Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Extension Education Definition and Concepts
Extension Education Definition and Concepts
Extension – Meaning
The word ‘extension’ is derived from the Latin roots, ‘ex’ – meaning ‘out’ and
‘tensio’ meaning ‘stretching’. Stretching out is the meaning of extension. The
word ‘extension’ came to be used originally in USA during 1914 which means
“a branch of a university for students who cannot attend the university proper.
In other words, the word “extension” signifies an out-of school system of
education.
Agriculture:
The art and science of crop and livestock production. In its broadest sense,
agriculture comprises the entire range of technologies associated with the
production of useful products from plants and animals, including soil
cultivation, crop and livestock management, and the activities of processing
and marketing.
Agribusiness has been coined to include all the technologies that interconnect
in the total inputs and outputs of the farming sector.
Education: It is the production of desirable changes in knowledge (things
known), attitude (things felt) and skills (things done), either in all (or) one or
more of human behaviour. Education is an integral part of extension. The basic
concept of extension is that it is education. Extension means that type of
education, which is stretched out, to the people in rural areas, beyond the
limits of the educational institutions to which the formal type of education is
normally confined. Or education is the aggregate of all the processes
responsible for bringing about desirable changes in human behaviour.
Extension service refers to a program for agricultural development and rural
welfare which (usually) employees the extension process as a means of program
implementation.
Extension process is that of working with rural people through out of school
education along those lines of their current interest and need which are closely
related to gaining a livelihood improving the physical level of living of rural
families and fostering rural community welfare.
4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers.
g. Help you to understand how a human thinks and responds to this process
5. Family living.
6. Youth development.
7. Leadership development.
8. Community development.
9. Public affairs.
6. Youth development
7. Leadership development.
Objectives:
1. To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping them in right use
of their resources.
2. To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for
increasing production in various occupations.
Specific Objectives
1. To provide knowledge and help for better management of farms and increase
income.
2. To encourage the farmers to grow his own food, eat well and live well.
3. To promote better social, natural, recreational, intellectual and spiritual life
among the people. 4. To help rural families in better appreciation of SWOT in their
village.
5. To open new opportunities for developing talents and leadership of rural people.
3. Encourage farmers to grow their own food, eat well and live well
5. Promote better social, cultural recreational, intellectual and spiritual life among
rural people
7. To improve all aspects of the life of the rural people within the framework of
the nation’s socio-economic policies.
Definition of Objective
2. Kelsey and Hearne (1963) define objectives as, “expressions of ends towards
which our efforts are directed”.
1. Knowledge to be extended
2. People to be served
4. Extension agent.
Kinds of Objectives. The objectives should be such which provide night direction
to the large number of people to set a direction and travel the distance between
theory and practice. Extension education in our country is primarily concerned
with the following main objectives: A.Fundamental Objectives of Agricultural
Extension:
These are the all-inclusive objectives of a society. They are also known as remote,
basic, or overall objectives. A fundamental objective is to teach people how to
determine their own problems, help them acquire knowledge about the problem,
and motivate them to the extent that they will want to do something about the
problems. Examples of such objectives are development of the individuals, of
communities, of the society itself, and of a county; good life, better citizenship, and
democracy. To create an environment for rural people so that they can show their
talent, leadership and efficiency. To provide appropriate solution of the farmer’s
problems. To bring the scientist closer to the farmers. The basic objectives of the
extension education are the overall development of the rural people.
1. To assist people to discover and analyze their problems their felt and unfelt
needs. Need is a difference between what is and what ought to be. It is the lack
of something. Need is what one desires
Felt needs/recognized needs are those existence the people are aware and feel
necessity of Fulfilling them.
Unfelt needs/Unrecognized needs are those whose necessity the people don’t
realize at present, but these none the less are important. Example of felt needs Low
yields in paddy- due low yielding varieties, wild boars and rodents( Examples of
unfelt needs Soil salinity problem, water shortage at maximum tillering stage.)
2. low yields in maize- due to water shortage, pest problems (Poor varieties)
3. To develop leadership among people and help them in organizing groups to
solve their problems
4. To disseminate information based on research and / or practical experience, in
such a manner that the farmer would accept it and put it into actual practice.
Ex: Transfer of IPM in cotton through training programmes and demonstrations
5. To keep the research workers informed of the farmer’s problems from time to
time, so that they may offer solutions based on necessary research. Ex: Botrytis
in castor, Heliothis in cotton, stem borers in sugarcane and fruit flies in guava.
SMART objectives
Specific The objective should state exactly what is to be achieved.
Measurable An objective should be capable of measurement – so that it
is possible to determine whether (or how far) it has been achieved
Achievable The objective should be realistic given the circumstances in
which it is set and the resources available to the business.
Relevant Objectives should be relevant to the people responsible for
achieving them Time Bound Objectives should be set with a time-frame
in mind. These deadlines also need to be realistic.
Extension education has now developed as a full-fledged discipline, having its own
philosophy, objectives, principles, methods and techniques which must be
understood by every extension worker and others connected with the rural
development. It might be mentioned here that extension education, its principles,
methods and techniques are applicable not only to agriculture but also to
veterinary and animal husbandry, dairying, home science, health, family planning,
etc. Based upon its application and use, various nomenclatures have been given
to it, such as agricultural extension, veterinary and animal husbandry extension,
dairy extension, home science extension, public health extension, and family
planning extension.
6. Extension workers have to change to meet the cultural changes among the
people.
1. Extension workers should pay attention to all the groups’ needs and interests.
3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful.
1. Extension workers should utilize local leadership for increasing speed of work.
2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g. Hybrid maize
in U.P. 12. Principle of evaluation: