Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NSTP 2 Week 3 Module
NSTP 2 Week 3 Module
Aquino
Subject: NSTP 2
Section: 1-11, 1-12, 1-13
Activity Engagement:
Read and study the weekly module
Answer the questions at the end of the module
Attach your answer In my personal messenger account (Alex Aquino) not later than
May 29 ( through Word file )
Don’t forget to write your full name, Year and section
DEFINING POLICY
Following rules and instructions are common occurrence in our daily lives. Written or unwritten rules
that give directions to our actions are observed and properly maintained. People conform to these
regulations to avoid conflicts and preserve order. This is true in a micro setting such as our own homes
and in a macro level such as our country or in society.
For the government, policies are important to keep the country in harmony and peace. One may say
that policies are laws or rules and regulations implemented by a certain authority. In the case of the
country, it can be the laws, proclamations, memorandums and administrative order issued by the
government.
To provide an extensive definition of policy, Birkland (2005) cited the description of Anne Schneider and
Helen Ingram. It states that:
Policies are revealed through text, practices, symbols and discourses that define and deliver values
including goods and services as well as regulations, income, status and other positively or negatively
valued attributes.
He further explains this definition as:
Policies are not just contained in laws and regulations; once a law or rule is made, policies continue to
be made as the people who implement policy – that is, those who put policies into effort – make
decisions about who will benefit from policies and who will shoulder burdens as a result.
Source: Birkland, Thomas A. (2005). An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and
Models of Public Policy Making 2nd edition. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
PHILIPPINE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
In the Philippines, a law undergoes a certain process before it is passed. It can begin from an idea, an
observation or a problem that arises in our daily situations. It is then conceptualized and formulated into
a proposal. The legislative branch of the government is responsible for this task namely the House of
Representatives or the Congress and the Senate. Here is a summary how laws are made:
1. Filing/Calendaring for First Reading
A bill is filed in the Office of the Secretary where it is given a corresponding number and calendared for
First Reading.
2. First Reading
Its title, bill number, and author’s name are read on the floor, after which it is referred to the proper
committee.
3. Committee Hearings/Report
Committee conducts hearings and consultation meetings. It then approves the proposed bill without an
amendment, approves it with changes, or recommends substitution or consolidation with similar bills
filed.
4. Calendaring for Second Reading
The Committee Report with its approved bill version is submitted to the Committee on Rules for
calendaring for Second Reading.
5. Second Reading
Bill author delivers sponsorship speech on the floor. Senators engage in debate, interpellation, turno en
contra, and rebuttal to highlight the pros and cons of the bill. A period of amendments incorporates
necessary changes in the bill proposed by the committee or introduced by the Senators themselves on
the floor.
6. Voting on Second Reading
Senators vote on the second reading version of the bill. If approved, the bill is calendared for third
reading.
7. Voting on Third Reading
Printed copies of the bill’s final version are distributed to the Senators. This time, only the title of the bill
is read on the floor. Nominal voting is held. If passed, the approved Senate bill is referred to the House
of Representatives for concurrence.
8. At the House of Representatives
The Lower Chamber follows the same procedures (First Reading, Second Reading and Third Reading).
9. Back to the Senate
If the House-approved version is compatible with that of the Senate’s, the final version’s enrolled form is
printed. If there are certain differences, a Bicameral Conference Committee is called to reconcile
conflicting provisions of both versions of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. Conference
committee submits report on the reconciled version of the bill, duly approved by both chambers. The
Senate prints the reconciled version in its enrolled form.
10. Submission to Malacañang
Final enrolled form is submitted to Malacañang. The President either signs it into law, or vetoes and
sends it back to the Senate with veto message.
Source: http://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asp
POLICY EVALUATION
According to an article by Shane Hall, policy evaluation is described and discussed as an essential step in
developing our society and its welfare. This is the content of the article:
Public policy making does not end with the passage of legislation and the implementation of programs
authorized by the new law. The next questions are whether the initiative achieved its objectives, what
the effects were and whether any policy changes are needed. Policy evaluation answers these and
related questions.
IdentificationPolicy evaluation is a systematic process for assessing the design, implementation and
outcomes of public
policies. Evaluation uses social science research methods, including qualitative and quantitative
techniques, to examine the effects of policies.
Some policy scholars, such as political scientist James Anderson, describe policy making as a sequential
process marked by distinct steps, such as agenda-setting, policy formulation, adoption and
implementation. For Anderson and others, evaluation is the final step in this process. However, they
caution that the public policy process is ongoing, with evaluation often resulting in policy changes, which
are then implemented and evaluated again.
Function
Policy evaluation enables all participants in the policy process, including legislators, executives, agency
officials and others, to measure the degree to which a program has achieved its goals, assess the effects
and identify any needed changes to a policy.
Types
The two main types of policy evaluation are formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluation
examines the operations of the program, usually for the purpose of improving the program and
assessing its implementation. For example, a formative evaluation of a tutoring program would consider
such measures as the number of tutors, the number of students who participated, enrollment
procedures and the amount of tutoring students received.
Summative evaluation asks whether the program achieved its intended goals. If the tutoring program's
goal was to raise student test scores in math, a summative evaluation would include an analysis of math
scores for students who participated. Often, the best policy evaluations employ a comprehensive
approach that uses both formative and summative techniques.
Considerations
Policy evaluation is rarely as simple or straightforward as some politicians suggest. Factors that
complicate evaluations include identifying goals, measuring performance and isolating the effects of
policy from those of other factors. In addition, although it attempts to assess policy in an objective
manner, evaluation activities occur within a political environment. Policy-makers often want immediate
information on policy effects, but many programs have long-term effects that will not be known in the
short term.
NOTE: Don’t copy paste the answer of your class mates. ( last assessment, I observed that
there are some students who copy the personal narrative of their classmate)