Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

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HANDBOOK
1914 OF
CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

WITHDRAWN
GODFREY LOWELL CABOT

SCIENCE LIBRARY
HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
December 23 , 1915.
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
EDITION OF 1914
ERRATA
PAGE
17, date of discovery of rubidium ; for " 1660” read 1860.
25 , melting point of calcium sulphate ; for “ 130” read red
heat.
48 , 49, 50, title of table ; for “NORMAL ” read DECI
NORMAL.
123 , line 1 ; for " centimeters” read millimeters.
128 , freezing point of carbon dioxide ; for “ — 79" read – 57 .
152, thermoelectrie power of cadmium ; for “ _ 30.48 ” read
- 3.48.
156 , electrochemical equivalents; for "Grams per coulomb. ”
read Milligrams per coulomb .
201, units of angle ; for " radium ” read radian .
212 , the pendulum ; for “ . . . d is the distance from the
knife edge to the bottom . . . " read . . . d is the
distance from the knife edge to the center . . .
236 , line 3 ; for “ . . . = 3437'. 75 206205 " " read . . . =
3437'.75 = 206265 " .
Relations of electrical units ; for “ 1 microfarad =
1,000,000 farads” read 1 farad = 1,000,000 microfarads .
259, the area of a circle ; for “ . . . = .7854d” read . . .
= .7854ď .
254, functions of the sums of angles :
for " sin ( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x cos y ”
read sin ( x + y ) = sin a cos y + cos X sin y
for " sin ( x - y ) = sin x cos y — Cos x cos y ”
read sin (x - y ) = sin x cos y — cos a sin y
268, log 450 ; for " 6352” read 6532.
305, Alloys, composition of ; for " 75" read 13.
307, Composition of alloys ; for " 75 " read 13 .
HANDBOOK
OF
CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

A READY-REFERENCE POCKET BOOK
OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA
COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITATIVE

SOURCES
CLEVELAND
PRICE, TWO DOLLARS
CLEVELAND, OHIO
THE CHEMICAL RUBBER COMPANY
1914
Copyright, 1914
BY
THE CHEMICAL RUBBER COMPANY
CLEVELAND, Ohio
RECEIVED
JAN 24 SOA
CABOT SCIENCE LIBRARY
PRINTED AND BOUND BY

BRAUNWORTH AND CO .
BROOKLYN , NEW YORK
PREFACE
In compliance with the requests of hundreds of our friends for

a small but comprehensive book of reference on chemical and
physical topics, we have designed and compiled this Hanibooks
of Chemistry and Physics.
In its new and revised form we have aimed to present in
one compact, easily portable volume a comparatively compre
Kensive reference book for use in the laboratory or classroom .
While more complete and broader in scope than the reference
material ordinarily found in the laboratory manual, it is still
not a competitor of themany large and complete reference books
already published , but fills, we believe, a place not hitherto
occupied by any publication in this country.
We shall feel amply rewarded for our effort and expense if
this volume proves to be of use and convenience to the pro
fession whose support has been a conspicuous factor in the
growth of our establishment.
The material here included has been carefully selected by
W . R . Veazey, Ph. D ., of the Chemistry Department, and Charles
D . Hodgman, B . S., of the Department of Physics of the Case
School of Applied Science. The compilers have been guided
in their selections by the suggestions of more than a thousand
members of high standing in the Chemical and Physicalprofession .
A large number of the tables are the result of compilation
from various sources: the original authority or the source of
information being stated where possible. Special mention
should be made of the use of the “ Smithsonian Physical Tables,”
from which several tables have been taken without alteration ,
while others are partly compiled from similar tables in that vol
ume. We are also indebted to Julius Springer, publisher of
the “ Chemiker Kalender, ” a reference-book of more than a
thousand pages, for permission to use certain material.
Material has also been copied by special permission
PREFACE
from the following: Collins, “ The Design and Construction of
Induction Coils,” Munn and Co., publisher ; Miller, “ Lab
oratory Physics,” Ginn and Co., publisher ; Noyes , “ Qualita
tive Analysis,” McMillan and Co ., publisher; Perkins, " Intro
duction to General Thermodynamics,” John Wiley and Sons,
publisher; Talbot, “ Quantitative Analysis," MacMillan and
Co., publisher; Young, “ General Astronomy,” Ginn and Co.,
publisher.
For general reference and to supply occasional numerical
values use has been made of the following standard works:
Landolt - Börnstein - Meyerhoffer, “ Physikalisch - chemische
Tabellen " ; " Recueil de Constantes Physiques” ; The Standard
Dictionary .
We desire to express our appreciation and thanks to the
many persons who have co -operated with us in the preparation
of this book .
THE CHEMICAL RUBBER COMPANY,
CLEVELAND, Ohio .
CONTENTS
PAGE
Antidotes of Poisons . . . . .. . .. ......... 10
GENERAL CHEMICAL TABLES

International Atomic Weights. . . . .... ...
Molecular Weights and their Logarithms.
m s . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Composition of Alloys. . . . . .
Physical Constants of the Elements. .
Physical Constants of the Inorganic Compounds . . .
Periodic Arrangement of the Elements. . . . .
Separation of the Metals into Groups. . . . .
Precipitation and Separation of Lead , Silver and Mercurous Mercury
44
Separation of Mercury , Lead, Bismuth , Cadmium , and Copper. . .
Separation of Arsenic, Antimony and Tin . . . . .. . 44
Separation of Nickel
OpalauUL UL U N and
U Cobalt.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VUvalu
Separation of Aluminum , Chromium , Iron , Manganese, Zinc. . . . . . .

Separation of Barium , Strontium , Calcium , Magnesium , and Alkali
M e talS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Preparation and Proper Concentration of Laboratory Reagents. . . . . 47
48
Normal Solutions of Salts and other Reagents. .
Normal Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Agents . . . . . . 50
Solubility Chart . . . . 51
Solubilities. . . . . 51
52
Gravimetric Factors and their Logarithms. . . .
Sulphuric Acid . . . . . . . . . .
Acetic Acid . . . . .
Nitric Acid
1 .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrochloric Acid .
Ammonium Hydroxide . . . . . . . . .
Alcohol by Volume.. . . . . . . . . 70
Specific Gravity of Gases and Vapors . . . 71
Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Electromotive Force Series of Metals .
73
Functions, Uses, and Composition of Foods . . . .
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Density :
Density of Various Solids . . . . . 76
Density of Water. . . . . 76
Density of Various Liquids . . . . . 77
Hydrometer Conversion Tables . . . 77
Absolute Density of Water . . . . . . 79
Relative Density of Water . . . . . . . . . . . 80
81
Density and Volume of Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
CONTENTS
PAGE
Density of Alcohol. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 82
Density of Aqueous Solutions. . .
Density of Dry Air . . . . . . . . . . .
Density of Saturated Vapors at the Temperature of Normal Ebullition
Density of Gases in Liquid and Solid Form . . . . . . . .
Elasticity :
Elastic Constants for Solids . . . . .
Compressibility of Liquids. . . .
Elastic Constants for Gases . . .
Coefficient of Friction . . . . .
VUCICICIIU U ICUIUU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance to Crushing for Various Materials . . . .

Tepsile Strength of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modulus of Rupture , Transverse Tests for Wood . . .
Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Tension :
Surface Tension of Various Liquids in Contact with Air . . . . . . .
Surface Tension of Fuel Solids. . . . . .
Surface Tension of Water and Alcohol.
Viscosity:
Viscosity of Water and other Liquids. . . . . . .
Viscosity of Liquids . . . ,
.
Viscosity of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
.
Diffusion of Gases into Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Diffusion of Aqueous Solutions into Pure Water . . . .
Osmotic Pressure of Aqueous Solutions . . . . . .
HEAT
Conversion of Thermometer Scales . . . . . . . . . .
Centigrade- Fahrenheit Thermometer Scale Reductions . . . . . . . Dual LUCUUUUUIIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reduction of Mercury in Glass Thermometer Reading to the Hydro

gen Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal Expansion :
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion . . . . . . ..
Equation for the Linear Expansion of Solids . . . .
Cubical Expansion of Solids. . . . . . . .
Cubical Expansion of Liquids. . . . . . . . .
Coefficients of Expansion for Gases at Constant Pressure . . . . . 102
Coefficients of Expansion for Gases at Constant Volume . . . . . . . . . 103
Reduction of Gas Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Specific Heat :
Specific Heat of Water and Mercury . . . , 104
Specific Heat of Chemical Elements . . . . .. 105
Specific Heat of Various Solids . . . . . . . . . 107
Specific Heat of Various Liquids . . . . 108
Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions . . . . . 108
Specific Heat of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Boiling-pointU 01
of Water
W aver . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Temperature of Fusion for Various Substances . 110
Boiling -point for Various Substances . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Melting - point of Ice , Variation with Pressure . . . . . . .. . . . . . 110
Melting and Boiling Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 110
1 0
Critical Temperature and Pressure and other Constants for Gases . . 111
Freezing Mixtures. . . . . 112
Heat Equivalent of Fusion . . . . . . . . . . 113
Heat
cav Equivalent
yurvaci of
0 Evaporation
VAPOUVON .. .
. .
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Change in Volume Due to Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Fixed Points for High Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
CONTENTS
PAGE
Vapor Tension :
Vapor Tension of Water, 0° to 100° C . . . . . . . .. 116
Vapor Tension of Water, 100° to 230° C . . . 117
Vapor Tension of Water at Low Temperatures . . . .. 118
Vapor Tension of Mercury . . . . . . 122
Lowering of Vapor Pressure by Salts in Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . 123
Vapor Tension of Various Substances . . .. 121
Constants for the Kinetic Theory of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Number of Molecules in a Molecule -gram . . . 123
Mass of the Hydrogen Atom . . . . 123
Heat Conductivity . . . . . . . 126
High and Low Temperatures Obtained by Various Means . . . . . 128
Heat Values of Fuels . . . . . . . . . 128
HYGROMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC TABLES
Conversion Table for Barometric Readings . . .. · 129

Conversion Tables for Pressure Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Temperature Corrections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 , 131

Mass of Water Vapor in Saturated Air . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Correction for Capillary Depression of Mercury in a Glass Tube. . . . . . 132
Reduction of Barometric Readings to Standard Temperature . . . . . . . 132
Reduction of Darometer
Reduccion 01 Barometer to Sea Level
To Dea Level .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Reduction of Barometer to Latitude 45°. . 134
Relative Humidity - Dew Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Reduction of Psychrometric Observations. . , 137
SOUND
Velocity of Sound in Solids. . . . . . . . 138
Velocity of Sound in Liquids and Gases . . . . . . . 139
Musical Scales . . . . . . . . . 140
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Sparking Potential or Dielectric Strength . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 141
Specific Inductive Capacity . . . . . . . . . . 143
Electromotive Force and Composition of Voltaic Cells . . 146
Contact Difference of Potential for Metals . . . . 118
Difference of Potential between Metals in Solutions of Salts . . . . . . . . . 148
Specific Resistance and Temperature Coefficient for Metals . . . . . . . 149
Resistance of Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Safe Carrying Capacity of Copper Wire . . . . . . . . . 150
Resistance of Various Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Thermo-electric Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Magnetic Constants :
Permeability of Transformer Iron . . . . .
Ul l dOIULICI ITU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
12
Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel . . . . . .
Saturation Constants for Magnetic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Magnetic Susceptibility for Various Substances . . . . . . . . . . 154
Variation of Resistance due to a Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . 155
Hall Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Internal Resistance of Various Voltaic Cells , . , . . . . 15
Electrochemical Equivalents . . . . . . 159
Magnetic Inclination of Dip and Horizontal Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.
Magnetic Declination , , .. ! ! ! . , . . . . . . 15
CONTENTS
LIGHT
PAGE
Standard Candles.. . . . . . .. . . . . 160
Photometric Standards . . . . . . . . 160
Mean Horizontal Candle Power of Various Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Primary Color Sensations Produced by Various Light Sources. .. 161
Intrinsic Brilliancy of Light Sources . . . . . . 162
Wave Length of Various Radiations . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Variation in the Sensitiveness of the Eye with the Wave Length. . . .
Wave Lengths of the Fraunhofer Lines. . . . . .
Wave Lengths for Spectroscopic Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Wave Length of Principal Lines of Various Elements . . . . . . . . . 164
Relative Stimulation of the Three Color Sensations . . . . . 168
Index of Refraction :
Optically Isotropic Solids. . . . . . 170
Uniaxial Crystals . . . . . . . . . 171
Glass . . . . . 172
Rock Salt, Silvine, Calcite, Fluorite and Quartz . . .. 172
Biaxial Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
M etals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aqueous Solutions . . . . .. . .. 174
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 175
Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Diffused Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Coefficients of Transparency . . . . . . . . . 175 , 176
Reflection of Light by Glass in Air . . . . . .. .. .. .. 176
Reflection by Transparent Media in Air . . . . . . . . .. 176
Reflection of Light by Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
Transmissibility for Radiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 178
Phosphorescence by Cathode Rays . . . . . . . . 179
Fluorescence of Organic Substances in Solution . . . . . 180
Fluorescence of Gases and Vapors , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Specific Rotation . . . . . . . . . 181
Magneto - Optic Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES
Röntgen Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Radioactive Substances . . . . . . . . . 185
Declination of the Sun and Equation
un and of Inne
qualo11 01 Time .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 187
Mean Places of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Approximate Correction for Refractio
TaCuOnn .. .. . .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . 188
Data in Regard to the Earth . . . . . . . . . 188
Data Concerning the Solar System . . . . 188
Meteorological Data . . . . . 189
Acceleration Due to Gravity , Latitude, Longitude and Elevation . . . . . 190
Moment of Inertia for Various Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Acceleration Due to Gravity and Length of the Seconds Pendulum . . . . 191
Miscellaneous Constants. . . . . . , 195
The Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . 195
DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE
Chemical Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Chemical Theories. . . 197
Definitions of Chemical Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
One Hundred Completed Chemical Equations. .. 199
Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . 199
Physical Terms, Quantities and Units . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 201
Physical Formulæ . . . . . . . 209
CONTENTS
PAGE
LABORATORY ARTS AND RECIPES.. .. 224
MEASURES AND UNITS

Weights and Measures, U . S . System . . 232
Weights and Measures, Metric System . . . . . : . 235
Miscellaneous Reduction Factors . 236
Values of the Gas Constant R for Various Units . . 236
Relations of Electrical Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Factors for Conversion of Energy Units . . . . . 237
Factors for Conversion of Pressure Units . . . . . 237
Comparison of Metric and Customary Units . . 238
WIRE TABLES
Comparison of Wire Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Dimensions of Wire , Stubs Gauge . . . . 246

Dimensions of Wire , British Standard Gauge . . 247
Dimensions of Wire , B . & S . Gauge , Mass and Resistance for Copper . . . . 248
Twist Drill and Steel Wire Gauge . . . 248
Cross -section and Mass of Wires . . . . . 252
Platinum Wire Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Resistance of Aluminum Wire . . . . . 256
MATHEMATICAL TABLES
Mensuration Formulæ . . . . . . . . . 257
Trigonometrical Functions in a Right-angled Triangle. . . . . . . . 263
Signs and Limits of Value Assumed by the Functions, . . . . . . 263
Value of the Functions of Various Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Relations of the Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Functions of Sums of Angles . . . . . 264
Functions of Multiple Angles . . . 265
Relations between Sides and Angles of Any Triangle . . 265
Four-place Logarithms. . . .. 266
Natural Sines, Cosines, Tangents , and Cotangents. . . . . . .. 270
Logarithms of the Trigonometrical Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Numerical Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Numerical Constants . . . .
APPARATUS LISTS
List of Apparatus and Material for Experiments in Chemistry . . . . . . . . 28 ?
List of Apparatus and Material for Experiments in Physics . . . . . . . . . . 284
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Text-books, Manuals and Reference Books in Chemistry . . . . 288
Bibliography of Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Periodicals and Publications of Interest to Physicists. . . . . . . . .. . 296
PROBLEMS
Method of Solving Chemical Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Problems in Elementary Physics . . . . . . . . . . . 301
ANTIDOTES OF POISONS
Acetic Acid . — Emetics, magnesia , chalk , soap, oil.
Arsenic, Rat Poison, Paris Green. - Milk , raw egg, sweet oil,
lime water, four and water .
Carbolic Acid . – Any soluble non -toxic sulphate, after pro
voking vomiting with zinc sulphate; uncooked white of egg
in abundance, milk of lime, saccharate of calcium , olive or
castor oil with magnesia in suspension , ice, washing the stomach
with equal parts water and vinegar; give alcohol or whiskey
or about four fluid ounces camphorated oil at one dose .
Chloroform , Chloral, Ether. — Dash cold water on head and
chest, artificial respiration .
Hydrochloric Acid . — Magnesia , alkali carbonates, albumen , ice.
Hydiocyanic or Prussic Acid. — Hydrogen peroxide internally ,
and artificial respiration, breathing ammonia or chlorine from
chlorinated lime, ferrous sulphate followed by potassium car
bonate , emetics , warmth .
Iodine.- Emetics ,stomach siphon, starchy foods in abundance,
sodium thiosulphate. .
Lead Acetate. - Emetics, stomach siphon, sodium , potassium
or magnesium sulphates, milk , albumen .
Mercuric Chloride or Corrosive Sublimate . - Zinc sulphate,
emetics, stomach siphon , white of egg, milk , chalk , castor oil,
table salt , reduced iron .
Nitrate of Silver. - Salt and water .
Nitric Acid . Same as for hydrochloric acid .
Opium , Morphine, Laudanum , Paregoric , etc. - Strong coffee,
hot bath . Keep awake and moving at any cost.
Phosphoric Acid. - Same as for hydrochloric .
Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide. - Vinegar ,
lemon juice, orange juice, oil, milk .
Sulphuric Acid . - Same as for hydrochloric acid with the
addition of soap or oil.
Sulphurous Acid or Sulphur Dioxide. — Mustard plaster on
chest; narcotics, expectorants.
10
JIANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
GENERAL CHEMICAL TABLES

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS
Aluminum . . . . . . . . Al 27 . 10 Molybdenum . . . . .Mo 95 . 00
Antimony. . . . . . . . . Sb 120 . 20 Neodymium . . . . . . Nd 144 . 3.0
Argon . . . . . ... A 39 . 88 Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . Ne 20 . 20
Arsenic . . .. .. . . . . . . As 74 . 96 Nickel. . . . . 53. 68
Barium . . . . Ba 137 . 37 Nitrogen . . .. . N 14 . 01
Bismuth . . . 208 . 00 Osmium . . Os 190 . 90
Boron . . . . 11 . 00 Oxygen . .. 16 .00
Bromine .. .. . . . : 79 . 92 Palladium . . . . Pd 106 . 70
Cadmium .. 112 .40 Phosphorus. . P 31 . 04
Caesium . . . Cs 132 . 81 Platinum . . . . Pt 195 . 20
Calcium . . 40 . 07 Potassium . . . . .K 39 . 10
Carbon . . . . . 12 . 00 Praseodymium . . Pr 140 .60
Cerium . . . . 140 . 25 Radium . . . . . . . . . . Ra 226 . 40
Chlorine . . . CI 35 . 46 Rhodium . . . . . . . . . Rh 102 . 90
Chromium . Cr 52. 00 Rubidium . . . . . . . . Rb 85 . 45
Cobalt .. . .. . 58 . 97 Ruthenium . . . . Ru 101. 70
Columbium . . 93 . 50 Samarium . . . . .Sa 150 . 40
Copper . . . . . . . Cu 63 . 57 1. . . . Sc 44 . 10
Dysprosium . . . Dy 162 . 50 Selenium . . . . 79 . 20
Erbium . . . . . . . .Er 167. 70 Silicon . . . 28 . 30
Europium .. . . . Eu 152 .00 Silver . . . 107. 88
Fluorine . . . . F 19 . 00 Sodium . . . . . Na 23 . 00
Gadolinium . . ..Gd 157 . 30 Strontium . . . Sr 87 .63
Gallium . . . . . . . . . .Ga 69 . 90 Sulphur. . . . . S 32 .07
Germanium . . . . . . Ge 72 . 50 Tantalum . . . Ta 181 . 50
Glucinum . . . . . .Gl 9 . 10 Tellurium . . . Te 127 . 50
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . Au 197 . 2 Terbium . . . . ... Tb 159 . 20
Helium . . . . . . . He 3 . 99 Thallium .. . . . . . Ti 204 .00
Hydrogen . . . .H 1.003 Thorium . . Th 232 . 40
Indium . . . . In 114 . 80 Thulium . Tm 168. 50
Iodine . . . . . I 126 . 92 Tin . . . . . . . Sn 119 . 00
Iridium . ... . . . . ... Ir 193 . 10 Titanium . . 48 . 10
Iron . . . . . . . . . . Fe 55 . 84 Tungstenn . . . . . . .W 181. 00
Krypton . . . . . . .Kr 82. 92 Uranium . . . U 238 . 50
Lanthanum . . La 139 . 00 Vanadium . . . . 51 . 00
Lead . . . . . . . . Pb 207 . 10 Xenon . . . . . . . . . Xe 130 , 20
Lithium . . . . . . . Li 6 . 94 Ytterbium . . . . . . Yb 172 . 00
Lutecium . . . . Lu 174 . 00 Yttrium . . . . . . 89 . 00
Magnesium . . ...Mg 24 . 32 Zinc. . . ... Zn 6 .5 . 37
Manganese . . . . . . . .Mn 54 . 93 Zirconium . . . . . . . . Zr 1. 1
90 .60
Mercury . . . . . . . . . .Hg 200 . 00
11
1LANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(From the Chemiker Kalender, published by Julius Springer.)
Mol. Loģ Mol. Log.
Compound . wt. Compound . wt.
Aluminum Hydrogen
Al2O3. . 102 . 2 2 . 00945 H20 . 18 .016 1. 25565
Al (OH ) 6. . 156 . 2 2 . 19368 Iodine
Antimony AgI . . . . 234 . 9 2 . 37088
Sb2S . . . . . 400 . 7 2 . 60282 HI. . . . . 127 . 98 2 . 10714
Sb2S3. . . . . . 336 . 6 2 . 52711 Pbl2. . .. 460. 8 2 .66351
Sb2O3. . . . . 288 . 4 2 . 46000 Iron . . .
Sb205. . . . . . . . . . . 320 . 4 2 . 50569 Fe0 . . . 71. 9 1. 85673
Arsenic Fe2O3. . . 159. 8 2 . 20358
M42AS207. . . . . 310 . 7 2 . 49234 Lead
(MgNH AsO4) 2 · H20 380 . 9 2 .58081 303 . 0 | 2 . 48144
As2S : 310 . 3 2 . 49178 Pbs . 239 . 0 2 . 37840
As2S3. . . 246 . 2 2 . 39129 PbO . . . . . 222 9 2 . 34811
As2O3. . . . . . . . . . 193 . 2 . 29667 PbCl2. 277 . 8 2 . 44373
As205. . . . . . . . . . . 239 . 2 . 36173 PbCr01. . . 323 . 2 . 50920
Barium Lithium
BaSO4. .. 233 . 5 2 . 36829 LiCl. . . 42 .48 1.62818
B:10 . . . . . 153 . 4 2 . 18583 Li2SO4. . . 110 . 12 2 .04187
BaCO3. 197 . 4 2 . 29535 Li20 . . 30 . 06 1 . 47799
BaCrO4. . 253 . 5 2 . 10398 Li2CO3. . . ! 74 . 06 1 . 86958
Bismuth Li3PO4. . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 . 09 2 . 06479
Bi2O3.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 . I 2 . 66652 Magnesium
Bi2S3 . .. .. .. ..
D123 . . . . . . . .. . 512 . 2 2 . 70944 : Mg. P : 07 . . . . . . . . . . 222 . 7 2 . 34772
BIOCI, . . . . . . . . . . . . 259. 45 2 .41405 Mg() . | 40 . 36 1 . 60595
Bromine Mg (NH4) ASO . + 6H20 . 289 . 6 2 . 46181
AgBr . . 2 . 27390 Mg2A520 ; . . . . . . . . . . 310 . 7 2 . 49234
HBr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 . 97 1 . 90832 MgSO . . . . . . . . . 120 .42 2. 08070
Cadmium | Manganese
CIS . . . 144 . 5 2 . 15987 MnSO4. . 12. 17926
Cdo . . . . . . . . . . 128 . 4 2 . 10857 Mns . | 1. 94002
Calcium Mn304. . . . . . . . . 229 . 2 . 35984
Ca ) . . 56 . 1 1 . 74896 . Mn20 : . . . . . . . . 158 . 2 . 19866
CaSO4. . 136 . 2 2 . 13418 MnO . . . . . . . . . . 71 . 1 . 85126
CaCO3. . . 100.12. 00043 KMnO4. . . 158 . 15 2 19907
Carbon Mercury
CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . 1 .61345 HgS . . 232 . 1 2 . 36568
CN . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . 01 1 .41514 Hg0 . . . 216 . 2 . 33145
CO . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . 1 . 44716 Hg20 . . . 416 . 2 .61909
HCN . | 27 . 02 1 .43169 HgCl2 .. 470 . 9 2 .67293
Chlorine Nickel
AgCl . . 143 . 38 2 . 15619 Nio . 74 . 7 1 . 87332
HCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . 46 1 . 56182
NiS04. . . . . . . 154 . 8 2. 18977
Chromium Nitrogen
Cr2O3. . . 152 . 2 2 . 18241 V205 . . 108 . 02 2 . 03350
100.. 1 ! 22 .. 00045
CrO : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 0 N203. 76 . 02 1 . 88093
PbCr04 . . 323 . i 2 . 50920 (NH ) CH . 53 . 19 1 . 72827
BaCrO . . . 253, 5 2 40338 ( NH4)2SO4. . 132 . 14 2 . 12103
Cobalt Phosphorus
Coo . . . . . 75 . 1. 87506 Mg2P207 . 222 . 7 2 . 34772
Co304. . . 241. i 2 . 38202 Ag4P207. . . 605 . 7 2 . 78226
K3CO (NO2) 6 452 . 5 2 . 65562 P20 . . . . . . . .. . .. 142. 2 . 15229
Copper PH3 . . . . 34 . 0 1. 53148
Cuo . . . 79 . 6 1 . 90091 Ag?P04 . . . 418 . 8 2 .62201
Cu2S 159. 3 2 . 20222 Platinum .
Fluorine KPC16 . . . . . . . . . . . 485 . 3 2 . 68646
CaF2 . . . 78 1. 1 . 89265 (NH ) PtCle . . . . . . . . 443 . 6 2 . 64699
HF . ! 20 . 0 1. 30103 Potassium
BaSiF6 . . . 279. 8 2 . 41685 KCI. . . 74 . 6 1 .87271
K2SiF6 . 220 . 7 2 . 31380 K2SO4. , . .. 174 . 36 2 . 24145
H SIF . . . . 144 . 4 2 . 15957 K PtClo . . . . . 485 . 8 2 . 69616
12
MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS (Cont.)
Compound . Mol. oll..

MMo Log .
wt. Log. Compound . wt.
Potassium (Cont.) Strontium

K20 . . . . . 94 . 3 1 .97451 SrSO4. . . . 183 . 7 2 . 26411
K2SiF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 .7 2.34380 SrCO3. . . . . . . . 147. 6 2 . 16909
Silicon Sro . . 103 . 6 i 2 . 01536
SiO2. . . . . 4 1 . 78104 Sulphur
SiF 104 . 4 2 .018701 As2S3 . 246 2 2 . 39122
H2SiF . 144. 4 2 . 15957 Cds . 144 . 5 2 . 15987
K2SiF . . . 220 . 7 2 .34380 , H2S . 34 . 08 1 .53250
BaSiF . . . 279. 8 / 2 .44685 SO2. . . . 64 . 06 1 . 80659
Silver SO3. . . . 80 . 06 1. 90342
Ag20 . .. 231. 86 2 . 365231 H2SO4. . . 93 . 08 1 . 99158
AgBr. . . 187. 89 2.27396) Tin
gCl . . . 143 . 38 2 . 15649 SnO2 . . . . . . 151. 2 . 17898
AgI. . . . 234 . 9 2 . 37088 Sn0 . . . 135 . 2 . 13033
AgCN . 133 . 94 2 . 12691 Zinc
Ag3PO4. . . 2 . 62201 Ins . . . | 97 . 5 1 . 98900
Sodium Zn0 . . . . 81. 4 1 91062
NaCl. . . . 58 . 5 1. 76716
Na2SO4. . 142 . 16 2.15278
Na2CO . 106 . 1 | 2 . 02572
Na2O . . . . . / 61 . 2 1 .793091
COMPOSITION OF SOME TYPICAL ENGINEERING ALLOYS

ANTI BIS
IRON TIN MONY LEAD COPPER ZINC PHOS .
MUTH
Bell metal.... 22. 0 78 . 0

Brass . 72. 0 28. 0
Brass (yellow ). 60 . 0 40 . 0
Bronze for bear
ings . . . . 16 . 0 82. 0 2.0
Speculum
metal . . 33.4 66 . 6
Muntz metal. . . 60 . 0 40. 0
Mosaic gold . . . . 65 . 0 35 . 0
Gun metal. . . . . 91 . 0 9.0
Bronze . . 94 . 0 1. 0 5.0
Babbitt metal. 45 . 5 | 13.
0 40 . 0 1.5
Britannia
metal . . .. . .. 90 . 0 10 . 0
Pewter . . 80 . 0 20 . 0
Soft solder . . . 50 . 0 50 . 0
Tobin bronze . . 0.9 0 .4 61. 2 | 37 .3
Phosphor 0 . 8.
bronze. . . . . . 10 . 0 9. 5 79 . 7
Rose metal. 22 . 9 27 . 1 50 . 0
Car-box metal.. 0 . 61 14 .38 84 . 33 0 .68
" B " Alloy P .
R . R . .. . . . . 15 . 0 77 . 0 trace
White metal .. 82 . 0 12 . 0
3. 0 15 . 0 82 . 0
Typemetal
D
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF
This table is compiled from Landolt-Börnstein
Sym At . Specific Principal

Name. Derivation . gravity
b oC . .
wt. valence.
11 Aluminum . L . alumen , ΑΙ 27 .11 2 .70 at 20

alum
Antimony . . . L .antimonium 120 . 2 6 .62 at 20 3 or 5
o
3 Argon . . . . . 39 .88 1 . 38
4 Arsenic . . . . . L . Arsenicum . | 74 . 96 5 . 73 cryst. 3 or 5

Darium . . . . Gr. barys , 137.37 3 .80 at 0
a
heavy
6 Bismuth . . . Unknown . . . . 208 . 0 9 . 78 at 20
Boron . . . . . Borax . . . . . . 11. 0 2 . 45
8 Bromine Gr. bromos, | 79 .92 3. 12 at 20
liquid . stench
Cadmium . . Gr. kadmeia , 112 .4 8 .648 at 20
calamine
10 Caesium .. .. L . caesius , 132. 81 16.88 at 26
sky blue
11 Calcium . . . . L . calx , lime. . 40 . 09 1. 85 cryst .
12 Carbon . . . . . 1 . carbo , 12 . 0 1 . 45 to 2 or 4
charcoal 1 . 88 amorph .
2 . 25 graph .
3 .51 diamond
13 Cerium . . . . . Planet Ceres . 140 . 25 7 . 042 4 or 3
14 Chlorine . . . . Gr. chloros, 35 . 46 2 . 49 at 0
green
15 Chromi:im . . Gr. chroma , 52. 0 6 . 92 at 20 3 or 6
color
16 Cobalt. . . . . .! G . kobold , 58.97 8 .718 at 21 2 or 3
goblin
17 Colombium . Columbia , 93.5 17. 06 to 7.37 3 or 5
niobium
Copper . . . . . Cyprus . . . . . . 1 . 71
63, 57 , 8. 93 to 8 . 95 2 or 1
19 Erbium . . . Ytterby,a town Er 167 . 4 4 . 77
in Sweden
Fluorine . . . L . fluor, flow .. 9 .0 1 . 26
| Gadolinium , Gadolin , a | Gd 157 . 3 1. 31
Russian
22 Gallium . . . . L . Gallia , 69. 9 , 5 . 94 at 23 ,
France
23 Germanium . L . Germania , 72. 5 5. 47 at 20 :
Germany
24 Glucinum . .. Gr. glykys , 9.1 1. 93 !
sweet
25 Gold . . . . . .. Aurun , u 197. 2 19 .32 at 17. 5
Anglo - Sax
26 Helium . The sun , . . . He : 3 . 99 .136
o
27 Hydrogen . .. ! Gr. water H 1 .008 . 0696

former
28, Indium . . . . . Indigo spec In 114 . 8 . 7 . 12 at 13
-wco
trum
29 Iodine.. . . . Gr. iodes, 126 . 92 4 . 948 at 17
violet
30 Iridium . . . .. L . iris, a rain - Ir 193 . 1 22.42at 17
bow
31 Iron , pure.. .| L . ferrum , | Fe 55 .85 7 .86 2 or 3
An. - Sax, iron
14
THE ELEMENTS
Phys.-Chem . Tabellen and the Standard Dictionary .
Melting Boiling Dis

point . point. cov - Discoverer. When and where found .
* °C ered
657 2200 18 . Wohler In many rocks. Most abun

dant met.
2 624 -630 1600 1450 Valentine Chiefly as sulphide and in
various metallic ores .
3 - 187 . 9 - 186 . 1 1894, Rayleigh Rare element in air .
Ramsay
sub limes 11694 Schroder Assulphideand in metallic ores .
5 850 950 1808 Davy In barite and witherite.
269 1436 1450 Valentine As sulphide and in rare minerals

7 infusible 3500 1808 Davy In borax and some minerals.
sublm .
- 7.3 63 . 0 1828 Balard In sea water and natural brines.
93211 778 1817 Stromeyer In zinc ores.
26 . 4 1860 Bunsen In lepidolite , pollucite and
some mineral springs .
780 1808 Davy In limestone and other rocks.
12 Infusible 3500 Pre historic In coal, limestone and all
sublm . organic matter .
1803 Berzelius In cerite and rare minerals.

- 33 . 6 1774 Scheele In common salt and other
chlorides.
1520 1797 Vauquelin In chrome- iron ore .
1750 1773 Brandt In many metallic ores.
...... 1801 Hatchett In columbite and rareminerals.
1065 2100 | Pre historic As metal and in many ores .
1843 Mosander In gadolinite and rare minerals.
- 223 - 187 1771 Scheele In fluorite and other minerals .
1886 Marignac In rare minerals as gadolinite.
30. 15 ... . .. 1875 Boisbaudran In certain zinc blendes.

958 volatile 1886 Winkler In argyrodite , a rare mineral.
at 1350
960 ... ... 1828 Wohler In beryl and several rare
minerals.
11
1071 2500 | Pre historic Generally free. Rarely com

bined in various ores.
- 270 i – 267 1895 Ramsey and Rare element in air and in the
Travers sun .
– 256 . 5 - 252 1766 Cavendish Mainly in water and organic
substances.
155 red heat 1863 Reich and In certain zinc ores .
Richter
113 184 1 11 Courtois Mainly in ashes of seaweeds.
2225 ..... 1803 Tennant In iridosmine .
1550 Pre historic As oxide and sulphide and in

nearly all rocks.
15
Syn At. Specific Principal

Name. Derivation. bol. wt gravity . valence .
32 Krypton . . . . Kr 82. 9 2 .818

33 Lanthanum .! Gr. lanthano , La 139. 0 6 . 155
conceal 3
34 Lead . . . . . . . L . plumbum . . 207 . 1 11. 34 1.
35 Lithium . . . Gr. lithos, 6 . 94 . 59
stone
36 Magnesium Magnesia , dis Mg 24 .32 1.74 at 5
trict in Thes
saly
37 Manganese. . L . magnes, Mn 54 . 93 7 . 39 at 22 2 or 4 or 6
magnet
38 Mercury . . . . | Hydrargyrum Hg 200 . 0 13 . 595 at 4 1 or 2 211
39 Molybdenum Gr. molybdos, | 96 . 0 8 . 6 to 9 . 01 3 or 6
lead
10 Neodymium Gr. neos, new , Nd 144 . 3 6 . 95
and diby
mos, twin 23.
41 Neon . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Ne 20 .2 . 674
42 Nickel. . . . . . Sw . abb
bbr. of
of Ni 58 .68 8 . 57 to 8 . 93 2 or 3
• 1452
N
kuppar-nickel
43 Nitrogen . . . . Gr. , niter 14 .01 . 967 3 or 5 - 214
forming
44 Osmium . . . Gr. osme, odor Os 190 . 0 22 .48 2 or 3 or 4
or 8
45 Oxygen . . . . Gr., acid - . lo 16 . 00 1 . 053
former
46 Palladium .. . Planet Pallas. | Pd 106 . 7 11. 4 to 11 . 9 2 or 4
47 Phosphorus, Gr., light 31. 04 1 .83 3 or 5
yellow bearing
48 Phosphorus, 1 Gr. , light 31 . 04 2 . 20 to 2 . 34 3 or 5
red . . . . . . . bearing
49 Platinum . . . Sp . platina . .. Pt 195 . 2 21. 50 2 or 4
50 Potassium . . Eng. potash . | 39 . 10 . 867
51 Praseodym Gr. praseos, 140 . 6 6 . 475
ium green ,and did
mos, twin
52 Radium . . . . Ra |226. 4
53 Rhodium . . . Gr. rhodon , Rh 102 . 9 11 . 0 to 12 . 6
rose
54 Rubidium . . . L .rubidius, Rb 85 . 45 1 . 52
red
55 Ruthenium .. 101 . 7 12 . 26 2 or 3 or 4
or 6 or 8
56 Samarium . . . Samarski, 150. 4 | 7 . 7 to8 7 . 3
a Russian
57 Selenium .. . . Gr. selene, 79 . 3 4 .47 to 4 . 80 2 or 4
moon
58 Silicon . . . . . L . siles, fint . Si 28 . 3 2 . 39
59 Silver . . . . . Anglo - Sax., 107 . 88 10 . 50
Seolfor
60 Sodium . . . . . Eng ., soda 23 .00 978
Strontium . . . Strontian ,town 87 . 63 2 . 54
in Scotland
62 Sulphur.. . . . L . sulfur.. . . .IS 32 .07 | 2 .07 at 0 2 or 4 or 6
THE ELEMENTS (Continued )

ANTS OIL
o mana
Melting - Boiling - Dis

point. | point. cov - Discoverer . When and where found .
Principe °C °C ered
valence
- 169 - 151. 7 1895 Ramsey and Rare element in air.
Travers
33 810 1839 Mosande In cerite
minerals .
and other rare
34 327 1580 Pre historic In galena and other ores.
186 1400 1817 Arfvedson In lepidolite , spodumene, and
other rare minerals .
36 632 . 6 1100 1829 Bussy In sea water , magnesite, and
many other minerals .
37 1247 1 . . . . . . 1774 Gahn In pyrolusite and many other
minerals.
-1 4 or6 38 - 38 . 85 357 . 25 Pre historic Native and in cinnabar.
1 2110 1782 Hjelm Chiefly in molybdenite.
or 2
E or6 40 840 .. ... 1885 Welsbach In cerite and other rare min
erals.
– 253 - 243 1895 Ramsey and Rare gas in the air.

