S.D.M.

E Society’s
SHRI DHARMASTHALA MANJUNATHESHWARA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHAVALAGIRI, DHARWAD-580002
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUE AFFILIATED TO VTU)

2019-2020

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEMINAR REPORT ON

“MODULAR CONSTRUCTION”

Under the guidance of

SHRI.P.M.SAKARE
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By:

MOHAMMED AMANULLA HANGI

2SD17CV406
8TH SEMESTER
Academic Year 2019-2020
 S.D.M.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHARWAD-580002
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “Modular

Construction” is an original work carried out Mohammed
Amanulla Hangi (2SD15CV063) in partial fulfillment for the award
of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of S.D.M.
College of Engineering & Technology under the Vishweshwaraya
Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2019-2020.The
seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirement in respect of seminar prescribed for the Bachelor of
Engineering Degree.

Guide HOD Principal

SHRI.P.M.SAKARE Dr.U.D.HAKARI Dr.K.GOPINATH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The euphoria and the sense of achievement that accompany the

successful completion of my project would be incomplete without
acknowledging the crucial of those who made it possible and whose guidance
and encouragement made our effort successful.

It’s an immense pleasure to express our heartily gratitude to our beloved

Principal Dr.K.GOPINATH for timely assistance in providing us with all the
facilities necessary for making this Endeavour a success.

I am grateful to Head of Department Dr.U.D.HAKARI who was

primarily responsible for the successful completion of project.

I wish to place my deep felt gratitude to my seminar guide

Shri.P.M.SAKARE and all staff members of Department of Civil Engineering
for their valuable help, guidance and constant encouragement in this project
work throughout the course of present study.

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study of Prefabrication in India

1.2 Objectives of Modular Constructions
1.3 Uses/Applications of Modular Construction techniques
in construction industry
1.4 Examples of Modular Buildings
1.5 Comparison to Traditional Methods
1.6 Material and Methodology

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. CONCLUSION

5. REFERENCES

ABSTRACT :

Recent devastating earthquakes of 7.8 magnitudes in Nepal on 24-04-2015 had

destroyed many houses and took many lives. These many losses are due to poor building
techniques and heavy building materials. In the developed countries like Japan, China, etc.
the earthquakes do not affect the lives and destroy the houses. This is because they use the
pre-fabrication building techniques and steel or aluminum frame structures rather than heavy
concrete building structures.

Modular construction is widely used for single and double storey as well as multi-
story residential buildings. Modular construction technique has played an important role of
producing construction elements quickly and efficiently. The modules are produced in a
factory, and are then transported to the construction site being prepared and then assembled.
Modular construction of houses is an innovation that has potential to tackle issues related to
environmental and sustainability concerns at a rapid rate, mechanizes the construction
process, enabling mass manufacture of affordable houses in a short time period.
 The study aims to introduce and to provide more knowledge about modular house to
educate the market and to address the concern of every sector of the society especially the
depressed areas of the society for a beautiful, stable and affordable shelter.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Modular construction technique is a process in which a building is constructed off-

site, under controlled environmental conditions, and it uses the same materials and design
structures to the same codes, standards and building bye-laws as conventionally built
facilities but in a short time as compared to conventional house construction. Buildings are
manufactured in “modules” that when put together on site, they look exactly like
conventional built.

Modular construction can be used for building temporary or permanent building such
as construction of camps, schools and classroom, civilians and also for military facilities as
well as industrial facilities. Modular buildings are a perfect solution in remote and rural areas
where conventional construction may not be possible to be built. Other uses of modular
construction technique include churches buildings, healthcare facilities and retail shops, fast
food joints, etc.
 At this time modular construction for buildings or facilities today can be build to any
specification and any size from a simple one to a complex one. Once the building elements
are manufactured, they are then be transported to the site for their final installation. One of
the big advantages of modular construction is that it is very rapid and it can be less expensive
than a site-build structure. Also modular construction cannot be limited by issues like severe
weather and modular buildings are more likely to resist earthquake forces since they are
manufactured under control plant conditions.

