PHILIPPINE LITERATURE THE ACTIVE AROUSAL IN THE

DURING AMERICAN PERIOD FIELD OF LITERATURE STARTED TO

BE FELT IN THE FOLLOWING
(1898 – 1945) NEWSPAPER
HISTORY  EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day) Established by
 The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Sergio Osmena in 1900.
Spaniards who colonized for more than  EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of The
300 years. Nation) Established by Pascual Poblete in
1900.
 June 12, 1898 raised the Philippine Flag as
a symbol of our independence at Kawit,  EL RENACIEMENTO (The Rebirth) Founded by
Cavite by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo – First Rafael Palma in 1900.
President of the Philippines.
 1903 – The Filipino-American war resulted in the
THERE WERE ALSO PLAYS
defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar. WRITTEN, INCLUDED HERE WERE
 Many Filipino started writing again and the
THE FOLLOWING:
NATIONALISM of the people remain  KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS
undaunted. (Yesterday,
Today and Tomorrow) written by
 Their writings clearly depicted their LOVE FOR
Aurelio Tolentino
COUNTRY and their LONGINGS FOR
INDEPENDENCE.  TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad
IN 1910  MALAYA by Thomas Remigio

 A new group started to write in English.  WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes

 Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and finally OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS

English, were the mediums used in literature
during these times. EDUCATION became a very important issue for
the United States Colonial Government, since it
 The writers in Tagalog continued in their allowed it to spread their cultural values, particularly
lamentations on the conditions of the country the English language, to the Filipino people.
and their attempts to arouse love for one’s
native tongue. The writers in English By 1901, Public Education was institutionalized
imitated the themes and methods of the in the Philippines, with English serving the medium
Americans. of instruction.

IN 1920 CHARACTERISTIC OF
 The UP College Folio was later replaced by LITERATURE DURING THIS
the Philippine Collegian. PERIOD
 Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez stand A. LITERATURE IN SPANISH
out as a model of perfection in character
delineation, local color, plot and message.  CECILIO APOSTOL – wrote “A RIZAL”
and considered the best poem in praise of the
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 hero of bagumbayan. the best of his poem in a book called
Crisalidas, and
 FERNANDO MA. GUERERO – he collected
one of the poems written in this book masterpiece.
“INVOCACION A RIZAL”
 ARMANDO V. HERNANDEZ – was dubbed
 JESUS BALMORI – well known for his pen “Poet of the Laborers”, his masterpiece is “
name of Batikuling. He and Manuel Bernabe ANG PANDAY”
participated in a debate on theb topic –
“REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULNESS”.  VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PENA – known
He was elected Poet Laureate in spanish as Tandang Anong, he considers “NENA
besting Manuel Bernabe. AT
NENENG “his masterpiece.
 MANUEL BERNABE – is a lyric poet. He  O ED REGALADO – a popular story teller,
was more attractive to the public in a novelist and newspaper man. He reach the
debate with Balmori because of the peak of his success by the “sumpong” of
melodious words he used. He defended his pen.
OLVIDO.
 CLARO M. RECTO – he collected his poems
JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA
in a book entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS. CLASSIFIED THREE KINDS
One of his writings dedicated to Rizal is OF TAGALOG POETS:
“ANTE EL MARTIR”.
1. POET OF THE HEART (MAKATA NG
OTHER WRITERS IN SPANISH PUSO)

 ADELINA GUERREA – was first woman poet  These included Lope K. Santos, Inigo Ed.
in the Philippines who was good in Regalado,. Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro
Spanish. She obtained the Nobel Prize in Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos,
her EL NIDO. Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana,
and Mar Antonio.
 ISIDRO MARPORI – became famous for
his four books entitled AROMA DE 2. POETS OF LIFE (MAKATA NG BUHAY)
ENSUENO.
 Led by Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon De
 MACARIO ADRIATICO – wrote of Legend Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano,
of Mindoro entitled LA PUNTA DE Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez
SALTO.
3. POETS OF THE STAGE (MAKATA
 EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS NG TANGHALAN)