Travers
0 42 1452 ...... 1751 Cronstedt Many metallic ores .
or 3 .43 - 214 | -- 195 1772 Rutherford | In air and organic matter.
r5 441 2500 white 1803 Tennant In iridosmine and native plat
heat inum .
or4 45 – 218 - 182 . 5 1774 Priestly In air and forms about one
half the earth ' s crust cam
bined in rocks, etc.
1587 1804 Wollaston Native and in platinum and
gold ores.
44 . 1 290 1669 Brandt In bones and in apatite and
many minerals .
1760 1741 Wood As native platinum .

62 . 5 667 1807 Davy In wood ashes and many rocks.
940 1885 Welsbach In cerite and other rare min
erals .
1903 Mme. Curie | In pitchblende.

000 1804 Wollaston With platinum and iridosmine.
38 . 5 696 1660 ' Bunsen In lepidolite and somemineral
springs.
1950
. . . . . . '1879 Boisbaudran | In samarskite, cerite and other
rare minerals.
217 688 1817 Berzelius Mainly as impurity in sulphur.
1200 3500 1823 Berzelius In quartz. Most abundant
element after oxygen .
59 961 2050 Pre historic Native and in many ores.
97 . 6 877 . 5 1807 Davy In common salt sea water and,

many rocks.
900 | white 1908 . Davy In strontianite and rare min
I heat erals.
114 . 5 444 . 6 Pre historic Native and in many sulphides
and sulphates .
17
Sym - At. Specific Principal

Name. Derivation
| bol. wt. gravity . valence.
63 Tantalum . . . Gr. tantalus. . Ta 181. 0 12 . 79

61 Tellurium . . . L . tellus , earth Te 127 . 5 6 . 25 4 or 6
65 Terbium . . . Ytterby , town Tb 159 . 2 3
in Sweden
Thallium . . . Gr. thallos . . . TI 204 . 0 11 . 85 1 or 3
Thorium . . . . God Thor. . . . 232.0 11 . 2

68 Thulium .. . . 1 Thule, North 168. 5 . . . . . . . . . .. ... ..... .
land
Tin . . . . . . … … Anglo - Sax. . . . 119 . 0 7 . 00 to 7 . 3 2 or 4
Titanium . . . L . Titanes , Ti 48 . 1 3 . 54 4 or 5
Sons of earth
71 Tungsten , Sw ., heavy 184 . 0 18 . 7
Wolfraniu stone
2 Uranium . . . Planet U 238. 5 18 . 68
Uranus
73 Vanadium . . Goddess | v 51. 06 6 .02 3 or 5
Vanadis
74 Xenon .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Xe 130. 2 4 . 42
75 Ytterbium .. Ytterby, town 172. 0

in Sweden
76 Yttrium . . . . Ytterby . . . . . Y 89 . 0 / 3 .80
77 Zinc. . .. . .. . G . Zink .. . . . . Zn 65 . 37 17. 00 to 7 . 19
78 Zirconium .. . Per., zargun , 90. 6 4 . 08 to 4 .25
gold - color
THE ELEMENTS (Continued)

Melting - Boiling Dis
point. point.
°C
Cov- Discoverer. When and where found .
°C ered
2300 1802 Ekeberg In tantalite and other rare

minerals .
452 1390 1782 Reichenstein in several rare minerals .
1843 Mosander In gadolinite .
301. 7 1700 1862 Crookes In pyrites and in flue dust of

sulphuric acid works.
1515 . . . . . . 1828 Berzelius In thorite and other rare
minerals.
. . . . . . 1879 Cleve In gadolinite .
232 1525 Pre historic In cassiterite (SnO2) .
3000 . . . . . . | 1789
1 Gregor In rocks and clays in small
amounts .
26 .50 i . 1781 d 'Elhujar In woiframite .
800 . . . . . . 1789 Klaproth In pitchblende and other rare

minerals .
1680 . . . . . . 1830 Sefstron In vanadiuite and other rare
minerals .
74 – 140 1895 / Ramsey and Rare element in air ,
Travers
...... . . . . . . 1878 Marignac | In gadolinite and other rare
minerals.
Wohler In gadolinite and other rare
minerals.
419 1 918 (1520 Paracelsus In ores as oxide carbonate sul
phide and silicate .
78 ) above
1200 324 Berzelius In zircon and other rare
į minerals.
Compiled from the " Chemiker Kalender,"
Name. Formula .
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color .
1 Acetic acid . . . H . C2H302. . . 60 . 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60 . 03
2 Aluminum . . AL . . . . . : : : : : 27 . 1 regular , bluish white
3 Aluminum acetate , Al(C2H302)3 . . . . . . . . . . . 204 . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
normal
bromide. . Al2Bro ( + 12H2O ) . . 534 . colorless
carbide. . AllC3. . 144 . 4
vo
chloride. . . Al2Cl6 ( + 12H20 ) . . . 266 . 9 hexagonal. . . . . . . .

fluoride . Al2F6 . . . . 168 . 2
hydroxide . . . . Al2 (OH ) 6. . . . . . . . 156 . 3 amorphous, white . . .
todide. . . . . . . . Al216 ( + 12H2O ) . . 815 . 3
10 nitrate . . . . . . . . . Al2 (NO3)6 + 15H20 . . . . 696 . 7
11 oxide . . . . . Al2O3. . . 102 . 2 hexagonal, amor
phous
12 phosphate . . . . Al2 (PO4) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 . 2 hexagonal, colorless .
13 sulphate . Al2 (SO4) 3. . . 342 . 4 white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14V sulphate . . Al2 (SO4) 3 + 18H20 . . . 666 . 7 monoclinic, colorless .
151 sulphide. . Al2S3. . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . 4 yellow crystals . . . . . .
16 Ammonia . . NH3. . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Ammonlum acetate . NH4(C2H1302) .. . . 77 . 07 . .
18 alum . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Al2 (SO4) 3. (NH3)2SO4 907 . 1 regular, colorless . .
+ 24H20
19 Iron , alum . . . . . . . . Fe2 (SO4) 3 . (NH4)2S01 964 . 9 regular , violet . . . . . .
+ 24H20
201 bichromate . (NH4)2Cr2O7.. 252 .4 monoclinic , yellow or
red
211 carbonate , norm . . . (NH4)2CO3 + H20 . . . . . . . 114 . 2 colorless . .
22 carbonate , prim . . . NH4H . CO3 . . . . . . . . . . . 79 . 1 rhombic , colorless . . .
carbonate NH4. H . CO3 157 . 1 white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- carbamate + NH4CO2. NH2
24 chloride . . . . . . . . NH4Cl . . . . . . . . . 53 . 5 regular or tetragonal
colorless
25 chromate. . . . . (NH4)2Cr04. . . . . 152 . 4 monoclinic, yellow . .
cyanate NHACNO . . . . . . . . . . . 60 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lodide. . . NH4I. . . 144 . 9 regular . .
magnesium arsen Mg(NH4) AsO4 + 6H20 . . 289 . 6 tetragonal. . . . . . . . . .
ate
magnesium phos Mg(NH4)PO4 + 6H20 .. .. 245 . 6 tetragonal . .. . . . . .
phate
30 nitrate . . . . (NH4) NO3. . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . 1 rhombic . . . . . . . . . . .
31 nitrite . . . NH4NO2. . 64 . 1
32 oxalate . (NH4) 2C204. H20 . . . . . 142 . 10 trimetric prisms. . . . .
33 persulphate. . . . . . . (NH4)2S208. . . . . . . . . 228 . 28 monoclinic . . . . . . . . .
34 phosphate, sec . . . . ( NH4)2HPO4 . . . . 132 . 2 monoclinic , colorless ,
35 phosphomolybdate. (NH4)3PO4 + 10M003 1643 . 3
+ 3H3U
36 platinochloride . . . (NH4)2PtCle . . . 443 . 7 yellow . . .
37 sulphate . ( NH4)2SO4 . 132 . 2 rhombic , colorless . . .
38 sulphydrate . . . . . . . ( NH4) HS . . . . . 51 . 2 rhombic, colorless . . .
39 sulphocyanate . . . . . NH4. CNS . . 76 . 2 monoclinic, colorless.
40 Antimonic acid . . . . . H3Sb04. . . . . 169 . 2 ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ..
41 Antimonous acid . . H3SbO3. . 153 . 2
42 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . Sb . . . . . . . . 120 . rhombohedric, white .
226 . 4 rhombic . . . . . . . . . . .
43) Antimony chloride, SbC13. . . . . . . . .
I tri
44 chloride, penta . . . . SbC15. . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 . 3
Abbreviations. a ., aclds; al., alcohol; alk ., alkalles; appr., approximately .
aq . reg .. aqua regla ; atm ., atmospheres ; conc., concentrated ; decomp., decomposes.
20
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
published by Julius Springer .)
Solubility in 100 parts of
Sp . gr. Melting Bolling
water 1 point, point,
D . air 1 Deg . c . Deg . C . Alcohol, acids.
Cold water. Hot water.
ORAN
etc .
1 . 0607
FOOD
17 . 118 . s. a . p . s. a . p . s . al.
2 . 583 657 . s . alk . 8 . HCI,
H2SO4
. . . . . . . . decomp. decomp.
2 .54 93 . 263 . s . al.

400 .
190 . (2 at.) 183 . 50 al.
3.1 1. al., a ., alk .
2.3 s . a ., alk .
2 .63 185 . 360 . S . s . al., s . CS2
70 . 130 . V . s. s . al.
3 . 75 - 4 . 0 s . H2S04.
s . a ., alk .
.
13 2 . 59 36 . 1 89 . 1
.
14 1 .62 107 . 11. 32 sl. s . al.

15 ) 2 . 37
.
16 0 . 597 D - 75 . - 33 . 5 1050 , . . . . . . . . . 19. al.

89 . . . . . . . . . . | 148 .
1 .63 19. 422.
1 .712
.......
230 . 14. 3 ( 20°) . 1 . al.
20 2 .367 v. s . v. s.
S.
1. 586 60 . 25 . . . . . . . . .
1 . al.
sublimes 25 . (159) 70 . (659)

1 .52 33. (10º). ! 73. (100°) | 12. (89)
1 . 866 V . S.
S. sl. s . al.
2 . 515 V. S. s . al.
81 . . . . . . . . 0 . 17 1. al.
29 1 . 65 0 .005
-
301 1 . 71 166 . 200 . 200 . (159) v . s. s . al.

1 .69
32 1 . 502 4 .2 41. 34
58 .
1 . 619 25 . 1. al.
1. al.
36 3 . 065 0 .67 1 . 25 al. 0 . 05

1 1 . 77 140 76 . (20°) 97 . 8 ( 100 ) 1. al.
81 . . . . . . . . sublimes S . S . s . al.
1 . 306 (139) 159 . 170 . 122 . (0°) 162 . ( 209) S . al.
401 6 . 6 decomp. sl, s . sl. s . s . a . and KOH
decomp . 1. 1. al.
6 . 715 631 . s. hot H2SO4
ag. reg .
43 3 . 06 ( 28 ) 73. 2 220 . 5 s . conc. HCI,
al.
44 2 . 316 - 6 .
Abbreviations, ( cont.) : 1., insoluble; s., soluble ; s . a . p ., soluble in all proportions;

gl. s ., slightly soluble ; subl., subllmes; v . s ., very soluble ; vol., volumes.
21
Name . Formula .
wt. and color .
45 Antimony hydride. . . SbH3. . . . . 123 .