1.1 STUDY OF PREFABRICATION IN INDIA;

The terminology of “Prefab” is used as a short for ―prefabricated buildings‖; Prefab

is a broad term that encompasses several different types of buildings. Technically, any home
that has sections of the structure built in a factory and then assembled on site can fall under
the ―prefab‖ designation. The prefabricated house is constructed by light steel frame to
sandwich panels for the building envelope materials, as a standard module for space series
combination of components, the bolt connection, and the new concept of environmental
protection economic activities in prefabricated house. In this competitive world, no countries
want to be backward and less developed than any other. Nowadays, the developed countries
are in the front of development of sciences and technologies such that they are looking for the
probability of lives in another planet. The world became so advanced that they even don’t
have time to look after the housing and constructional works. But there are also some
countries in this globe which even are not providing the shelter for their people. People of
some countries like Nepal, India, Bangladesh, etc. don’t have a roof to hide themselves from
heat and cold. Moreover, the recent earthquake of 7.8 magnitudes in Nepal destroyed many
houses. The research from many agencies and expertise shows that the most of the destroyed
buildings were traditionally built and the materials used were not tested or certified.

As we all know, in building the conventional and traditional buildings, it takes much more
time and the costing is also very high. Also, there will be more wastes and environment will
be polluted; labours are also not safe while construction traditional buildings. If these many
problems are there in following the conventional trend, why should not we look for the easier
and best way for constructional work? Yes. We have to follow the new techniques i.e. Pre-
fabricated Modular and steel structures. This method of building structures will minimize the
constructional cost, time and wastes. But it increases the quality of the building, efficiency of
the work, and the beauty of the buildings. Both Modular and Panel Built fall under the
umbrella term of prefab. Modular house is the culmination of one type of building system.
The building process starts with efficient modern factory assembly line techniques. The
prefabricated components are brought to the site and erected using building block type
construction

1.2 OBJECTIVES MODULAR CONSTRUCTIONS:

 Speed Of Construction/Faster Return On Investment: Modular construction

allows for the building and the site work to be completed simultaneously. According to
some materials, this can reduce the overall completion schedule by as much as 50%. This
also reduces labor, financing and supervision costs. To save even more time and money,
nearly all design and engineering disciplines are part of the manufacturing process. Also
unique to modular construction is the ability to simultaneously construct a building’s
floors, walls, ceilings, rafters, and roofs. During site-built construction, walls cannot be
set until floors are in position, and ceilings and rafters cannot be added until walls are
erected. On the other hand, with modular construction, walls, floors, ceilings, and rafters
are all built at the same time, and then brought together in the same factory to form a
building. This process can allow modular construction times of half that of conventional,
stick-built construction.
 Indoor Construction. Assembly is independent of weather, which can increase work
efficiency and avoids damaged building material.
 Ability To Service Remote Locations. Particularly in countries in which potential
markets may be located far from industrial centres, such as Australia, there can be much
higher costs to build a site-built house in a remote area or an area experiencing a
construction boom such as mining towns. Modular buildings are also beneficial in
providing medical and sanitary facilities where time, space, and money are an issue.
 Low Waste. With the same plans being constantly built, the manufacturer has records
of exactly what quantity of materials are needed for a given job. With the consistency,
builders can design systems that use common lengths of lumber, wallboard, etc., cut
items with maximum efficiency, or be able to order special lengths in bulk. While waste
from a site-built dwelling may typically fill several large dumpsters, construction of a
modular dwelling generates much less waste. According to the UK group WRAP, up to a
90% reduction in materials can be achieved through the use of modular construction.
 Materials minimized include: wood pallets, shrink wrap, cardboard, plasterboard, timber,
concrete, bricks, and cement.
 Environmentally Friendly Construction Process. Modular construction reduces
waste and site disturbance compared to site-built structures. The controlled environment
of the factory allows for more accurate construction while allowing the extra materials to
be recycled in-house.
 Flexibility. One can continually add to a modular building, including creating high
rises.When the needs change, modular buildings can be disassembled and the modules
relocated or refurbished for their next use reducing the demand for raw materials and
minimizing the amount of energy expended to create a building to meet the new need. In
essence, the entire building can be recycled in some cases.
 Quality. Combining traditional building techniques, quality manufacturing and third-
party agencies who offer random inspections, testing, and certification services for
quality control, commercial modular buildings are built in strict accordance with
appropriate local, state, and national regulations and codes. Due to the need to transport
modules to the final site, each module must be built to independently withstand travel and
installation requirements. Thus the final module-to-module assembly of independently
durable components can yield a final product that is more durable than site-built
structures. Modular buildings often use Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) in construction,
which offer a range of advantages over traditional building materials. SIPs panels are a
light yet durable combination of panel board and either closed-cell polyurethane (PU) or
expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulating foam. They are air-tight, and as such provide
excellent thermal performance. They also offer superior damp and cold resistance when
compared to timber and other materials, and are immune to both compression shrinking
and cold bridging. Modular units may also be designed to fit in with external aesthetics of
any existing building and modular units once assembled can be virtually
indistinguishable from a site-built structure.
 Improved Air Quality - Many
of the indoor air quality issues identified in new construction result from high moisture
levels in the framing materials. Because the modular structure is substantially completed
in a factory-controlled setting using dry materials, the potential for high levels of
moisture being trapped in the new construction is eliminated.
 Modular buildings can also contribute to LEED requirements in any category site-built
construction can, and can even provide an advantage in the areas of Sustainable Sites,
Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, and Indoor Environmental
Quality. Modular construction can also provide an advantage in similar categories in the
International Green Construction Code

