift
hedeg
reeofeachve
rtexi
sno
tgr
eat
ert n,
han4
t
her
eex
ist
satl
eas
toneve
rtex wi
thdeg
ree1,andt
her
e
ex
ist
sarou
tewi
thl
eng
thno
tgr
eat
ert
han3be
tweenany
twove
rti
ces.Provet
hatt
hemi
nimum numbe
rofedge
sof
7 3
s n2 - n.
Gi
2 2
Remark.A rout
ebe
tweentwod
ist
inc
tve
rti
cesu andv wi
th
l
eng
thki
sas
equenceofve
rti
cesu = v0 ,v1 ,...,vk = v,
whe
reviandvi+1 ,
i =0,1,...,k -1,a
read
jac
ent.(
pos
edby
Leng Gang
song)
So
lut
ion.Foranytwod
ist
inc
tve
rti
cesuandv,wes
ayt
hatt
he
d
ist tweenu andv i
ancebe sthes
hor
tes
tleng
th oft
herou
te
tweenu andv.Cons
be ide
ra g
raph G * wi
th ve
rtexs
et{
x1 ,
x2 ,...,x3n2-n ,y1 ,y2 ,...,yn },whe
reyiandyja
read
jac
ent
(
1 ≤i <j ≤n),xiandxj a
reno
tad
j t(
acen 1 ≤i <j ≤3
n2 -
n),xiandyja
read
jacen
tifandon
l fi ≡j(
yi modn).Thu
s,t
he
deg
reeo s1,andt
feachxii hedeg
reeofyi doe
sno
texceed

3
n2 -n
n -1 + =4
n -2.
n
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 113

I
tisea
syt
oseet
hatt
hed
ist
anc tweenxi andxj i
ebe sno
t
r
gea
te han 3.So g
rt raph G * s
ati
sfi
est
he cond
iti
on o
fthe
7 2 3
prob
l sN = 3
em.G * ha n2 -n + Cn
2
= n - nedge
s.
2 2
Int
hefo
ll ng,wes
owi howt
hatanyg
raphG = G (
V ,E )
s
ati
sfi
yngt
hecond
iti
onoft
heprob
lemha
satl
eatN edge
s s.Le
t
ee1,Y ⊆ (
V\X )bet
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

X ⊆ V bet
hes
etofve
rti
ceswi
thdeg
r he
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

s
etofr
ema
ini
ngve
rti
cesad
jacen
ttoX ,andZ ⊆V\(
X ∪Y)be
t
hes
eto
frema
ini
ngve
rti
cesad
jac
entt tW =V\(
oY .Le X ∪Y
∪ Z).Wewi
llpo
intou
tthefo
llowi
ngf
act
s.
Proper
ty1.Anytwover
tice
sinYa
read
jacen
t.Th
isi
sbecau
se
oft
hef
actt
ha fy1 ,y2 ∈Ya
ti retwov
ert
ics,
e t
her
eex
istx1,x2 ∈
Xt
hata
read
jac
en oy1 andy2 ,r
tt espec
tive
ly;hencey1 andy2
a
read
jac
ents
incet
hed
ist tweenx1 andx2i
ancebe sno
tgr
eat
er
t
han3.
Proper
ty2.Thed
ist
ancebe
tweenve
rt nW andve
exi rt nY
exi
i
s2.Th
isi
sbe
cau
seo
fthef
actt
hati
fthed
ist
anc
ebe enw0 ∈W
twe
andy0 ∈Yi
sgr
eat
e han2 (
rt obv
iou
sly,d
isance >1),s
t uppo
se
t
hatx0 ∈ Xi
sad
jac
en oy0 ,
tt thent
hed
ist
anc tweenw 0and
ebe
x0i
sgr
eat
e han3,wh
rt ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.Fur
the e,we
rmor
knowt
hisPr
ope
rty2mean
seachve
rt nW i
exi sad
jacen
ttos
ome
ve
rt nZ .
exi
Deno
tebyx,y,zandwt
henumbe
rsofe
lemen
tins
etsX ,
Y ,Z and W ,r
espe
cti
vel
y.Now coun
tthenumbe
ro s:
fedge
t
her
ear 2
eCyedge
sbe
tweenpo
int
sinY ,xedge
sfrompo
insofX
t
oY ,a
t tlea
stzedge
sfr
om po
int
so oY ,anda
fZt tlea
stw edge
s
f
rom po
int
so oZ .So,i
fW t fy ≥ n,
then

|E |≥ Cy +x +z + w = 3
n2 + Cy -y ≥ 3
n2 + Cn -n = N ,
2 2 2

fy ≤ n - 1,s
andi inceeachdeg
reeofve
rtexi
sat mo
s n,
t4
 114 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

wehave

x +z ≤ y(
4 y -1))= y(
n-( 4n +1 -y)
≤(
n -1)(
3n +2)= 3n2 -n -2,
w ≥ 3n2 -y -y(
4n +1 -y)≥ 3.

Se
lec
tave
rtexP i
nW s
ucht
hatP i
sad
jacen
tasl
essa
s
pos
sib
letover
tic
esinZ .Suppos
et heleas
tnumberisa,a > 0
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

(byPrope
rty2).Deno
tet hese
to fthe
s eave
rti
cesbyNP ⊆ Z .
Coun
tingt
he numbe
roft
heedge
saga
in,t
her
ear 2
eCy edge
s
be
tweenpo
int
sinY ,x edge
sfrom po
int oY ,a
sofX t tlea
sty
edge
sfrom po
int oY (
sofNP t byPrope
rty2,t
hed
ist
ancef
rom
Pt
ove
rtexi s2),a
nYi tlea
stz -aedge
sfrom po
insofZ\NP
t
oY ,anda
t tlea
staw edge
sfr
om po
insofW t
t s,
oZ .Thu

|E | ≥ Cy +x +y +z -a +aw
2

n -1 + Cy + (
=3
2
a -1)(
2
w -1).

fa > 1,
I then

|E | ≥ 3
n2 -1 + Cy +(
w -1)
2

n -2 + Cy +3n -y -y(
≥3
2 2
4n +1 -y)> N .
2

fa = 1,
I s
incet
hedeg
reeofeachve
rt nW i
exi satl
eat2,
s
whenwecoun
ttheedge
sfr
om po
int oZ ,wes
sofW t hou
ldadd
a
tlea
stw/2edge
s,s
o

1
|E | ≥ 3
n2 -1 + Cy
2
+ w
2
1( 2
≥3
n -1 + Cy +
2 2
n -y -y(
3 4n +1 -y))> N .
2

7 2 3
ngup,t
Summi hel
eas
tnumbe
rofedge
sisN = n - n.
2 2
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 115

S
econdDay
8:
00 12:
30,Ma
rch28,2011

4 Le
t H bet
heor
thocen
terofa
cub
it-
ang
led △ABC , P be a
︵
poi
ntonBC oftheci
rcumc
irc
le
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

︵
of△ABC .PH int
ers
ecsAC a
t t
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

M .There ex
ist
sa poi
nt K on
︵
AB such t
hatt hel
i s KM
ne i
pa
ral
lelt
ot heS
ims
onl
ineofP
wi
th respe
ctto △ABC , t
he
chordQP ‖BC ,t
hechord KQ i
nte
rsec
tsBC a
tpo
intJ.
Pr
ovet
hat△KMJi
sis
osce
les.(
pos
edby Xi n)
ongBi
So
lut
ion.WeshowthatJK = JM .

Dr
awl
i rom P andl
nef eti
tbe
perpend
icula
rtoBC andint
ers
ectt
he
ci
rcumcirc
leandBCa tpo
intSandL ,
r
espec
tive
l t N be t
y.Le he pr
ojec
t
po
intofP onAB .S
inceB ,P ,L and
Na r
econcyc
lic,

∠SLN = ∠NBP = ∠ABP = ∠ASP .

s,NL ‖AS.S
Thu inceNL ‖KM ,
thenKM ‖SA .
tT bet
Le hei
nte
rsec
tionpo
intofBCandPH .S
incepo
int
s
K ,Q ,P andM a
reconcyc
licandBC ‖PQ ,
soa
reK ,J,T and
M .Suppo
set
hatt
heex
tens
ionofAH i
nte
rsec
tst
hec
ircumc
irc
le
a
tpo
intD .Thenwehave

∠JKM = ∠MTC , ∠KMJ = ∠KTJ.

I
tsu
ffi
cest
oshowt
hat ∠MTC = ∠KTJ.
 116 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

I
tisea
syt
oseet
hatD and H a
res
ymme
tri
c ove
rli
ne
BC .Then

∠SPM = ∠SPH = ∠THD = ∠HDT .

Fur
the e KS
rmor = AM , s
o ∠ADM = ∠KPS.

Cons
equen
tly,
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

∠TDM = ∠HDT + ∠ADM = ∠SPM + ∠KPS

by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

= ∠KPM = ∠KDM ,

wh
ich meanst
hatpo
insK ,T andD a
t reco
lli
nea
r.Thu
s

∠KTJ = ∠DTC = ∠MTC .

So ∠JKM = ∠KMJ.Con
sequen
tlyJK = JM .

ta1 ,a2 ,...beape

5 Le rmu
tat
ionofa
llpo
sit
ivei
ntege
rs.
Provet
hatt
her
eex
isti
nfi
nit
e po
sit
ivei
ntege
r 􀆳s,s
si uch
3
t
hat(
ai ,ai+1)≤ i.(
poedbyChenYonggao)
s
4
So
lut
ion. We provethi
s pr
obl
em by con
trad
ict
ion.I
fthe
conc
lus
ionoft
heprob
lemi
sno
ttue,t
r hent
her
eex
issi0 ,and
t
3
wehave(
ai ,ai+1)> ifori ≥i0 .
4
Takeapo
sit
i rM > i0 ,s
venumbe oifi ≥ 4M ,t
hen (
ai ,
3
ai+1)> i ≥ 3M .
4
fi ≥4M ,ai ≥ (
So,i ai ,ai+1)>3M ,
then{
1,2,...,3M }
⊆{
a1 ,a2 ,...,a4M-1}.
Henc
e

|{
1,2,...,3M }∩ {
a2M ,a2M+1 ,...,a4M-1}|
≥ 3M - (
2M -1)= M +1.

ByDi
rich
let
􀆳sDr
awe
rPr
inc
ipe,t
l her
eex
iss2M ≤j0 < 4M -
t
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 117

1s
ucht
hataj0 ,aj0+1 ≤ 3M .Thu
s,

( 1 3M 3· 3
aj0 ,aj0+1)≤ max{
aj0 ,aj0+1}≤ = 2M ≤ j0 ,
2 2 4 4

wh
ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.

6 Weca
llapo
ints
equence(
A0 ,A1 ,...,An )
int
ere
stng,
i if
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

t
heab
sci
ssaandord
ina
tea
r lforeachAi ,andt
eequa he
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

s
lope
sofs tOA0 ,OA1 ,...,OAn s
egmen tri
ctl
yinc
rea
se
(Oi
stheor
ign),andt
i hea
reaofeach△OAiAi+1(
0 ≤i ≤
1
n -1)
is .
2
Forapo i
ntsequence(A0 ,A1 ,...,An ), i
nser
tapo itA
n
adja
cen
ttotwopo i
ntsAi ,Ai+1s
ati
sfi
y
→ →
ngOA = OAi +OAi→+1 ,

thenwecallt
husobta
inednewpo intsequ
ence( A0,...,Ai ,
A ,Ai+1 ,...,An )anexpans
ionof(
A0 ,A1 ,...,An ).
t(
Le A0 ,A1 ,...,An )and(
B0 ,B1 ,...,Bm )beanytwo
i
nte
res
tingpo
ints
equence
s.Provet
ha fA0 = B0 andAn
ti
= Bm ,then wecanexpandbo
thpo
ints
equence
stos
ome
s
amepo
in equence (
ts C0 ,C1 , ...,Ck ).(
pos
edby Qu
Zhenhua)
So
lut
ion.Wes
eet
hatbyt
hecond
iti
on oft
he prob
lem,an
expans
ionofani
nte
res
tings
equenc
eiss
til
lin
ter
est
ing.
Fi
rst,wecons
truc
tthei
nte
res
ti equence(
ngs C0 ,C1 ,...,
Ck )con
tai
ninga
llpo
int
sofs
equenc
es(
A0 ,A1 ,...,An )and
(
B0 ,B1 ,...,Bm ),andC0 = A0 = B0 ,Ck = An = Bm .
BythePi em,weknowt
ck Theor hatt
hea r
eaoft
riang
le
equa
ls1/2ifandon lyift
her
eisnog
ridpoin
tonthet
riang
le
excep
ttr
iang l
e ve
rti
ces. Henc
ethereis no g
rid poi
nt on
△OAiAi+1 exc
epti
tsvert
ice
s.Ther
e e,i
for fthesl sofOAi
ope
andOBj a
r l,t
eequa henAi = Bj .
 118 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