46 oxide trl- . . . . . . . . Sb2O3. . . 288 . rhombic . . . . . . . . .
oxide , tetr - . . . . . Sb2O4. . . 304 . white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

oxide. pent-. . . . . . . Sb2O5 . . 320 . yellow
49 Antimony oxychlor Sboci. . . 171 .51regular, white . . . . . .
ide (ous)
oxychloride (Ic ) ... . SboCl3 . . . . . 242 . 4 yellow . . . . . . . . . . . .
51 sulphate . . . . . . . ( SHO ) 2SO4. . . . . . 368 . 1
52 sulphide, trl-. . . . . | Sb2S3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 336 . 2 (a ) hexagonal, black
(6 ) amorphous,brown
53 sulphide, penta -. . . Sb2Ss. . . . . . . . . . 400 . 3 orange. .
54 Arsenic . ( cryst.) . . . As . . . 75 . gray . . . . .

55 Arsenic acid , ortho - . ASO (OH )3 + H20 . . 151 .
55 Arsenic acid , pyro - . . A $203(OH ) 4 . . 266 .
57 Arsenic acid , meta -. . AsO2 . OH . . . . . 124 .
53 Arsenic chloride . . . . AsCl3. . . . . . 181. 4
59 hydride . . . . . ASH3 . . . . . 78 .
CO oxide , tri. . . . . AS203. . . . . 199 . regular , amorphous,
white . . . . . . . . . . . .
61 oxide, pent-. . . . A8205. . . . 230 . amorphous , white . . .
62 oxychloride . . . . . ASOCI. . . . . 126 . 5 brown . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sulphide, di- . . . . . . AS2S2. . . . . 214 . 1 monoclinic , red . . . . .
64 sulphide. penta - . . . As2S . . . . 310 . 3 | yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . .
orpiment AS2S3 . . . . . . .
65 sulphide, orpiment 246 . 2 monoclinic , yellow ,
amorphous. . . . .
66 selenide . . . . As2Ses . . . 387 . 3 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barium . . . . . . Ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 . 4 white . . . . . .
acetate . . . . . Ba (C2H302) 2 . H20 . 273 . 43 prisms. . .
69 bromide. . . . BaBr2 + 2H20 . . . . . 333 . 4 rhomblc . . . . . . . .
carbonate . . BaCO3. . . . . . . . . 197 . 4 rhombic , white
chlorate . . . . Ba (C103) 2 + H2O . . . 322 . 3 monoclinic . . . . . . . . .
chloride . . . . BaCl2 ( + 2H20 ) . . . 244 . 3 rhombic . . . . . . . . . . .
chromate. . . Ba Cr04. . . . . 253 . 5 yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fluoride . . . . . BaF2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 . 4 amorphous, white . . .
hydroxide . . Ba (OH ) 2 + 8H20 . . . . . 315 . 6 tetragonal, white .. . .
nitrate . . . . . . Ba (NO3) 2 . . . . . . 261. 5 regular . . . . . . . . . . . .
nitrite . . . Ba (NO2) 2 . . . 229 . 5 hexagonal . . . . . . . .
oxide . . . . . . Bao. . . . 153 . 4 regular, amorphous,
gray
perchlorate . . . . . . . Ba (C104) 2. . 336 . 3 hexagonal. . .
phosphate , prim . . . Ba H4(PO1)2 . . 331. 4 triclinic . . . . . . .
phosphate, tert. . . . Ba3(PO4) 2 . . . . . 602 . 2 .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
82 phosphate, sec . . . . BaHPO4. . . . . 233 . 4
83 pyrophosphate . . . . Ba2P207. . . . . . 448 . 8 rhombic, white
silicofluoride . . . . . BasiFe . . . . 279 . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85 sulphate. . . . . . . BaSO4. . . .. 233 . 5 rhombic . . . .
861 sulphide . . . . . . Bas. . . . . 169. 5 rhombic . . .
87 superoxide. . . . . . BaO2. . . . . 169 . 4 gray . . . . . . . .
Bismuth . . . . . .. . Bi . . . . . . . . 208 . 5 rhornbohedric . . .
Bismuth chloride . . . BICI3 . . 314 9 white crystals . . .
hydroxide . . . . BIOH ) 3 . . . . . . .. 259 5 white. . . . . . . . . .
nitrate BI(NO3) 3 + 5H20 . . 484 7 triclinic . . . . .
pentoxide . . B120 . 497 . brown . . . . .
sulobate . . . . Bi2 (SO :) 3 . . . . . 705 21white. . . . . . .
94 trioxide . . . . B1203 465 yelinw . . . . .
95 trisuipbide. . . . . . . . ' B123 . . . . . . . . 513 . 2 Trhombic . . . .
22
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued )
D , alr 1 Deg . c . Deg . c . Cold water. Hot water . | Alcohol, acids,
etc .
45 4 .3 D - 91 . 5 - 18 20 . vol. al. 1500 vol.

5 .6 sublimes 11. 8 . conc. HCI
acetic acid
47 6 .6952 8 . alk . , sl. s . a .
48 6 .52 300 . . . sl. s . S . HCI: S .KOH
decomp . decomp. 1 1. al. , s . HCI,
CS2
50 . . . . . . . . s . al.
51 4 . 89 decomp. decomp.
52 (a) 4.62 555 . 8 . NH4 .SH
(0 ) 4 . 15
53 . . . . . . . . S. NH4. SH ;
s . alk .
54 5 . 73 450. subl. 860 . 1.
180 .
55 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 . . . . . .. 16 . 7 8 . alk .
56 206 decomp.
57
WW
58 2 . 205 -- 29 . 134 . S. decomp. s . HCI; s . al.

2 .7 D - 119 . - 55 . 5 . 1 vol. sl. s . sl. 8 . alk .
3 .69 218 . subl. 3. 9.5 6 . HCI.
:Ww
61 3 .391 decomp. 150 . v . s. V . S.

w
decomp. decomp. (NaHCO ,

3 . 54 8 . 1. 8 . K28 ,
sublimes 8 . al.
65 3 . 46 700 . 8 . al.
66 4 . 75 360 . decomp. 8 . alk .

67 3 .6 850 . 1000 . decomp. decomp.
68 2 . 02 decomp. 162 . 9 80 . 5 1. al.
3 . 69 880 . 100 . 204 . s . al.
11.
70 4 . 275 795 . 1. al.
3 . 179 414 . 120 . 25 . 52 . sl. s . al.
3. 05 960 . 41 : 5 ( 100) 77 . (100 %) 1. al. ; sl. 8 .
HCI, HNO3
73 3.9 8. a .
74 4 . 58 1280 . sl. s . S . NH4CI, HF
1 . 656 78 . 103 . 5 . ( 16 ) 3875 . sl. s . al.
76 3. 2 593 5 . 2 (0 ) 34 . 8 1. al.
T . . . . . . . . 115 decomp. .. . . . . . . . 63. (209) V . S . HCI; S.
alk .
78 5.5
505 . 8 . . alk .
80 2 . 9 (49) decomp. decomp. s. 8 .
81 4 .1 s. a .
82 . . .. . . . . 1. 8 . a . ; S . NH4CI
83 3 . 9 (209) sl. s . sl. s. I s. a .
84 4 . 28 (21 ) 0 . 026 sl. s . 1. al.; sl. s. a .
85 . 4 .486 - 4 . 53 1500 . sl. 2 . H2SO4
86 4 . 30 decomp. decomp. 1. al.
87 4 . 958 decomp 8 . HCI
88 9.7 268 . 1435 . 9 HNO3
894 48 230 . 429 . decomp decom
001 . . . . :
100 . Sa
91 73 . 80 , decomp. decomp e . HNO3
92 1225 decomp $ . HCI
93 decomp.
94 ! 8 . 868 8. alk
95 6 .5 decomp. ! 18. HNO3
Name. Formula . Mol. Crystalline form

wt. and color .
96 Beryllium . . . . Be . . 9.1 white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97 Beryllium chloride . . BeCl2 ( + 4H20 ) . . . 80 . colorless crystals . . . .
98 nitrate . . Be (NO3) 2 + 3H20 . 187 . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99 oxide . . . . . Be0 .. . . . . . . . 25 . 1 amorphous, white. . .
100 sulphate . . BeSO4 + 4H20 . . . . 177 . 2 tetragonal, 7H20 ,
monoclinic .
101 Boric acid . . . . . . . . . . H3BO3. . . . . . . . . 62 . triclinic . . . . . . . . . . . .
102 Boron . . B .. . . .. . . .. . . . 11 . monoclinic , yellow ;
amorphous , brown
103 Boron chloride. . . . . . BC13 . . . . . . . . . 117 .4 . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .
104 oxide B203 . . . . . 70 .
105 sulphide. . . . . B2S3. 118 . 2 white. .
106 Bromic acid . . . . . . . . HBrO3 . . . . . 129 . colorless . .
107 Bromine . Br . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 . 96 brown . . . . .
108 Bromine chloride . . . BrCl + 10H20 .. . 295 . 6 yellow .. .
109 fodide. . . IBr . 206 . 8
110 Cadmium . . . . Cd. . . . . . . . . 112 . 4 hexagonal. .
111 Cadmium carbonate CaCO3 . . . . . 172 . 4
112 chloride . CdCl2 + 2H20 . 219 . 3
113 fluoride . . . . CdF2 . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . 4
114 hydroxide . . Cd (OH ) 2 . . . . . . . . . 146 . 4 white . .
115 nitrate . . . . . Cd (NO3) 2 + 4H20 . . . 308 . 6
116 oxide . . . . . . Cdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 . 4 regular , brown . .
117 sulphate. . . . . . ( a ) 3CdS04 + 8H20 . . . 769. 5 monoclinic . . . . . . . . .
(6 ) CASO4 + 4H20 . 280 . 6
118 sulphide. . . Cds . . . 144 . 5 hexagonal, yellow . . .
119 Caesium chloride . . CsCl. . . . . 168 . 5 regular, colorless .. . .
120 hydroxide . . CsOH . . . 150 .
121 nitrate . . . . . . . CSNO3. . . . . 195 . tetragonal . . . . . . . . .
122 sulphate . . . . . . CSSO4 . 362 . 1 colorless .
123 Calcium . Ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . 00 rhombohedric , yellow
124 Calcium bromide . CaBr ( + 6H20 ) 199 . 9 white. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125 carbide. CaC2. . . 64 . gray crystals . . . . . . .
126 carbonate . . . . . . CaCO3. . . . . . . . . 100 . rhombohedric and
rhombic .
127 chloride. . . CaCl2 + 6H20 . . . . . 219 . hexagonal. .
128 chromate. . . CaCr04 + 2H20 . . . 192 . yellow crystals. . . . .
129 fluoride . . CaF2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 . regular . . .
130 hydroxide . . . . . Ca (OH ) 2. . . . . . . . . 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
131 hypochlorite . . . . . . Ca (OCT) 2 + 4H20 . . 215 .
132 hypophosphite . . Ca (H2PO2) 2 . . . . . . 170 . monoclinic . . .
133 metaphospbate . . Ca (PO3) 2. . . . . . . . . 198 . white . .
134 nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . Ca (NO3) 2 + 4H20 . . . . . . 236 . 2
135 oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . Cao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 . amorphous, regular ..
136 phosphate, prim . . . CaH4(PO4)2 + H20 . . 252 . 1 rhombic . . .
137 phosphate , sec . . . . CaHPO4 + 2H20 . 172 . 1
138 phosphate, tert. . . . Ca3 (PO4) 2 . . . . . . . . . 310 . . . .. . . .. . .. . .
139 pyrophosphate . . . Ca2P207. white . . . . . . . . . .
140 sulphate . . . . . . . . CaSO4 + 2H20 . . . . . . . 172 . 1 monoclinic . . . . . . .
141 sulphide. . . . . . . . Cas . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 . regular, white . . . . . .
142 Carbon , diamond . . C . . . . . . . 12 . regular , colorless .. .
143 Carbon, graphite . . . C . . . . . . 12 . hexagonal, gray. . . . .
144 Carbon dioxide . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ,
145 disulphide . . . . CS2. . . . . . . . . . . 76 . 1