1.2 DISADVANTAGES:

1. Smaller Rooms

One of the main drawbacks of modular construction is that the homes can be large, but the
room sizes are usually smaller. The pieces of a modular home can’t be too big to transport by
road, so they can’t generally be more than 14 to 16 feet wide and 60 to 75 feet long.

2. Difficult Financing

Modular homes need to be paid for in advance or finances on a step-by-step basis. In most
cases, owners can’t get a traditional bank loan until construction on the home is complete and
will have to take out a loan from their modular builder. These loans may carry higher interest
rates than regular mortgages.

3. Reduced Resale Value

Despite their advantages, modular homes are difficult to resell due to the assumption that
they are of lower quality. Modern modular structure is seeking to revamp how these homes
are commonly perceived, but it may be awhile before the public sees them as equal to
traditional brick and mortar structures.

4. Land Restrictions

Although they are growing in popularity, some local authorities may not allow you to build a
modular home. Aspiring homeowners will want to confirm that the area where they want to
purchase land and build the home will allow it

1.3 USES/APPLICATIONS OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ;
 construction techniques can be adopted in construction sector of civil engineering for a
variety of uses.

1. Modular construction technique can be used to build large modular buildings such as
office complexes, retail shopping centers, churches, temple, mosque, government facilities,
fire stations, schools, medical and health complexes, etc

2. Modular construction technique can also be adopted for building medium residential
buildings as well as high rise buildings, cafeterias, public toilets and other uses that are
usually associated with brick and mortar buildings.

3. As modular construction technique saves time, it can be used for disaster management
such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and other World calamities that require emergency shelters
and housing for displaced persons as in the case of Refugees crises in some parts of the world
that require emergency shelters, hence modular construction technique is best suited to
address shelter problems as the process is past compare to on-site construction technique.

1.4 EXAMPLES OF MODULAR BUILDINGS:

 Educational buildings and nurseries. (See also, Modular buildings in the educational

sector.)
 Offices.
 Temporary buildings (such as site accommodation, live event accommodation,
accommodation for temporary re-location during construction works and so on).
 Showrooms and marketing suites.
 Healthcare buildings (such as consulting rooms, and operating theatres).
 Catering buildings.
 Ministry of Defence buildings.
 Hotels.
 Manufacturing facilities such as clean rooms.
 Buildings for remote or hostile locations where conventional construction techniques
may be impractical.
 Dwellings.
 Mobile buildings.
 Equipment housing.
 Emergency buildings for urgent accommodation requirements.