Deno
tet
hes
lope
sofs
egmen
ts
f
rom po
int
sof{
Ai}and {
Bj }t
othe
or
igi
nins
tri
ctl
yinc
rea
singorde
rby
D0 ,D1 ,...,Dl ,whe
reD0 =C0 =
A0 =B0andDl =Ck = An =Bm .
If
a sequence (Di , Di+1) i
s no t
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

i
nte
restng, t
i hen we can i ns
ert
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

s
eve
ralpo
insE1 ,...,Ess
t ucht
hat F
ig.6
.1
t equence (
he s Di , E1 , ..., Es ,
Di+1)
isi
nte
res
ting.Inf
act,con
side
rtheconvexhu
llP o
fthe
gr
id po
inson △ODiDi+1 ,exc
t eptthe or
ign.P i
i sa convex
pol
ygonors tDiDi+1 (
egmen adegene
rat
edpo lygon).Thenthe
sequenceo f ve
rti
ceso fP isinte
res
ti ng. Thus, we have
construc
tedtheint
ere
sti
ngs e(
equenc C0 ,C1 ,...,Ck ).
Fi
nal
ly,i
tsu
ffi
cest
oshow t
hatt
hei
nte
res
tings
equence
(
A0 ,A1 ,...,An )canbeexpandedt
o(C0 ,C1 ,...,Ck ),and
t
hes
amei
str
uefor(
B0 ,B1 ,...,Bm ).Weon
lyneedt
oprove
t
hisfort
heca
seofn =1,
sinc
ewecanapp
lyt
heconc
lus
ionfor
o(
n =1t Ai ,Ai+1),
i =0,1,...,n -1s
ucce
ssi
vel tC0 =
y.Le
A0 andCk = A1 .Byi
nduc
tiononk,fork = 1,weneedno
expans
ion.Suppo
set
hatt
heconc
lus
ioni
str
uefora
llpo
sit
ive
i
ntege
rsl
es hank.
st
Then deno
tethe gri
d po itA
n
s
ati
sf i → → →
ngOA = OA0 + OA1 ,and we
y
s
eethatA mustbeapoi
nto fC1,...,
Ck-1 .S
inc
ei t,t
fno her
eisno g
rid
pointonint
eri
orofsegmentOA ,and
the
reexis
tsi,0 ≤i <k, s
uchthatA
l
oca
tesi
ntheang
lemadebyr
aysOCi
andOCi+1 .Wemays
uppo
set
hati >
F
ig.6
.2
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 119

0,o
the
rwi
set
aket
he g
raphs
ymme
tri
cove
rthel
inex = y.
S
incet
hea
reaoft
hepa
ral
lel
ogr s1,Ci l
am ▱OA0AA1i oca
tes
outs
ideof▱OA0AA1 ,Ci+1l oca
tesout
sideof▱OA0AA1orCi+1
= A1 .Inany way,wet akeBsuchthatO→B = OC→ +O→
i Ci+1 and
takeB's uchthatCi+1B'‖OA0 ,CiB'‖A0A ,t henAlocateson
s,A l
▱OCi+1B'Ci .Thu oca
tesi
nsi f ▱OCiBCi+1 ,wh
de o ich
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

con
trad
ict
sthef
actt
hatt
hea
r s1.The
eaof▱OCiBCi+1i ref
ore
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

t
hei
nse
rtedpo
in o(
tAt A0 ,A1)
forexpans
ioni
ssomeCi .Then
weu
set
hei
nduc
tion hypo
the
se o(
st A0 ,A )and (
A ,A1),
r
espec
tive
ly.

2012 (
Nanchang,J
ianxi)

F
irs
tDay
8:
00 12:
30,Ma
rch25,2012

1 Le
tH bet
heor
thoc
ent
ero
fan
acu
te-
ang
led△ABC wi
th ∠A >
60
°.Le
tpo
ins M and N beon
t
s
i sAB and AC ,r
de espe
cti
vey,
l
s
uch t
hat ∠HMB = 60
° =
∠HNC.LtOb
e ethec
irc
umc
ent
er
of△HMN .Le
tpo
insD andA
t
F
ig.1
.1
beont
hes
ames
ideo
flneBC ,
i
s
ucht
hat△DBC i
sregu
lar(
see
F
ig.1.1).Provet
ha tpoin
ts H ,O and D a
reco
lli
nea
r.
(
posedbyZhangS ihui)
 120 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

So
lut
ion.Le
tT bet
heor
thoc
ent
erof△HMN .Ex
tendedl
ine
s
ofHM andCAi
nte
rsec
tatpo
intP .Ex
tendedl
i sHN andBA
ne
i
nte
rse
cta
tpo
intQ .
Iti
sea
syt
oseet
hatpo
insN ,M ,P andQ
t
a
reconcyc
lic.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

F
ig.1
.2

By ∠THM = ∠OHN ,weseet

hat ∠PQH - ∠OHN =
∠NMH - ∠THM = 9°,
0 t
ha s,
ti

HO ⊥ PQ . ①

Le
tpo
intR bes
ymme
tri
ctopo
intC ove
rHP .ThenHC =
HR .
By ∠HPC + ∠HCP = (∠BAC -60
°)+ (
90°- ∠BAC)=
°,wes
30 eet
hat ∠CHR = 60
°.Hence△HCRi sregu
lar.
By ∠HPC = ∠HQB and ∠HCP = ∠HBQ ,wes
eet
hat
△PHC ∽ △QHB .Then △PHR ∽ △QHB ,so △QHP ∽
△BHR .
Deno
te by ∠ (
UV ,XY)t
he ang
l tween U→
e be V and X→
Y
(
pos
iti
vean
tic
lockwi
se).
S
inc °,wehave ∠ (
e ∠PHR = 150 PQ ,RB ) = ∠ (
HP ,
HR ) = 150
°, △BCD and △RCH a
rer
egu
lar.So △BRC ≌
e ∠(
△DHC . Henc RB , HD ) = ∠ (
CR , CH ) = - 60
°.
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 121

Cons
equen
tly,

PQ,HD )= ∠ (
∠( PQ,RB)+ ∠ (
RB,HD )= 150
°-60 °,
° = 90

t
hati
s

DH ⊥ PQ . ②

By ① and ② ,po
insH ,O andD a
t reco
lli
nea
r.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

2 Provet
hat,f
orany g
iveni
nt rk ≥ 2,t
ege her
eex
istk
d
ist
inc
tpo
sit
ivei
ntege
rsa1 ,a2 ,...,ak s
ucht
hatforany
i
ntege
rsb1 ,b2 ,...,bk wi
t ai ,
hai ≤bi ≤2 i =1,2,...,
k,andanynon
-nega
tivei
ntege
rsc1 ,c2 ,...,ck ,wehave

k∏i=1bi ∏ b ,prov ∏ ∏
k k k k
ci
< i=1 i
ided b ci
i=1 i
< i=1 i
b.
(
poedbyChenYonggao)
s
So
lut
ion.Wewi
llpr
oveas
tronge
rpropo
sit
ion:foranyg
iven
r
ea rkandanypo
lnumbe sit
ivei
nt rn,t
ege her
eex
istn po
sit
ive
i
ntege
rsa1 ,a2 ,...,an ,
sat
isf
yi ai ,1 ≤i ≤ n -1,
ngai+1 > 2
andf
oranyr
ealnumbe
rsb1 ,b2 ,...,bn ,ai ≤bi ≤2
ai ,
i =1,
2,...,n,andany non
-nega
tivei
ntege
rsc1 ,c2 ,...,cn ,we

havek ∏i=1bi ∏ b ,provded ∏i=1bi ∏

n n n n
ci
< i=1 i
i ci
< b.
i=1 i

tk >1.Wepr
Le ovet
hepr
opo
sit
ionbyi
nduc
tiononn.
Ifn
= 1,c1 = 0,
t akea1 >k,
hent theconc
lus
ioni
str
ue.Suppo
se
t
hatt
heconc
lus
ioni
stueforn ≥1.The
r rea
rex1 <x2 < … <
xn s
ati
sfi
yngxi+1 >2xi ,1 ≤i ≤n -1.Nowcons
ide
rtheca
seof
n +1.Takeapo
sit
ivei
nt rxn+1 > 2xn ,
ege sat
isf
ying

xn+1 æ2xn ö÷n

>k ç . ①
2xn è x1 ø

Thenl
etai =txi ,
i = 1,2,...,n +1,ti
sas
uff
ici
ent
ly
l
argei
nt r,s
ege ucht
hat
 122 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

an+1
> 2a2 …an+1 , ②
n
1

and

k·2n-1an+1 < a1 …an . ③

n-1

Int
hefo
ll ng,wewi
owi lls
howt
hatt
hes 1 ≤i ≤n +1)
eai(
mee
tther
equ
iremen tbi ∈ [
t.Le 1 ≤i ≤n +1)bet
ai ,2ai]( he
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

r
ea r(
lnumbe no
tic
et twehaveb1 <b2 < … <bn+1 ),andci(
ha 1
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

≤i ≤ n + 1)b s,s ∏
n+1 c
enon
-nega
tivei
ntege
r ati
sfi
yng b
i=1 i
i <

∏
n+1
b.
i=1 i

f∑i=1ci ≤ n,
n+1
I then

n+1

k∏bi
ci
≤kbn
n
+1 ≤ k·2 an+1 bn+1 < a1 …anbn+1
n-1 n-1

i=1

n+1

≤ ∏b .(byusing ③ )
i=1
i

f∑i=1ci ≥ n +2,
n+1
I then

n+1 n+1

∏b ≥b1+ ≥ a1+ b1 > 2a2 …an+1b1 ≥ ∏b .(byusing ② )

ci n 2 n 1 n
i i
i=1 i=1

I
tisimpo
ssi
ble.

f∑i=1ci = n +1,wecons
n+1
I ide
rthr
eeca
ses.

fcn+1 ≥ 2,
I then
n+1

∏b
ci
i
i=1 bn+1 · æçb1 ö÷n-1 an+1 · æç a1 ö÷n-1
≥ ≥
n+1
bn èbn ø an è2an ø
2
∏b
i=1
i

xn+1 · æç x1 ö÷n-1
= > 1.(
byu
sing ① )
2xn è2xn ø

I
tisimpo
ssi
ble.
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 123

fcn+1 = 1,
I then
n+1

∏b ∏
ci n
i=1
i
b
ci
i=1 i
= .
∏
n+1 n
b
∏b
i=1
i i=1 i

bi
No
tet
hat ∈ [
xi ,2xi],1 ≤ i ≤ n.By t
hei
nduc
tion
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

t
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

hypo
the
ses,wes
eet
hat
n+1 n+1

k∏bi
ci
< ∏b . i
i=1 i=1

fcn+1 = 0,
I then
n+1

∏b
i=1
i
bn+1 · æçbn ö÷n an+1 · æç an ö÷n
≥ ≥
n+1
bn èb1 ø an è2a1 ø
2
∏b
ci
i
i=1

xn+1 · æç xn ö÷n
= >k.(
byu
sing ① )
2xn è2x1 ø

s,wehaveche
Thu ckedt
hata1 ,a2 , ...,an+1 mee
tthe
r
equ
iremen
t.

tP (
3 Le x)=x2012 +a2011x2011 +a2010x2010 + … +a1x +a0be
apo
lynomi
alofdeg
ree2012ofr
ealcoe
ffi
cien
tswi
th1a
s
i
tsl
ead
ingcoe
ffi
cien
t.Fi
ndt
hemi
nimumo
frea rc
lnumbe
s
ucht
hat|Imz|≤ c|Rez|,whe
reRez andImz a
re,
r
espec
tive
ly,t
her
ealandt
heimag
ina
rypa
rtso
fanyr
oot
of a polynomi
al obta
ined by chang
ing s
ome of the
coe
ffi
cien
t ( )
sofP x tothei
ropposi
tenumber (
s. po
sedby
i)
ZhuHuawe
π
So
lut
ion.Fi
rst,wepo
intou
tt tc
ha ≥co
t .Cons
ide
rthe
4022
 124 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

pol
ynomi
alP (
x)= x2012 -x.Changingthes
ignofcoe
ffi
cien
ts
ofP (
x),weobta
infourpo lynomi
alsP (
x),- P (
x),Q (
x)=
x2012 + x and - Q (
x).No
tet
hatP (
x)and - P (
x)havet
he
1006 1006
s
amer
oos;oneo
t ft
heroo
t sz1 = co
si s π +is
in π.
2011 2011
Q(
x)and - Q (
x)havet
hes
ameroo
ts,anda
ret
heoppo
sit
e
sofP (
x).Thu
sQ (
x)ha
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

numbe
roft
heroo
t sar
ootz2 = -z1 .
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

Then,

æ|Imz1 |,|Imz2 |÷ö π

c ≥ mi
nç =co
t .
è|Rez1 | |Rez2 |ø 4022

π
t,wes
Nex howt
hatt
hean
swe
risc = co
t .Forany
4022

x)= x2012 +a2011x2011 +a2010x2010 + … +a1x +a0 ,

P(

weob
tai
napo
lynomi
al

x)=b2012x2012 +b2011x2011 +b2010x2010 + … +b1x +b0 ,

R(

bychang
ings i
gnofsomecoeff
ici
en fP (
to x),whe
reb2012 = 1,
andforj = 1,2,...,2011,

|aj |,j ≡ 0,1(

mod4),
bj = { -|aj |,j ≡ 2,3(
mod4).

