PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
5. Which of the following characterizes Type 1 12. Bilateral damage to this structure results to an
fibers? inability to consolidate short-term memomy
a. Their oxidative capacity is very high into long-term memory:
b. They are fast twitch muscle fibers a. Hippocampal cortex
c. Calcium-pumping capacity of the b. Amygdala
sarcoplasmic reticulum is high c. Septal nuclei
d. They have a higher ratio to Type II d. Emboliform nuclei
fibers in normal muscle
13. Instead of troponin, what regulatory
6. The length of the muscle at which the active mechanism controls smooth muscle
tension is maximal is the: contraction?
a. eccentric length a. Tropomyosin
b. resting length b. Calsequetrin
c. equilibrium length c. F-actin helix
d. isometric length d. Calmodulin
16. What will be the result of prolonged diastole? 23. Which of the following increases the ejection
a. Increase heart rate fraction?
b. Reduced peripheral resistance a. Increased afterload that decreases end
c. Reduced stroke volume systolic volume
d. Better filling of the ventricles b. Increased venous return that increases
end diastolic volume
17. Which of the following mechanisms is most c. Decreased cardiac compliance that
likely to cause dilatation and flaccidity of the increases end diastolic volume
heart? d. Increased calcium released from the
a. High calcium levels sarcoplasmic reticulum causing
b. High potassium levels decreased end systolic volume
c. Low calcium levels
d. Low potassium levels 24. Which of the following occurs during the rapid
ejection phase of ventricular systole?
18. The greatest danger of contractile impulses in a. A-wave is produced in the jugular
the heart provoking a circus movement is the pulse due to ejection of blood
development of: b. Ventricular pressure is greater than
a. Ventricular fibrillation aortic pressure
b. Premature ventricular contractions c. Arial muscles open on phase 0
c. Congestive heart failure d. Mitral valve is open
d. Atrial fibrillation
25. Hydrostatic edema results from which
19. Which of the following is characteristic of combination of conditions?
pacemaker cells? a. Increased intravascular pressure and
a. Upstroke due to opening of fast Na increased capillary permeability
channels b. Increased capillary permeability and
b. Distinct phase 1 due to increased Ca decreased oncotic pressure
conductance c. Increased intravascular pressure and
c. Sloping phase 4 due to K leak decreased oncotic pressure
channels d. Increased intravascular pressure and
d. Phase 3 due to increased Na influx increased oncotic pressure
20. The sympathetic nervous system modulates 26. Delay in the conduction through the AV node
the output of the pacemaker cells by: will cause which of the following changes in
a. Increasing camp causing a steep rise the ECG?
in phase 4 a. Shortened P-P interval
b. Decreasing the activity of L-type Ca b. Widened QT interval
channels and lowering the threshold c. Widened PR interval
c. Increasing the activity of the rectifying d. Widened QRS wave
K channels in phase 3
30. Echocardiography uses what type of waves to 36. Physical/physiological changes that develop in
image the heart? acclimatized individuals living at altitudes
a. Radiofrequency higher than 10,000 feet include all of the
b. Ultrasound following, EXCEPT:
c. Magnetic a. The body size is somewhat diminished
d. Light b. They develop a high pulmonary
arterial pressure
31. This reflex causes stimulation of the c. They have a very high arterial oxygen
cardiovascular system and increased blood pO2
pressure in response to hypoxia, increased d. It controls the intensity of inspiration
CO2, or decreased pH detected by receptors in
the aorta and carotid arteries: 37. What is the role of apneustic center?
a. Baroreceptor reflex a. It fine tunes the breathing pattern
b. Chemoreceptor reflex b. It operates as an overdrive mechanism
c. CNS ischemic response during exercise
d. Bainbridge reflex c. It is for volitional breathing
d. It controls the intensity of respiration
32. A widening of the QRS complex can be
brought about by which of the following 38. Which of the pulmonary receptors play a role
conditions? in bronchoconstriction?
a. A blockage of one branch of the a. Lung inflation receptors
Bundle of His b. Irritant receptors
b. Conduction delay in the AV node c. Rapidly adapting stretch receptors
45. An early physiologic adaptation to a high 53. Which of the following factors will increase
altitude environment is: both gastric and biliary secretion?
a. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction a. Secretin
b. Increased EPO production b. Gastrin
c. Decrease in O2 affinity to Hb c. Acetylcholine
d. Surface area for diffusion d. Histamine
69. Following massive hemorrhage during 76. The primary source of erythropoietin (EPO) is
delivery, a 34 year-old female experiences the:
acute pituitary failure secondary to ischemic a. Spleen
necrosis of the pituitary gland. Which of the b. Liver
following is most likely to be associated with c. Bone marrow
this clinical picture? d. Kidney
a. Elevated prolactin secretion
b. Decreased gonadotropin secretion 77. Metabolic effects of insulin include all of the
c. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism following, EXCEPT:
d. All of the above a. It inhibits gluconeogenesis
b. It inactivates the enzyme glucokinase
70. All of the following are neuropeptide c. It inactivates liver phosphorylase
hormones, EXCEPT: d. It promotes storage of glycogen in
a. oxytocin muscle
b. CRH
c. IGF-1 78. Male baldness is produced by:
d. TRH a. Large quantities of androgenic
hormones
71. Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for b. A combination of genetics and high
Growth Hormone release? levels of androgenic hormones
a. Amino acids c. Diminished blood supply to the scalp
b. Hyperglycemia d. A genetic background for baldness
c. Sleep
d. Estrogen 79. The deficiency of what trace element is
associated with skin ulcers, reduced immune
72. Hypophysectomy results in the functional response, and hypogonadal dwarfism?
decline of many endocrine organs. All of the a. Zinc
following are likely to occur after removal of b. Copper
the pituitary gland, EXCEPT: c. Chromium
a. Hypothyroidism d. Cobalt
b. Dwarfism
c. Deficiency of aldosterone 80. How much of the calcium in the plasma is
d. Infertility both diffusible and ionized?
a. 50%
73. In hyperaldosteronism, the following b. 40%
conditions are likely to be observed, EXCEPT: c. 20%
a. Hypertension d. 10%
b. Hypernatremia
c. Hypokalemia 81. Which among the following is secreted by the
d. none of the above posterior pituitary gland?
a. Growth hormone
74. Abnormally high glucocorticoid levels would b. Antidiuretic hormone
be associated with an increase in all of the c. Prolactin
following activities in the liver, EXCEPT: d. Follicle-stimulating hormone
a. Gluconeogenesis
b. Glycogenolysis 82. A man goes to see his doctor complaining of
c. Glucose production weight gain, even though he has been careful
d. None of the above of what he eats. The doctor determines he has
high blood pressure, high blood sodium levels,
and, low blood potassium levels.
94. The tubuloglomerular feedback is: 99. The absorption of most solutes occurs in the
a. Due to intrinsic property of vascular a. Proximal tubule
muscle to contract when stretched b. Loop of henle
b. Directed toward stabilizing NaCl c. Distal tubule
delivery d. Collecting tubule
c. Triggered only by a drop in arterial
pressure 100. The nephron segments impermeable to water
d. Dependent on the filterability of a include:
substance a. The proximal tubule
b. The descending limb of the loop of
95. Which of the following is TRUE of plasma Henle
osmolality? c. The thin descending limb of the loop
a. The plasma sodium concentration is of Henle
the primary determinant of the plasma d. The thich ascending limb of the loop
osmolality since sodium salts are the of Henle
major extracellular osmoles
b. Water can freely cross cell membranes 101. Vasopressin causes an increase in water
and moves from an area of high permeability in
osmolality to one of low osmolality a. The proximal tubule
c. The major effective osmoles in the b. The thick ascending limb of the loop
body are: sodium, glucose, and urea of Henle
d. The osmotic pressure that generates c. The descending limb of the loop of
fluid shifts between the intracellular Henle
and extracellular spaces is produced d. The collecting duct
by the amount of water in the ECF.
102. An increase in the NaCl reabsorption will
96. The addition of glucose in the extracellular occur in the presence of
fluid compartment such as in uncontrolled a. Angiotensin II
diabetes mellitus produces which of the b. Atrial natriuretic peptide
following effects? c. Urodilantin
a. Lower the plasma osmolality d. Dopamine
b. Cause water to move out of the cells
c. Decrease the extracellular volume 103. In a patient with metabolic acidosis, a normal
d. Increase the plasma sodium serum anion gap and a positive urine anion
concentration gap, one may surmise tat there is:
97. True of long-term regulation of blood a. More ammonium being excreted in the
pressure: urine
a. Blood pressure control in the long- b. Reduced absorption of bicarbonate in
term depends on blood volume which the proximal tubule
in tuen depends on the ECF volume c. Reduced hydrogen ion pump activity
b. The kidneys play a minor role in long- in the proximal tubule
term BP regulation d. Decreased activity of type A
c. Tubuloglomerular feedback mainly intercalated cell in the collecting
mediates changes in sodium tubule
reabsorption
d. Glomerulotubular balance mainly 104. Potassium may be driven intracellularly by
mediates changes in GFR a. Sympathomimetic activity
b. Hypoaldosteronism
98. Concentration of which of the following in c. Acidosis
tubular fluid increases relative to its d. Insulin
concentration in plasma in the initial segment
of the proximal tubule. 105. Hyperventilation leads to hypocalcemia by: