Chapter 5-Slides PDF
Chapter 5-Slides PDF
Chapter 5
Eth
Water Condenser
tank
i- Boiler:
- Input energy to the boiler : Eb = energy content*weight of coal
Eb = 12500*10000 = 125*106 Btu
- Input energy to the turbine, being the output energy from the boiler,
and assuming that the boiler is 90% efficient will be:
Et = Eb*η = 125*106*0.9 = 112.5*106 Btu.
ii- Turbine:
Output mechanical energy from the turbine, with assumed efficiency
of 45%, and into the generator is:
Eg = Et*η = 112.5*106*0.45 = 50.6*106 Btu
gL p
m
where:
- ρp is the gas density (Kg/m3)
- μg is the gas viscosity ( around 2.95*105 Kg/m.s)
- g is the gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s2)
𝑚𝑉𝑔2
• i.e. centrifugal force = = mω2r
𝑟
• In ESP, the resisting force is the same, but the driving electrostatic force
is proportional to d2, and thus the ratio is d2/d=d.
• Hence, the ESP can collect particles with less difficulty than gravitational
collectors as the diameter drops.
• 99% collection efficiency (most efficient of all).
L
cleaned gas out
rapper
+ corona discharge
50 KV particle layer on collector surface
_ H D
ground
dirty gas in
charged-wire electrode
collected plates
Gas flow
Wire electrode
Electric field
Overall efficiency:
mass of particles captured by the ESP
mass of all particles entering the ESP
Vm ln 1 d
Q
A
• For an efficient operation and using a similar analysis to that
conducted for the gravitational collector, the required length of the
ESP should be:
Vg
H s
Vm
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 35
• If an excessive voltage is applied across the suspended
wires, the electric field becomes high enough to develop
sparking that may damage the material of the plates, and in
some cases may cause fire.
• To avoid this, the field should be equal or smaller than the
spark- developing field whose value has been
approximated as:
where:
Es is the sparking field (V/m),
T is the absolute temperature (K) and,
p is the gas pressure (atm).
a. Spray Towers
Coal washing, due to the nature of these compounds, has an overall removal
efficiency less than 20%.
The SO2 in the gas reacts with the calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
slurry to produce calcium sulfite (CaSO3) and calcium sulfate
(CaSO4) that remain in the slurry.
- A 'feed and bleed' system checks on the pH of slurry where fresh limestone is
added to maintain a pH value of around 6. This system charges fresh slurry
(pH>7) up the tower, and discharges an equivalent amount of already circulated
slurry (pH<6) to a dewatering system.
- The solids are separated from the circulated slurry in a conventional settling tank,
or thickener, and then sent to a filter and centrifuge where water is removed from
the precipitated salts (sulfites). The filtered water is sent back to the spray tower.
The obtained sulfate is a stable solid gypsum which can be used for cement
production, agriculture, or as road base material.
CaO
H2O SO2
Flue gas from plant Reheater
Water +
H2O
Na2SO3
+
Cooling
H2O (reverse
Surge tank Dissolving tank
chemical
NaHSO3
Steam
reaction)
(chemical (2)
reaction)
(1)
• This system is one of the commercially established systems for the removal
of SO2 and NOx from the flue gas at the po- combustion stage.
• It is also classified as a regenerable system since its byproducts are used for
other purposes.
• Shell flue gas treating system involves passing contaminated flue gas into a
set a parallel reactors containing copper oxide (CuO) supported on aluminia
(Al2O3). The copper oxide will react with SO2 in the flue gas to give copper
sulfate.
CuO + SO2 + 0.5O2 CuSO4
• NOx removal from flue gases is more difficult and therefore more
expensive than that of SO2 since it is insoluble. In what follows are
the methods used to control their emissions, mainly from power
plants.
NH3 + O2 NO + 1.5H2O
Chemical treatments described above are efficient but also quite expensive, therefore a number
of economically more feasible alternatives have been developed for reducing NOx and SOx
contents from emitted gases.
FBC is a new technology used for removing both SO2 and NOx from flue gases. It is used in coal-
fired power plants only (first application in Scotland in 1981), and is based on mixing coal with
lime stone (CaCO3) which acts as an absorber of the SO2 obtained during the combustion.
Air used for combustion is forced up through the coal mixture thus keeping it as a mass
suspended within the boiler combustion chamber. The boiler evaporator tubes are in direct
contact with the burning coal and therefore a more efficient heat transfer rate is achieved.
The high heat transfer allows the boiler to operate at lower temperatures, around 800oC
instead of 1500oC. This temperature reduction leads to a significant drop in the NOx
formation. The chemical reaction of the combustion process is as follows:
The calcium sulfite produced is used to reduce the SO2 contents such that:
The calcium sulfate produced drops to the bottom of the boiler and then removed.
The employment of FBC would lead to elimination of wet scrubbers used in the power industry
since SO2 is efficiently (90%) captured by limestone and this leads to a 10% reduction in the
generating unit cost. However, FBC systems require powerful compressors for supplying very
high combustion air.
Stack
Heat (extracted before
100% steam is expanded
Boiler
Fuel in turbine for other
usage) (29%)
Steam Electricity
turbine (32%)
CW losses (24%)
Condenser
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 81
c. Combined- cycle gas turbines units
• In CCGT plant, a gas turbine generator generates
electricity and the waste heat from the gas turbine is
used to make steam to generate additional electricity
via a steam turbine.
• This enhances the plant efficiency to levels around
45% to 55%.
• This scheme involves installing, in addition to the
existing gas turbine, a steam turbine to which steam
extracted by the heat recovery unit is fed. The turbine
is coupled to a separate electricity generator thus
generating more electricity.
Stack
Combined cycle system
Boiler heat
Exchanger
Steam
Fuel turbine
Electricity (40%)
Electric generator
Gas Turbine
Electric generator
Mitigation Options
-Power Plants-