PARASITES AND GOATS

D AK O TA G O AT AS S O C I AT I O N
S TAT E W I D E G O AT C O N F E R E N C E - O C T O B E R 2 0 , 2 0 1 7

SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
[email protected] - (301) 432-2767 x343
www.wormx.info - www.sheepandgoat.com
 PRESENTATION TOPICS

• American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control (ACSRPC)

• Overview
• Biology of parasites
• Anthelmintics (dewormers) 101
• Anthelmintic resistance
• Combination treatments
• Copper oxide wire particles
• Nematode trapping fungus
• Fecal egg counting
 AMERICAN CONSORTIUM FOR SMALL
RUMINANT PARASITE CONTROL

A group of scientists, veterinarians, and extension specialists devoted to (1) developing

novel methods for sustainable control of gastro-intestinal nematodes in small ruminants
and (2) educating the stakeholders in the small ruminant industry on the most up-to-date
methods and recommendations for control of gastrointestinal nematodes.
 WEB SITE
WORMX.INFO OR ACSRPC.ORG

Go-to place for information about internal parasites

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 ONLINE FAMACHA© TRAINING

• Two members of consortium are piloting online COVERPUSHPULLPOP

FAMACHA© training.
• Dr. Katherine Petersson, University of Rhode
Island
• Dr. Anne Zajac, Virginia Tech

• You view 2.5 hours of video: Integrated

Parasite Control and Why and How to Do
FAMACHA© scoring.
• You Make a video of yourself demonstrating
your FAMACHA© technique and send to URI.
• Have follow-up with URI, if needed.
• Upon completion, receive certificate of http://web.uri.edu/sheepngoat/famacha/
competence and right to purchase FAMACHA©
card(s).
GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES
AFFECTING SMALL RUMINANTS
 OVERVIEW OF PROBLEM

• Gastro-intestinal parasites are the primary

health problem affecting sheep and goats
worldwide.
• GI parasites can be an obstacle to
profitable and sustainable small ruminant
production in many climates and
production systems.
• Small ruminants are more susceptible to
parasitism than other farm livestock
• Goats are more susceptible than sheep.
• Problem is worsened by drug resistance.
 GOATS AND PARASITES
WHY ARE THEY SO SUSCEPTIBLE?

• Goats are browsers or intermediate grazers.

• They rely on feeding strategies to avoid
ingestion of infective worm larvae, which are
found mostly in first two inches of vegetative
growth.
• Unlike sheep, goats are unable to reduce
establishment of infective worm larvae or to
expel adult worms.
• In goats, immunity is rarely completely effective
against worms.
• Exposure to worms is necessary to develop
immunity; low levels are insufficient.
HOST IMMUNITY

https://www.wormx.info/riskfactors
 GOATS CAN HOST MANY DIFFERENT
KINDS OF INTERNAL PARASITES.

MULTI-CELLULAR SINGLE CELL

HELMINTHS PROTOZOA

1. Nemadodes 1. Coccidia
Roundworms 2. Giardia
Strongyles
2. Cestodes 3. Cryptospordia
Flatworms
Tapeworms
3. Trematodes
Flukes
 NEMATODES – ROUNDWORMS - STRONGYLES

USUALLY MAJOR USUALLY MINOR

1. Haemonchus contortus 1. Cooperia 5. Trichuris ovis

Barber pole worm small intestinal whipworm
2. Trichostrongylus spp. worm
6. Strongyloides
Black scour worm (bankrupt 2. Nematodirus threadworms
worm) threadneck worm
7. Lungworms
3. Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) 3. Oesophagostomum
8. Parelaphostrongylus
Brown stomach worm nodule worm tenuis
4. Bunostomum Meningeal worm
hook worm
 MAJOR ROUNDWORMS

• Haemonchus contortus
Barber pole worm
• Trichostrongylus spp.
Black scour worm
• Teladorsagia (Ostertagia)
Brown stomach worm

Eggs look the same; need to hatch larvae in order to differentiate species.
Trichostrongylus/Teladorsagia are often not differentiated even when doing larvae ID.
 CLINICAL SIGNS (SYMPTOMS) OF
ROUNDWORM INFECTION
BARBER POLE WORM “SCOUR WORMS”
HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS TRICHOSTRONGYLES
TELADORSAGIA
• Anemia: blood/protein loss
Low packed cell volume (PCV) • Hypersensitivity of gut
FAMACHA© score 3, 4, or 5 Damage and inflammation of gut
• Sub-mandibular edema Diarrhea (scours)
“bottle jaw” swelling under jaw • Loss of weight and condition
• Loss of weight and condition Slow growth – poor performance
• Scours (diarrhea)
• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Anorexia • Death (sometimes)
• Death • Additive: usually part of mixed infections
• Acute haemonchosis: SUDDEN with H. contortus.
DEATH
 ROUNDWORMS CAN BE
HARD TO CONTROL

• Short, direct life cycles

• No intermediate host
• Ability to engage in hypobiosis
• Barber pole worm is prolific egg layer
• Goats slow to develop immunity.
• Compromised immunity of peri-
parturient female.
• Widespread and growing drug
resistance
ROUNDWORM LIFE CYCLE
HYPOBIOTIC LARVAE

During winter, most

larvae are in “arrested
development.” Few
larvae survive
prolonged cold. This
L4 larvae in “arrested allows worms to
development”
survive over winter (as
hypobiotic larvae) and
L4 larval Adult
stage worms in re-infect pastures
GI tract following spring.

Eggs in Hypobiotic larvae is

feces the primary means by
which worms survive
in a northern climate.
 PERI-PARTURIENT EGG RISE (PPER)

• Loss of immunity during late gestation

and early lactation; occurs from several
weeks before to several weeks after
parturition
• Well-documented phenomenon in
sheep; also documented in goats.
• With spring kidding, PPER often
coincides with hypobiotic larvae
resuming their life cycle.
• Need to have a strategy for dealing with
periparutient egg rise.
• Primary source of pasture
 COCCIDIA (EIMERIA SPP.)
THE OTHER BIG PARASITE PROBLEM

• Single-cell protozoan parasite.

• Has more complex life cycle than roundworms.
• Host-specific
• Not all species are pathogenic (harmful).
• Affects lambs/kids mostly before and after
weaning.
• Sheep develop strong and lifetime immunity;
goats probably less so.
• Causes diarrhea, but not always, and general ill-
thrift https://attra.ncat.org/attra-
• Associated with poor hygiene and management. pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=483
 COCCIDIOSIS

PREVENTION

• Good hygiene, nutrition, and

management. TREATMENT
• Coccidiostats in mineral, feed, or water
Need to feed or put in water before risk period • Amprolium (Corid®)- ELDU, OTC
1. Lasalocid (Bovatec®) - sheep • Sulfa drugs (Di-Methox®) - ELDU, Rx, VFD
2. Monensin (Rumensin®) - goats ( horses)
3. Decoquinate (Deccox®) - both
Damages lining of small intestines.
4. Amprolium (Corid®) - ELDU, OTC
Damage can be permanent (“runts”)
• Natural control
• Sericea lespedeza pellets
• Other (?)
 WHAT ABOUT TAPEWORMS?
MONIEZIA EXPANSA

• Tapeworms are the only parasite visible in the

feces. Diagnosed by seeing segments in
feces.
• Tapeworms tend to be non-pathogenic; not
harmful, but they’re blamed for a lot, usually
no benefit to treatment (goats?).
• Lambs develop immunity at very young age.
• Tapeworms can cause mild unthriftiness and
digestive disturbances, intestinal blockages
(rare) and affect gut motility, predisposing
lambs to enterotoxemia (occasionally).
• Treat with albendazole (Valbazen®) or
https://www.wormx.info/tapeworms
praziquantel (in some horse dewormers,
ELDU)
 WHAT ABOUT MENINGEAL WORM?
PARALAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENIUS

• Parasite of white tail deer.

• Also called deer or brain worm.
• Sheep, goats, alpacas, and llamas are
all abnormal hosts.
• Infection requires an intermediate host,
terrestrial snail or slug.
• Causes various neurological symptoms.
• No diagnostic test in live animal.
• No FDA-approved or proven treatment.
• Cornell University has been evaluating
treatment protocols: fenbendazole
(SafeGuard®) + anti-inflammatory drugs https://nydairyadmin.cce.cornell.
(Dexamethasone or Banamine). edu/uploads/doc_392.pdf
ANTHELMINTICS (DEWORMERS) 101
 WHAT IS AN ANTHELMINTIC?

• Compound used to kill gastro-intestinal

parasites (worms) without harming host.
• More commonly called wormer, dewormer or
drench.
• Anthelmintics have different chemistries.
• Chemistry determines which worms they are
effective against, mode of action, and withdrawal
period(s).
• Anthelmintics are grouped by chemistries.
• There is cross-resistant among drugs in the
same groups, having the same modes of action.
 THERE ARE THREE (SORT OF 4) “CHEMICAL”
CLASSES OF DEWORMERS FOR SMALL
RUMINANTS (IN THE US).

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3

Benzimidazoles Macrocylic lactones (ML) Nicotinic agonists
(BZ) Avermectins Milbemycins Imidazo-thiazoles Tetrahydro-pyrimidines
Fenbendazole
Ivermectin
SafeGuard® Morantel tartrate
Ivomec®
Panacur® Levamisole
Rumatel®
Moxidectin Prohibit®
Albendazole Doramectin Cydectin® Leva-Med®
Valbazen® Dectomax® Quest® Tramisol®
Levasol® Pyrantel
Oxfendazole Eprinomectin Strongid®
Synanthic® Eprinex®
 ANTHELMINTICS FDA-APPROVED FOR GOATS
1 3b
Benzimidazoles Morantel
Fenbendazole Albendazole Feed premix
SafeGuard® Valbazen® Rumatel
Adult worms  Not approved 
Larvae (L4)  Not approved sporadic
Hypobiotic larvae  Not approved
Lungworms  Not approved
Tapeworms Not labeled Not approved
Liver flukes Adult stage
Coccidia
External parasites
Persistent activity
Safety wide 10x (sheep) ~20x (sheep)
pregnancy restriction
Dosage 1.2 ml/50 lbs. 4 ml/100 lbs. Varies by product
Meat withdrawal 6 days 7 days 30 days
Milk withdrawal 0 days
 EXTRA-LABEL ANTHELMINTICS FOR GOATS
1 2a 2b 3a
Benzimidazoles Avermectins Milbimycins Levamisole
Fenbendazole Albendazole Ivomec® Moxidectin Prohibit®
SafeGuard® Valbazen® sheep drench Cydectin® sheep drench Leva-Med®
Adult worms     
Larvae (L4)     Limited
Hypobiotic larvae     Limited
https://www.wormx.info/dewormers

Lungworms     
Tapeworms Double dosage 
Liver flukes Adult stage
Coccidia
External parasites Some Some
label for bot control Not labeled
Persistent activity  
Safety wide 10x 20x 5x 3x
pregnancy
restriction
Dosage 1.1 ml/25 lbs. 2 ml/25 lbs. 6 ml/25 lbs. 4.5 ml/25 lbs. Depends on
dilution
Meat withdrawal 16 days 9 days 14 days 17 days 4 days
(1 day for each additional day used)

Milk withdrawal 4 days 7 days 9 days 8 days 3 days

(1 day for each additional day used)
 ANTHELMINTIC
RESISTANCE
https://www.wormx.info/anthelmintic-
resistance
 TWO KINDS OF RESISTANCE WHEN WE
TALK ABOUT INTERNAL PARASITES

IN WORM IN ANIMAL
• Worms develop resistance to drugs. • Some animals are more resistant to
Can’t be killed! parasites.
Pass resistant genes onto next Ability to reduce parasite establishment.
generation. Pass resistance genes onto next
generation.
 WHAT IS ANTHELMINTIC
RESISTANCE?

