1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

The central goal of community policing is for the police to build

relationships with the community through interactions with local agencies and

members of the public, creating partnerships and strategies for reducing crime

and disorder. Although community policing mostly targets low-level crime and

disorder, the broken window theory proposes that this can reduce more

serious crime as well (Ferreira, 2012).

The standard model of policing generally applies various tactics such

as patrol, arrests, and investigation, so there is little use for crime analysis

beyond determining the level of staffing in particular areas and providing

statistics of police performance (e.g., emergency response time, number of

crime reports, number of cases investigated and solved, number of arrest

(Weisburd & Braga, 2006).

Routine activities theory is closely linked to and shares similar

assumptions with several other theories and perspectives that are collectively

referred to as environmental criminology. Unlike traditional criminology,

environmental criminology has focused primarily on the proximate

environmental and situational factors that facilitate or prevent criminal events.

While not discounting individual differences in motivation to commit crime, the

primary focus of this area of theory and research has been on understanding

the opportunity structures that produce temporal and spatial patterns of crime.
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In addition to routine activities theory, environmental criminology

encompasses the rational choice perspective (Clarke & Cornish, 1985).

Situational crime prevention is grounded in the rational choice

perspective in that it manipulates one or more elements to change the

opportunities for crime and in turn change the decision making of potential

offenders. In terms of routine activities theory, situational crime prevention can

be viewed as the mechanisms by which controllers (i.e., guardians, place

managers, and handlers) discourage crime. Over the past few decades,

researchers and criminal justice practitioners alike have used the techniques

of situational crime prevention to understand crime problems, develop

interventions, and evaluate the effectiveness of those interventions.

Situational crime prevention was designed to address highly specific forms of

crime by systematically manipulating or managing the immediate environment

in as permanent a way as possible, with the purpose of reducing opportunities

for crime as perceived by a wide range of offenders (Clarke, 1997).

Social work as a discipline has made progress in many areas,

including school social work, military social work, and mental health, to name

a few. Conversely, police social work has seen a reduction in advancement

within the last three decades. Police departments and social workers have

traditionally worked together to deal with community problems. In fact

effective prevention, intervention, and stabilization require more than police

action and goes beyond the capability of any single agency. Studies show that

social services provision has always been a key part of policing, operating

alongside service to victims of crimes and the enforcement of the law against

offenders. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to explore whether police
 3

departments in the state of Minnesota provide social services to crime victims

and witnesses and to residents seeking social service assistance in non-crime

situations; and (2) to explore strategies for hiring social workers within the

agency, and to enhance effective collaboration with the new hires during

specific types of responses to interventions, such as mental health crises and

domestic violence (Chamberlain, 2016). Community Policing: Comparative

Perspectives and Prospects maintains that from the perspectives of both

community and police, community policing signifies that crime is produced by

societal factors over which police have relatively little control and therefore

crime control needs to focus on those societal factors which cause crime and

should focus more on ‘quality of life’ issues that exceed crime. Fear of crime

also needs to be attended to in attention to ‘traditional’ crime issues

(Friedmann, 2003).

Research Objective

The primary purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the

police service oriented activities especially in the community.

Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions.

1. What is the level of Service Oriented Activities of Police Officers in terms of:

1.1 Assistance rendered;

1.2 Safety and education talks; and

1.3 Neighbourhood and business checks?

2. What intervention can be formulated based on the findings of the study?

Review of Related Literature

 4

This chapter consists of information called from the studies and literature

from which the particular study is premised. This further discusses the

indicators of effective and accountable preventive measures of Philippine

National Police which has been applied to different police stations. And to the

services they rendered in the community.

Assistance Rendered by Police officers

To arrest and detain a suspect, state police officers must have probable

cause to believe a crime has either already happened, is in progress or is

about to take place. The officer must advise the suspect of his legal rights,

known as a Miranda warning, and must respect the suspect's right to suspend

interrogation until a lawyer is present. Officers must know the proper way to

make an arrest, execute a proper arrest warrant and conduct a "stop and

frisk" search. The officer must be able to retain enough information about the

incident to provide the prosecutor with sufficient details to craft a formal

complaint (Brown, 2010).

State police departments employ a number of forensic professionals who

handle the collection and preservation of crime scene evidence. Initial

responding officers must secure the crime scene to make certain it is not

contaminated with outside evidence. Forensic officers will take pictures,

collect samples, label evidence, lift fingerprints, examine deceased victims for

evidence and diagram crime scenes. State police must also maintain strict

chain of custody protocol after evidence is collected to ensure evidence is not

destroyed or lost (Goldstein, 2012).