146 monoxide .. . . . . CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 .
147 te
tetrachloride.
trachio . . . . . CCI . . . . . . . . . . . 153 . 8
118 Cerium . . . . . . . . . . . . Ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 140 .
149 carbonate . . . . . . . . . Ce2 (CO3) 3 + 5H20 , . . . . . . 550 . 1 . ... ..
21
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Sp. gr. | Melting Bolling
water 1 point. point,
D . air 1 Deg . C . Deg . C . Cold water . Hot water . Alcohol, acids ,
etc.
961 2.1 1000 . appr . , s . HCI.; s. alk .
97 600 . 1 sublimes . . V . S. 8 . al.
98 60 . 200 decomp
3 . 02 8 . alk .
1 . 725 .. .. . 100 . (159)
101 1 .43 185 . 34 . s. al.
102 2 .68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. al.
103 1 . 35 18 . 2 decomp.
104 1 . 83 (4°) 1300 . 3 s . al.
105 1 . 55 310 . decomp. decomp.
106 100
107 3 . 187 1 - 7.3 63 . 3 .5
108 . . . . . 7 . anhy V . s.
.
109 36 . s . CS2, CHC13
110 8 . 55 - 8 .67 315 . 860 . s . HNO3, HCI
111 ! 4 . 49 S. a .
112 3 . 32 140 . 150 . s . al.
113 5 . 99 520 . sl. s . Isl. s . s . HCI
114 4 . 79 300 . s. a .
115 2 . 955 60 . 132 143 . 4 S . al.
116 6 . 9- 8 . 1
117 (a )
(6 ) 3 . 05 1. al.
118 4 .58 white heat s. conc. a .
119 . . . . . . . . red heat sublimes
120 , 4 . 018 ...... s . al.
121 . . . . . . 10 .6 (30.2 ) sl. s . al.
.
122 S . v. s. i 1. al.
123 1 . 55 800 . decomp. decomp. decomp.
124 3 . 32 765 . V. S. V . s.
125 2 .3 decomp.
126 2 . 9 - 2 .72 decomp. at , red heat 0 . 0018 10. 088 S . water cont.
CO2
127 1 .64 29 . 200 . 400 . 650 . al. 13
128 . . . . . . . . red heat 22 . 2 (0 ) s.
129 3 . 18 1330 . 0 . 05 i sl. s .
130 2 . 078 . . .. . .. . . 0 . 137 (159) , 0 .075 (100°) 1. al.
131
132 decomp. at red heat s. 1 . al.
133 1. al.
134 1 . 9 (159) 132 decomp . V . S. s . al.
135 3.3 decomp. decomp. 8. water cont.
CO2
136 2 . (4°) 100 . 200 decomp. 0 . 1285 0 . 0787 S. a .
137 2.3 sl. s . decomp.
138 3 . 18 . . . . . . 8. a.
139 1. s. a .
140 2 . 32 130 . 0 .241 ( 0 ) 0.222 (1009) 1. al.
141 2 . 8 decom .
142 2. 2
143 1 .
144 1 . 524 D - 79 . 1 : 1 vol. al. 1 : 3 . 3 vol.
(15 )
145
146
1 . 292
0 . 967 D
- 116 .
- 207 .
46 .
- 190 .
2 :1000 (0 ) ....... 8. al, all prop .
30 . vol.
147 1 . 629 fluid 77 .
148 6 .6 decomp. . .. . . .. . . S . JICI, HNO3
149 .... 8 . ( NH4)2CO3
… . . . . . . . .
25
Name. Mol. Crystalline form

Formula .
wt. and color .
150 Cerium chloride. . . . CeCl3. . . . . . . . . . 246 . 4 colorless . . . . . . .

151 dioxide. . . . CeO2 . . . 172 . white powder. . .
152 oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . ' Ce203. . . . . . 328 . gray powder. . . ,
153 Chloric acid . . . . . . . . HCIO3 ( + 7H2O ) . . 84 . 5
154 Chlorine . . . CI. 35 . 5 green . . . . . . . . .
155 Chlorine dioxide . . . . ' C102. . . . . . 67 . 5 | red . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156 monoxide. . . . . . . . . C120 . . . . 86 . 9 yellowish red . . . . .
157 Chromium . . . . . . . . . Cr. . . . . . 52 . 1 rhombohedric , gray .
158 Chromium chloride. . CryCle . . . . . 316 . 9 bright red . . . . . . . .
159 chloride, (ous) . . . . CrCl2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 . white . . .

160 hydroxide . . . . . . Cr2 (OH )8 + 4H20 . . . 278 . 3 blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
161 nitrate . Cr ( NO3) 3 + 9H20 . 400 . 4 triclinic , bright red.
162 oxide . . . . . Cr2O3. . . . . . . . . . . . 152 . 2 hexagonal, green . . . .
163 sulphate . . . Cr2( SO4) 3 + 18H20 . 716 . 7 regular, violet . . . . .
164 sulphide. . . Cr2S3 . . 200 . 6
165 trioxide . . . CrO3. . . . 100 . 1 rhombic, red . .
166 Cobalt. . . . . . Co . . . . . . . 59 .
167 Cobaltic chloride. Co2Cl6 . . . . 220 . 7
168 hydroxide. C02 (OH ) . . . . 220 . 1 black . .
oxide . . Co203 . . . . . . . . . . 166 . brown . . .
169
170 Cobalto - cobaltic C 0304. . . . . . 123 . regular, black . . . . . .
oxide
171 Cobaltous carbonate . ' CoCO3. . . . . . . . . , 119 . rhombohedric , red .
172 chloride . . . . . . . CoCl2 + 6H2O . . . . . 238 . monoclinic, red . . .
173 cyanide . . . ICO (CN ) 2 + 3H20 . 165 . 1
174 hd ate . . Co (OH ) 2 . . . . . . . . 93 . rose . . . . . . . . . . . .
175 nitrate . . . . CO ( NO3)2 + 61120 . . . . 291. 2 monocilnic , red . . . . .
176 oxide . . . . . . . . Coo . . . . 75 . brown
177 phosphate . . . . . Co3(PO4) 2 + 8H20 . . 511 . 2
178 sulphate . . . . . . . COSO4 + 7H20 . 281. 2 | rhombic, red . . .
179 sulphide. . . . . . . . . . Cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91. 1 gray. . . . . . . . . .
180 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu . . . . . . . . . . 63. 6 regular, red . . . .
181 Copper -ammonlum CuSO4 + 4NH3 + H20 . . . 246 . rhombic, blue . . . . . .
sulphate
182 nitrate . . . Cu ( NO3)2 + 6H20 . . . . . . . 295 . 8 blue crystals . . . . . . .
183 sulphate. . . CuSO4 + 51 ,0 . . . 249 . 7 triclinic, blue . . . . .
184 , Cupric acetate. . . . . . Cu (C2H302) H20 . . . . 199 . 63 green . . . . . . . . . . . . .

185 bromide. . . ( 'uBr2 223 . 5 | black . . . . .
186 chloride . . . CuCl2 + 2H20 . . . . . . . . . . 170 . 5 rhombic , blue . . . . . .
157 hydrate . . . ( u (OH ) 2 . . . . . . 97 . 6 | blue. . . . . . . . . .
1881 oxalate. . . . CuO 204 . } H20 . . 160 .58 bluish white . . . .
189 oxide . . . . . Cuo . . 79 . 6 regular and mono
clinic, black .
190 phosphate . . . . . Cu3 (PO4) 2 + 3H20 . 434 . 9 rho
rhommbi
bic . blue . . . . . .
1911 sulphide . . . . . . . . . . Cus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 95 .71hexagonal, black . . . .
192 Cuprous bromide . . . CuBr2 . . . . . . . . . 287 . 1 brown . . . . . . . . . . . . .
193 chloride . . . . CuCl2 . . . . . . 198 . 1 white . . . . . .
194 cyanide . . . . . . . . . . ( 'u2(CN) 2 . . . . 179 . 3 white . . . . .
195 hydrate . . . . . . 4 Cu20 + H20 . . . . 590 . 8 yellow . . . . . . . . . .

196 oxide Cu .O . 113 2 regular , red . . . . . .
197 sulphide . CuS. . 159. 3 rhombie , black . . . . .
198 Ferric acetate , bas. . ' FeOH (C2H302) 2 . . . . 190 . 9 amorphous . . . . . . . . .
199 Fe2C16 . . . . . . . . . . . .
chloride . . . . . . . . . .. ! Fe2C16 324 . 7 hexagonal, brown or
black
26
Solubility in 100 Parts of
water 1 point, point.
D . air 1 Deg . c . Deg. C . Cold water . Hot water . Alcohol, acids,
etc .
150
151 6 . 739 5. H2SO4
152 6 . 9 -7 . 0 8 . conc. H2SO4.
1. HCI
153 1 . 282 decomp . decomp . S.
154 2 .4502 D - 102 . - 33 . 5 1 :2 .6 vol. 1: 1.4 , (40 %)
155 1.5 - 76 . 10 .
156 ! . . . . . . . . explodes - 19 .
157 6 .8
158 2 . 36 subl. at 1 . al.
white heat
159 2 . 75
160 100 . S. a . ; s . alk .
161 36 . 5 s . alk .
162 5 . 21 white heat 1 . al.
163 1 . 7 (22 ) . .. .. .. ..
164 3 . 77 S . HNO3
165 2 .74 190 . decomp. decom .with al.
166 8 . 951 1505 8. a.
167 decomp.
168 . . . ... 1. al.
169 5.1 decomp. at red heat 1 . al. ; s . a .
170 5 . 8 - 6 . 3 8 . conc. H2SO4
171
172 1 . 84 86 . 75 110 .
1731 250 .
173 . . . . . . .
3 . KCN
174 3 . 507 sl. s . ammonia
175 1 . 83 decomp. at red heat al. 200
176 5 . 68 decomp . 100 . 1. al.
177 1. al.
178 1 . 924 65 . (709) 1. al.
179 | s. a .
180 8 . 85 - 8 . 94 1083 . S. a .
181 150 . decomp 60 . decomp . 1. al.
182 2 . 047 38 . decomp. iv V . S. v . s.

183 2 . 274 240 . decomp . 40 . 203 . 1. al.
red heat
184 1. 9 240 . decomp 7.2 20 . al. 7 .14 ; S.
ether
185 . . .. . .. . decomp .
186 2 . 47 100 . decomp. V . S. s . al.
red heat
187 ) 3 . 368 decomp. . NH3
188
189 6 . 304 1. 1. al.
190 sl. s. decomp . S. a.
191 4 . 59 1. al.
192 4 . 72 504 . S . NH3
193 3.7 440 . sl. s . S . HCI; . NH3
194 . .. . . . red heat S . HCI, hot
H2SO4
195 . . . . . . . . 360 decomp. S . NH3
1961 5 . 8 s . ammonia
197 5 . 58 ! . al
1981 S . al., a .
1992. 804 158 . V . S . al.
27
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PILYSICS

wt. and color .
200 hydrate . . . Fe2 (OH ) 6 . . . . . . . . 214 . 1 red or brown . . . . . .

201 oxalate . . . . Fe2(C204) 3 . . . . . . . 375 . 7 amorphous. . . . . . . .
202 oxide. . . . . Fe2O3. . . . 160 . rhombohedric , gray
203 nitrate . . . . Fe2 (NO3)6 + 18H20 . 808 . 6 monoclinic . . . . . . . .
204 phosphate . . . . Fe2 (PO4) 2 + 4H20 . . . 374 . 1 yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205 sulphate. . . . Fe2 (SO4) 3 + 9H20 . . . . 562 . 4 rhombic . . . . . .
206 sulphide. . . . . . . . . . Fe2S3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 . 7 | yellow .
207 sulphocyanide.. . . . . Fe (CNS)6 + 6H20 . . . . . 568 . 7 regular, red or black .
208 Ferrosoferric oxide. . Fe304. . 232 . regular, black . . . . . .
209 Ferrous ammonium FeSO4, (NH4)2SO4 + 6H20 392 . 4 monoclinic . . . . . . . . .
sulphate .
210 carbonate . . . . . . . . ! FeCO3. . . 116 . rhombohedric . . . . . .
211 chloride. . . . . . FeCl2 + 4H20 . . . . . . 199 . monoclinic . . . .

212 ferricyanide . . . ( Fe2) 2[ Fe (CN ) 6 ]3 . . . . . 860 . 7 blue. . . . . . . .
213 hydrate . Fe (OH ) 2. 90 . white .. .
214 nitrate , . . . Fe (NO3) 2 + 6H20 . . . . 288 . 2 . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .
215 oxide . . . . . . . Feo . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. 72 . black . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216 phosphate . . . . . . Fe3(PO :)2 + 8H20 . . . . 502 . 2 monoclinic, blue . . . .
217 sulphate . . . . . . FeSO4 + 7H20 . . . 278 . 2 blue green , mono
clinic
218 sulphide . . . Fes . 88 . 1 black .
219 Fluorine F .. . . . . . . . 19 . green , yellow . . . . . . .
220 Gold . . . Au. . . . . . . 197 . 2 regular, yellow . . .
221 Gold bromide . . . . . . AuBr. . . . 277 . 2 green . . . . . . . . . . . .
222 chloride, auric. . . . . AuCl3 . . . . . . . . . . . 339 . 6 yellow , red . . . . .
223 chloride , aurous. . . AUCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232. 7 yellow . . . . . . .
224 cyanide, auric. . . . . Au (CN ) 3 + 6H20 . 383 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 cyanide, aurous. . . AUCN . . . . . . . . . 223 . 2 yellow . . . . . . .
226 hydrate, auric . . . . . Au (OH ) 3 . . . 248 . 2 yellow , brown . .
227 hydrate, aurous. . . Au(OH ) . . . 214 . 2 red , brown . . . . . .
228 oxide, auric. . . . . . . AU203. . . . . . 442 . 4 black . . . . . . . . . .
229 oxide , aurous . . . . Au20 . . . . . 410 . 4 brown , black .
230 Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . He. . . . . . 4.
231 Hydrobromic acid . . ! HBr 81 .
232 Hydrochloric acid . , . HCI. . 36 . 5
233 Hydrocyanic acid . .. | HCN . . . . 27 . 1

234 Hydrofluoric acid . . . HF . . . . . 20 .
235 Hydroiodic acid . . . . HI.. . . . 127 . 9
236 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . H . . . . . .. 1 . 01
237 Hydrogen peroxide. . H2O2. . . . 34 . colorless, blue . .
238 sulphide .. . . H2S . . . . . . 34 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239 Iodic acid . . . . . . HIO3. . . . . 175 . 9 rhomble . . .
240 Iodine. . 1. . . . .. . 126 . 85 black .. . .
241 Iodine chloride . . . . ICI. . . . 162 . 3 red . . . . . . . . . . . . .
242 trichloride. . . . ICI3. . . . 233 . 2 yellow crystals . . .
243 Iron , cast . . . . . . Fe . . . . . 56 . gray . . . . . . . . . . .
244 wrought . . . . . Fe. . . . . . 56 . gray . .
245 steel . . . . . . Fe . . . . . 56 . gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246 Iron carbide. . . . FeC4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 104 . gray crystals . . . . . .
247 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 . 9 gray, regular, white
248 Lead acetate . . . Pb (C2H302) 2. 3H20 . . 379 . 2 monoclinic . . . . . . . . .
249 bromide. . . . . PbBr2 . . . 366 . 8 colorless . . . . . . .
250 carbonate . . . . PHCO3 . . . . . . . 266 . 9 rhombic . . . . . . . . . . .
251 chloride . PbCl2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277. 8 romdic . . . . . . . . . . .
252 chromate . . . . PbCrO . . . . . . 323 . I monoclinic , yellow . .
253 hydrate . . . . . Pb (OH ) 2 . . . . . 240 . 9
254 jodide . . . . . . . . . . .. Pb12. . 460 . 6 | yellow crystals . . . . .
255 nitrate . . . . Pb ( NO3) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 . regular . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Sp. gr . Melting Boiling
water 1 point, point ,
D . alr 1 Deg . C . Deg . C .
Cold water. Hot water . Alcohol, acids,
etc.
200 3.4 - 3. 9 1. al.
201 100 . decomp. V . S. 1. al.
202 5 . 2 - 5 . 3 s. a .
203 1 .6835 47 . 2 decomp. S . s . al.
204 2 . 87 s. a.
205 2 . -2 . 1 decomp. decomp. decomp .by al.
206 . . . . . . . . decomp .
207 S. v . s. s . al. ; s .ether
208 5 . 18 1. al.
209 1 . 813 v. s. 1. al.
210 3 .7- 3. 9 s. water cont .

CO2
211 1. 926 red heat 1400 . 130 . V . 8. s . al.
212 decomp. 1. dec . by alk .
213 sl. s .
214 decomp.
215 S. a .
2161 2 . 58 - 2 .68 1. s. a .
217 1 . 889 280 . decomp. red 60 . 333 . 1. al.
heat
218 4 . 84 red heat s.a .
219 1 . 31 D - 233. - 187 . decomp.
220 19 . 26 - 19.55 10 . 64 . . . . . . . s . aq . reg .
221 . . .. . . . 150 . decomp. by a .
222 3. 9 subl. 150 . 8. s . al.
223 decomp. decomp . decomp.
224 V .S . V . s. s . al.
225 decomp . 1 . al.
226 decomp. 8 . HNO3
227 250 decomp .
228 100 decomp. 8 . HCI
229 250 decomp. s . HCI
230 0 . 137 D - 253 .
231 2 . 79 D - 87 . - 68 V. S. S . al.
232 0 . 908 D - 112 . 5 - 83 . 82 .5 (0 ) | 56 . (609) 327 vol. in al.
(0°)
$
233 0 . 6967 1 - 13 . 8 26 . 54 s. a . p . s . a . p . al.

234 0 . 9879 1 - 102 19 . 4 v . s.
235 4 . 38 D 1 - 55 . - 36 . 7 v . s. s. s . al.
236 0 . 0000896 - 257 . - 253 . 1 . 93 vol.
237 1 . 499 - 2. 84 . S. a . p . s. ether
238 1 . 178 D - 85 . - 61 . 8 437 . v . (09) 3 .23 v . (159)
239 ' 4 . 629 170 decomp. 187 . v . s.
240 4 . 958 114 . 184 . sl. s . sl. s. s . al.
241 3.2 . 25 . 101 . V . S. decom . S . HCI
242 3 . 11 . 25 decomp. s . decomp .
243 7 . -7 . 6 1050 . $. a .
244 7 . 25 -- 7 . 79 1545 . S. a .
245 7 .6 - 7 . 8 | S. a .
246 7 . 07 s. a .
247 11. 35 - 11.28 327 . 1470 . S . HNO3
248 2 . 50 75 . 280 . 45 . 64 200 . 1. al.
249 6 .611 sl . s. 1. al.
250 6 .465 0 . 00198 1.al.
251 5 . 802 485 . 900 . 0 . 74 5. s . al.
252 6 . 29 11. s .alk . ; sl. s . a .
253 145 . .. sl. s . | sl. s . S . alk .
254 6 . 07 375 . - 383 . 861. - 954 . 0 . 081 0 . 515 1. al. ; s . KI
255 4 .58 decomp. .. . . . . .. 48 . (109) 139 . (100 ) s . alk .
29

wt. and color .
256 Lead oxalace. . . . . . . PbC204. . . . 294

14 .. 9 .
257 oxide . . . . . . . . (a ) Pbo . . . 222 . 9 | rhombic, yellow . . .
258 oxide . . . . . . . (6 ) Pb0 . . . 222 . 9 hexagonal, red . . . . .
259 oxychloride. . . PbCl2 . Pbo . . 500 . 7 tetragonal . . . . . .
260 phosphate . . . Pb3 (PO4) 2. 810 . 7 white. . . . .
261 sesquioxide . . . . . . Pb203. . . . . . 461 . 8 amorphous, yellow
262 suboxide . . . . . . . Ph20 . . 429 . 8 black .
26 sulphate . . . . . . PbSO4. . . 303 . rhombic . . .
254 sulphide. . . . . . . . . . ' PbS. . . . . . 239 . regular . . . .
265 Lithium . . .. . . .. . . L . . . . . . .. 7. . . . . . . . . . . .
266 Lithium carbonate . . L12CO3 . . . . . . 74 . 1 white . . . . . . .
267 chloride . . . . . LICI + 2H20 . . . 78 . 5 | tetragonal . . . . .
268 hydrate . . . LIOH . . 24 .
269 nitrate . . . . . . LINO3. . . 69 . 1 | rhombohedric . . .
270 oxide . . Li20 . . . . . . 30 . white . . . . . . . . . . .
271 Magnesium . . . . . . . . Mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . 4 white .
272 Magnes !um bromide . MgBr2 + 6H20 . . . . 292 . 4 hexagonal. . . . . . . . . .
273 carbonate . . . . . . . . MgCO3, . . .. . .. 84 . 4 rhombohedric and
rhombie .
274 chloride . . . MgCl2 + 6H20 . . . 203 . 4 monoclinic . . . . . . . . .
275 hydrate . . . Mg (OH ) 2 . . . . . . . . . . 58 . 4 rhombohedric . . . . . .
276 nitrate . . . . Mg (NO3) 2 + 6H2O . . . . 256 . 6 monoclinic , triclinic
277 oxide . . . . . . . . Mg0 . . . 40 . 4 regular . . . . . . . . . . . .
278 phosphate . . . . . MgHPO4 + 7H20 . . . 246 . 5 hexagonal. . . . . . . . . .
279 pyrophosphate . . Mg2P207 + 3H20 . . . 276 . 8
280 sulphate .. . . MgSO4 + 7H20 . . . . 246 . 6 rhombic and mono
clinic .
281 sulphide. . . MgS . . . . 56 . 4 brown . . . . . . . . . . . . .
282 Manganese . . . . . Mn . . . . . . . . 55 . gray . . . . . . . . . . :
283 carbonate . . . . . MnCO3. . . . . . . . . . . 115 . rhombohedric , white
284 chloride . . . . . . MnCl2 +420 . . . 198 . monoclinic , bright
red
285 dioxide . . . . . MnO2. . . . . . . . . 87 . rhombic, gray . . . . . .
286 heptoxide. . . . . . Mn201. . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 . black . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
287 hydrate , (ic ) . . . . . Mn202(OH ) 2 . , . . . . . 176 . tetragonal, black or
brown
289 hydrate, (ous) . . . . . Mn (OH ) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 89 white. . . . . . . . . . . ..
289 nitrate . . . . . . . . . . Mn (NO3) + 6H20 . . . . 287 . 2 monoclinic , white . . .
290 oxide, (ic) . . . . . . Mn203. . 158. tetragonal. .
291 Mercuric chloride. . . HgCl2 . . 2712 rhombic . . . . . . .
292 cyanide . . . . Hg(CN ) 2 . . . . 252 . 4 tetragonal. . . .
293 oxide . . . . . . HgO . . 216 . 3
294 nitrate . . . . Hg (NO3)2 .. . . . 324 . 4
295 sulphate . . . HgSO4.. . . . . . . . . 296 . 4 white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
296 sulphate, basic . . . . HgSO4 + 2Hgo . .. 729 . yellow . . . .
297 sulphide. . . . . . . . . . HOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 . 4 rhombohedric , red
amorphous, black
298 Mercurous carbonate Hg2CO3. . . . 460 . 6 yellow . . . .
299 chloride H92C12. 471 . 5 rhombic, white . .
300 chromate. . . Hg:Cr01.. . . . . 516 . 7 | red .. .
301 oxide . . . . . . . . H920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 . 6 | black . . .
302 nitrate . . . . . Hg2(NO3) 2 . . . . 524 . 7 monoclinic . . . .
303 sulphate .. . . Hg2SO4. . . . . . . . . . . . 496 . 7 monoclinic . . . .
304 M ercury . . . . . . . . . . Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 200 . 3 white . . . . . . . . . .
305 Molybdenum . . . . . . . MO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 . white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
306 chloride (1c) . . . . . . MoC1 . . . . . 273 . 3 black . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

307 chloride , (ous) . . . . MoCl2 . . . . . 166 . 9 yellow . . . . . ..
308 disulphide . . . . . . . . MoS2. . . . . . . ... 160 . 6 black powder . . . . . .
30
Sp . gr. l Melting Bolling
water 1 point , point,
D . afr 1 Deg . c . Deg . c . Cold water . / Hot water. Alcohol, acids,
etc .
256 5 . 025 300 .decomp. 0 . 00018 1. al.: S . HNO

257 9 . 29 red heat 8 . alk .
258 8 .74 - 9 . . . .. .. . . .
259 7 . 21
260 5.8 s . alk ., HNO :
261 . . . . . . . decomp. 1. 1 . alk .
262 . . . . . . . . decomp. decomp. decomp.by alk .
decomp.
263 6 . 2 -6 . 33 red heat sl. s . sl. s . 1 . al. ; s . alk .
264 7 . 25 - 7 . 7 red heat sublimes 1 . al.
265 0 .59 186 . – 950 . decomp. decomp. I decomp. by al.
266 2 . 11 red heat ! 0 . 769 ( 13°) 0 . 78 1. al.
267 2 . 036 decomp. white heat 65 . 125 . V . 8 . al.
268 red heat sl. s .
269 2 . 39 48 . 227 . V . S . al.
2701 . . . . . . .
271 1 . 743 750 . 1100 . s. a .
272 165 . V . s.
273 2. 9 -3. 1 decomp . g water cont.
CO2
274 1 . 558 decomp. 365 . 558 . 6 al. 50
275 2 . 34 decomp. s . NH4CI
276 90 . 200 . . . . . . . s . al.
277 3 . 07 - 3 .65
00 . . . . . . . . 0 . 001 S. a.
278 ) 100 . sl. s . S. 8 .
279 2 . 56 1. al.
280 1 .685 250 . 76 . 9 (0°) | 671. S . al.
281 2 . 2 - 2 . 8 decomp.
282 7 .2 1900 . decomp . sl. decomp. S. a .
283 3 .5 1. al.
284 1 . 913 87 . 6 150 . 650 . al. 53
285 4 .7 - 5 .02 300 .decomp.
286 70 . decomp. s . decomp . 5 . H2SO4
287 ) 4 . 33
288 3 . 26 S. a .
289 1.8 87 . 5 130 . V . S. v . s. 8 . al.
290 4 . 32
291 5 .42 260 . - 270 . 300 . 7 . 4 (200) 54 . al. 33 ; ether 25
292 3 . 77 decomp. 12 . 53 . al. 5
293 11. 136 decomp. at red heat sl. s . sl. s . 1. al.
294 . . .. . . .. decomp . a : red heat decomp. to basic salt s . HNO3
295 ) . . . . . . . . decomp. to basic salt 1. al.
296 6 . 444 1 : 2000 1 : 600 1. al.
297 8 . 124 sublimes s . aq. reg .
298 3 . 92 130 . decomp. 1. al.