Weshowt
hat,foreachroo fR (
tzo x),wehave|Imz|≤
c|Rez|.
Wepr
ovet
hisr
esu
ltbycon
trad
ict
ion.Suppo
set
her
eisa
roo fR (
tz0o x),
sucht
hat|Imz0|>c|Rez0|,
thenz0 ≠0and
π ,
e
ithe
rtheang
l fz0andii
eo sle
s hanθ =
st ort
heang
leof
4022
z0 and -ii
sle
s hanθ.Suppo
st set
hatt
heang
l fz0andii
eo sle
ss
hanθ;f
t ort
heo
the
rca
se,weneedon
lycons
ide
rthecon
juga
te
fz0 .The
o rea
retwoca
ses:
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 125

fz0i
I sont
hef
irs
tquadr
ant(
orimag
ina
ryax
is),s
uppo
se
t
hat ∠(
z0 ,
i)=α <θ,whe
re ∠(
z0 ,i)i
sthel
eas
tang
let
hat
ro
tat
esz0t
oian
tic
lockwi
se.For0 ≤j ≤2012,
ifj ≡0,2(
mod
4),
then ∠ (
bjzj0 ,1)=j
α ≤ 2012
α < 2012
θ.
fj ≡ 1,3(
I mod4),t
hen ∠ (
bjzj0 ,i) = j
α < 2011
θ and
b1z0 ,i)=α.Thu
∠( s,t
hepr
inc
ipa
lar
gumen 0 ∈ [
tofbjzj 2π -
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

1
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

α,2π) ∪ 0, π -α .Theve
2012 [ r
]texang
leoft
hisang
le-
2
1 1
doma
i s2012
ni α+ α < π.Andbjzj0 ,0 ≤j
π -α = π +2011
2 2
≤2012,a
reno
tal ro,s
lze othe
res
umcanno
tbez
ero.
fz0i
I satt
hes
econdquadr
ant,s
uppo
set
hat ∠(
i,z0)=α
<θ,
ifj ≡0,2(
mod4),
then ∠ ( 0 )=j
1,bjzj α <2012
θ.I
fj ≡
π
1,3(
mod4),
t i,bjzj0)=j
hen ∠ ( α ≤ 2011 s,eve
α < .Thu ry
2

pr
inc
ipl
ear
gumen
to 0 ∈ 0
fbjzj ,π +2011
[α .S
inc
π
e +2011
] α
2 2
< π,a 0 ,0 ≤ j ≤ 2
ndbjzj 012,a
reno
tal
lze
ro,s
othe
irs
um
canno
tbez
ero.
π
ngup,t
Summi hel
eas
trea rc = co
lnumbe t .
4022

S
econdDay
8:
00 12:
30,Ma
rch26,2012

4 Gi
venani
nt rn ≥ 4,Le
ege tA ,B ⊆ {
1,2, ...,n}.
Suppo
set
hatab +1i
sape
rfe
cts
qua
r rforanya ∈
enumbe
A andb ∈ B .Provet
hat

n{
mi |A |,|B |}≤l
og2n.

(
pos
edby Xi n)
ongBi
 126 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

So
lut
ion.Fi
rstweproveal
emma.
Lemma.Gi
venani
nt rn
ege ≥ 4,
letA ,B ⊆ {
1,2,...,n}.
Suppo
set
hatab +1i
sape
rfe
cts
qua
r rforanya ∈ A and
enumbe
ta,a
b ∈ B .Le ' ∈ A ,b,b
' ∈ B ,anda <a
',b <b
',hena
t 'b'
>5
.5ab.
Proo
foft
hel
emma.Fi
rstno
tic
et t(
ha ab +1)(
a'' +1)>
b
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

(
ab' +1)(
a'b +1).So
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

(
ab +1)(
a'' +1) >
b (
ab' +1)(
a'b +1).

S
inc
etwos
ide
sofabovei
nequa
lit
yar
eal
lin
tege
rs,wehave

ab +1)(
( a'' +1)≥ ( (
b ab' +1)(
a'b +1)+1)
2
.

Byexpan
sion,weob
tai
n

ab +a
'b' ≥ ab
' +a
'b +2 (
ab' +1)(
a'b +1)+1
>ab
' +a
' '·a
b +2 ab 'b.

Bya <a',b <b

',wehaveab' +a
'b >2ab.Leta
' ' =λab,
b
andcomb
ini
ngtheabovei
nequa
liy,wehave(
t 1 +λ)ab > (
2+

2 λ)
ab,s
oλ > 3 +2 2 > 5
.5.
Nowt
urnt
otheor
igi
n pr
obl
em.Le a1 ,a2 ,...,
tA = {
am },B = {
b1 ,b2 ,...,bn },a1 <a2 < … <am ,b1 <b2 < …
<bn .We mays
uppo
set
hat2 ≤ m ≤ n.S
incea1b1 + 1i
sa
pe
rfec
tsqua
r r,wehavea1b1 ≥ 3.Byt
enumbe emma,a2b2
hel
>5
.5a1b1 > 4 ,ak+1bk+1 > 4akbk ,k = 2,...,m -1.Thu
2
s,

n2 ≥ ambm ≥ 4m-2a2b2 > 4m .

The
re e,m ≤l
for og2n.

5 Fi
nda
lli
ntege
rsk ≥ 3,wi
tht
hefo
llowi
ngprope
rti
es:
The
reex
isti
ntege
rsm andns
ati
sfi
yng(
m ,k)= (
n,k)=
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 127

1andk| (
m -1)(
n -1)wi
th1 < m <k,1 <n <kand
m +n >k.(
pos
edby YuHongb
ing)
So
lut
ion.I
fkha
saf
act
oro
fsqua
renumbe
rgr
eat
e han1,l
rt et
k
t2 |k,
t > 1,
thent
akngm =n =k -
i +1,wes
eet
hats
uch
t
kha
sthepr
ope
rti
es.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

fkha
I snof
act
oro
fsqua
r r,
enumbe i
fthe
rea
retwopr
ime
s
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

p1 ,p2s
ucht
hat(
p1 -2)(
p2 -2)≥ 4andp1p2 |k.Le
tk =
p1p2 …pr andp1 ,p2 ,...,pr be pa
irwi
sed
iff
er t,r ≥ 2.
en
S
incet
her
eisa
tlea
stoneo p1 -1)
f( p2p3 …pr +1and (
p1 -
2)
p2p3 …pr + 1i
scopr
imewi
thp1 (
othe
rwi
sep1 d
ivi
dest
hei
r
d
iff
er ep2p3 …pr ,wh
enc ichi
sa con
trad
ict
ion),t
aki
ng t
his
numbe
rast rm ,t
henumbe hen,1 < m < k,(
m ,k) = 1.
S
imi
lar
ly,wecant
akeanumbe f(
rn o p2 -1)
p1p3 …pr +1or
(
p2 -2)
p1p3 …pr + 1s
ucht
hat1 < n < k,(
n,k) = 1.So
p1p2 …pr | (
m -1)(
n -1),and

m +n ≥ (
p1 -2)
p2p3 …pr +1 + (
p2 -2)
p1p3 …pr +1
=k + ((
p1 -2)(
p2 -2)-4)
p3 …pr +2 >k.

Suchm ,n wi
lls
ati
sfyt
hecond
iti
ons.
I
fthe
rea
renotwopr sp1 ,p2s
ime ucht
hat(
p1 -2)(
p2 -2)
≥ 4,p1p2 |k,theni
tisea
syt
ove
rif
ysuchi
nt rk ≥ 3can
ege
on
lybe15,30ora
sp,2p (
whe
repi ime).I
sanoddpr tisea
sy
t
oseet
ha fk = p,2p,30,
t,i thent
her
eaenom ,ns
r ati
sfi
yng
t
hecond
iti
ons;
ifk = 15,t
hen m = 11,n = 13s
ati
sfyt
he
cond
iti
ons.
ngup,i
Summi nt rk ≥ 3s
ege ati
sfi
est
hecond
iti
onsi
fand
on
l fki
yi sno ime,nordoub
tanoddpr leofanoddpr
imeand
nor30.
 128 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

6 Suppo
set
her
ear
ebee
tle
son ache
ssboa
rdcons
ist
ing of
2012 × 2012 un
it square
s. Each un
it square can
accommoda
teatmostonebeetl t,a
e.Atamomen l
lbeetl
es
f
lyandl
andont
heche
ssboa
rdaga
in.Forabee
tle,weca
ll
t
he ve
ctorf
rom i
tsf
lyi
ng un
itt
oit
sland
ing un
itt
he
bee
tle
􀆳s“
dis
plac
emen
tvec
tor”. Weca
llt
hes
um ofa
ll
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

bee
tle
􀆳s“
dis
plac
emen
tve
ct s”t
or he “
tot
ald
isl
pacemen
t
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

ve
ct s”.
or
F
ind t
he max
imum l
eng
t f “
ho tot
ald
isl
pacemen
t
ve
ctor”cons
ide
ringt
henumbe
rofbee
tle
sanda
llpo
ssi
ble
po
sit
ion
soff
lyi
ngandl
and
ing.(
poedby QuZhenhua)
s
So
lut
ion.Se
tup a coord
ina
te wi
th or
igi
natt
he c
ent
er of
che
ss rdO andt
boa heg
ridl
inea
sthecoord
ina
tel
ine.Deno
te
t
hes
etoft
hecen
ter
sofs
qua
resbyS,andt
hes
etwhe
ret
he
bee
tle
sin
iti
all
ysandonbyM 1 ⊆S,andt
t hes
ett
hatt
hebee
tle
s
l tf:M 1 → M 2bet
andonbyM 2 ⊆S.Le heone
-to
-onemapp
ing
de
finedbyabee
tle
􀆳spo
sit
ionva
tthebeg
inn
ingt
othepo
sit
ion
u = f(
v)off
irs
tland
i s,t
ng.Thu het
ota
ldi
spl
acemen
tvec
tor
i
sgi
venby

V = ∑ (f(
v)-v)= ∑ u - ∑ v.
v∈M 1 u∈M 2 v∈M 1
①

No
tet
hatt
her
ight
-hands
ideof①i
sindependen
toff.We

needon
lyt
ofi
ndt
hemax f|V|=|∑u∈M u - ∑v∈M v|
imumo
2 1

fora
llM 1 ,M 2 ⊆ S,|M 1|=|M 2|.Wemays
uppo
set
hatM 1
∩ M 2 = ⌀,s
incee
l tofM 1 ∩ M 2 doe
emen tchange|V |.
sno
Suppo
set
hat|V |a
tta
insi
tsmax t(
imuma M 1 ,M 2),obv
iou
sly
V ≠ 0.Le
tlnel ⊥ V bea
i tpo
intO .
Lemma1.Lineldoesnotpas
sanypo
intofS.M 1i
sthes
etof
Sonones
ideofl,andM 2i
sthes
etofS ont
heo
the
rsdeofl.
i
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 129

Proo
fofLemma1.F
irt,M 1
s ∪ M 2 =S.Ot
herwi
se,s
i e|S|
nc
seven,t
i her
ear
eatl
eas
ttwopo
insa andb wh
t icha
reno
tin
M 1 ∪ M 2 .Suppo
set
hatt
heang
l tweena -bandV doe
ebe sno
t
°,t
exceed90 hen|V + (
a -b)|>|V |.Soaddai
ntoM 2 ,add
bi
ntoM 1 ,
then|V |wi
lli
ncr
eae,wh
s ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.
cond,M 2 = - M 1 .Ot
Se herwi
se,t
her
eex
ista,b ∈S,
such
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

t
hata,-a ∈ M 1 andb,-b ∈ M 2 .Suppo
set
hatt
heang
le
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

tweena -bandV doe

be sno eed90
texc °.Pu
tai
ntoM 2 ,andb
i
ntoM 1 ,Vchange
st a -b),and|V +2(
oV +2( a -b)
| >|V |,
wh
ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.
Th
ird,
ldoe
sno
tpa
ssanypo
in fS.Ot
to herwi
se,l
etlpa
ss
a,a ∈ M 1 ,-a ∈ M 2 ,
thenchangeai
ntoM 2 ,-ai
ntoM 1 ,V
change
stoV +4
a.No
ticet
hata ⊥V ,
s a|>|V|,wh
o|V +4 ich
i
sacon
trad
ict
ion.
Four
th,weshowt
hatM 2 i
sthes
etofS onones
ideofl
(
thes
idet
hatV i
spo
int
i o),and M 1 i
ngt sthes
etofS ont
he
o
the
rsdeofl.Ot
i herwi
se,t
her
eisa ∈ M 1 a
tthes
idet
hatVi
s
po
int
ingt
o.Andt
her
eisab ∈ M 2 ont
heo
the
rsi
de.Thent
he
ang
l tweena -bandVi
ebe sle
s han90
st °.Changeai
ntoM 2and
bi
ntoM 1 ,
thenVchange
sin
toV +2(
a -b),
thel
eng
thofwh
ich
i
sgr
eat
er,wh
ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.Lemma1i
snow proved.