State police officers are bound by federal and state search and seizure

laws and are required to keep abreast of any changes implemented by courts
 5

or the legislature. A valid warrant must accompany any search or seizure of

property, subject to limited exceptions. State police are bound to search only

areas listed in the warrant and must monitor all officers during the execution

of a warrant to ensure protocol is followed. If contraband is uncovered during

the search, it must be properly labeled and sent to the state police crime lab

for analysis (Ankony, 2011).

The state police force is responsible for rendering emergency assistance

in the event of a natural disaster, major car accident or other tragedy. Officers

must be able to quickly assess a situation and request immediate backup

from fire, HAZMAT or medical response teams. Officers may be responsible

for evacuating citizens, rescuing individuals perilously stranded, and providing

basic first aid and CPR. State police might also respond to threats of suicide,

family disputes, and disturbances from those with mental conditions or any

situation endangering the life of a child (Burden, 2012).

Interrogations and Interviews

Once a suspect is in custody, the state police will begin interrogating him

about the details surrounding the alleged crime. State police are trained to

implement different interrogation techniques designed to elicit information the

suspect might not otherwise divulge. Police also must also interview

witnesses and victims to receive further details about the crime. This can

sometimes include child-victim witnesses or those victimized by sexual

offenders (Stephen, 2010).

If the criminal charges reach the trial stage, the state police officer will be

called to testify about his personal experiences regarding the suspect. This

can include sources of information gathered prior to arrest, whether arrest

 6

protocol was followed, and the nature of evidence used to obtain a warrant.

For this reason, state police are trained to immediately record the events of an

arrest for reference in the eventual trial. In addition to a criminal trial, officers

may be called upon to present testimony before a grand jury or at preliminary

and motion hearings (Bratton, 2013).

PNP members shall promote and maintain sense of responsibility in the

protection, proper care and judicious disposition and use of public property

issued for their official use or entrusted to their care and custody just like “a

good father of their family”. When the Commander/Director is relieved from

his post, all properties/equipment belonging to the government must be

turned-over to the incoming. A committee for the purpose shall be proper.

Hence, it is a taboo for outgoing Commander/Director to detach, remove and

bring home or to his new assignment properties which do not personally

belong to him (PNP, 2016).

In the performance of duty, PNP members shall respect and protect

human dignity and uphold the human rights of all persons. No member shall

inflict, instigate or tolerate extra-judicial killings, arbitrary arrests, any act of

torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and

shall not invoke superior orders or exceptional circumstances such as a state

–of-war, a threat to national security, internal political instability or any public

emergency as a justification for committing such human rights violations (PNP

Declaration, 2016).

Perspective focuses on people but it must be complemented by strategies

under the third perspective, "process excellence". This refers to the different

processes and practices the PNP uses in carrying out its mission. The four
 7

processes of "intelligence," "investigation," "operations," and "police

community relations" are given top consideration. In addition, two concrete

strategic priorities are highlighted. These are: "improvement on crime

prevention and control" and "improving community safety awareness through

community-oriented and human rights based policing (PNP, 2016)

A key aspect of police patrol is providing a high visibility for the police

force in a neighborhood. Visible patrolling officers provide residents, visitors,

and others in an area a strengthened sense of safety and security. That's one

reason officers who are serving on certain types of patrol, particularly in

neighborhoods, will appear conspicuously in uniforms and marked patrol cars.

They will visit both prominent locations and locations where past crimes have

occurred to improve a sense of safety in those areas (Kelling, 2014).

Safety and education talks by Police officers

Police agencies have long provided services to schools. It has only

been in the past two decades, however, that assigning police officers to

schools on a full-time basis has become a widespread practice. An estimated

one-third of all sheriffs’ offices and almost half of all municipal police

departments assign nearly 17,000 sworn officers to serve in schools.

Moreover, nearly half of all public schools have assigned police officers.

These officers are commonly referred to as school resource officers (SROs)

or education resource officers. They are intended to serve various roles:

safety expert and law enforcer, problem solver and liaison to community

resources, and educator. Assigning officers to schools is becoming

increasingly popular. SRO programs have been encouraged through federal

funding support to local jurisdictions. As the trend toward having police in

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schools grows, it is important to understand when and how assigning police

officers to schools can be an appropriate strategy for schools and police

agencies (Schuler, 2010).

Educational and advisory activities consistently feature as part of police

officers’ responsibilities in their work with schools. Typically, these activities

are aimed at increasing young people’s understanding, and knowledge, of a

range of topics related to crime and personal safety, as well as supporting

improvements in their well-being and overall quality of life. Police are involved

in various curriculum activities…bringing them in to talk about issues of

gangs, or knife crime [at secondary level] and at primary level it is more about

talks on lower-levels such as road safety, issues to do with crime or drugs.

The police are also known to contribute to school assemblies. However, the

educational aspect of police work with schools is not limited to school hours or

the classroom, as extra-curricular activities also feature regularly as part of

their work, either on or off the school site. In school this can include police

taking breakfast clubs, homework or after-school clubs, attending school

events to raise the visibility of police involvement with the school, or

supervising school discos on ‘troublesome nights’.( Burgess, 2012).

Police can also act as a bridge between schools and their local

communities, enabling wider, multi-agency work. Police officers share their

existing knowledge of, and links with, local community and voluntary groups,

or other public agencies to facilitate the provision of additional services to the

school and its pupils. Similarly, police support the sharing of information, data

and intelligence both with the schools in which they work and, as appropriate,

with parents or careers. In this respect, police can also be involved in the
 9

collation of information through their participation in monitoring and evaluation

processes. The capacity to link schools to other agencies can complement

police officers’ other roles in the school. For example, if a police officer has

identified a young person at risk of, or involved in, offending, or who has been

the victim of a crime, they may be able to identify an appropriate agency for

the school to work with or to which the young person can be referred.

Alternatively, a police officer can work in a multiagency capacity within the

school. For example, he/she may contribute to the design and implementation

of Individual Education Plans (IEPs) and Individual Behaviour Plan (IBPs)

(Clark, 2010).

Reflecting this gap, the evidence from the case studies and interviews

with strategic-level representatives indicates that this is currently an area in

need of development. Historically, a national, accredited training programme

was available to police officers working as part of Safer Schools Partnerships;

however this has now ceased. In the absence of such formal training, a

number of different training practices have developed to equip police in

schools with the knowledge and understanding necessary for this type of role.

There are reports of some informal, on-the-job training where police officers

new to the role shadow police colleagues or attend meetings for police

officers in similar roles. Additionally, the case-study evidence reveals a few

examples where bespoke training has been developed or arranged jointly or

unilaterally by the Safer School Partnership or the police force. In these

examples, the training provided to the police has included inductions when

starting work with schools, protocols setting out the parameters and

expectations of the role, and formal training programmes. Indeed, in one

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police force, a two-week training programme is offered to all SSP officers, as

well as one-off training opportunities.(Dean, 2005)

By being in schools, police officers have enhanced access to young

people, who they are able to influence and work alongside for a sustained

period of time as pupils progress through the school years. Police officers

from the case-study schools feel that this leads to greater impacts on young

people than any one-off initiative can offer. The officers are also able to

access all of the young people in a community, and can increase their contact

with, and influence over, young people at risk. Police working in schools

naturally opens up young people’s access to police support. This leads on to

many of the impacts for pupils that are set out in the following sections: to

improved relationships and perceptions of the police. (Burgess, 2006)

When police officers work more closely with schools, pupils’ levels of

offending behaviour reduce. For example, levels of substance misuse drop,

fewer offensive weapons are carried and fewer offences or cases of criminal

damage occur in and around schools. In some cases, this is due to specific

programmes and interventions (e.g. visits to prisons and meeting prisoners as

a deterrent, weapon awareness programmes), in others, it is due to

understanding what constitutes a criminal offence and the consequences of

crime, or because early intervention and work with young people at risk of

offending reduces any subsequent criminal activity. It has also been reported

that using methods such as restorative justice, and working more closely with

young people, can avoid criminalisation of young people and, hence, this

reduces levels of reported crimes (Clark, 2010).

Neighbourhood and business checks rendered to the community

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Police and community residents share a typical concern for maintaining

safe, quality neighborhoods. Practitioners and researchers assume that the

police and teams within the communities within which the police

investigation will “jointly produce” bound public safety outcomes, like feelings

of safety or worry, levels of disorder and crime, and levels of trust and

cooperation. There’s spare analysis on policing impacts to recommend that

the police, even operating alone, will result crime, disorder, fear, and

satisfaction with the police, for restricted periods of your time. This

same analysis indicates that police alone cannot maintain those

temporary enhancements in communities unless one thing else happens

within the neighborhood. The ultimate goal in police-community collaboration

is getting that “something else” to occur. Neighbors observing the police

reduce crime is not the same as neighbors gaining experience in controlling

crime with the police. Some things that the police do to reduce or prevent

crime may promote dependency of the citizenry on the police and thereby

reduce the strength of civic institutions, even if they have short term positive

effects on crime. Other things the police may do to reduce or prevent crime

may promote neighborhood resident experience in civic engagement that

strengthens civic institutions and allows residents to solve other problems in

the future. When police make this contribution to civic engagement, we can

talk about police community building. “Community building” processes are

community activities that build community capacity. (Skogan, 1990)

Encouragement of the officers to the community

A “one-way” process; the active participation of neighborhood residents

often encourages initial police partnerships, and reinforces police and resident
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commitments toward working together. The Fairlawn neighborhood of

Washington, DC, implemented citizen patrols as a deterrent strategy to

address increased drug dealing. Local police provided protection for the early

citizen patrols by walking with them and soon realized the perseverance

among the Fairlawn Coalition members. Resident perseverance in turn

bolstered police activities in the neighborhood, which ultimately improved

police-resident communication over drug investigations and helped further a

creative, problem solving partnership (Winter, 2011).

Law enforcement learned that they were not providing enough time at

the meeting for community members to talk about their services, that there

were no opportunities for community members to meet informally to

encourage probationers and parolees to use the services, and probationers

were not taking advantage of any of the services offered. These results were

used to refocus the meetings, as well as devise other strategies to provide

information to probationers about services. Another example from the

Indianapolis Violence Reduction Partnership involved a public education

campaign intended to communicate a message of community intolerance of

violence. These messages were relayed to the community using posters,

billboards, and radio commercials. Following implementation of the campaign,

interviews were conducted with individuals who had recently been arrested.

Self-described gang members, who had been shown to be at high-risk for

being involved in firearms violence, were much more likely to report having

seen these messages on city busses (Maguire, 2012).

The results of the empirical evaluation of policing demands

reconsideration and reform of the basic nature and structure of policing in

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America. The 1990s have spawned a number of innovative efforts to make

police work productive by engaging in cooperative strategies with the

community to proactively prevent and reduce crime and disorder and to

increase the quality of services police offer their communities. These efforts to

develop a more socially constructive vision of policing have been included

under the rubric of community policing. The "tactical focus" of these efforts

has been problem oriented policing strategies. Community and problem-

oriented policing programs have become more accepted, and police

departments have increasingly attempted to adopt this philosophy over the

past decade with limited success (Bazemore & Cole, 2014).

While some have tried to clearly define community and problem

oriented policing n practice community policing programs have taken on a

variety of forms, goals and objectives. The implicit and explicit goals of

community policing have included: reducing crime and disorder reducing fear

of crime increasing clearance rates increasing public satisfaction with the

police decreasing complaints against police increasing police job satisfaction

engaging the community in police activities reducing calls for service

increasing police effectiveness; and increasing service provision (Melekian,

2012)

Reports are largely mix regarding the impact of community policing

programs. Several studies show a reduction in crime and disorder because of

community policing efforts while others show no significant effect. Reductions

in fear of crime have appeared successful in some cases and unsuccessful or

ambiguous in others. A review of several fear-reduction studies in Houston

and Newark showed that community-oriented efforts appeared to reduce fear

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of crime, as well as improve citizens' views of crime and disorder problems in

the community (Wycoff, 2013)

There is little conclusive research on changes in clearance rate with

the exception of one study which indicates no significant increase. No studies

show an increase or decrease in complaints against police. One study shows

a reduction in calls for service. Increases in service provision were noted in

another study (Gaines, 2014).

Despite broad-based support for the philosophy of community policing,

translating theory into specific police programs has proven difficult. There has

been an absence of a clear line of development as to how to put community

policing ideas into practice. While there have been isolated incidents of

successes of community policing, attempts to implement community policing

have been largely limited to specialized units of officers and have not

permeated the command-and-control functions of everyday police work

(Couper & Lobitz, 2012).

Factors working against the implementation of community policing are

traditional police norms and police organizational and subcultural resistance

including traditional assumptions about patrol strategies bureaucratic isolation

of community programs within the police agency, the need for police to react

to emergencies and the limits of police authority. Resource limitations also

were discussed as an obvious but significant obstacle to implementing

community policing (Skolnick & Bayley, 2013).

Community policing concept despite its current lack of scientific

validation. Others warn against letting the rhetoric of community policing cloud

its reality, such calls attention to the gulf between what is claimed and
 15

assumed by the movement's advocates and what is known or can reasonably

be expected. The community policing model appears to need further

conceptualization and empirical elaboration, despite its apparent

popularity (Mastrofski, 2012).

Changing police culture and organization means changing the beliefs,

attitudes and behaviors of police, both individually, and collectively. In the

history of the transition to the police professionalism model "particular types of

police officer attitudes indicative of police professionalism became linked to

the ideology of police reform and to the culture of the management cop.

Similarly, particular beliefs and attitudes have been linked to ideology in the

transition to community policing (Crank, Payn & Jackson, 2013).

The voices of the police chiefs heard in this report are varied and

reflect a broad policing experience. What the chiefs have in common is a

continuing interest in delivering the best quality police service to the

communities they serve. The chiefs have come to understand that community

policing is quality police service, and that it reflects the highest ideals of

policing in a democracy. Democracy is always challenging and often may

seem untidy; delivering on the promise of community policing can have those

same qualities. Nonetheless, when it comes to policing in a democracy, there

is nothing better than community policing (Gra-ig, 2013).

Community policing as their philosophy and approach to policing. They

have worked diligently to instil the community policing philosophy and its

principles in their agencies. Agencies committed to community policing

develop partnerships with their community, address recurring crime and

disorder issues through problem-solving techniques, and transform the

 16

organization to support these efforts. Through these actions, police

departments seek to provide the community with the best policing services

possible, to promote integrity within the department, and to increase trust and

cooperation between the police and the people they serve (Vernon, 2013).

The success of community policing can be seen across the country in

agencies that define community policing as their way of doing business. In

fact, one is hard pressed to find a chief who does not support community

policing or a mayor or city manager who does not list community policing as

part of the job description for the city’s police chief. Language referring to an

agency’s commitment to community policing also can be seen in mission

statements, recruiting materials, business cards, web sites, and many other

places (Larry, 2013).

These roundtable meetings also focused on the challenges to

advancing community policing and what lies ahead for community policing in

the near future. The three roundtables were held in February and March 2007

in White Plains, New York; Arlington, Texas; and Richmond, California.4 More

than 60 police chiefs, policing leaders, and academics attended the meetings.

In addition to the roundtable meetings, a session on the challenges facing

community policing was held at PERF’s Annual Meeting in April 2007.5 The

annual meeting session provided an additional opportunity for chiefs and

policing leaders to have their voices heard, particularly those who live outside

of the three metropolitan areas where roundtable meetings were held (Carroll,

2013).

Community policing as quality police service—service that upholds

democratic principles. As such, community policing seeks to improve public

 17

safety and the quality of life for all persons within the community. Yet police

departments alone cannot do either of these things— and those that try are

not successful. Rather, public safety and improving quality of life are the

responsibility of both the police and the community. The community is

identified as community-based organizations, businesses, individual

community members, and other government agencies at all levels (e.g.,

municipal code enforcement or public works or state corrections agencies)

(Green, 2012).

Community policing today involves the police partnering with the

community to address public safety issues and improve the quality of life.

Police and the community work together to identify problems and to respond

to community concerns and needs. These efforts help build community trust.

Roundtable participants stressed that, as much as possible, police

department efforts should focus on being proactive or co-active, instead of

reactive. This includes taking steps to cultivate trusting partnerships in good

times, instead of just during a crisis. It also involves looking at problems from

a holistic perspective and analyzing them to identify trends or linkages. At the

same time, these efforts do not diminish the ability of the police to pursue

enforcement efforts to resolve public safety problems. Enforcement is an

important tool in community policing—a point that participants felt was too

often lost in the early days of community policing (Boyd, 2012).

Theoretical Framework

Service-oriented metrics-such as assistance rendered, safety and

education talks, neighborhood and business checks, and other

 18

community oriented activities can be included-and encouraged- in

performance measures. These only can measures help provide a truer picture

of what the real mission of policing is (or should be) but also encourage

greater community engagement to help bridge the all-too-apparent gap

between cops and community.

This study is anchored on the concept of Zoe (2012) about the strong

connections common have certainty between police organizations and

networks they serve are vital to holding open security and brilliant policing.

Police authorities rely on the collaboration of network members to outfit

information about wrongdoing in their neighborhoods and to work with the

police to devise choices to wrongdoing and infection issues. Additionally

neighborhood individuals' eagerness to have certainty the police depends

upon on whether they concur with that police moves mirror neighborhood

esteems and contain the standards of procedural equity and authenticity.

This account is also supported by the study of Waka Kotahi (2006)

from his work, Police School Community Officers says that School Community

Officers (formerly called Police Education Officers) are experienced police

officers who specialize in facilitating and delivering prevention-based

interventions and services in collaboration with whole school communities,

to enhance community safety, including road safety. During 2013, the Police

launched a safety education framework and started a range of new whole

school approach interventions for schools. These interventions provide

opportunities for schools to work within the three strands of the whole school

approach:
 19

Furthermore, Docobo (2005) community policing requires an

organizational transformation inside the law enforcement agency sothat a set

of basic values rather than mere procedures guide the overall delivery of

services to the community. Over the years, law enforcement organizations

have sought to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime in

communities through the creation of effective partnerships with the community

and other public and private-sector resources, the application of problem-

solving strategies or tactics, and the transformation of agency organization

and culture.

The community now demands that both institutions combine resources

and skills to reach those in crisis and victims of crime. Currently, there are

social work police partnerships in several jurisdictions that follow the crisis

intervention paradigm involving three stages: response, stabilization and

prevention. Police calls for service are crisis situations where police respond,

stabilize and then partner with human service agencies that provide client

based services and case management to prevent the problems that result in

subsequent calls for service.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 the independent variable of police oriented services such as:

Assistance rendered is a synonym of make technically it means "cause to

become." An illness might render you unable to walk, or a shocking site

might render you speechless. A safety and education talk is the teaching of

specific knowledge, skills and understanding that children need in order to

stay safe in a given situation. Neighbourhood business checks refer to be

 20

printed for a specific organization or company and parts of a town where

people live.

Police Oriented Services

 Assistance rendered

 Safety and education BASIS FOR

ACTION
talks
PLAN
 Neighbourhood

business checks
Figure 1. The Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Significance of the Study

This study examines the influence of officers’ and supervisors’ attitudes

and priorities toward community policing and problem solving over the time

officers spend conducting problem-solving activities. A multi-method study of

police patrol in two police departments, results show that officers’ perceptions

of their supervisors’ priorities for problem solving affect the amount of time

they spend conducting these activities, although their own attitudes toward

community policing are unrelated to their behavior. We also find that officers’

attitudes regarding problem solving are weakly correlated with their

supervisors’ attitudes and, further, that officers’ perceptions of their

supervisors’ attitudes are often inaccurate.

The relationship of the community and the law enforcers is so important

to gather all the ideas and information about the safety of all. Without the help

of the community the officers cannot go for the investigation and without the

help of the people, the police will find information on their part, particularly
 21

those small information to solve the crime. So that this study gives importance

to the relativity of the people and the police officers and all of their services

rendered to the community.

Definition of Terms

To understand more the study, the following terms are conceptually

and operationally defined as follows:

Community policing, or community-oriented policing, is a strategy of

policing that focuses on building ties and working closely with members of the

communities.

Police Social Work – practice based profession and an academic discipline

that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the

empowerment and liberation of people. Policing are strategic concepts that

seek to redefine the ends and the means of policing. Problem-solving policing

focuses police attention on the problems that lie behind incidents, rather than

on the incidents only.

Problem Solving – Problem-solving and community policing are strategic

concepts that seeks to redefine the ends and the means of policing. Problem-

solving policing focuses police attention on the problems that lie behind

incidents, rather than on the incidents only.

Problem-Oriented Policing – is a policing strategy that involves the

identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to

develop effective response strategies.

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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, the research subject,

research instrument, the data gathering procedure and the statistical

treatment of the data. This will serve as guide to the readers in understanding

on how and where the study will be conducted.

Research Design

This study is quantitative non-experimental research design using

descriptive and correlational techniques. This method was used when the

objective is to describe the status of the situation as it existed at the time of

the study to explore the causes of a particular phenomenon. In correlation

research, it involved collecting data in order to determine whether the degree

of a relationship exists between two of more quantifiable variables (Travers,

2006).

Research Subject
 23

This study will be conducted in Tagum City. The respondents are the

community members of Tagum City. Table 1 presents respondents of the

study.

Research Instruments

The researchers will use a survey questionnaire and collect study related data

from the respondents. Research made questionnaire will be used for the

convenience of both researchers and the researchers and the

respondents of the study. The first set of the questionnaire will be the

indicators of the independent variables of the study the service oriented

activities of police officer in terms.

For the service oriented activities of police officer the following was

used:

Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation

4.3-5.0 Very High This means that the service oriented

activities of police officer is very
much observed.

3.5-4.2 High This means that the service oriented

activities of police officer is much
observed.
.
2.7-3.4 Moderate This means that the service oriented
activities of police officer is
moderately observed.

1.9-2.6 Low This means that the service oriented

activities of police officer students is
less observed.

1.0-1.8 Very Low This means that the service oriented

Is not observed.
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Figure 1. Map of Barangay Mankilam Tagum City Davao Del Norte

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Figure 1. Map of Barangay

South Tagum City Davao Del Norte

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Figure 2. Map of Barangay Apokon, Tagum City Davao Del Norte

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Table1. Distribution of Respondents

Barangay Male Female No. of Participants

Mankilam 20 20 40

South 15 15 30

Apokon 15 15 30

Total 50 50 100

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers undergo the following procedures in gathering

significant data for the study:

After the proposal was approved the researchers constructed a

questionnaire and presented to the thesis adviser for final modification to the

panel of experts for the validation and approval. The researchers wrote a

letter to the school noted by their adviser and subject teacher asking for

permission of conducting study.

After the verification of the questionnaires the researchers will now

distribute it to the respondents. Appropriate instructions were accorded to the

respondents on how to answer the questions it was based on their

understanding and experienced. After that researchers will submit all the raw

data they collected from the respondents to the statistician for the statistical

result.

Data Collection
The technique that is being used in gathering data is interview. The

purpose of interview is to find out if what is in the minds of someone else and

to know their service oriented activities of police officer when it comes to the
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product. Data collection methods help the researchers gather more

information.

The Participants were given a questionnaire and it was on their own if

they will answer it or not. They are not forced to answer that questionnaire.

And when they accept it the researchers will set the date and place if where

they can meet. Being nice and be pleasant will create a comfortable. When

the interview start the researcher will listen and take notes the important

things and when it’s done the participants may add on to. When the

interviews finally have all the information needed the meeting was ended

with thank you.

Statistical Tools

The result were analyzed and interpreted in the light and purposes of

the study. The following statistical tools used are the following.

Mean. This tool was used to determine the level of service oriented

activities of police officer in Tagum City.

Data Analysis

The researchers need not to be biased and single minded in analysing

data as stated by Creswell (1998). As stated by Keenly what is being

presented here is but one possible manner of phenomenological analysing

data. It is presented more as an attempt to sensitize the researcher to a

number of issues that need to be addressed in analysing interview data rather

than as a "cookbook" procedure. Giorgi (1971) strongly emphasizes that any

research method must arise out of trying to be responsive to the

phenomenon. No method (including this one) can be arbitrarily imposed on a

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phenomenon since that would do a great injustice to the integrity of that

phenomenon. A focus group is, according to Lederman (see Thomas et al.

1995), a technique involving the use of in-depth group interviews in which

participants are selected because they are a purposive, although not

necessarily representative, sampling of a specific population, this group being

‘focused’ on a given topic.

Trustworthiness

In qualitative research the researchers must need to work hard on the

study. Consideration on trustworthiness and credibility that matter the most.

The trustworthiness of qualitative research is often questioned by positivists

perhaps because their concepts of validity and reliability cannot be addressed

in the same way in naturalistic works. Nevertheless several writers on

research methods notably Silverman have demonstrated how qualitative

research can incorporate measures that deal with these issues and

investigators such as Pitts. Many naturalistic investigators have however

preferred to use different terminology to distance themselves from the

positivist paradigm.

Credibility means quality of being trusted and believed in. One of the

key criteria addressed by positivist researchers is that of internal validity, in

which they seek to ensure that their study measures or tests what is actually

intended. According to Merriam, the qualitative investigator’s equivalent

concept credibility, deals with the question, how congruent are the findings

with reality? Lincoln and Guba argue that ensuring credibility is one of most

important factors in establishing trustworthiness. The development of an early

familiarity with the culture of participating organizations before the first data
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collection dialogues take place. This may be achieved via consultation of

appropriate documents and preliminary visits to the organizations themselves.

Lincoln and Guba and Erlandson et al. are among the many who recommend

“prolonged engagement” between the investigator and the participants in

order both for the former to gain an adequate understanding of an

organization and to establish a relationship of trust between the parties. The

danger emerges, however, that if too many demands are made on staff,

gatekeepers responsible for allowing the researcher access to the

organization may be deterred from cooperating. The investigator may also

react with some suspicion to the notion of prolonged engagement in view of

the undesirable side effects that have been noted by Lincoln and Guba and

Silverman.

Triangulation may involve the use of different methods, especially

observation, focus groups and individual interviews, which form the major

data collection strategies for much qualitative research. Whilst focus groups

and individual interviews suffer from some common methodological

shortcomings since both are interviews of a kind, their distinct characteristics

also result in individual strengths. According to Guba and Brewer and Hunter,

the use of different methods in concert compensates for their individual

limitations and exploits their respective benefits

Transferability means transferred from one context to another.

Merriam stated that external validity “is concerned with the extent to which the

findings of one study can be applied to other situations”. In positivist work, the

concern often lies in demonstrating that the results of the work at hand can be

applied to a wider population. Since the findings of a qualitative project are

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specific to a small number of particular environments and individuals, it is

impossible to demonstrate that the findings and conclusions are applicable to

other situations and populations. Erlandson et al. note that many naturalistic

inquirers believe that, in practice, even conventional generalizability is never

possible as all observations are defined by the specific contexts in which they

occur.

Dependability In addressing the issue of reliability, the positivist

employs techniques to show that, if the work were repeated, in the same

context, with the same methods and with the same participants, similar results

would be obtained. However, as Fidel and Marshall and Rossman note, the

changing nature of the phenomena scrutinized by qualitative researchers

renders such provisions problematic in their work. Florio-Ruane highlights

how the investigator’s observations are tied to the situation of the study,

arguing that the “published descriptions are static and frozen in the

‘ethnographic present’ ” [Lincoln and Guba stress the close ties between

credibility and dependability, arguing that, in practice, a demonstration of the

former goes some distance in ensuring the latter.

Confirmability Patton associates objectivity in science with the use of

instruments that are not dependent on human skill and perception. He

recognizes, however, the difficulty of ensuring real objectivity, since, as even

tests and questionnaires are designed by humans, the intrusion of the

researcher’s biases is inevitable. The concept of confirmability is the

qualitative investigator’s comparable concern to objectivity. Here steps must

be taken to help ensure as far as possible that the work’s findings are the
 32

result of the experiences and ideas of the informants, rather than the

characteristics and preferences of the researcher.

Ethical Consideration

We highly respect our participants since without them our study will not

be completed they are most important in this study. And during in our

interview we make sure that they are not forced to answer that question and

they are not forced to be our participants and be part of our study. And we will

not force them to share their thoughts and experience instead we encourage

them to tell I’m what is in their mind.

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Chapter 3

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

This chapter contains the data gathered for this study with the title of

Service Oriented Activities of Police Officers: Basis for Intervention Program

from the Bachelor Science in Criminology Program. The data are presented in

both textual and tabular forms.

Level of Service Oriented Activities of Police Officers

The research analysis determines the extent of the assessment on

service oriented activities of police officers in terms of assistance rendered,

safety and education talks, neighbourhood and business checks is much

presented in table 1.

The level of Service Oriented Activities of Police Officers got overall

mean of 4.5 which is categorized as very high with a standard deviation of

0.39. This means that the level service oriented activities of police officers is

very much observed.

Specifically, results display in accordance to each evaluative results,

the Safety and Education Talks got a highest mean of 4.4 with standard

deviation of 0.56 described as very high. Second, Neighbourhood and

Business Checks got mean of 4.5 with standard deviation of 0.40 described
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as very high. Last, Assistance Rendered got mean of 4.4 with standard

deviation of 0.61 described as very high.

This means that the public area surveillance among people is very

much observed. Moreover, this means that public areas has various video

surveillance. CCTV cameras are everywhere in the public places making

crime harder to initiate. This means that the public area surveillance is very

much observed. Thus, resulting to a well-monitored area to connect with their

community and engage its members in public safety matters, community-

policing efforts. Some of the challenges discussed at the meetings included

how to hold the community accountable for its responsibilities in a community-

policing environment.

Table 3. Level of Service Oriented Activities of Police Officers

Indicators x́ SD Descriptive Level

Assistance Rendered 4.4 0.61 Very High

Safety and Education Talks 4.5 0.56 Very High

Neighbourhood and Business 4.5 0.40 Very High

Checks
4.5 0.39 Very High
Overall

The Assistance rendered is very high which means that the police

officers are very much oriented in assisting the people. This connotes that the

police officers are always able to render assistance during school activities

and to individual citizens that needed them.

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On the other hand, Safety and Education Talks is also very high which

means that the police officers are always able recruit and contact person

willing to appear, speak at the community meetings, schools, other gathering

places about the effects of the use of illegal drugs or related in crime.

Finally, the Neighbourhood and Business Checks was also very high

which means that the police are very much particular in addressing

neighborhood concerns. This further means that the residents and barangay

participate with the police department to resolve neighborhood concerns. And

that the establishments are regularly monitored by the police.

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