Characteristics Are To Be Considered:

* Easy availability.

* Light weight for easy handling and transport, and to economies on sections and sizes of
foundation.

* Thermal insulation property.

* Easy workability.

* Durability in all weather conditions.

* Non-combustibility.

* Economy in cost, and

* Sound insulation.

1.5 COMPARISON TO TRADITIONAL METHO:

1.6 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ;

A number of new construction materials are starting to be used as components in prefab

housing. Here are two of them: i. Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) ii. Insulating Concrete
Forms (ICFs).

A. Structural Insulated Panel (SIP): A structural insulated panel (SIP, also called a
sandwich panel) consists of a pair of oriented strand board (OSB) or plywood panels with a
core of extruded polystyrene (EPS) foam in between, attached with an adhesive. Panels are
available in a variety of thicknesses. They are usually produced in 8-ft-tall panels, but they
can be customized as per the requirement.

Its peculiarity is that the foam in the core is the best insulator and its thickness determine the
value of insulation. The foam core forms a continuous energy barrier, and the smaller number
of studs leaves less opportunity for heat conduction. SIPs are fabricated to very close (1/8
inch) tolerances, and the edge connections, which vary by manufacturer, are designed to fit
snugly together. The best thing about SIPs is their resistance to insects. While the EPS foam
core provides no nutrition to insects, it offers an easy way for them to tunnel into the
structure. Borate additives can be mixed into the foam during manufacture, providing some
amount of insect resistance. De-lamination caused by failure of the adhesive is a major
concern because it would affect the ability of structural SIPs to carry load.

B. Insulating Concrete Panel (ICFs): Insulating concrete forms (ICFs) are a prefab
construction material which consist of hollow EPS foam blocks that are stacked and glued
together onsite, creating a form that is filled with reinforcing bars and concrete. The unique
property of ICFs is that the foam blocks are not removed after the concrete hardens; instead,
they help insulate the building, while the concrete provides structural integrity. Although
ICFs are really a hybrid prefab material, they offer many of the cost and environmental
benefits of pure prefab. In comparison with traditional concrete construction, it is faster to
stack ICF foam blocks than to build a wood form, and since the foam blocks are not removed,
there is much less wastes. It can be also used as sound proof. The concrete must be fluid
enough to fill the foam blocks without leaving air voids, which would severely detract from
the structural integrity of the finished wall, yet must be solid enough not to exert too much
horizontal pressure on the foam, which can cause the forms to fail. Insect can attack this
structure so, insect-resistant additives can be mixed into the polystyrene foam.

C. Prefab Materials in Marek:

 Zincalume Steel

 Colorbond Steel

 Aerocon Panels

 FRP Corrugated Sheets

 Colour Coated Galvalume Sheets

 EPS Corrugated Panel

 CGI sheets

 UPVC roof

 Asphalt shingles

 PUF Sandwich Panel

 EPS Sandwich Panel

 Solid Cement wall Panel

 Dry Wall System using cement boards

 Different claddings/siding materials

1) Colour: Coated Galvalume Sheets These sheets are preferred material for roofing and wall
cladding. They combine the strength of steel and corrosion protection of zinc or
zinc/aluminium alloy coatings. These are available in various colours, have appealing
aesthetics, long life, durability and easy installation. Colour coated Galvalume sheets of
AZ150 class (aluminium zinc coating of 150 grams per sq. meter) with coated alloy of 55%
Aluminium, 43.5% Zinc and 1.5% Silicon and of approved colour with top surface coated
with 20-25 microns of polyester coating and bottom service coat with 5-10 microns over and
above epoxy primer, basic steel conforming to IS -513, ASTM A 792 M / AS 1397 –
GALVALUME COATING, ASTM A 924 for mechanical properties and ASTM 755 for
paint coating. Overall width of 1120 mm and laid width of 1060 mm, with six crests of 25
mm, spaced at 206 mm center to centre, and with a stiffening rib (28mm) of 3mm height at
the centre of each valley of the sheet, with two anti–capillary grooves with long return leg on
either side of each crest.