Lemma2.Le
tSk = { (x,y)∈S |x|=k - 1
2
or|y|=k -

1 ,
}k = 1,2,...,1006,lbeal
inepa
ssngO anddoe
i sno
t
2
pa
sspo
int
sofSk .Deno
tea
llpo
int
sofSk onones
i flbyAk ,
deo

a
llpo
int
sofSk ont
heo
the
rsdebyBk .Deno
i teVk = ∑u∈A u -
k

∑v∈B v,thenthe maximum of|Vk |isobtained whenlis

k

hor
izon
tal(
orve
rti
cal),andVki
sve
rti
cal(
orhor
izon
tal).
 130 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

Proo
fofLemma2.Sk i
sloca
teda
t
t
hebounda
ryofas
qua
rewi
th2
kpo
int
s
oneachs
ide.Le
tthefourve
rti
cesof
1 1ö
e be A çk - ,k - ÷ ,
æ
t
he s
qua
r
è 2 2ø
1 1ö 1
B ç -k + ,k - ÷ ,C ç -k + ,-
æ æ
2 2ø 2
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

è è
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

1 ö÷ 1 1ö F
i .6
.1
andD çk - ,-k + ÷ .By g
æ
k+
2ø è 2 2ø
s
ymmetr
icity,wemays uppo
set tli
ha nt
ers
ec sAD a
t tpo
intP
wit
hnon-nega
tives
lope.LetP beloca
tedbe het(
tweent 1 ≤t
)
h(
≤kt f
romt
opt
obo
ttom)o
fSk onAD andt t +1)
he( thofSk
onAD (
seeF
ig .1,i
.6 nca
s fk = 6,
eo t = 3).Thu
s,
→ → →
Vk = (
2k -2)(
2k -1)j + (
2k -t)(- (
2 i +tj)+
k -1)
→ →
t ((
2k -1)
i+(
2k -t)j)
→ →
= -2(
2k -1)(
k -t)
i +2(- (
k -t) +3 k +1)j,
k -3 2 2

→ →
whe
re i and j a
re hor
izon
tal and ve
rti
cal un
it vec
t s,
or
r
espe
cti
vel
y.Deno
te(
k -t)
2
= u,0 ≤ u ≤ (
k -1)
2
,
then

1
|Vk | = (
2k -1)u +u2 -2(
3 k +1)
k2 -3 u+(
3 k +1)
k2 -3
2 2 2

4
=u - (
2 k +1)
k -2 u+(
3 k +1).
k -3
2 2 2 2

1
Asa quadr
ati
cfunc
tion ofu,u = k2 - k + i
sthe
2
s
ymme tr
icaxi
s.I
tiseasytoknowt t|Vk|2t
ha ake
sitsmax
imum
atu = 0.Sot = k,t
ha s,li
ti shori
zon
tal,soVk i
svert
ica
l.
Lemma2i
spr
oved.
Turnt
otheor
igi
nalprob
lem.Bys
ymme
tri
ciy,weneedt
t o
on
lycon
side
rtha
tthes
lopeofli
snon
-nega
tiveandl
esst
han1.
tM 1 ,M 2 bel
Le oca
tedontwos
i sofl.Deno
de teM 2 ∩ Sk =
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 131

Ak ,M 1 ∩ Sk = Bk ,Vk = ∑ u - ∑v∈B v,
u∈Ak
then
k

1006 1006

|V |= ∑ Vk ≤
k=1
∑ |V
k=1
k |. ②

So,|V|max ≤ ∑k=1|Vk|max. l,M 2i

1006
Ifli
shor
izon
ta sal
lthe

poin
tsofS ontheupperha
lf-p
lane,M 1i
sal
lpoin
tsofS onthe
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

lowerha
lf-l
pane;each|Vk |t ake
sit
s maximum,anda lVk
l
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

po
intupwa
rd.Andt
heequa
lit
yof ② ho
lds.So|V |i
ndeed
t
ake
st imum|V |max = 2 ×10063 .
hemax

2013 (
Jian i
gyn,J
iangsu)

F
irs
tDay
00 12:
8: 30,Ma
rch24,2013

1 venanyn(> 1)copr
Gi imepo
sit
ivei
ntege
rsa1 ,a2 ,...,
an ,deno
teA = a1 +a2 + … +an .Le
tdi = (
A ,ai)(
the
gr
eate
stcommondivi
sor),
i = 1,2,...,n.
LetDi bet
hegrea
testcommond i
viorof {
s a1 ,a2 ,...,
an }
\{ai},i = 1,2, ...,n.Fi
nd t
he mi
nimum of
A -ai (
∏ i)
n
. po
sedbyZhangS
ihu
i=1
diDi
So
lut
ion.Cons
ide
r

D1 = (
a2 ,a3 ,...,an )andd2 = (
a2 ,A )
a2 ,a1 +a2 + … +an ).
=(

t(
Le D1,d2)=d.Thend|a2,d|a3,...,d|an ,d|a1 +
a2 + … +an .Thu
s,d|a1 .Con
sequen
tly,
 132 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

d| (
a1 ,a2 ,...,an ).

S
incea1 ,a2 ,...,an a
r ime,wehaved = 1.No
ecopr te
t
hatD1 |a2 ,d2|a2 and (
D1 ,d2)= 1.WehaveD1d2|a2 .So
D1d2 ≤ a2 .S
imi
lar
ly,wehaveD2d3 ≤ a3 ,...,Dnd1 ≤ a1 .
Hence,
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

∏dD D1d2)·(
=( D2d3)·…·(
Dnd1)
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

i i
i=1

≤ a2a3 …ana1
n

= ∏a .
i=1
i ①

Con
side
ring
n n

∏ (A -ai)=
i=1
∏ ( ∑a )
i=1 j≠i
j

n 1

≥ ∏ ( (n -1)( ∏a ) )
n-1
j
i=1 j≠i
n

=(
n -1) · ∏a ②
n
i
i=1

andby ① and ② ,wes

eet
hat
n
A -ai
∏ ≥(
n -1) .
n

i=1 diDi

Ont
heo
the fa1 =a2 = … =an = 1,
rhand,i

A -ai
∏ =(
n -1)
n n
.
i=1
diDi

A -ai (
ngup,t f∏i=1 s n -1)
n
Summi hemi
nimumo i n
.
diDi

2 Suppo
set
hatO andI a
ret
hec
ent
reso
fthec
ircumc
irc
le
andi
nci
rcl
eof△ABC wi
thr
adi
usRandr,
res
pec
tive
ly,P
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 133

︵
i
sthemi
dpo
intofa
rcBAC .Le
tQP bet
hed
iame
te fO .
ro
tPIi
Le nte
rse
ctBCa
tpo
intD ,andl
ett
hec
ircumc
irc
leof
△AIDi
nte
rse
ctt
heex
tendedl
ineofPA a
tpo
intF .Le
t
po
intE beon PD s
ucht
hatDE = DQ .Provet
hat,i
f

∠AEF = ∠APE ,
2
r (
thens
in2 ∠BAC = . po
sedbyXi
ong
R
n)
Bi
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

F
ig.2
.1 F
ig.2
.2

So
lut
ion.S
i e ∠AEF
nc = ∠APE ,
then△AEF ∽ △EPF .So
AF ·PF = EF .S
2
inc
epo
insA ,I,D andF a
t reconcyc
lic,
s,
PA ·PF =PI·PD .Thu

PF2 = AF ·PF +PA ·PF

①
= EF +PI·PD .
2

S
incePQi
sthed
ime
terofc
irc
leOandpo
in sonAQ ,we
tIi
s
eet
hatAI ⊥ AP .Cons
equen
tly,

∠IDF = ∠IAP = 90
°.

s,wehave
Thu

PF2 -EF2 = PD2 -ED2 .

Comb
inng ① ,wehave
i

PI·PD = PD2 -ED2 .

 134 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

Thu
s

QD2 = ED2 = PD2 -PI·PD =ID ·PD .

Con
sequen
tly,wehave

△QID ∽ △PQD . ②

S
incePQi
sthed
iame
tero
fci
rceO ,wes
l eet
hatBP ⊥BQ .
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Suppo
set
hatPQi
sthepe
rpend
icu
larb
isec
torofBCa
tpo
intM .
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

No
tet
hatIi
sthei
ncen
treof△ABC .WehaveQI2 = QB2 =
s,
QM ·QP .Thu

△QMI ∽ △QIP . ③

By ② and ③ ,weseethat ∠IQD = ∠QPD = ∠QPI =

∠QIM .He nce, MI ‖QD .LetIK ⊥ BC be at K .Then
IK ‖PM ;
t s,
hu

PM PD PQ
= = .
IK ID MQ

Byt
he Ci
rcl
e-Powe
rTheor
em andt
heS
i em,we
ne Theor
knowt
hat

PQ ·IK = PM ·MQ = BM ·MC

æç 1 ö2
= BC ÷ = (
Rsn∠BAC)
i 2
,
è2 ø

PQ ·IK 2R ·r 2r
t
hus,s
in2 ∠BAC = = = .
R2 R2 R

3 Suppo
set
her
eae101pe
r rsonss
itt
inga
roundar
oundt
abl
e
i
nana
rbi
tra
r r.Thekt
yorde hpe
rsonpo
sse
ssskp
e iece
sof
ca
rts,k = 1, ...,101.Weca
l tat
li ran
sit
ion i
fone
t
rans
itsoneofh
isca
rtst
ooneofh
isad
jac
entpe
rsons.
Fi
ndt
hemi
nimum po
sit
i rk,s
venumbe ucht
hatwha
teve
r
t
heorde
roft
hes
eat
ing,t
her
eiswayofno mor
ethank
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 135

t
rans
iti
onss
otha
teachpe
rsonpo
sse
sss51ca
e rts.(
pos
ed
by QuZhenhua)
So
lut
ion.Theansweri
sk =42925.
Le
tthec
ircumf
erenceoft
het
abebe101,andt
l hed
ist
ance
be
tweentwo ad
jac
ent pe
rsons be 1.In t
he fo
ll ng, we
owi
cons
ide
rthel
eas
ttr
ans
iti
ont
ime
s.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Deno
tet
he pe
rson whoi
nit
ial
lypo
sse
sssica
e rdsby [
i-
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

51].So,i
fp >0,
thenwecant
hinkofpe
rson[
p]a
sthes
our
ce
whoshou
lds tp ca
endou rds;andi
fp < 0,pe
rs p]i
on [ sthe
s
inkwhos
hou
ldr
ece
ive -pca
rds.
Suppo
set
hata
ttheendo
ftr
ans
itons,eachpe
i rs s51
onha
cards.If pe
rson B poss
es s
esa ca rd u init
ial
ly bel
ong
i ng to
personA ,wecant hinkt hatA carri
esca rdu toB bypa s
sing
︵
throughthe minoracAB ,t
r helengthoft herouteisthea rc
︵
length|AB |mean sthetime softr
an s
iti
on s.
Le
tsea
ting orde
rbea
sshowni
nthef
igu
re.Pe
rs i]
on [
t
ran
sit
sal
lhsica
i rdst
ope
rson [-i](
i = 1,2,...,50)wi
th
rou
tel
eng
thi.Sot
her
ear
eal
ltoge
t r12 + 22 + … + 502 =
he
42925t
ran
sit
ion
s.Int
hef
oll ng,wewi
owi llshowt
hatnol
ess
t
ran
sit
ionscanmee
tther
equ
iremen
tifpe
rson
sar
esea
tedi
nth
is
way.
We u
se t
he no
tion of
“po
tent
ial”.Le t po
tent
iala
t
t
he hi
ghest po
sit
ion [50]be
50; the nei
ghbor po s
iti
ons
[49 ] and [48 ] each has
po
tenti
al49,...,thelowest
po
sit
ion [- 49]and [- 50]
each ha
s po
ten
til 0. Then,
a
F
ig.3
.1
t
he t
ota
l po
ten
tia
l a
t t
he
 136 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

beg
inn
ingi
s

S = 101 ×50 + (
100 +99)×49 + … + (
2 +1)×0.

Anda
ttheendo
ftr
ans
iti
ons,t
het
ota
lpo
ten
tia
lis

T = 51 ×50 + (
51 +51)×49 + … + (
51 +51)×0.

