EE2403 SEM 2 Marks PDF
EE2403 SEM 2 Marks PDF
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EE2403 – SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES
The synchronous reluctance motor is not self starting without the squirrel cage. During
run up it behaves as an induction motor but as it approaches synchronous speed, the
reluctance torque takes over and the motor locks into synchronous speed.
Used where regulated speed control is required in applications suc as metering pumps
and industrial process equipment.
Axially laminated
Radially laminated
PF max=(Ld/Lq-1)/(Ld/Lq+1)
Higher Ld/Lq ratos yield higher power factors,which corresponds to reduced I^2R losses
and reduce volt ampere ratings of the inverter driving the machine.
a. Freedom from pm
b. Ability to maintain full load torque at zero speed
c. A wide speed range at constant power.
Rotor configuration
i)cage rotor for line start
ii)cageless-rotors for variable speed
Stator windings
Stator current controlled mode
Rotor configuration
i)cage rotor for line start
ii)cageless-rotors for variable speed
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alternating with shaded, that creates a circumferential traveling field to which the rotor's
magnetic poles rapidly synchronize. Some stepping motors have a similar structure.
These are essentially two-phase induction motors with permanent magnets that retard
rotor speed, so their speed is quite accurately proportional to wattage of the power passing
through the meter. The rotor is an aluminum-alloy disc, and currents induced into it react
with the field from the stator. One phase of the stator is a coil with many turns and a high
inductance, which causes its magnetic field to lag almost 90 degrees with respect to the
applied (line/mains) voltage. The other phase of the stator is a pair of coils with very few
turns of heavy-gauge wire, hence quite-low inductance. These coils are in series with the
load.
The core structure, seen face-on, is akin to a cartoon mouth with one tooth above and
two below. Surrounding the poles ("teeth") is the common flux return path. The upper pole
(high-inductance winding) is centered, and the lower ones equidistant. Because the lower
coils are wound in opposition, the three poles cooperate to create a "sidewise" traveling
flux. The disc is between the upper and lower poles, but with its shaft definitely in front of
the field, so the tangential flux movement makes it rotate.
Such motors have an external rotor with a cup-shaped housing and a radially
magnetized permanent magnet connected in the cup-shaped housing. An interior stator is
positioned in the cup-shaped housing. The interior stator has a laminated core having
grooves. Windings are provided within the grooves. The windings have first end turns
proximal to a bottom of the cup-shaped housing and second end turns positioned distal to
the bottom. The first and second end turns electrically connect the windings to one another.
The permanent magnet has an end face rom the bottom of the cup-shaped housing. At least
one galvano-magnetic rotor position sensor is arranged opposite the end face of the
permanent magnet so as to be located within a magnetic leakage of the permanent magnet
and within a magnetic leakage of the interior stator. The at least one rotor position sensor is
designed to control current within at least a portion of the windings. A magnetic leakage
flux concentrator is arranged at the interior stator at the second end turns at a side of the
second end turns facing away from the laminated core and positioned at least within an
angular area of the interior stator in which the at least one rotor position sensor is located
Repulsion motors are wound-rotor single-phase AC motors that are similar to universal
motors. In a repulsion motor, the armature brushes are shorted together rather than
connected in series with the field. By transformer action ,the stator induces currents in the
rotor, which create torque by repulsion instead of attraction as in other motors. Several
types of repulsion motors have been manufactured, but the repulsion-start induction-run
(RS-IR) motor has been used most frequently. The RS-IR motor has a centrifugal switch
that shorts all segments of the commutator so that the motor operates as an induction motor
once it has been accelerated to full speed. Some of these motors also lift the brushes out of
contact with the commutator once the commutator is shorted. RS-IR motors have been used
to provide high starting torque per ampere under conditions of cold operating temperatures
and poor source voltage regulation
If the rotor of a squirrel runs at high speed, the flux in the rotor at any given place on
the rotor would not change, and no current would be created in the squirrel cage. For this
reason, ordinary squirrel-cage motors run at some tens of rpm slower than synchronous
speed, even at no load. Because the rotating field (or equivalent pulsating field) actually or
effectively rotates faster than the rotor, it could be said to slip past the surface of the rotor.
The difference between synchronous speed and actual speed is called slip, and loading the
motor increases the amount of slip as the motor slows down slightly.