2) Zincalume Steel: This product is high corrosion resistant and thermal efficient hot dipped
zinc-aluminium alloy (55% Al - Zn) coated steel with spangled surface conforming to AS
1397 available in Grade 300 & 550. Thickness of coating conforms to AZ 150 / AZ 200 (AZ
150 - 55% Al-Zn alloy coating of 150 g/m2 minimum).
3) Colorbond Steel: The Colorbond steel is comprising of Zincalumer steel substrate as base
material and coatings of Zn-Al alloy Coating, Conversion Coating , Universal Corrosion
Inhibitive Primer (Nominal 5μm) and Finish Coat (Nominal 20μm) on the front side and
similarly with Backing Coat (Nominal 5μm) on the back side. Colorbond steel has good
resistance to accidental spillage of solvents such as methylated spirits, white spirit, mineral
turpentine, toluene, trichloroethylene, dilute mineral acids and alkalis. However, all spillages
should be immediately removed by water washing and drying.

4) Sandwich Panel: These are used for insulation of roofing and walling in the building. It
consists of one or both side metal Galvalume sheet and PUF insulation in between. These
have high thermal efficiency and significant mechanical strength, which makes it possible to
go for larger spans as well as large partition walls.

5) Aerocon Panels: Aerocon panels are slim, lightweight wall panels that perfectly substitute
plasterboard, plywood, particleboard and brick wall because of their sheer strength. Their low
weight, ductility, fire and moisture-resistance properties make them hardy survivors of
climatic and accidental disasters. Being pre-fabricated, they are also easy to install and reduce
construction time by 80%. Aerocon panels are certified Green product by Indian Green
Building Council. The Aerocon panels help to conserve natural resources. Fly ash, which is
recycled waste, is utilized in making these panels. No wood is used in the manufacture of this
product and little water is required during construction. These panels are also poor conductors
of heat, therefore making a building energy efficient. Aerocon panels are available in the
following sizes: Size Thickness 600 x 2400 mm 50 and 75 mm 600 x 2700 mm 50 and 75
mm 600 x 3000 mm 50 and 75 mm

6) FRP Corrugated Sheets: Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) (also fibrereinforced polymer) is

a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually
glass, carbon, basalt or asbestos. The polymer is usually an epoxy or a polyester
thermosetting plastic. FRPs are commonly used as roofing material as it is light weight,
strong and resistive to deforming forces. They are usually rust and termite proof. They have
good impact resistance; possess fire retardant properties and resistant to external weather
conditions. These are normally available in 0.4 mm to 5.0 mm thickness. They are also
available in transparent & opaque varieties. These are extensively used in parking sheds,
shelters warehouses and residential and industrial ro roofing etc. where weight saving is an
essential criteria.

7) EPS and PUF Panel:

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Panel comprises of pre-fabricated composite sandwich panels

with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) insulation as core and profiled/plain, colour coated
galvanized Steel/ galvalume steel sheet facing on both sides, complete with joint sealants and
fixing ancillaries. Expanded Polystyrene is a lightweight closed cell rigid insulation formed
by the expansion of polystyrene beads. It has excellent long term thermal and moisture
resistance. EPS insulation is reliable, cost effective and compatible with major construction
materials.
Polyurethane (PUF) Sandwich Panel is an upgraded material compare to traditional building
material, as a kind of new type of multifunctional building material. It consists of steel plate
at both side and polyurethane core of different densities inside. They are bonded with high
intension adhesive at high temperature and pressure through auto forming machine.

a) Thickness Availability: 40 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm, 125 mm, 150 mm, 175 mm, 200
mm.

b) Benefits of EPS & PUF Panel:

 Pre-engineered and factory made for precision.

 Internationally accepted and meets or exceeds all building code specifications.

 Higher energy savings due to very low thermal conductivity.

 Flexibility in design and choosing various options on fascia of panels and colours.

 All weather proof construction and maintenance free.  Long lasting value with
controlled quality, accuracy & speed of construction and caters for better functionality and
application.

8) Dry Wall System: This system is made of durable galvanized steel, which usually uses
gypsum board and calcium silicate board or FCB (Fibre Cement Board) as surface material.
Compared with wooden board, Dry wall system provides safer and resistive wall. Besides
that, compared with bulky brick wall, it can greatly reduce the weight of building. In this
system, thermal and acoustic insulation product can also be filled in partition frame to create
a safe and quiet environment. Thickness availability: 50mm, 60mm, 75mm, 90mm, 120mm,
150mm, 180mm & 210mm.

9) Aerated Cement Panel:

Solid cement wall systems comprised of a variety of shapes and wall types. We deal with:
Solid wall panel simply refers to walls made of solid concrete. These wall systems require
some form of insulation and an interior wall finishing system to complete the building
enclosures.Cement Sandwich panel is a series of building material with fly ash, different
polymer beads and sand compound as core material along with low alkali sulphoaluminate
cement and calcium silicate board as face panels.
 Thickness Availability:

50mm, 60mm, 75mm, 90mm, 100 mm, 120mm,150mm, 180mm & 210mm

D. Roof Options:

 PUF Corrugated Panel

 EPS Corrugated Panel

 CGI sheets

 UPVC roof

 Asphalt shingles

 Color Coated Galvalume Sheets

E. Wall Options:

 PUF Sandwich Panel

 EPS Sandwich Panel

 Solid Cement wall Panel

 Dry Wall System using cement boards

 Different claddings/siding materials

F. Floor:

Options Generally, cemented solid sheets are used as the flooring materials. Plywood,
wooden planks, Marbles, tiles are also the options of flooring.

G. Door and Window’s Frame: Hollow metal frames are very good replacement for
wooden door/window frames. It can also be provided the looks of a wood frame at a very
economical price and have other advantages over wood. The frames are termite proof and
weather proof and have a better surface finish than wood. It

can be provided with wooden shutters or hollow metal shutter or glass shutter. The shutter
can also be provided with rock wool, mineral wool, PUF, Ceramic wool or polystyrene
insulation

H. Why Steel?

1) Material Cost Savings: Steel is cheaper in comparison of weight/strength ratio; and is

ideal for building seismic-activity resistant housing.
2) Labor Cost Saving: A labor of six men can construct a steel container house within a day.

3) Better Safety: Steel’s ductility allows it to stretch between 5-7% of its original length;
which makes it more withstanding during earthquakes and also absorb wind turbulence due to
its ductility.

4) Low Transport Cost: Steel can even be transported by people.

5) Time Savings: Due to the pre-fabricated nature of steel framing; it can be constructed at a
factory and be delivered ready to erect; also no welding required on the site; the structures
can be totally completed with nuts and bolts.

6) Lower Insurance Premium: Due to steel’s insect, wind, and earthquake resistance, home
owner’s insurance premium will be much lower.

7) Versatility: Due to the standard shape of steel container they can be easily customized;
extend upon and taken apart.

8) Eco-Friendly: 50 trees are needed to build the average house. In comparison steel is
extracted, is recyclable in the future and minimizes wastage through customized building.

9) Short-Term Accommodation: Many European countries and military bases are utilizing
the quick to construct and deconstruct nature of such housing, and offering it as affordable
short term housing.

I. Design Procedure

The steel beams, columns, rafter, z-purlins, channel gables, channel walls, etc. are the
components of steel buildings.Following are the steps to construct prefabricated steel
buildings.

1. Establishment of temporary store

2. Transportation of materials

3. Site clearance

4. Marking

5. Positioning of central coordinate and layout

6. General excavation
7. Preparation of foundation base

8. Concreting of foundation

9. Curing

10. Erection

11. Flooring

12. Roofing

13. Panel fitting

14. Installation of doors and windows

15. Electric and sanitary work

16. Finishing
 Fig (elements of building)

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE RIVEW

2.1 LITERATURE;- BY [ Joseph Yel Akok*, Dr. Om Prakas]

Modular construction technique is a process in which a building is constructed off-

site, under controlled environmental conditions, and it uses the same materials and design
structures to the same codes, standards and building bye-laws as conventionally built
facilities but in a short time as compared to conventional house construction. Buildings are
manufactured in “modules” that when put together on site, they look exactly like
conventional built. Modular construction is widely used for single and double storey as well
as multi-story residential buildings. Modular construction technique has played an important
role of producing construction elements quickly and efficiently. The modules are produced in
a factory, and are then transported to the construction site being prepared and then assembled.
Modular construction of houses is an innovation that has potential to tackle issues related to
environmental and sustainability concerns at a rapid rate, mechanizes the construction
process, enabling mass manufacture of affordable houses in a short time period.

Modular construction technique is a technique that uses prefabricated modules/units and it is

a technique that has perfect solution in remote, rural and urban areas where conventional or
traditional construction may not be possible. Modular construction technique should be
adopted for construction of buildings such as churches building, temple, mosque, medical and
healthcare facilities and retail shops, fast food joints, etc. also the modular construction
technique generate less waste on-site because building elements are prefabricated in the
factory and then transported to the site for their final installation; therefore, saving time and
money. Therefore modular construction technique is much more efficient and sustainable.

2.2 LITERATURE;- BY [Prajjwal Paudel, Sagar Dulal, Madan Bhandari, Amit Kumar
Tomar ]

Recent devastating earthquakes of 7.8 magnitudes in Nepal on 24-04-2015 had destroyed

many houses and took many lives. These many losses are due to poor building techniques and
heavy building materials. In the developed countries like Japan, China, etc. the earthquakes
do not affect the lives and destroy the houses. This is because they use the pre-fabrication
building techniques and steel or aluminum frame structures rather than heavy concrete
building structures.

The prefabricated house is constructed by light steel frame to sandwich panels for the
building envelope materials, as a standard module for space series combination of
components, the bolt connection, and the new concept of environmental protection economic
activities in prefabricated house. The prefabricated components are brought to the site and
erected using building block type construction. Work is never delayed by curing time or
missing materials and can be completed for 30 to 45 working days. Further study shows that
it can also lower the total cost of the project by 12 percent as compare to the traditionally
build house using traditional materials such as CHB (Concrete Hollow Blocks). This paper
includes the study on steel structures and pre-fabricated structures. In a general survey, many
people were asked about the types of houses they prefer; one common reply was earthquake
resistant and economical houses. This paper also includes analysis and research on the
quality, strength, environment friendly, costing and the comparison between the traditional
buildings and pre-fabricated buildings. The study aims to introduce and to provide more
knowledge about modular house to educate the market and to address the concern of every
sector of the society especially the depressed areas of the society for a beautiful, stable and
affordable shelter.

As we all know, in building the conventional and traditional buildings, it takes much more
time and the costing is also very high. Also, there will be more wastes and environment will
be polluted; labours are also not safe while construction traditional buildings. If these many
problems are there in following the conventional trend, why should not we look for the easier
and best way for constructional work? Yes. We have to follow the new techniques i.e. Pre-
fabricated Modular and steel structures. This method of building structures will minimize the
constructional cost, time and wastes. But it increases the quality of the building, efficiency of
the work, and the beauty of the buildings. Both Modular and Panel Built fall under the
umbrella term of prefab. Modular house is the culmination of one type of building system.
The building process starts with efficient modern factory assembly line techniques. The
prefabricated components are brought to the site and erected using building block type
construction. According to McGraw-Hill construction’s report, 76% of respondents indicate
that prefabrication/modular construction reduces site waste—with 44% indicating that it
reduced site waste by 5% or more. In addition, 62% of respondents believe that these
processes reduce the amount of materials used—with 27% indicating
prefabrication/modularization reduced materials used by 5% or more

> The use of prefabrication and preassembly is estimated to have almost doubled in the last
15 years, increasing by 86%.

> Earthquake resistant structures can be constructed with low investment and less time.

> The use prefab materials obviously reduce the waste produced in sites.
> Environmental risks are reduced.

> Number of labor can be reduced.

> Worker can assure their safety.

3.3 LITERATURE;- BY [Rinkesh patel1, Dr.Neeraj Sharma2]

The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than
structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or
any movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the
section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. The term prefabrication can apply to any
construction method where a significant part of the construction takes place off-site in a
factory that produces relatively large, complex pieces that are then assembled at the site into
the finished building. Since prefab is such a loosely defined term, it helps to show where
prefab as we define it fits into the spectrum of construction methods ranging from completely
off-site to completely on-site.The total cost and total duration for the double storey residential
building have been determined for both prefab and conventional construction. And also we
had known about the advantages and disadvantages of both prefabrication and conventional
construction by the survey conducted in similar companies. The comparison showed there is
enormous cost difference between the methods, which the prefab is very high when compared
to conventional on this type of individual houses. The main advantages for prefab
construction and also it helps when there is labor shortage. This is main drawback for prefab
construction which is not economical to construct in this case.

CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSIONS;

`From the studies and research performed in the prefabricated materials and prefabricated
structures, it is found that these prefabricated structures are very much effective in developing
as well as developed countries. The construction of these types of structures saves time,
money and assures the safety of the people as well. Since, these structures are light weight,
earthquake resistant, and aesthetic, we can accept these structures without any hesitation.`
 REFERENCES

[1] The benefits of modular construction,by DEVIN M.REFFIT,renal Business today,October

2007

[2] Automated post simulation visualization of modular buildings production assembly

line,Automation in construction,Science Direct

[3] Osama M Mohson, Paul J Knytl, Basel Addulaal, Jack Olearezyk and Mohammed Ali
Hussein, “Simulation Of Modular Building Construction”,University Of Alberta Edmonton
Journal.

[4] DonShulman”Reality Development Associates Announces Expansion” Easton Journal

[5] Prefab Architecture: a guide to modular design and construction by Smith, R.E. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011 [6] Construction Matters by Quale, J., M.J. Eckelman, K.W.
Williams, G. Sloditskie, and J.B. Zimmerman. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2012.

[6] Shahzad, W.M, Mbachu, J. and Domingo, N. (2014). ―Prefab content versus cost and
time savings in construction projects: Aregression analysis‖. Proceedings of the 4th New
Zealand Built Environment Research Symposium (NZBERS). 14 November. ISBN 2324-
1829 (Online)

[7] Stefan J. Weidemann, 1990, ―Modular Pre-fabrication versus Conventional Construction

as a Cost Effective Alternative or the Construction of the Single Family Detached Housing in
the Montreal Area‖, School of Architecture McGill University, Montreal..

[8] Svetlana Brzev, ―Precast Concrete Construction‖, British Columbia Institute of

Technology, Canada Teresa GuevaraPerez, Architect, Venezuela.

[9] Milovanovic et al, ―The Sustainable Prefabricated Wall Panel System Made of
Recycled Aggregates‖, Croatia

[10] Hampson, K.D. & Brandon, P., (2004). Construction 2020A Vision for Australia's
Property and Construction Industry. Brisbane: CRC Construction Innovation.

[11] https://www.ecohomesnepal.com [8] https://www.slideshare.net,

[12] Abhyuday Titiksh, Dr. M.K. Gupta, (2015), ―A Study of the Various Structural
Framing Systems Subjected to Seismic Loads‖, SSRG International Journal of Civil
Engineering (SSRG-IJCE), India