Thed
iff
er sS -T = 42,
encei 925.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

on,t
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

S
incea
fte
reacht
ran
sit
i het
ota
lpo
ten
tia
lchange
sat
mo
st1,s
oatl
eat42,
s 925t
ran
sit
ionsa
reneeded.
Int
hefo
ll ng,weshowt
owi hatwha
teve
rbet
heorde
rof
s
eat
ing,t
her
eisa
lway
s a way of no mor
ethan 42,925
t
rans
iti
onss
ucht
hateach pe
rson po
sse
sss51ca
e rds.Toshow
t
his,weg
ivetwol
emma
s.
tc,a0 ,a1 ,...,an-1 bei
Lemma1.Le ntege
rswi
tht
hei
rsum
ze
ro,andc ≥ 0,a0 ≤ a1 ≤ … ≤ an-1 .
fn + 1pe
I rsonsdeno
t c],[
edby [ a0],[
a1],...,[
an-1],
po
sse
ssN + c,N + a0 ,N + a1 , ...and N + an-1 ca
rds,
r
espec
tive
ly,whe
reN i
sapo
sit
ivei
nt r,s
ege ucht
hatN +a0 >
0.Le
tthepe
rsonss
tandon0,1,...,n oft
henumbe
rax
is,
s
ucht
hat[
c]s
tand
satn.Thent
her
eisawayofno mor
ethan

∑ ons,s
n-1
cn + i
ai t
i=0
rans
iti ucht
hateach pe
rson po
sse
sssN
e

ca
rds.
P
roo
fofLemma1.Suppo
set
hatan-1 ≥ … ≥as >0 ≥as-1 ≥ …

≥a0 ,
theni
nduc
tiononM =an-1 + … +as .
IfM =0,
t c]
hen[
pa
ssscca
e rd o[
st ai],
sucht
hat[
ai]ob
tans-aica
i rds(
0 ≤i ≤
s -1).Suppo
set
hatpe
rson [
ai]s
tand
satxi(
0 ≤i ≤ n -1),
henx0 ,x1 ,...,xn-1 i
t sape
rmu
tat
ionof0,1,...,n - 1.
s,a ca
Thu rd t
hat pa
sse
sfr c]t
om [ o [
ai]need
s n - xi
t
rans
iti
ons.Sot
het
ota
ltr
ans
iti
onsneededa
re
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 137

s-1 s-1 s-1

∑ (n -xi)(-ai)=cn + ∑ xiai ≤cn + ∑iai

i=0 i=0 i=0

n-1

=c
n+ ∑ia .
i=0
i

Nows
uppo
set
hatt
heconc
lus
ioni
str
uefori
ntege
rssma
lle
r
hanM .Cons
t ide
rtheca
seo
fin
t rM .Suppo
ege set
hat
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

an-1 = … = an-s > an-s-1 ,al > al-1 = … = a0 .

by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

Thent
her
eisape
rs n[
oni an-1],...,[
an-s ]andape
rsoni
n
[ al-1]s
a0],...,[ ucht
hatt
hei
rdi
stancei
snomor
ethann -s
-l +1.We mays
uppo
set
hatt
hed
ist tween [
ancebe an-s ]and
[
al-1]
isnomor
ethann -s -l +1,
thenl
etpe
rson [
an-s ]pa
ss
o[
rdut
aca al-1]bynomor
ethann -s -l+1t
ran
sit
ion t,
s.Nex
byi
nduc
tiononcand

an-1 ≥ … ≥ an-s+1 > an-s -1 ≥ an-s-1

≥ … ≥ al ≥ al-1 +1 > al-2 ≥ … ≥ a0 ,

wes
eet
hatbyt
aki
ngnomor
ethan

L =cn + (
n -1)
an-1 + … + (
n -s +1)
an-s+1 +
(
n -s)(
an-s -1)+ (
n -s -1)
an-s-1 + … +
al + (
l l -1)(
al-1 +1)+ (
l -2)
al-2 + … +0·a0

t
rans
itons,each pe
i rson po
sse
sss N ca
e rds.Add
iti
on oft
he
t
rans
iti
onso rdu,weknowt
fca hatt
her
ear
enomor
ethan
n-1

n -s -l +1)=cn + ∑i
lL + ( ai
i=0

t
rans
iti
ons.TheproofofLemma1i
scomp
let
ed.
Lemma2.Foranypermut
ati f[-50],[-49],...,[
ono 49],
[
50]onac
irc
le,t
her
ealway
sex
ist
sa pe
rson [
c],deno
tet
he
l
inepa
ssi
ngt
hrough [
c]andt
heo
rii
gnbyl,s
ucht
hatt
hes
umo
f
 138 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

e
achs
i fl (
deo inc
ludec )i
ntheb
racke
tsha
sthes
ames
i fc.
gno
Proo
fofLemma2.Le
tthepe
rmu
tat
ionont
hec
irc
lebe[
a1],
a2],...,[
[ a101]c
lockwi
se.Thent
her
eisad
irec
tedd
iame
terl
oft
hec
irc
les
ucht
hat[
a1],[
a2],...,[
a50]a
reonones
ideof
land [
a51],[
a52],...,[
a101]a
reont
heo
the
rsi
de.
f∑i=1ai = 0, akec =a51;e f∑i=1ai ≠0,
e,i
50 50
I thent ls then
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

t
hes
umso
fea
chs
i flhav
deo edi
ffe
ren
tsi
gn.I
fwer
ota
tel180
°
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

c
lockwi
se,wes ha
eet tt
hes
um o
feachs
idechange
ssi
gn.So
t
her
eex
issa[
t c]wh
ich mee
tingt
her
equ
iremen
tofLemma2.
Take[
c]i
nLemma2.Suppo
set
hatc ≥0(
els
echangeeach
[
ai]by [-ai]andchangea
llt
hed
irec
tionso
fthea
r tc =
c.Le
c1 +c2 ,c1 ,c2 ≥ 0,
sucht
hatt umofc1andt
hes henumbe
rson
ones
ideof(
noti
ncudec)
l lisze
ro.Deno
te50numbe
rsont
his
s
idebya0 ≤a1 ≤ … ≤a49 ,anddeno
te50numbe
rsont
heo
the
r
s
idebyb0 ≤b1 ≤ … ≤b49 .Thent
hes fc2andb0 ,b1 ,...,
umo
b49i
sal
soze
ro.Us
i oc1 ,a0 ,a1 ,...,a49 andc2 ,
ngLemma1t
b0 ,b1 , ...,b49 ,r
espec
tive
ly,weob
tai
ntha
tthet
ran
sit
ion
t
ime
sar
enomor
ethan
49 49

c1 + ∑jaj +50
L = 50 c2 + ∑j
bj .
j=0 j=0

S
incec,a0 ,...,a49 ,
b0 ,...,
b49isape
rmu
tat
ionof-50,
-49,...,50,byt heorde ri
nequal
ity
49

c + ∑j(
L = 50 aj +bj )
j=0

49

≤50 + ∑j(2j -50 +2j -49)

2

j=0

=42925.

ngup,t
Summi hel
eas
tpo
sit
ivei
nt rk = 42925.
ege
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 139

S
econdDay
8:
00 12:
30,Ma
rch25,2013

4 Le ime,aandk bepo
tp beapr sit
ivei
ntege
rs,s
ati
sfi
yng
p <k <2p .Provet
a a
ha
tthe
reexi
stsposi
tivei
nt rn,n
ege
2a
<p s ucht tCn ≡ n ≡ k(
ha k
modp ).(
a
pos
ed by Yu
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Hongb
ing)
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

So
lut
ion.Wearetoproveanext
endedprob
lem.
Le ime,
tp beapr aandkbepo
sit
ivei
ntege
rs,s
ati
sfi
yngpa
<k < 2p .Provet
a
hatforany non
-nega
tivei
nt rb,t
ege her
e
ex
ist
spo
sit
ivei
nt rn,n < pa+bs
ege ucht
hatn ≡k(
modpa )and
Cn ≡k(
modpb ).
k

fb =0,pb =1,
I taken =k -pa .Wepr
ovebyi
nduc
tion.
Suppo
set
hatt
heconc
lus
ioni
str
uefori
nt rb ≥ 0.Tha
ege tis,
t
her
eex
ist
sapo
sit
ivei
nt rn <pa+bn ≡k(
ege modpa ),andCn
k
≡

k(
modpb ).
t1 ≤t ≤ p -1.Cons
Le ide
r
k-1
n +tpa+b -i
Cn ∏ .
k a+b =
+t
p
i=0 k -i

m ,
rm ,ltP (
m )= pvp ,r(
m )=
(
m)
Fori
ntege e whe
re
P(
m)
vp (
m)i
sthenumbe
rofpi
nthes
tanda
rdf
act
ori
zat
i fm .
ono
S
incek -i < 2pa ≤ pa+1 ,wes
eet
hatvp (
k -i)≤ a and
n -i ≡k -i(
modpa ).Hence,

P(
k -i)|n +tpa+b -i.

Con
sequen
tly,

n -i a+b-vp (
k-i)
+tp
P(
k -i)
k-1

C = ∏ .
k

r(
k -i)
a+b
n+t
p
i=0
 140 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

fk -i ≠pa ,
I thenvp (
k -i)≤a -1anda +b -vp (
k -i)
≥b +1.fk -i = pa ,
I thenvp (
k -i)= a.Hence,
k-1
n -i æ k-1 n -i
∏ ç ∏
ö
Cn
k a+b
≡ + ÷ ·t
p
b
+t
p
( )(
i=0 P k -ir k -i
) ç 0≤i≤k-1P(
k -i)r(k -i)÷
è i≠k-pa ø

r(n -i)ö÷ · b (
k-1

∏
æ
≡ Cn + ç
k
tp modpb+1).
ç 0≤i≤k-1 k -i)÷
(
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

r
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

è i≠k-pa ø

Th
isi
sbecau
set
ha fk -i ≠ pa ,
ti t n -i)- (
henpa | ( k -i).
So

vp (
n -i)=vp (
k -i).

r(
n -i)
∏ o p, we s
k-1
S
ince is copr
ime t ee t
hat
r(
k -i)
0≤i≤k-1
i≠k-pa

Cn
k a+b (
0 ≤t ≤p -1)goe
sthr
ought
hefo
llowi
ngr
ema
inde
rsof
+t
p

modu
larpb+1 :

Cn p ,j = 0,1,...,p -1.
k b
+j

S
inceCn ≡k(
modpb ),
the
reex
issj(
t 0 ≤j ≤ p -1),
such
k

t
hatCn p ≡ k(
modpb+1).Tha
tis,t
her
eex
isst(
t 0 ≤t ≤
k b
+j

p -1),
sucht
hatCn ≡k(
modpb+1).Le
tN =n +tpa+b .Then
k a+b
+t
p

N < pa+b+1 ,N ≡ n ≡k(

modpa )andCkN ≡k(
modpb+1).

Theex
tendedpr
obl
emi
spr
ovedbyi
nduc
tion.

5 tn ≥ 2anda1 ,a2 ,...,an ,b1 ,b2 ,...,bn benon

Le -
nega
tivei
ntege
rs.Provet
hat
n n n
æç n ö÷n-1 æç 1 ö æ1 ö2
∑ ai2 ÷ + ç ∑bi ÷ ≥ ∏ (a +bi )
1
2 2 n
.
èn -1ø è n i=1 ø è n i=1 ø
i
i=1

(
pos
edbyLeng Gang
song)
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 141

æç n ö÷n-1 ,
So
lut
ion.Denot
eλ =
èn -1ø
n ≥ 2.Obv
iou
sly,
λ > 1.

Forg
iveni ∈ {
1, ...,n},f
i 2
xp = ak 2
+bk fork = 1,
2,...,nandf
ixaj andbj (
j ≠i).Thent
hel
eft
-hands
ideof
λ( 1
① = p -bi + ∑j≠iaj )+ 2 (
bi + ∑j≠ibj )
2 2 2
i
saquad
rat
ic
n n
λ 1
fbi ,
bi ∈ [
0, p ],wi
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

f
unc
tiono thl
ead
ingc
oef
fic
ien
t- + <
n n2
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

s,i
0.Thu tsmi
nimumi
stakena
ttheendpo
ins,t
t ha s,
ti bi = 0o
r
ai = 0.
So,wecans
uppo
set
hataibi = 0,
i = 1,2,...,n.
Ca
se1.Eachai =0,
thenbyt
hemeanva
luei
nequa
liy,we
t
have
n n
æç 1 ö2
∑ ∏b
2
bi ÷ ≥ n
.
è n i=1 ø
i
i=1

Ca
se2.Eachbi =0,
thenbyt
hemeanva
luei
nequa
liy,we
t
have
n n n
æ1 1
λ ç ∑ ai ÷ ≥ ∑ ai2 ≥ ∏a
2
2ö n
.
è n i=1
i
ø n i=1 i=1

Ca
se3.Wemays
uppo
set
hatb1 = … =bk = 0,ak+1 = … =
an = 0,1 ≤k < n.
ta1a2 …ak =ak ,bk+1 …bn =bn-k ,a,b ≥0.Thenbyt
Le he
meanva
luei
nequa
liy,wehave
t

1 +a2 + … +ak ≥ k
a2 a2 ,bk+1 + … +bn ≥ (
n -k)
2 2
b.

I
tsu
ffi
cest
oprovet
hat

λk 2 (n -k)2 n-k)
2(
b2 ≥ an ·b n .
2
k
a + ②
n n 2

Byt
hemeanva
luei
nequa
liy,wes
t eet
hat
Thel
eft
-hands
ideo
f
 142 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

λ 2 … λ 2 n -k 2 … n -k 2
② = a + + a + b + + b
n n n2 n2
􀮩􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀮪􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀮫 􀮩
􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀮪􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁 􀮫
kt
erms n-kt
erms
n-k
æn -k ö÷ 2(
n-k)
≥λ a · ç ·b
k 2
k n
n n n
.
è n ø
n-k
æçn -k ö÷
So,i ≥ 1,t s,t
k n
tsu
ffi
cest
oshowt
hatλn hati o
è n ø
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

æ n ö÷n-k
s
how ç ≤λ .
k
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

èn -k ø
Inf
act,

n · n ·…· n · · ·…·
1 1 1
n -k n -k n -k 􀮩􀪁􀪁􀪁􀮪􀪁􀪁 􀪁􀮫
􀮩
􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁 􀪁􀮪􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀪁􀮫 nk-nt
erms
n-kt
erms

æn + (
nk -n)÷önk-k
≤
è nk -k
ç
ø
( )
æç n ö÷ n-1 k
=λ .
k
=
èn -1ø

6 I
na p
lane wi
thc
art
esi
anc
oor
dina
tes,l
etP andQ b
etwo
r
egi
onso
fc onv
expolygon (
inc
ludi
ngboundar
yandi n
teri
or)
whos
eve
rti
cesarea
llinte
gerpoi
nts( e.,t
i. heircoordinat
es
a
rea
lli
ntege
rs)andT = P ∩ Q .Provet
ha fT i
ti sno
t
emp
tyanddoe
sno
tcon
tai
nin
tege
rpo
int,t
henTi
sanon
-
degene
rat
econvexquadr
ila
ter
al.(
poedby QuZhenhua)
s
So
lut
ion.S
incet
henon
-emp
tyi
nte
rsec
tionT oftwoconvex
c
los
ed po
lygon
sisa c
los
ed convex po
lygon or degene
rat
ed
po
lygon,t
herearethr
eeposs
ibl
ecase
s.
(
1)T isa po
int.ThenT mus
tbet heve
rtexofP orQ ,
con
trad
ict
ingt
hef
actt
hatT con
tai
nsnoi
ntege
rpo
int.
(
2)Ti
sas t.ThenT mu
egmen stbet
hei
nte
rsec
tionofan
edgeofP andanedgeofQ ,wh
ichcon
tai
nst
heve
rtexofP or
Q ,wh
ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 143

(
3)Ti
sac
los
edconvexpo
lygon.
So,i
trema
inst
obeshownt
hatTi
saquadr
ila
ter
al.
Fi
rst,weno
tet
ha fT ha
ti stwoad
jacen
tedge
sont
heedge
s
ofP (
orQ ),
thent
hecommonve
rtexo
fth
istwoedge
smu
stbe
t
heve
rtexofP (
orQ ),wh
ichi
sacon
trad
ict
i s,t
on.Thu he
bounda
ryofT i
sformeda
lte
rna
tel
ybyapa
r fanedgeofP
to
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

andt
henapa
rtofanedgeofQ ,andeachve
rtexofT i
sthe
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

i
nte
rse
ctpo
into
fedge
so s,t
fP andQ .Thu henumbe
rofedge
s
ofTi
seven.
Wes
eet
ha fanedgeeo
ti fPi
nte
rsec
t fQ ,
sanedgefo then
e mu
sti
nte
rsec
tano
the
redgeofQ ,o
the
rwi
seT wi
llcon
tai
nan
i
ntege
rpo
int.
In t
he f
oll ng, we show by con
owi trad
ict
ion t
hatt
he
numbe
rofedge
sofT canbe6ormor
e.
fT ha
I sedge
snol
es han6,t
st hens
uppo
seP con
tansk
i
i
ntege
rpo
int
sexcep
ttheve
rti
ce fP .
so
Ca
s fk =0,
e1.I thenPi
sane
lemen
tin
tege
rtr
iang
le,ora
pa
ral
lelog
ram wi t
ha ea1.So,P canbel
r oca
tedbetweentwo
pa
ral
lelli
nesl1 ,l2 .Andt
her
eisnoi n
tege
rpo n
iti
nt heopen
doma
i tweenl1 andl2 .Atl
nΩbe eas
tthr sofP a
eeedge ret
he
sofT ,becau
edge seT ha
satl
eas
tsi
xedge
s.
(
a)In ca
s f P be
eo ing △ABC
(
SeeF
ig .1),DE ,FG and HI a
.6 re
sofQ .D ,G andE mayco
edge inc
ide
wi
thF ,H andI,r
espec
tive
ly.Li
nes
FG ,HI,l1 andl2 form a convex
quadr
ila
tera
l.Sinc
elneDE doe
i sno t F
i .6
.1
g
int
ers
ects tBC ,wes
egmen eethatt
he
i
nte
rse
ctpo
into
flneDE andFG orofl
i ineDE andHIi
sinΩ.
s,Q ha
Thu sin
tege
rve
rt nΩ,acon
exi trad
ict
ion.
 144 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

(
b)Inca
seofP be
ingapa
ral
lel
ogr tAD ,
am ▱ABCD .Le
AB andBC bet
hreeedge
so fP (s
eeFi
g .2).Thei
.6 n t
ers
ect
ion
po
intoflneEF andHGl
i oca
tesinΩ.LetAB ,BC andCD be
t
hreeedge
so fP (s
eeFi.6
g .3),andt
her
eisnoedgeofQ on
AD .S
imilartotheca
seo f(a),wecanseet
heinte
rse
cti
on
po
intofl
ineEF and HG oro
flneEF andIJ l
i oca
te n Ω,
si
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

wh
ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

F
ig.6
.2 F
ig.6
.3

Ca
se 2.k ≥ 1.Cons
ide
r
i
ntege
rpo
intX onP o
the
rthan
t
he ve
rti
ces.S
ince X ∉ T ,
t
her
eex
issanedge MN o
t fT
s
ucht
hatT andX a
res
epa
rat
ed
F
i .6
.4
bylneMN (
i deno
tebyl )(s
ee g

Fi
g.6.4).Thus,MN isa part
ofbounda
ryofQ .M i heedgeAB ofP ,N i
sont sont
heedge
CD ofP .A ,C andX a
reont
hes
ames
ideofl (A andC may
co
inc
ide,bu
tB andD dono
tbyt
hehypo
the
sist
hatT ha
sat
l
eas
tsi s).Thu
xedge s,t
her
eisano
the
rve
rt fT onAB ,
exU o
andt
her
eisano
the
rve
rtexV ofT onCD .
Deno
tet
heconvexhu
l i
lofponsX andve
t rti
ce fP be
so low
lbyP'.ThenP'andP co
inc
idebe
lowBD ,andt
hepa
rtofP'
upBDi s△BXD .ComparngT' = P' ∩ Q wi
i thT ,weseet
hat
,
T' ⊂ T andt
hebounda
ryo fT'i
stheboundar fT wi
yo hMN ,
t
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 145

MU andNV r
epl
acedbyM'N',M'U'andN'V',r
espec
tive
ly.
Tha
tis,T' and T havet
hes
ame numbe s,andt
rofedge he
numbe
rofi
ntege
rpo
int
sofP' o
the
rthanve
rti
cesi
sle
sst
han
t
ha fP .By af
to ini
te procedu
rel
iket
his,wecan ob
tai
na
convexpo
lygonwi
thnoi
nte
riori
ntege
rpo
int.By Ca
se1,i
tis
impo
ssi
ble.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

2014 (
Nani
jng,J
iangsu)

F
irs
tDay
8:
00 12:
30,Ma
rch23,2014

1 t O be t
Le he c
ircumcen
terof △ABC and H A be t
he
pro
jec
tionofA on
toBC .Theex
tens
i fAO i
ono nte
rsec
ts
t
hec
ircumc
irc
l f △BOC a
eo tA'.The pro
jec
tionsofA'
on
toAB andAC a
reD andE ,r
espec
tive
l tO A bet
y.Le he
c
ircumcen
terof △DH AE .De
fine H B ,OB ,H C andOC
s
imi
lar
ly.
Provethat H AO A , H BOB and
H COC ar
e concu rrent. (posed
byZhangS
i i)
hu
So
lut
ion.Le
t T be t
he s
ymme
try
poi
nt o r BC , F be t
f A ove he
pro
jec
ti fA' on
ono t ,
oBC and M be
t
hepr
ojec
tionofT on
toAC .
S
i eAC =CT ,weha
nc ve ∠TCM =
π
2∠TAM .S
ince ∠TAM = -
2
F
ig.1
.1
 146 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

∠ACB = ∠OAB ,wehave

∠TCM = 2∠OAB = ∠A'OB = ∠A'CF ,

and

∠TCH A = ∠A'CF + ∠A'CT = ∠TCM + ∠A'CT = ∠A'CE .

Be
cau
seoft
he f
actt
hat ∠CH AT , ∠CMT , ∠CEA',
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

∠CFA'a
rer
ightang
les,wehave,
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

CH A CH A ·CT c
os∠TCH A cos∠A'CE
= = =
CM CT CM cos∠TCM cos∠A'CF
CE ·CA' CE ,
= =
CA' CF CF

e.,CH A ·CF = CM ·CE ,s

i. o H A ,F ,M andE a
reont
he
s
amec
irc
leω1 .
S
imi
lar
ly,l
etN bet
hepro
jec
tionofT on
toAB ,
thenH A ,
F ,N and D a
reont
hes
amec
irc
leω2 .S
ince A'FH AT and
A'EMT a
rebo
thr
ightt
rapezo
id,t
hepe
rpend
icu
larb
isec
torof
t
hes
egmen
ts H AF and EM mee
tatt
he mi
dpo
int K oft
he
s
egmentA'T ,i.
e.,K i
st hec
enterofc
irceω1 andKF i
l sthe
rad
iuso
fcir
cleω1 .S
imi
lar
ly,K andKF a
rea l
sothecen
terand
t
her
adi
usofc
irc
leω2 ,r
espec
tive
l s,ω1 andω2 a
y.Thu ret
he
ame,D ,N ,F ,H A ,E andM a
s reont
hes
amec
irc
le.SoO Ai
s
t
hemi
dpo
in fA'T ,O AH A ‖AA'.
tK o
π ∠ π,
S
ince ∠H CAO + ∠AH CH B = - ACB + ∠ACB =
2 2
we have AA' ⊥ H BH C ,t
hus O AH A ⊥ H BH C ,t
her
e e,
for
O AH A ,OBH B andOCH C a
llpa
sst
hrought
heor
thocen
tero
f
△H AH BH C .

2 tA1A2 …A101 bear

Le egu
lar101 gon,andco
loreve
ry
ve
rtexr
ed or b
l t N be t
ue.Le he numbe
r of ob
tus
e
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 147

t
riang
less
ati
sfi
yng t
hefo
llowi
ng cond
itons:Thet
i hree
ve
rtic
esofthetr
iang
lemu s
tbever
tice
softhe101 gon,
boththeve
rti
ceswithacu
teang
leshavethesameco
lor,
andt
heve
rtexwi
thob
tus
eang
leha
sdi
ffe
ren
tco
lor.
(
1)F
indt
hel
arge
stpo
ssi
bleva
l fN .
ueo
(
2)Fi
ndt
henumbe
rof way
stoco
lort
heve
rti
cess
uch
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

t
ha imum N i
t max sach
ieved. (Two co
lor
ing
sar
e
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

d
iff
eren
ti omeAi t
ffors heco
lor
sar
edi
ffe
ren
ton
t
hetwoco
lor
ings s.)(
cheme poedby QuZhenhua)
s
So
lut
ion.Def
inngxi
i =0or1depend
sonwhe
t rAii
he sredor
b
lue.Forob
tus
etr
iang
leAi-aAiAi+b (
ver
texAii
stheve
rtexof
t
heob
tus
eang
le,i. a +b ≤ 50),
e., the
set
hreeve
rti
cess
ati
sfy
t
hecond
iti
onsoft
hepr
obl
emi
fandon
lyi
f

(
xi -xi-a )(
xi -xi+b )= 1, ①

o
the
rwi
s l0,he
eequa ret
hes
ubs
cri
ptmodu
le s,
s101.Thu
101

N = ∑ ∑ (x
i=1 (
a,b)
i -xi-a )(
xi -xi+b ).