The speed of the AC motor is determined primarily by the frequency of the AC supply
and the number of poles in the stator winding, according to the relation:
Ns = 120F / p
Where
Ns = Synchronous speed, in revolutions per minute
F = AC power frequency
p = Number of poles per phase winding
PART_B
Step angle is definrd as the angle through which the motor rotates for each command
pulse.it is denoted as β.
β=(Ns-Nr/Ns.Nr)360 (or)360/(mNr)
3. Define slewing
The stepper motor operates at very high speed is called slew angle.i,e (25000 steps per
sec).
4. Define resolution
It is defined as the no.of steps needed to complete one revolution of the shaft.
Resolution = no . of steps /revolution
Adv:
1. it can be driven in open loop without feedback
2. it is mechanically simple
3. it requires little or no maintenance.
Disadv:
1.low efficiency
2.fixed step angle
3.limited power output
Holding torque is the maximum load torque which the energized stepper motor can
withstand without slipping from equilibrium position
Detent torque is the maximum torque which the unenergised stepper motor can
withstand without slipping.it is also known as cogging torque.
Full step operation or single phase on mode is the one in which at a time only one phase
winding is energized, due to which one stator winding is energized and causes the rotor to
rotate some angle.
Two phase on mode is the one in which two phase windings are energized at a time, due
to which two stator windings are energized and causes the rotor to rotate through some
angle.
It is the maximum torque the stepper motor can develop in start – stop mode at a given
stepping rate Fs (step/sec) without losing synchronism.
It is the maximum torque the stepper motor can develop in slewing mode at a given
stepping rate Fs (step/sec) without losing synchronism.
It is the one to one correspondence between the number the number of pulses applied to
the stepper motor and the number of steps through which the motor has actually moved.
The phenomenon at which the motor torque drops to a low value at certain input pulse
frequencies.
It is a measure of ability of the actuator to resist disturbing torques and forces and
thereby to maintain position.it is defined as
S=torque / rad
Multi stack VR motor is the one in which the stepper motor has three separate
magnetically nisolated sections or stacks.here the rotor and stator teeths are equal.
Improvement in resolution.
Dc motor like performance
It is a measure of the frequencies upto which the actuator or servo motor system can
respond.
PART-B
Unit-III -
Switched reluctance motor
1. What is srm?
It is a doubly salient , single excited motor.this means that it has salient poles on both
rotor and the stator.but only one member carries winding.the rotor has no windings,magnets
or case windings.
It is necessary to use a rotor position sensor for commutation and speed feedback. The
turning on and off operation of the various devices of power semiconductor switching
circuit are influenced by signals obtained from rotor position sensor.
5. What are the different power controllers used for the control of SRM?
Using two power semi conductors and two diodes per phase
Phase windings and bifilar wires
Dump – C converter
Split power supply converter
Washing machines
Fans
Robotic control applications
Vacuum cleaner
Future auto mobile applications
T=1/2(i^2 dL/dθ)
Ststor poles carrying field coils.the field coils of opposite poles are connected in series
such that mmf „s are additive and they are called „‟phase winding‟‟ of SRM.
Industrial
Automotive
The control system is responsible for giving the required sequential pulses to the power
circuitry in order to activate the phases as required. There are two options for producing the
sequence including a microcontroller to produce the signal or a timer circuit which could
also produce the desired signal
The use of a timer circuit would be very effective in producing the necessary signal in
which to control the circuit. As the required signal is very simple it could easily be
implemented by digital timer, such as the 555 timer. A digital timer is more precise than
any other form of timer, such as a mechanical timer. With the widespread use of digital
logic within integrated circuits the cost of these timers has reduced considerably. The latest
controllers in use incorporate programmable logic controllers (PLC‟s) rather than
electromechanical components in its implementation. Within PLC‟s, the timers are
normally simulated by the software incorporated in the controller; the timer is therefore
controlled by the software. There are obvious advantages to this system, although the
control of a soft start could be hard to implement in this way.
Mechanical – come in the form of torque limiters utilizing clutches and various couplings,
Electrical – these soft starters alter the power supply to the motor to reducing the torque
and current demand. This is normally performed either by reducing the supply voltage, or
controlling the frequency of excitation. Since switched reluctance motors are driven by a
controlled pulsed supply, frequency control is an obvious choice in this case.
