Sampling Techniques2

1.2.
1 SAMPLING
Concept of Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting units, like people, organizations, or objects from a
population of interest in order to study and fairly generalize the results back to the population
from which sample was chosen.
ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING
1. Reduced Cost
2. Greater Speed
3. Greater Scope
4. Greater Accuracy
1.2.2 Probability Sampling

A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of
random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process
or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities
of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as
picking a name out of hat, or choosing the short straw. These days we tend to use computers
as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection.
Random selection is performed by selecting a group subjects (a sample) for the study
from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each
member of the population has a known, but possibly non-equal, chance of being included in
the sample. By using a random selection, the likelihood of bias is reduced.
1. Simple Random Sampling
The simplest form of random sampling is called the simple random sampling. It is the basic
sampling technique where a group of subjects (a sample) is selected for a study from a larger
group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the
population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Every possible sample of a
given size has the same chance of selection; i.e. each member of the population is equally likely
to be chosen at any stage in the sampling process. The most common techniques for selecting
simple random sample are by using strips of paper, use of printed table of random numbers, or
use of random numbers generated by many computer programs or scientific calculators.
2. Stratified Random Sampling
This sampling method involves dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups and
then taking a simple random sample in each group.
1 Types of Stratified Random Sampling
Equal Allocation (EA) - the sample sizes from the different strata are equal. That is
n1=¿ n ¿
2=¿n 3=…… .=¿n ¿ ¿
k
n
Formula: EA=
ni
Where: n = number of sample/sample size
ni=¿ ¿ number of groups/strata
Proportional Allocation (PA) – the sample sizes from the different strata are proportional
to the sizes of the strata. In general, a population of size N is divided into k strata of size
N 1 , N 2 , N 3 … … , N k , and a sample of size n1 from the first stratum is taken, a sample of size n k ,
from the k th stratum is taken.
Ni
Formula: PA= ∗n
N
Where: N i= population of each strata/stratum
N = population
n = sample size
Example: Given is the enrollment data of CvSU-CBE for first semester, SY 2009-2010.
PROGRAM Ni EA PA
BSIT 420
BSCS 210
BSBM 300
BSE 40
ABPS 40
BENT 25
BSHRM 400
TOTAL(N) 1435
Select a sample of 200 students using Equal and Proportional Allocation
3. Systematic Random Sampling

Systematic sampling with a random start is a method of selecting a sample by taking every
th
k unit from an ordered population, the first unit being selected at random. K is called the
1
sampling interval and the reciprocal is the sampling fraction.
k
N
Formula: K=
n
Where: N = population
n = sample size
4. Cluster Random Sampling

This sampling method involves dividing the population into clusters, usually along geographic
boundaries, then randomly taking samples of clusters, and measuring all units within sampled clusters.
1.2.3 Non-Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling does not involve random selection of samples. It does not necessarily
mean, however, that non-probability samples are not representative of the population. With non-
probability samples, the population may or may not be represented well, and it will often difficult to
know how well the population has been represented.
TWO TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. ACCIDENTAL, HAPHAZARD OR CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
This is one of the most common methods of sampling, which is primarily based on the
convenience of the researcher. Most common examples are interviews conducted frequently by
television news programs to get quick (although non-representative) reading of public opinion.
2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
In this type of sampling technique, samples are taken with a purpose in mind. Usually, one or
more specific predefined sought.
Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where a target sample needs to be
reached quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. With a
purposive sample, it is likely to get opinions of target populations that are more readily accessible.
All of the methods that follow can be considered subcategories of purposive sampling
methods.
Modal Instance Sampling

Sampling for specific groups or types of people wherein sampling the most frequent case, or
the “typical” case is sought for. This method of sampling is commonly used in informal public
opinion polls.
Expert Sampling
Expert sampling involves the assembling of a sample of persons with known or demonstrable
experience and expertise in some area. Often, expert sampling is done when it would be the best
way to elicit the views of persons who have specific expertise.
Quota Sampling
In quota sampling, respondents are selected non-randomly according to some fixed quota.
Heterogeneity Sampling
Heterogeneity sampling is performed when all opinions or views about a specific topic are the
primary concern and representing these views proportionately is not of major importance.
Snowball Sampling
In snowball sampling, the process starts by identifying someone who meets the criteria for
inclusion in the study. The respondent is then asked to recommend others whom they may know
who also meet the criteria.
Name:_________________________________ Score:___________________
Course/Year/Section:_____________________ Teacher:_________________
Exercise 2.2
Identify the type of sampling used in the following statements.
1. An engineer selects every 50th cell phone from the assembly line for careful testing and
analysis.
__________________________________________________________________________
2. A reporter writes the name of each senator on a separate card, shuffles the cards, and then
draws five names.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. The dean at CvSU-CBE surveys all students from each of the 12 randomly selected classes.
__________________________________________________________________________
4. A reporter obtains sample data from readers who decide to mail in a questionnaire printed
in the latest issue.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. A mathematics professor selects 18 men and 18 women from each of the four classes.
__________________________________________________________________________
6. In conducting research for a psychology course, a student of CvSU-CBE interviews students
who are leaving the CBE building.
__________________________________________________________________________
7. A reporter obtains numbered listing of the 1000 companies with the highest stock market
values, uses a computer to generate 20 random numbers between 1 and 1000, and then
interviews the chief executive officers of the companies corresponding to these numbers.
__________________________________________________________________________
8. A medical student at DLS-UMC interviews all diabetic patients in each of 15 randomly
selected hospitals in the country.
__________________________________________________________________________
9. A researcher interviews every 45th patients in the list of in-patients.
__________________________________________________________________________
10. A student interviews school principals and classroom teachers about the implementation
of the 2002 Basic Education Curriculum.
__________________________________________________________________________

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1.2.

1.2.2 Probability Sampling

Where: N i= population of each strata/stratum

3. Systematic Random Sampling

4. Cluster Random Sampling

1.2.3 Non-Probability Sampling

TWO TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Modal Instance Sampling

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