B. FILIPINO LITERATURE  Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio

Mariano, Severino Reyes, and Tomas
 LOPE K. SANTOS – “Father of the National Remigio.
Language Grammar”, he was also called “apo”
of the Tagalog writers. “BANAAG AT SIKAT” CHARACTERISTIC OF
was his master piece. LITERATURE DURING THIS
 JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS – known as PERIOD
huseng batute, he was also called the poet
of love in his time. “AG ISANG PUNONG A. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
KAHOY”, an elegy, is believed to be his IN ENGLISH
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  In a way, we can say that we can trace the  English as a literary vehicle came with the
beginnings of the Philippine Literature in American occupation in August 13, 1898
English with the coming of the Americans. and as they say, a choice bestowed on us
For this purpose, we can divide this period by history.
into three time frames, namely:
 By 1900, English came to be used as a
THE PERIOD OF RE- medium of instruction in the public school.
From the
ORIENTATION (1898-
1910)
American forces were recruited the first Madrid.
teacher of English.
 this type of entertainment was first presented
 By 1908, the primary and intermediate to the court
grades were using English. It was also
about this time when UP, the forerunner in  The palace was named after the place called
the use of English in higher education, was "La Zarzuela" because of the profusion of
founded. brambles (zarzas) that grew there, and so the
festivities held within the walls became
THE PERIOD OF known as "Zarzuelas"
IMITATION (1910–1924)
 By 1919, the UP College Folio published
the literary compositions of the first Filipino
writers in English. They were the pioneers in
short story writing.
 They were then groping their way into
imitating American and British models which
resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural
style, lacking vitality and spontaneity.

PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY
AND GROWTH (1925-1941)
 By this time, Filipino writers had acquired
the mastery of English writing. They now
confidently and competently wrote on a lot
of subjects although the old-time favorites of
love and youth persisted. They went into all
forms of writing like the novel and the drama.

ZARZUELA
 is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that
alternates between spoken and sung
scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and
popular song, as well as dance.
 derive from the name of a Royal hunting
lodge, the Palacio de la Zarzuela near
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Two main forms of zarzuela REYES
1.Baroque zarzuela
Severino Reyes
>> the earliest style
>> He was the fifth child born in Santa Cruz, Manilla
>> a mixture of gods, mythological creatures in 1861.
and rustic or pastoral comedy characters.
>> Reyes would complete his Bachelor of
2.Romantic zarzuela Philosophy from the University of Santo Tomas

Zarzuela in the Philippines >> one of the most renowned literary talents of
Filipino descent and he is considered to be one of
 a strong tradition in the Philippines where the most talented writers and playwrights of
it is also known as sarswela/sarsuela. Tagalog literature.

 reflects the culture and different scenarios of >> He is very well-known and respected for his
life in the Philippines literary talents. In fact, for many, he is known as the
“Father of Filipino Plays”
 It was influenced by the Spaniards when
they colonized the country, and it became a >> Reyes was famous for writing "Mga Kuwento ni
part of the Philippine culture. Lola Basyang" (Tales of Lola Basyang), a series of
fairy tale stories told by Lola Basyang, an old woman
 “the zarzuela was brought to Manila in with loadful of ancient stories stuck in her ancient
1879…” baul
.
WALANG SUGAT >> He was nicknamed "Don Binoy".
BY SEVERINO
>> One of the most cited and famous plays that he  Tenyong - a person who loves his family,
created was the zarzuela "Walang Sugat" (No love ones and country
Wounds)
.  Julia - the “love of my life” of Tenyong

>> Reyes died on September 15, 1942 at the age of  Juana - mother of Julia
81.  Lucas - Tenyong’s grantor of favors
 Miguel - person who wants to marry Julia
WALANG SUGAT FEATURES:  Tadeo - father of Miguel
 Meaning “no wound” or “unwounded” - has a secret love for Juana
 An 1898 Tagalog Language Zarsuela  Kapitan Inggo - father of Tenyong
 Music by a Filipino composer Fulgencio - husband of Putin
Tolentino
 Kapitana Putin - mother of Tenyong
Written by Filipino playwright Severino
Reyes - wife of Inggo

CHARACTERS:  General - close friend of Tenyong

 Kura - the priest who listened to
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 Tenyong’s confession
 Mediko - cured Tenyong
PLOT
 Monica - Tenyong’s grantor of favors
Exposition
 Marcelo - who leads the city
Tenyong and Julia were lovers during at the
 Religioso 1 and Religioso 2 - cruel priests time of Spaniard Rulings.
Rising Action
At the time being, the Philippine Revolution
arose and many Filipinos joined in the revolution.
Climax
Tenyong was one of those Filipinos that joined
in the revolution. This instance causes the two
lovers, tenyong and Julia to be apart.
During those times, Julia was pressured to
marry someone else.
Falling Action
While the battle prolongs, there were no
words from Tenyong and so Julia gave in to marry
Miguel.

Denoeument
During the wedding ceremony of Julia, it
was interrupted by someone telling that Tenyong
was fatally wounded and he returns with a dying
wish.
Out of the knowledge of Julia that it was
just a trap to stop and interrupt the wedding so that
they can live together again.

THEME
“Love always prevails.”
“Promises are meant to be fulfilled.”
“Fight against oppression of rights and injustice.”

MORAL
1. Forgiveness
2. Fight for your own right
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