• Genetic ability of a worm to survive a dose of

anthelmintic which would normally be
effective.
• Only worms that survive treatment carry
genes that confer resistance.
• Result of selection through exposure of worm
population to an anthelmintic.
• When more than 5 percent of worms are
“drug tolerant”; i.e. failure to reduce FEC by
95% or more (some say 90%).

http://www.scops.org.uk/what-is-resistance.html
 ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE

Maryland Virginia Georgia

• In the US, worms have developed resistance to
all dewormers and dewormer classes, though it 100
varies by geographic region and farm.
• Worse in Southeast due to increased parasite risk 80
and need for deworming.
60
• Worse on farms that frequently deworm or use
improper deworming practices. 40
• Most farms have resistance to at least two
20
dewormers; some farms have resistance to all
dewormers/classes. 0
Benzimidazoles Ivermectin Levamisole Moxidectin
 WHAT ABOUT RESISTANCE IN MORE
NORTHERN CLIMATES?

• There is growing suspicion

that the geographic range of Fenbendazole Ivermectin
Farm
the barber pole worm is increasing %FECR % FECR
and that resistance to deworming A 16 77
agents is on the rise.
B 70 41
• A pilot project in Alberta (2015)
showed that many Alberta sheep C 38 78
flocks have high parasite burdens D 0 0
and that ivermectin and fenbendazole
-resistant parasites may be common
in the province.
• NCAT is working with Montana State University Extension to determine
anthelmintic resistance in Montana, Wyoming, and Utah.
 ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IS
INEVITABLE, BUT CAN BE DELAYED.

Practices that accelerate development of resistant worms

1. Frequent deworming
2. Whole flock treatments
3. Calendar based treatments
4. Treat and move strategy
5. Rotating dewormers
6. Underdosing
7. Depositing drug in mouth instead of deep into oral cavity.
8. Use of persistent activity dewormers
9. Use injectable dewormers
10. Use pour-on dewormers.
11. Use of feed dewormers*
12. Improper storage of dewormers
 TWO WAYS TO TEST FOR
ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE

FECAL EGG COUNT

REDUCTION TEST DRENCHRITE® TEST

• Compare before and after fecal egg counts • Labor-intensive laboratory test that
from same animals. determines resistance to all dewormers
and classes from a single pooled fecal
• Old protocol compared post-treatment FECs of
sample (from ~10 animals).
treated animals vs. control (untreated) group.
• Minimum FEC of 500 epg.
• ~15 animals per drug tested
• Also identifies larvae: % Haemonchus
• Minimum FEC of 250 epg*, preferably higher.
Trichostrongyles eggs look the same.
• Can use individual or pooled (composite)
• Test done exclusively by Dr. Ray Kaplan’s
samples.
lab at the University of Georgia.
• Cost varies. Can learn to do yourself or send to
• $450 per sample
parasitology lab.
Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT)

Animal Before After % FECR

1 1000 100 90%
2 500 25 95%
3 6000 150 98%
4 4350 250 94%
5 3000 1000 67%
6 1200 400 67%
7 1500 200 87%
8 750 50 93%
9 1100 100 91%
10 3100 200 94%
11 2900 200 93%
12 475 200 58%
13 900 100 89%
14 1100 50 95%
15 300 0 100%
Avg 1878 145 87%
 COMBINATION
TREATMENTS
Different drugs to kills same parasites.
Not different drugs for different parasites.
 “THERE NOW IS VERY STRONG
EVIDENCE THAT USING COMBINATION
TREATMENT IS THE BEST METHOD FOR
USING DEWORMERS AND SHOULD BE
INSTITUTED ON ALL FARMS
IMMEDIATELY.”
D R . R AY K A P L A N , U N I V E R S I T Y O F G E O R G I A ( J A N U A RY
2017)

http://www.wormx.info/combinations
 RATIONALE FOR
COMBINATION TREATMENTS

• Most farms have resistance to at

least two of the three major groups of
dewormers; some have resistance to
all.

• At first introduction, drug efficacy is over

99%.
• Once efficacy falls below 95%, drug
resistance is present, though drug is still
useful for treatment.
• As effectiveness of dewormer decreases There is already resistance to Zolvix® in
(<95%), as it is used more, it provides less other countries. Zolvix® is not sold in US.
and less benefit to animals.
• Below 50%, it is no longer effective as sole
 WHY GIVE COMBINATION
TREATMENTS?

• Contrary to popular belief, rotating between

dewormers will not prevent resistance from
developing. In fact, it will allow worms to develop
resistance to multiple drugs simultaneously. It is
no longer recommended.
• Research done in New Zealand has shown that
the best approach is to use several different
dewormers at one time as a combination
treatment.
Most dewormers sold in New Zealand and Australia
• When combined with “best management are combination products (multiple drug actives in
practices” (that help to maintain refugia), same product); combination products are not
available in US.
combination treatments may improve drug
efficacy and result in a reversion back toward
susceptibility.
 HOW DO COMBINATIONS WORK?

Drug 1 Drug 2 Drug 3 Combo12 Combo123

• Unlike rotating drugs, there is an
additive effect with each drug used 80% 80% 80% 96.00% 99.20%
in a combination treatment. 90% 90% 90% 99.00% 99.90%
• By achieving a higher efficacy, 60% 95% 98.00% 98.00%
there are fewer resistant worms 60% 60% 95% 84.00% 99.20%
that survive treatment.
99% 99% 99.99% 99.99%
• The sooner you start using 60% 60% 60% 84.00% 93.60%
combination treatments the better,
50% 50% 50% 75.00% 87.50%
as you achieve the greatest
difference in the percentage of 40% 40% 40% 64.00% 78.40%
resistant survivors when efficacy of 95% 80% 20% 99.00% 99.20%
dewormers is high.
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING
COMBINATION TREATMENTS

• Purchase and administer each dewormer separately in a

separate syringe.
• Do not mix dewormers. They are not chemically
compatible. Only veterinarians have the right to compound
medications.
• Administer each dewormer at full dose based on an
accurate weight.
• Can give one drug immediately after the other.
• Observe withdrawal period of drug with longest withdrawal
period
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING
DEWORMERS IN COMBINATION

Valbazen® Cydectin® Prohibit®*

Goats 4 ml/50 lbs. 9 ml/50 lbs. Depends on dilution
[9 days meat] [17 days meat] [4 days meat]
[7 days milk] [8 days milk] [3 days milk]

https://www.wormx.info/dewormers
 SELECTIVE TREATMENT IS IMPORTANT.
REFUGIA MUST BE MAINTAINED!

• Do not give combination treatments to all

animals in a flock or group.
• Selectively treat clinically-parasitized animals to
maintain refugia.
• Refugia are worms that have not been exposed to
drug.

• Use FAMACHA© system, Five Point Check©,

and Happy Factor™ to determine which animals
need dewormed.
• If you deworm all animals in a flock or group,
you will simultaneously accelerate resistance to
all drugs.
 DECISION MAKING TOOLS FOR
MAKING DEWORMING DECISIONS

FAMACHA© FIVE POINT CHECK© HAPPY FACTOR™

• Use color eye • Examine 5 points on • Use performance,
chart to assess animal’s body to e.g. ADG, as a
level (1-5) of determine need for criteria for making
anemia and need deworming: 1) eye deworming
for deworming. (anemia), 2) jaw (bottle decisions.
jaw), 3) back (BCS), 4)
• Decision making • Could also use
tail (dags), and 5) nose
tool for blood- milk production.
(nasal bots) or coat (for
feeding parasites
goats). • Untested for
only: barber pole
barber pole worm.
worm. • Expands decision
making ability to
include parasites other
than blood feeders, e.g.
scour worms.
 COPPER OXIDE WIRE
PARTICLES ( COWP S )

https://www.wormx.info/copper-oxide-wire-particles
 WHAT ARE COPPER OXIDE WIRE
PARTICLES (COWP S )?

• Tiny metal rods of copper oxide

(Cu2O).
• Poorly absorbed, slow release form of
copper versus copper sulfate which is
very absorbable; therefore, greater
potential for toxicity (especially in
sheep).
• Has been shown to reduce barber pole
worm infections in sheep and goats.
• Available as copper supplement
(different brands) for cattle (12.5 and
25 g) and goats (2 and 4 g). https://www.wormx.info/copper-oxide-wire-particles
 COPPER BASICS

• Goats require more copper than sheep in their

diets and are less susceptible to copper toxicity.
• Copper metabolism is very complicated, with
several antagonists (interactions), including
molybdenum, sulfur, zinc, cadmium, and iron.
• Copper absorption is more important than copper
concentration in diet.
• Copper requirements have been set at 15, 20, and
25 ppm for lactating, mature, and growing goats
respectively [NRC, 2007].
• The maximum tolerable amount is unknown for
goats.
 YOU CAN ASSESS THE
COPPER STATUS OF
YOUR HERD

• Copper toxicity is less likely in goats, but it

can occur, as can a copper deficiency.
• Blood copper levels can be misleading
• Excess copper accumulates in liver.
• Collect liver and kidney samples for
testing.
• Frozen or chilled samples can be sent to
Michigan State University for testing.

https://www.animalhealth.msu.edu/
 TIPS FOR USING COWP S
AS A DEWORMER

• Re-package cattle boluses into

smaller doses, 0.5 or 1 g.
• Use the smallest dose needed to
achieve effect.
• Goat boluses can also be
repackaged.
• Dose based on age not weight:
mature vs. young.
https://www.wormx.info/cowp-safety
• Best to selectively treat animals
showing clinical signs of
Haemonchosis (FAMACHA© 4 or
 ANOTHER COMBINATION TREATMENT
VALBAZEN® + COWPs

Treatment Efficacy
(10-23 lambs per Tx group) (%FECR)
No treatment (control) Increase
Valbazen® (3 ml/50 lbs.) 20%
COWP (2 g, Ultracruz™) 58%
COWP (2 g, Copasure®) 12% Similar results could be expected if
Valbazen® + COWP 99% COWPs were combined with other
dewormers (e.g. Prohibit®).
USDA-ARS, Booneville, Arkansas

http://www.wormx.info/cowpcombo
 THE FUNGUS MAY
SOON BE AMONG US.
 NEMATODE TRAPPING FUNGUS
DUDDINGTONIA FLAGRANS

• Duddingtonia flagrans is a
nematophagous fungus, meaning that it
traps, paralyzes, and consumes
parasites.
• Non-chemical, biological control of the
free-living stage of nematode parasites.
• Substantially reduces number of infective
worm larvae, including multi-resistant
larvae.
• Is fed to grazing animals. Spores resist
digestion. No effect on host animal.
Passes through into manure. www.duddingtonia.co
• Reduces amount of reinfection from m
contaminated pasture. Interrupts of life
 USING FUNGUS TO CONTROL PARASITES

• Not commercially available. Not yet.

• Dr. Jim Miller from Louisiana State
University (retired) has been told that
product (fungus) should be available
sometime early 2018.
• Will need to feed every day to maintain
effect.
• Cost may be issue.
• Greatest application is probably zoo
animals.
FECAL EGG COUNTING

www.wormx.info
[Consortium]
[W4: 2015 Conference]
[Fecal egg counts: uses and limitations]
 FECAL EGG COUNTS (FEC S )

QUALITATIVE • You can learn to do your own

fecals or send sample to a
• Positive or negative. Yes or no. - or +
parasitology lab.
• Mix feces with flotation solution. • Microscope (100x)
Place cover slip on meniscus. Put on Mechanical stage helpful
slide. • McMaster egg counting slide
• Homemade flotation solution
QUANTITATIVE
• Estimates number of eggs in a fresh sample
of manure: eggs per gram of feces (EPG).
• Mix known amount of feces (2-4 g) with
known amount of flotation solution (26-28
ml)
• Fill chambers of McMaster slide.
 THREE PRIMARY USES OF
FECAL EGG COUNTS

1. Determine treatment efficacy by comparing before and

after fecal egg counts from a group of animals (~n=15)
• Determine drug resistance on your farm
• Determine efficacy of alternative treatment(s)

2. Monitor pasture contamination By

• How fast is pasture contamination building up? themselves,
• Determine when to move animals fecal egg
3. Identify resistant and susceptible animals counts are not
• Differentiate between resistance and resilience a good
• Need sufficient parasite challenge to get data separation (at diagnostic tool
least 500 epg group average, 1000 epg better) for making
individual
deworming
decisions.
 SUSAN SCHOENIAN
S H E E P & G O AT S P E C I A L I S T
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION
[email protected] – (301) 432-2767
X343
S H E E PA N D G O AT. C O M – W O R M X . I N F O

Thank you for your attention.

Questions?
Comments?
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