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  • Chapter 13: Vibrations and Waves Simple Harmonic Motion: X A M K V

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    Chapter 13 discusses vibrations and waves. [1] Simple harmonic motion occurs when a restoring force is proportional to displacement from equilibrium, such as a mass on a spring or a pendulum. [2] Waves can be transverse or longitudinal and are described by their amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and speed. [3] When waves interact, their effects are additive based on the principle of superposition, and waves reflect at boundaries either in phase or out of phase depending on the type of boundary.

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    Chapter 13 discusses vibrations and waves. [1] Simple harmonic motion occurs when a restoring force is proportional to displacement from equilibrium, such as a mass on a spring or a pendulum. [2] Waves can be transverse or longitudinal and are described by their amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and speed. [3] When waves interact, their effects are additive based on the principle of superposition, and waves reflect at boundaries either in phase or out of phase depending on the type of boundary.

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    62 views7 pages

    Chapter 13: Vibrations and Waves Simple Harmonic Motion: X A M K V

    Uploaded by

    JohnBenard
    Chapter 13 discusses vibrations and waves. [1] Simple harmonic motion occurs when a restoring force is proportional to displacement from equilibrium, such as a mass on a spring or a pendulum. [2] Waves can be transverse or longitudinal and are described by their amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and speed. [3] When waves interact, their effects are additive based on the principle of superposition, and waves reflect at boundaries either in phase or out of phase depending on the type of boundary.

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    Chapter 13: Vibrations and Waves

    Simple Harmonic Motion


    When the restoring force has the
    mathematical form given by F = -kx
    (Hooke’s Law), the resultant periodic
    motion is referred to as “simple harmonic
    motion.”
    Amplitude, A, is the maximum position of
    the object relative to the equilibrium
    position.
    The period, T, is the time that it takes for
    the object to complete one complete cycle
    1 2 1 1 of motion, from x = A to x = -A and back
    ETotal = mv + kx 2 = kA2 to x = A.
    2 2 2
    The frequency, ƒ, is the number of
    k 2 2 complete cycles or vibrations per unit time
    v=± (A  x )
    m ƒ = 1/T.

    We already knew an example of SHM:

    Uniform Circular Motion!

    SHM
    compared
    with
    uniform
    circular
    motion

    If we analyze the x-direction (or y-direction) motion of an object in uniform circular


    motion, we see that the centripetal force on the object is proportional to its displacement
    from the center of the circle in the x-direction. In other words, the projection of an object
    in uniform circular motion into one dimension creates a situation which is identical to an
    object bound to the end of a spring in a simple harmonic oscillation.
    Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion
    Since the x-component of the force on an object in uniform
    circular motion is the same as (the x-component of) the
    force on an object at the end of a spring. Both motions (in
    the x-direction) must be identical. To describe the motion
    of an object on a spring, we only need to analyze the 1-D
    projection of a object in uniform circular motion.

    x = A cos  = A cos( t +  0 )
    v x =  A sin  =  A sin( t +  0 )
    a x =  A 2 cos  =  A 2 cos( t +  0 )

    Plugging these expressions into our original


    equation of F = -k x = m a , we identify that

    k 2 m 
     = T = = 2 f =
    m  k 2
    Note: Freqency of SHM is independent of amplitude.

    Simple Harmonic Motion, Sinusoidal curves

    Movie
    Example Problem

    A spring of negligible mass stretches 3.00 cm from its relaxed length


    when a force of 7.50 N is applied. A 0.500-kg particle rests on a
    frictionless horizontal surface and is attached to the free end of the
    spring. The particle is pulled horizontally so that it stretches the
    spring 5.00 cm and is then released from rest at t = 0. (a) What is the
    force constant of the spring? (b) What are the angular frequency ,
    the frequency, and the period of the motion? (c) What is the total
    energy of the system? (d) What is the amplitude of the motion? (e)
    What are the maximum velocity and the maximum acceleration of the
    particle? (f) Determine the displacement x of the particle from the
    equilibrium position at t = 0.500 s.

    The pendulum
    The gravitational force acting on a mass
    m on a string with length of L, when it
    is displaced a small distance s from its
    equilibrium position, has an
    approximate tangential component of

    Ft = - ( mg/L ) s ,

    acting in a direction to push the mass


    back toward the equilibrium position.
    So the force acting on the pendulum is
    the same as that from a spring with a
    spring constant of k = (mg/L).

    In general, the motion of a pendulum is not


    simple harmonic. However, for small angles
    (usually < 15˚ ), it becomes simple harmonic.
    Motion of The Pendulum

    Since the restoring force on the pendulum


    is proportional to the displacement of the
    pendulum, the resultant motion is
    obviously “simple harmonic”. The angular
    frequency of the pendulum motion is

    g
     =
    L

    2 L
    T = = 2
     g

    T is independent of m!
    Pendulum Cf. Spring-Mass

    More examples of simple harmonic motion

    As long as you can establish that a restoring force


    acting on an object can be expressed in the form of
    F = -kx, the object is in a simple harmonic motion,
    with =(k/m)1/2 and T=2/.
    Wave Motion

    Waves: A wave is a traveling disturbance. It carries energy


    but involves no net transportation of material.
     Mechanical waves require
     Some source of disturbance

     A medium that can be disturbed

     Some physical connection between or

    mechanism though which adjacent portions of


    the medium influence each other

    Types Of Waves

    A transverse wave has


    disturbance perpendicular to
    the direction of the wave.
    A longitudinal wave has
    disturbance parallel to the
    direction of the wave.
    Description of a wave
    period (T)

    frequency (f=T -1)

    amplitude (A)

    wavelength ()

    The speed on a wave stretched under


    tension F is
    speed ( v = /T = f )
    μ is called the linear density

    Interference of Waves

    The Principle of Linear Superposition


    When two or more waves are
    present simultaneously at the
    same place, the resultant
    disturbance is the sum of the
    disturbances from the
    individual waves.
    Reflection of Waves

    • When a traveling
    wave reaches a
    boundary, all or
    part of it is reflected
    • When reflected
    from a free end, the
    pulse is not inverted
    • When it is reflected
    from a fixed end,
    the wave is inverted
    Free End

    Fixed End

    Chapter 13 Summary

    Simple harmonic motion occurs when the net force is proportional


    to the displacement and in the opposite direction.

    Two examples: mass attached to spring and simple pendulum.


    Transverse wave and longitudinal wave.
    Amplitude, period, frequency, and wavelength of a periodic wave.
    Speed of wave on a string.
    Superposition principle of waves.
    Reflection of waves.

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