16. What are the goals to contro, soft starting?
Fixed start-up time - the start up will be controlled to achieve full speed within a fixed
time
Current limit - the motor current can be monitored and the start up controlled to keep it
below a specified limit
Torque limit - an intelligent starter can calculate the motor torque based on the current and
voltage demand and control the start up to provide a constant starting torque
This has a major advantage of being easily controlled and changed at any point by
simply altering the programming. By using this method the development time is reduced
and the number of modules to implement is also reduced.
The electrical isolation of the control and power circuitry modules is very important and
is used so that the control electronics are protected from any voltage fluctuations in the
power circuitry. The major method of isolation used today are optoisolators, these isolators
use short optical transmission paths to transfer a signal from one part of a circuit to another.
The isolator incorporates a transmitter and a receiver, the signal therefore converts from
electrical to optical before converting back to electrical thereby breaking any electrical
connection between input and output.
The most common approach to the powering of a switched reluctance motor is to use an
asymmetric bridge converter.
There are 3 phases in this in an asymmetric bridge converter corresponding to the
phases of the switched reluctance motor. If both of the power switches either side of the
phase are turned on, then that corresponding phase shall be actuated. Once the current has
risen above the set value, the switch shall turn off. The energy now stored within the motor
winding shall now maintain the current in the same direction until that energy is depleted.
N+1 Switch And Diode
This basic circuitry may be altered so that fewer components are required although the
circuit shall perform the same action. This efficient circuit is known as the (n+1) switch and
diode configuration.
A capacitor can be added to either configuration, and is used to address noise issues by
ensuring that the switching of the power switches shall not cause fluctuations in the supply
voltage.
PART – B
UNIT -4 -
PERMANENT MAGNETS AND BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS
Power alternators
Automotive applications
Computer and Robotics applications
Textile and Glass industries
The PMBL DC motor is also called electronically commutated motor because the
phase windings of PLMBL DC motor is energized by using power semiconductor
switching circuits.here the power semiconductor switching circuits act as a commutator.
Indiem-antinomy
Gallium-arsenide
Automotive applications
Veticular electric drive motors
15.what are the features of one phase winding and one pulse BLPM dc motor?
16.what are the features of one phase winding and two pulse BLPM dc motor?
17.what are the features of two phase winding and two pulse BLPM dc motor?
Self control ensures that for all opearating points the armature and rotor fields move
exactly at the same speed.
PMSm are employed for variable speed applications. The process of controlling
voltage and frequency to get the desired speed and torque is known as vector control of
PMSM
PART – B
1. Sketch the structure of controller for PMBLDC motor and explain the
functions of various blocks. (16)
2. Explain the closed loop control scheme of a permanent magnet brushless
dc motor drive with a suitable schematic diagram. (16)
3. Drive the expressions for the emf and torque of a PMBLDC motor. (16)
4. Draw the diagram of electronic Commutator. Explain the operation of
electronic Commutator. (16)
5. Discuss the use of Hall sensors for position sensing in PMBLDC motor.
(16)
6. Sketch the torque-speed characteristics of a PMBLDC motor. (16)
UNIT -5
PERMANENT MAGNETS AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
1.Define stator?
2.Define rotor?
Rotor is made up of forged steel with outward projected poles.The number of rotor
poles must be same as that of stator.These rotor poles carry field coils.They aare suitably
connected to form a field winding.The ends of the field windings are connected to the two
slip rings which are also mounted on to the same shaft.
Peripheral
Interior
Claw-pole or Lundell
Some prominent applications of this drive are high speed and high power drives for
compressors,blowers,conveyers,steelrolling.
13.what are features of closed-loop speed control of load commutated inverter fed
synchronous motor drive?
High efficiency
Four auadrant operation with regeneration braking is possible
For speeds below 10%of base speed,the commutation of load side converter
thyristors Is done by forcing the current through the conducting thyristors to zero
This is realized by making source side converter to work as inverter each time load side
converter thyristors are to be turned off Since the frequency of operating of load side
converter is very low compared to the source frequency.Such an operation can be
realized.The operation of inverter is termed as”Pulsed mode”
PART – B