He
re ∑ (a,b)s
tand
sfort
hes
umma
tionofa
llpo
sit
ivei
nte
gerpa
irs
(
a,b)
sat
isf
yinga +b ≤50.The
rea
re49+48+ … +1 =1225s
uch
po
sit
ivei
ntege
rpa
irs.Expand
ing ① ,wehave
101

N = ∑ ∑ (x
i=1 (
a,b)
i -xi-a )(
xi -xi+b )
101

∑ ∑ (x -xixi-a -xixi+b +xi-axi+b )

2
= i
i=1 (
a,b)
101 101 50

=1225 ∑ xi + ∑ ∑ (
k -1 -2(
50 -k))
2
xixi+k
i=1 i=1 k=1
101 50

=1225
n+ ∑ ∑ (3k -101)xx
i=1 k=1
i i+k . ②

He
reni
sthenumbe
roft
heb
lueve
rti
ces.Foranytwove
rtexe
s
 148 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

Ai andAj ,1 ≤i ≤j ≤ 101,
let

d(
Ai ,Aj )= d(
Aj ,Ai)= mi
n{j -i,101 -j +i}.

tB ⊆ {
Le A1 ,A2 ,...,A101}bet
hes
eto
fal
lbl
ueve
rti
ces.
Then ② canbewr
itt
ena
s

N = 1225n -101Cn +3 ∑ d(
P ,Q ), ③
2
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

{
P ,Q}⊆B
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

whe
re{
P,Q}pa
sst
hrougha
llt
hetwo
-el
emen
tsub
set
sofB.
Wi
thou
tlo
sso
fgene
ral
ity,wea
ssumet
hatni
sev
en.Ot
herwi
se,
chang
ethec
olo
rofa
llv
ert
ics,t
e heva
lu fN doe
eo sno
tchang
e.
Wr
it t,0 ≤t ≤ 50,f
en = 2 romonepo
int,r
enumb
era
llt
heb
lue
v
ert
icsbyP1,P2,...,P2t c
e lockwi
se.Then
t t t-1
1
{
∑ d(
P ,Q}⊆B
P ,Q )= ∑
i=1
Pi ,Pi+t)+ ∑ ∑ (
d(
2 i=1 j=1
d(
Pi ,Pi+j )+

d(
Pi+j ,Pi+t)+d(
Pi+t ,Pi-j )+d(
Pi-j ,Pi))
101 (
≤50
t+ tt -1).
2
④

He
ret
hes
ubs
cri
ptofPi modu
le t,and weu
s2 set
hei
nequa
lit
y
d(
Pi ,Pi+t)≤ 50and

d(
Pi ,Pi+j )+d(
Pi+j ,Pi+t)+d(
Pi+t ,Pi-j )+d(
Pi-j ,Pi)
≤101.
⑤

Comb
inng ③ and ④ ,wehave
i

101
N ≤ 1225n -101Cn +3ç5t + t(
0 t -1)÷
2 æ ö
è 2 ø
⑥
101 2 5099
=- t + t.
2 2

Ther
ight
-hands
ideof ⑥ a
tta
insi
tsmax
imum va
luewhen
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 149

t = 25,
t sN ≤ 32175.
hu
Ne
xt, c
ons
ide
rth
e n
ece
ssa
ry and s
uff
ici
entc
ond
it
ion o
f
N =3
217
5.F
irt,t = 2
s 5 me
anst
hatt
her
ear
e50b
luev
ert
ice
s.
S
econd
ly,f
or1 ≤i ≤t,weha
ved(
Pi,Pi+t)= 5
0.Whend(
Pi,
Pi+t)= 5
0,e
qua
li
tyo
f⑤ ho
lds.The
ref
ore,t
henumb
ero
fwa
yst
o
choo
se5
0bl
uev
ert
ice
ssu
cht
hatN a
chi
eve
sma
ximumi
sequ
alt
othe
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

numbe
rof way
sto choo
se 25 d
iagona
lsf
rom t
hel
ong
est 101
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

d
iagona
lss
ucht
hatanytwod
iagona
lsdono
thav
ecommonv
ert
ice
s.
Edg
ingAiandAi+50 ,
i =1,2,...,101,wege
tag
raphG .
No
tet
hat50and101a
rer
ela
tive
l ime,s
ypr n(
o1 +50 0 ≤n ≤
100)f
orm acomp
let
ere
sidues
yst
em modu
le101,i.
e.G i
sa
c
irc
lewi
th101edge
s.The
re e,t
for henumbe
ro s(
fway wr
itt
en
sS )t
a oco
lor50ve
rti
cesb
lueandN ach
ieve
smax
imumi
sequa
l
t
othenumbe
rofway
stochoo
se25edge
sofGs
ucht
hatanytwo
oft
hemdono
thavecommonve
rti
ces.Now,f
ixoneedgeeof
75 ,
sC24
G .S
inc
ethenumbe
rofway
stochoo
seedge
shav
ingei no
t
76 ,
sC2 oS = C2
75 + C y,t
5 4 25
hav
ingei s 76 .Simi
lar
l henumbe
rofway
s
t
oha
ve50r
edv
ert
ice
sisa
lsoS,t
hust
henumbe
rofway
stoc
olo
r
t
hev
ert
ice
ssu
cht
hatt
hel
are
gstva
lu fNi
eo sach
iev s2S.
edi
Ins
umma
ry,t
hel
arge
stpo
ssi
bleva
l s32175,t
ueofN i he
numbe
rofway
stoco
l s2S = 2(
ori C275 + C
4
76 )
25
.

3 Show t
hatt
her
eae no 2
r t
upl
es(
x,y)of po
sit
ive
i
ntege
rss
ati
sfi
yngt
heequa
tion

x +1)(
( x +2)…(
x +2014)= (
y +1)(
y +2)…(
y +4028).
(
pos
edbyLiWe
igu)

Proo
f.Forn = 2 ·m (
kisanon
-nega
tivei
nt r,m i
ege sodd),
k

l
etv(
n)= 2k .
We provet
his by con
trad
ict
ion.As
sume (
x,y)i
s one
 2 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

Pa
rtI Sho
rt-An
swe
r Qu
est
i s(
on Qu
est
i s1 8,e
on igh
tma
rks
e
ach)
1 Ther ff(
angeo x)= x -5 - 24 -3x i
s .
So
lut
ion.I
tisea
syt
oseet
hatf(
x)i
sinc
rea
singoni
tsdoma
in
[
5,8].The
ref
ore,i
tsr s [-3, 3].
angei
150 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina
2 Themi
nimumo acos2x -3)
fy = ( sinxi
s -3.Thent
he
pr
a
os
in
tg
i
veo
eifr
nt
ee
ga
ln
e u
rs
om
lb
u
te
irai
s
onoft
heequa
t.
ion.Le
t
So
lut
ion.Le
tsi
nxv(
xt+.T
= i)hee
= x
mp
ar
e
xss
i
{oni
v(xst
he
+j )nc
}. hangedt
o
1≤j≤2014
g( t2 +a -3)
t)= (-a t,or
f1 ≤j ≤ 2014,j ≠i,
I t
hen
( )
g t = -a a -3)
t3 + ( t.
v( x +j)=v( x +i + (j -i))=v(
j -i),
F
s
orom -a a -3)
t3 + ( t ≥ -3,wege
t

t(
a t2 -1)-3( )≥ 0,
t -1-
∏
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

-(
v  x +j) =v (( j -1)!)≤v(
2014 j)!·( 2013!).
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

 1≤j≤2014,j≠(
t -1)(-
i a t +1)-3)≥ 0.
t(

∏-j1=1≤(x0+,j ∏j=1t
)=ave -a(( )) , rf4028!,t
2014 4028
S
s
ii
n
nc
cet
e weh y j1
t++ is- 3u
am≤l
t0
ipo
l
eo hus

a( t2 +t)≥ -3. 4028!  ①

x +i ≥v( x +i)≥v  ! >2 .
1007
2013 
Whent =0,-1, expr e ssion ① a
lwayshol d s;when0 <t ≤

1,wehave0 <t2 +t ≤ 2;andwhen -1 <t < 0,∏

e,x > 21006 .So ( y +4028) > 1 ( y2+j)=
4028 4028
Therefor
- j=1≤t +
4
∏j=1(x +j, )> 21006·2014 .Wehavey +4028 > 2503 ,y > 2502 .
2014

3
t < 0.The re
fore - ≤a ≤ 1 2.
2 1( 1
1 ≤i ≤n). fx = ∑i=1xi ,y =
n
Lemma.Le t0 ≤ xi < I
2 n

3 2ma
Thx1≤u
en m {
nbx
ei}
2
ro ,
ft
ih
n
te
enra
lpo
ins(
t e.,t
i. hepo
int
swho
sex
-
i≤
g
andy-coordi
nate
sareb n
othintege
rs1 )wi
thi
nt hearea (
not
1 -x ≥  ∏ ( 1 -xi) ≥ 1 -x -y.
n

inc
ludi
ngt heboundariy
=1)encl
osedbyt herightbr
ancho f
Pr
hoofo
rbfle
xmm
-a
y.By1a =100 y,t
2 2
ype o
la = thndl
i
eAMnex
GMineqi
us
a
li
t hei
n.
equ
ali
tyon
So
lut
t
hi
eol
n.
eftB
i
s s
ye
as
ymm
yte
ot
pr
y ,
ew
ov .eon
Thel
i n
ne
y e
qe
ua
ldt
it
yoc on
onths
i
ed
le
frt
h
thoe
ld
pa
s,
rto
s
inf
c
e
t
hea
reaa bovet
n
hex-a1xi
s.Supposeliney = k i
nte
rcep
tst
he
 i∏ (1 -xi) n ≥ n n 1 ≥ n ( n
∑i=1 1 -xi ∑i=1 1 +xi +2xi )
2
=1

n
=
n +nx +2∑i=1xi2
n

1
≥
1 +x +y
≥ 1 -x -y.

Thel
emmai
sproved.
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 151

4029
Backtot
hepr ob
lem,letw =x +2015 >21007 ,z =y +
2
>2 ;
502
t
hentheequat
ioni
sequiva
lentto
1
1ö æ 2ö æ 2014ö÷ ö÷ 2014
w · ç ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ … ç1 -
ææ
èè wøè wø è w øø
1
1 ö÷ æç 9 ö æ 40272 ö÷ ö÷ 2014
=z · ç ç1 - 1 - 2 ÷ … ç1 -
2 ææ
.
èè 4 2
z øè 4
z ø è 4z2 ø ø
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

Byt emma,
hel
1
2015ö÷ 1 ö÷ æç 2ö æ 2014ö÷ ö÷ 2014
w ç1 - > w · ç ç1 - 1 - ÷ … ç1 -
æ ææ
è 2w ø èè wøè wø è w øø
2015 2·20142 ö÷
> w ç1 -
æ
-
è 2w w2 ø
2015÷ö 1
> w ç1 -
æ
- .
è 2w ø 8

1 ö÷ æç 2 ö÷ …
e,t
ææ
The
ref
or he de
cima
lofw · ç ç1 - 1 -
èè wøè wø
1

2014ö÷ ö÷ 2014 æ 3 1ö
oç , ÷ .
æ
ç1 - be
long
st
è w øø è 8 2ø
Ont
heo
t rhand,byt
he hel
emma

12 +32 + … +40272 ö÷
z2 ç1 -
æ
è 4z2 ·2014 ø
1
1 ö÷ æç 9 ö æ 40272 ö÷ ö÷ 2014
>z · ç ç1 - 1 - 2 ÷ … ç1 -
2 ææ
èè 4 2
z øè 4
z ø è 4z2 ø ø
12 +32 + … +40272 2·40274 ö÷ ,
>z ç1 -
2 æ
-
è 4z2 ·2014 (
4z2)2
ø

t
hus
1
4·20142 -1 1 ö÷ æç 9 ö æ
1 - 2 ÷ … ç1 -
40272 ö÷ ö÷ 2014
>z · ç ç1 -
ææ
z2 - 2

12 èè 4 2
z øè 4
z ø è 4z2 ø ø
2 4·20142 -1 40274
>z - -
12 8z2
2 4·20142 -1 1
>z - - .
12 8
 152 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

4·20142 -1
S
incez2 - isani
nt r,s
ege othede
cima
lpa
rtof
12
1

1 öæ 9 ö æ 40272 ö÷ ö÷ 2014 æ7
z · ç ç1- 2 ÷ ç1- 2 ÷ … ç1- o ç ,1÷ ,
2
ææ ö
be
long
st
èè 4
z øè 4
z ø è 4 2
z øø è8 ø
wh
ichi
sacon
trad
ict
ion.
The
ref
ore,t
her
ear
eno2 t
upl
es(
x,y)o
fpo
sit
ivei
nte
ger
s
s
ati
sfi
yng
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

2014 4028

∏ (x +i)=
j=1
∏ (y +i).
j=1

S
econdDay
8:
00 12:
30,Ma
rch24,2014

4 Gi
ven an odd i
nt rk > 3.Prove t
ege hatt
her
e ex
ist
i
nfi
nit
ely many po
sit
ivei
ntege
rsn,s
ucht
hatt
her
ear
e
n2 +1,
twopo
sit
ivei
ntege
rsd1 ,d2 t
hata
lld
ivi
de and
2
d1 +d2 =n +k.(
pos
edby YuHongb
ing)
So
lut
ion.Cons
ide
rtheDi
ophan
tineequa
tion

((
k -2)
2
+1)
xy = (
x +y -k)
2
+1, ①

wep
rov
etha
t① ha
sin
fin
ite
ly manypo
sit
iveodds
olu
ti s(
on x,y).
Obv
iou
sly,(
1,1)i
sapo
sit
iveodds
olu
tion,l
e x1 ,y1)=
t(
(
1,1).As
sumet
hat(
xi ,yi)i
sapo
sit
iveodds
olu
tionof ① ,
andxi ≤ yi ,
letxi+1 = yi ,yi+1 = (
k -1)(
k -3)
yi +2
k -xi .
S
ince ① canbewr
itt
ena
s

x2 - ((
k -1)(
k -3) k)
y +2 y -k) +1 = 0,
x +( 2

by Vi
eta
􀆳st em,(
heor xi+1 ,yi+1)i
sal
soaintege
rsolut
ionof①.
Si
nc ,
exi yi andk a
rea llpo sit
iveoddi
nteger ,
s andk ≥ 5,s
o
xi+1i
sapo
sit
iveoddi
nt r,and
ege
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 153

yi+1 = (
k -1)(
k -3) k -xi ≡ -xi ≡ 1(
yi +2 mod2),
yi+1 ≥ 8yi +2
k -xi > yi > 0.

Thu xi+1 ,yi+1)

s,( isapo
sit
iveodds
olu
tionof① ,andxi +
yi <xi+1 +yi+1 .By(x1 ,y1)andtheconst
r uct
ionabove,weget
aseri
eso fpositiveodds olu
ti f① :(
onso xi ,yi),i =1,2,...,
s
uchthatx1 +y1 < x2 +y2 < … .
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Foranyint rig
ege rea
terthank,xi +yi >k.Le
tn =xi +
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

yi -k,d1 =xi ,d2 =yi .Thenni sapos

iti
veoddint
eger,and
d1 +d2 =n +k.Si
nce(k -2) 2
seven,wecans
+1i howthatd1 ,
n2 +1,
d2a
rebo
thd
ivi
sor
sof andd1 +d2 =n +k.Thu
ssuchn
2
s
ati
sfi
esa
llt
hecond
iti
ons,t
her
efor
ethe
reex
isti
nfi
nit
ely many
po
sit
iveoddi
ntege
rsns
ati
sfi
yngt
hecond
iti
ons.

5 tnbeag
Le iveni
ntege
rwh
ichi
sgr
eat
ert
han1.Fi
ndt
he
gr
ea te
stconstantλ(n)sucht
hatforanynon
-ze
rocomp
lex
z1 ,z2 ,...,zn ,wehave
n

∑ |z | ≥λ(
n)mi
n{|zk+1 -zk | },
2 2
k
k=1 1≤k≤n

whe
rezn+1 =z1 .(
pos
edbyLeng Gang
song)
So
lut
ion.Le
t

ìïn ,2|n,
ïï4
( )
λ0 n = í n
,o
the
rwi
se,
2 π
ï
ï4c
î os 2n

weproveλ0(
n)i
stheg
rea
tes
tcons
tan
t.
I
fthe
reex
issk(
t 1 ≤k ≤n)s
ucht
hat|zk+1 -zk |= 0,
the
i
nequa
lit
yho
ldsobv
iou
sly.Sowi
thou
tlo
sso
fgene
ral
ity,wecan
a
ssumet
hat
 154 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

n{
mi |zk+1 -zk | }= 1.
2
①
1≤k≤n

Unde
rth
isa
ssump
tion, i
tsu
ffi
cest
o show t
hatt
he

f∑k=1 |zk |2i

sλ0(
n).
n
mi
nimumva
lueo

Whenni
seven.S
ince
n n n
1 1
∑ |zk | = ∑ |zk | +|zk+1 | )≥ ∑ |zk+1 -zk |
(
2 2 2 2
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

2k 4 k=1
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

k=1 =1

n n
≥ min{ |zk+1 -zk | }= ,
2

4 1≤k≤n 4

æ1
andequa
lit
yho
ldswhen (
z1 ,z2 ,...,zn )= ç ,- 1 ,...,
è2 2

1 , 1 ö÷ , n
f∑k=1|zk|2i
s =λ0(
n).
n
- thu
sthemi
nimumva
lueo
2 2ø 4
t,cons
Nex ide
rthecond
itonwhenni
i sodd.Le
t

zk+1
θk = a
rg ∈[
0,2π),k = 1,2,...,n.
zk

π 3π
Fora
llk =1,2,...,n,
ifθk ≤ orθk ≥ , henby ① ,
t
2 2

|zk | +|zk+1 | =|zk -zk+1 | +2|zk ||zk+1 |co

sθk
2 2 2

≥|zk -zk+1 | ≥ 1. ②
2

æç π ,3πö÷ ,
fθk ∈
I thenbyc
osθk < 0and ② ,
è2 2 ø

1 ≤|zk -zk+1 |2
=|zk | +|zk+1 | -2|zk ||zk+1 |cosθk
2 2

≤(
|zk | +|zk+1 | )(
1 + (-2c
osθk ))
2 2

θk
=(
|zk | +|zk+1 | )·2s
in2
2 2
.
2

The
ref
ore,
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 155

1
2 2
|zk | +|zk+1 | ≥ . ③
θk
2s
in2
2

Nowcon
side
rthef
oll
owi
ngtwocond
iti
ons.
æ π 3πö
(
1)I
ffora
l 1 ≤k ≤ n),θk ∈ ç , ÷ ,by ③
lk(
è2 2 ø
n n n
1 1 1
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

∑ |zk | = ∑ |zk | +|zk+1 | )≥ ∑

( .④
2 2 2

2k 4 k=1
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

θk
k=1 =1
s
in2
2

zk+1 zn+1
e ∏k=1 = 1,weh
n
S
inc = ave
zk z1
n n
zk+1 ö÷
∑ θk = a
rgç ∏ +2mπ = 2mπ, ⑤
æ
k=1 è k=1 zk ø

whe
remi
sapo
sit
ivei
nt r,andm <n.No
ege tet
ha sodd,s
tni o

mπ (
n -1)
π π
0 <s
in ≤s
in =co
s . ⑥
n 2
n 2
n

1 , π ,3π
tf(
Le x)= x ∈ [4 .I
tisea
syt
oshowt
hat
s
in2x 4]
f(x)isaconvexf unct
ion.By ④ andJ
ens
en􀆳
sInequa
liy,and
t
comb
ining ⑤ and ⑥ ,wehave
n n
1 1 n· 1
∑ |zk | ≥ ∑
2
≥
4k 2θk 4 1 θk ö÷
n ç ∑k=1
n
k=1 =1
s
in si 2æ

2 èn 2ø
n· 1 n· 1
= ≥ =λ0(
n).
4 2 mπ 4 π
s
in cos2
n 2
n

æ π 3πö
(
2)I
fthe
reex
issj(
t 1 ≤j ≤n),
sucht
hatθj ∉ ç , ÷ ,
è2 2 ø
l
et

æç π ,3πö÷ ,
{
I = j θj ∉ j = 1,2,...,n .
}
è2 2 ø
 156 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

By ② ,forj ∈I,wehave|zj|2 +|zj+1|2 ≥1;andby ③ ,

forj ∉I,wehave

2 2 1 1
|zj | +|zj+1 | ≥ ≥ .
θ 2
2s
in2 j

The
ref
ore,
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

n
1
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

∑ |z | ( ∑I (|zj |2 +|zj+1|2)+ ∑I (|zj |2 +|zj+1|2))

2
=
2 j
k
k=1 ∈ j∉

1 1
≥ |I|+ (n -|I|)
2 4
1( n +1
= n +|I|)≥ . ⑦
4 4

No
tet
hat

n +1 n · 1 π n
≥ ⇔c
os2 ≥
4 4 2 π 2
n n +1
c
os
2n
π π n 1
⇔s
in2 = 1 -co
s2 ≤1- = .
2
n 2
n n +1 n +1

Theequa
lit
yho
ldswhenn = 3;whenn ≥ 5,

π æ π ö÷2 π2 · 1 1 ,
s
in2 < ç < <
2
n è2nø 2n n +1 n +1

n +1 n ·
t
hei
nequa
lit
yal
soho
lds.Soforoddi
nt rn ≥3,
ege ≥
4 4
1
.Comb
inng ⑦ ,wehave
i
π
c
os2
2
n
n
n· 1
∑ |z | =λ0(
n).
2
≥
4 2 π
k
k=1
c
os
2n

1 i(
n-1)
rhand,whenzk = ·e ,k = 1,
kπ
Ont
heo
the n
π
2co
s
2
n
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 157

2,...,n,wehave|zk -zk+1 |= 1,k = 1,2,...,n,and

∑ ueλ0(
n).
n 2
k=1
|zk | ach
ieve
sit
smi
nimumva
l

ngup,t
Summi heg
rea
tetλ(
s n)i
s

ìïn ,2|n,
ïï4
λ0(
n)= í n
,o
the
rwi
se.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

2 π
ï
ï4c
os
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

î 2n

6 Forpo
sit
ivei
nt rk >1,
ege letf(
k)bet
henumbe
rofway
s
off
act
orngk i
i nto produc
tof po
sit
ivei
ntege
rsg
rea
ter
han1. (The orde
t r off
act
orsa
re no
tcoun
teed,f
r or
examp
lef(
12) = 4,a
s12canbef
act
oredi
nthe
sef
our
s:12,2 ×6,3 ×4,2 ×2 ×3.)
way
Pr
ovet
hat,i
fni
sapo
sit
ivei
ntege
rgr
eat
e han1,pi
rt sa
n
pr
imef
acorofn,
t t n)≤ .(
henf( pos
edby YaoYi
jun)
p
So
lut
i eP (
on.Weus n)t
ost
andfort
heb
igge
stpr
imed
ivi
sor
ofn,andde
fineP (
1)=f(
1)=1.Wef
irs
tpr
ovetwol
emma
s.
Lemma1.Forpos
iti
vei
ntege imep|n,wehavef(
rnandpr n)

≤ ∑ d
n
p
f(
d).

Proo
fo ence,af
fLemma1.Forconveni act
ori
ngs
ati
sfi
yng
t
hecond
iti
oni
sca
lledaf
act
ori
ngf
orshor
t.
Foranyf
act
ori fn,wr
ngo iten =n1n2 …nk ,
sincep|n,
so
t
her
eex
issi ∈ {
t 1,...,k},s
ucht
hatp |ni (
ift
her
eismor
e
t uchi,choo
hanones s hem ),wi
e any one oft thou
tlo
ssof
gene
ral
ity,a
ssumet
hati = 1.Mapt
hisf
act
ori
ngt
oaf
act
ori
ng
n,
ofd = d = n2n3 …nk .
n1
Fortwod
iff
eren
tfac
tor
ing
sofn,n = n1n2 …nk andn =
 158 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

n
'1n2 …n
' 'l(
whe
rep d
ivi
de '1).I
sn1 andn '1 ,t
fn1 = n hend =
n2 …nk andd =n
'2 …n
'ka
retwod
iff
eren
tfac
tor
i sofd (di
ng sa
n n n
d
ivi
sorof );i
fn1 ≠n
'1,
thend = ≠ ',
=d s
othe
setwo
p n1 n '1

f
act
ori
ngsmapt
oaf
act
ori ' ,r
ngofd andd espec
tive
ly (d and
n
d
'ar
edi
vis
orsof ).Thu
p
s,f(
n)≤ ∑ d f(
nd).Lemma1i
s
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

p
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

proved.
d
Lemma2.Forpos
iti
vei
nt rn,
ege le n)= ∑d|n ( ),
tg( then
Pd
g(
n)≤ n.
Proo
fofLemma 2.Induc
tion ont
he numbe
rofd
iff
eren
t
pr
imedivi
sor fn = 1,
sofn.I theng(
1)= 1.I
fn = pa ,pi
sa
pr ,
ime then

p -1
a

g(
n)= 1 +1 +p + … +pa-1 = 1 + ≤ 1 +p -1 = n.
a

p -1

As
sumet
hatwhent
henumbe
rofd
iff
eren
tpr
imed
ivi
sor
s
o sk,wehaveg(
fni n)≤ n.Cons
ide
rthes
itua
tionwhenn ha
s
k +1d
iff
eren
tpr
imed
ivi
sor
s.Le
tthepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionofn
1 …pk pk+1 , ep1 < … < pk < pk+1 ,andwr
a
ben = pa1 ak k+1
whe
r iten
ak 1
= mpk++1 .So
a
pk+1 -1
a k+1
dpik+1
k+1

(
gn )= (
gm )+ ∑ ∑
d|m i=1 pk+1
= (
gm )+ (
σm )
pk+1 -1
,

whe
reσ(
m )s
tand
sfort
hes
um ofpo
sit
ived
ivi
sor
sofm .By
a
ssump
tion,g(
m )≤ m ,s
ince
a a
pk+1 -1 pii -1ö÷pk+1 -1
k+1 k k+1
a +1
( ) = ∏
æç
σm
pk+1 -1 è i=1 pi -1 ø pk+1 -1

pii -1ö÷ ( ak+1

k a +1

∏ pk+1 -1)
æç
≤
èi=1 pi+1 -1 ø
 Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 159

a +1
k
pii -1ö ak+1
∏ ÷( -1)
æ
≤ ç p
èi=1 pi ø k+1
k

≤ ( ∏ p ) (p
i=1
ai
i
ak+1
k+1 -1)

=n -m ,

og(
s n)≤ n.Lemma2i
sproved.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Backt
othe pr
obem,i
l tsu
ffi
ce o prove,f
st or po
sit
ive
by NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE on 05/06/18. For personal use only.

n
i
nt rn,f(
ege n)≤ ho
lds.
P(
n)
Byi
nduc
tiononn,
ifn =1,
theequa
lit
yho
lds.As
sumet
hat
n
forn = 1,2,...,k,wehavef(
n)≤ ( ).Then,i
fn =k +
Pn
1,byLemma
s1and2andt
hea
ssump
tion,

d
f(
k +1)≤ ∑k+1
f(
d)≤ ∑k+1 P(
d)
d d
P(k+1) P(k+1)

æ k +1 ö÷ k +1
=g ç ≤ .
èP (
k +1)ø P (
k +1)