299 6 . 56 1. al.
300 decomp . 1. al.
3011 8 . 95 decomp. 1. al.
302 decomp .
303 decomp. s . hot H2SO4
304 13 . 59 - 39 . 38 357 . 3 8 . HNO3,
H2SO4
305 9 .01 white heat S. HNO3;
1. HCI
306 194 . 268 . decomp.
307 ! . . . . . . . . sublimes . . . . . . . . . 1. s. al. HCI
308 5 . 06
31

Name. Formula . wt. and color .
309 Molybdenum oxide . Mo02. . 128 . tetragonal, brown . . .

310 ! phosphoric acid . . . 1 H3PO4. 12M003 + 12H20 . 2042 . monoclinic, yellow . .
311 tetras elphide. . . . . . . MOS . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 . 2 brown . . . . . . . . . . .
312 trioxide. . . . . . . . MoO3. . . . . . . . . . 144 . white . . . . . .
c
313 Molybdi acid . . . H2M004 + H20 . . 180 . yellow . . .
314 Nickel. . . . . . . . . NI. . . . . . . . . . . . 58 . 7
315 Nickel chloride. . . . NICl2 . . . . . . . . . . 129 . 6 | yellow . . . . .
316 chloride . . . NICl2 + 6H20 . . . 237 . 7 hexagonal. .
317 hydroxide (ic) . N12 (OH ). . 219 . 5 black . . . . . . . . . .
318 hydroxide (ous) .. . . Ni(OH ) 2. . 92 . 7
319 nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . NI(NO3) 2 + 6H2O 290 . 9 monoclinic , green .
320 oxide (mon -) . . . . . . NIO . . . . . . . . . 74 . 7 regular , green . .
321 sesquioxide . . . . . . . N1203. . . . . . . . . . . 165 . 4 black . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
322 sulphate . . . . . . . . . . 1 NISO4 . . . . . 154. 8 / yellow . . .
323 sulphate. . . . . . . . . . ! NISO4 + 6H20 . . . 262 . 9 tetragonal, blue;
monoclinic , green
324 sulphate . . . . . . NISO4 + 7H20 . . . 280 . 9 rhombic, green . . .
325 sulphide. . . . . NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 . 75 hexagonal, black . . . .
326 Nitric acid . . . HNO3. 63 , 02 . .
327 Nitrogen . . . . . . IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . 01 .
328 Nitrogen dioxide. . . . ! ( a ) N204. . . 92 . 1

329 dioxide. . : . . . . . . . (6 ) NO2. . 92 . 1 1. .
330 oxide (nitric ) . . . NO . . . . . . . 30 .
331 oxide (nitrous ) ... . . ! N20 . . . . . . 44 . 1
332 pentasulphide. . . . . ! N2S5 . . . . . . 187 . red . . . . . . . . . . .
333 tetrasulphide. . . . N4S4 . . . . . . 183 . red . . . . . . . . . . . . .
334 Osmium . Os. . . . . . . . 191 . regular, white . . . . . .
335 Osmium chloride. . . OsC14 . . . 332. 8 red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
336 tetroxide . . . Os04 . . . . . . . . 255 . monoclinic , colorless .
337 oxide . . . . . . . . OSO . . 207 . black . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
338 Oxalic acid . . H2C204. 2H20 . . . 126 . 1 crystals . . .
339 Oxygen . . . . . 16 .
340 Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
341 Palladium . . . . . . . . . Pd. . . 106 . white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
342 Palladlum chloride. . i PdCl2 + 2H20 . . . . 212 . 9 black , red . . . . .

343 Perchloric acid . . . . . HCIO4. . . . . . . . . . . 100 . 5
344 Periodic acid , ortho . H I06 . . . . 227 . 9
HPO3 . . . . . . . . .
345 Phosphoric acid , 80 .
1 meta
346 ortho -- .. .. . . . . . . . . . . į
ortho H3PO4. . . 98 .
347 Pyro - . . . . . . . . . . . . ! H4P207 . . . . . 178 .
348 Phosphorus, white . . P . 31 . regular, colorless. . . .
349 Phosphorus, red . . . . P . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . 31 . amorphous, red
brown
350 Phosphorus, black . . . P ...... 31 . rhombohedric . . . . . .
351 Phosphorous acid . . . H3PO3. . . . . . . 82 . colorless crystals . . . .
352 Phosphorous chloride, PC15 . 208 . 3 yellow crystals .
(IC )
353 chloride (ous ) . . . . . PC13 137 . 4 colorless . . .
351 pentasulphide . . . . . P2S5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 . 3 yellow . . .
355 pentoxide. . . . . . . . . P205 . . . 142 . white, amorphous. . .

356 trioxide . . . . . . . . . . | P203. . . . . . . . . . . . 110 . amorphous, white. ..
357 hydride, phosphine PH3. . . . . . 34 .
358 hydride, fluid . . . . . P2H4 . . . . . 66 . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .
359 hydride, solid . . . . . P H2. . . . . . . . . . . . 126 yellow .
360 Platinic acid , chlor - . / H2PtCl6 . . 409 . 5 red crystals . .
3611 Platinic chloride. . . | PtCl4 + 5H20 . . .... . . . . 426 . 7 | monoclinic, red . . .
32
D . air 1 Deg. C . Deg . c .
Cold water . Hot water . Alcohol,
etc .
acids,
309 6 . 44
310 . . . . . . . 104 .
311 8 . K28
312 4 . 39 red heat sublimes 0 . 104 8 . NH3
3131 . . . . . . . . S. & .
314 8 .57 - 8 . 8 1484 . 8. a .
315 2 . 56 subllmes
316 ) . . .. . .. 8.
317 ) . . . . . . . . . . s . a . ; S . NH3
318 4 . 36 8 . NH3; s . a .
319 2 . 065 56 . 7 136 50 . S . al.
320 6 . 4 - 6 . 7 S . NH3
321 4 . 846 decomp . 8 . HCI
322 3 .418 37 . 4 | 62. (70°) 1 . al.
3231 2 . 031 280 . 8. S. s . NH3
3241 1 . 931 103 . 106 . (20°) 226 . (709)

325 sl. s . a .
326 1 . 530 41 . 3 86 .
327 0 . 00126 - 214 . - 195 . 0 . 02035 : 1 11.
by vol.
328 1 . 49 (0°) - 11 . 5 26 . decomp. decomp .
329 1 . 49 (0°) - 11. 5 26 . decomp. decomp .
330 0 . 00135 - 167 . - 153 . 6 1 : 20 vol. s . FeSO4 sol.
331 1 .527 D - 99 . -- 87 . 9 1 .3 : 1 vol. sl. s .
332 1 . 901 10 . decomp. sl. 8 . CS2, al.
333 2 .2 178 . explodes 8 . CS2
334 22 . 48 2500 .
3351 . . . . . . . . V. S. S . HCI; s . al.
336 .. .. ... 20 . 100 . . 8 . alk .; s. al.
337 1. a .
338 1 . 653 98 . 4 .9 120 . S . al.
3391 0 . 00143 - 230 . - 181. 4 1 4 . 1 vol.
340 1 .658 D 1 - 270 . - 119 . | 0 . 88
341 11 . 4 1900 . white heat S. HCI; B.
HNO3
342 decomp. . . . . S. S . HCI
343 1 . 78 - 35 . 110 . expl. s.
344 . . . . 133 . decomp .
အဲ ကံ
345
346 1 . 88 40 . 5 213 . decomp. 8 . al.
347 61. appr . 1 v . s. V . s. V .S.
348 1 . 836 44 . 2 290 . S . CS2
349 2 . 16 290 . 1. CS2
350 2 . 34 11. 1. CS2
351 ) 1 .65 (200) 70 . 200 . decomp. v . 8. v . s.
352 148 . sublimes decomp . decomp. decomp.; 1.
CS2
353 1 .6129 . . . . . . . 76 . decomp. decomp. s . CS2
3541 275 . 530 . decomp . decomp. by al.
S . CS2
355 2 . 387 sublimes decomp.
356 ) 1 . 936 22 . 5 173 . decomp .
357 1 . 17 D - 133 . - 85 . sl. s .
358 1 . 01 - 10 . 30 .
359 . . . . . . . . .. 175 . decomp. i.
360 2 . 431 . . . . . V . 8.
decomp. . . . . . . . . . s . al.
361 8.
33

wt. and color .
362 Platintc hydroxide . . Pt (OH ) 4 . 262 . 8 brown . .

363 oxide PtO2 . . . 226 . 8 black . . . . .
364 sulphide. . . . . . . . . . PtS2 . . 258 . 9 black . . . . .
365 Platinous chloride.. PtCl2 . . . . . . 265 . 7 gray . . . .
366 hydroxide . . . . . . . Pt (OH ) 2 . . . 228 . 8 black . . . .
367 oxide . . Pto . . . . . 210 . 8 ! gray . . .
368 sulphide. . . . . Pis . . . . . 226 . 8 black . . . . .
369 Platinum . . . . . Pt. . . . . . 194 .81
370 Potassium . . . . . K .. . 39 . 15 tetragonal, white
371 Potassium acetate . . KC2H300 98 . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372 alum . . K2SO4 + Al2 (SO4) 3 + 24H2O 949 . 2 regular . . . . .
373 aluminate . . . . . K2A1204 196 . 5 .. .. .. .. ..
374 antimonate . . . . KSb03. . . . . . . . . . . . 207 . 2
375 arsenate . . . . . K2ASO4. . . . . 256 . 5 needies . . . . .
376 arsenite , sec . . KHASO3. . . 202 . 3
377 bichromate . . . K2Cr2O7. . . . 294 . 5 triclinic , red . .
378 bromate . . KBrO3. . . . 167 . 1
379 bromide . . . . . KBr . . . . . . 119 . 1 regular . . . . . .
380 carbonate, prim . . . KHCO3.. . 100 . 2 monoclinic . . . . ..

381 carbonate , sec . . . . . K2CO3 . . . . 138 . 3 monoclinic . . . . .
382 chlorate . . KCIO3 . . . . 122 . 6 monoclinic . . .
383 chloride . . . . . . KCI. . 74 . 6 regular . . . . . . .
381 chromate . . . . . . . . . K2CrO4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 . 4 | rhombic , yellow .

385 chrome alum . . . . . . K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4) 3 + 241120 999 . 2 regular, red . . . . .
386 coalt nitrite . . . . . 6KV2. C02 (NO ) 6. . . . . . 905 . 4 yellow prisms. . . .
387 cyanate . . . . . .. KCNO . . . . 81 . 2 blue needles . . . . . ..
388, ( yanide . . . . . . KON . . . 65 . 2 regular . . . . . . . . . . . .
389 ferricyanide . . . . . . . KoFe (CN ) 12 .. . . . . . . . . . . 659 . 4 monoclinic, red . . . . .
390 , ferrocyani le . . . . . . KiFe(CN) : + 31 . 0 . . . . . . 422. 9 monoclinic , yellow . .
391 gold ( yanide ( ic) .. ' Au (CN) 3 K (CN) 2 + H20 . 358 . 5 colorless . . . . . . . . . . .
392 gold cyanide (ous ) . Au (CN ) . K (CN ) . . 288 . 4 | rhombic, colorless. . .
393 hydroxide . . . . . . . . 1 0 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . 2 | rhombohedric . . . . . .
394 hypochlorite . . KCIO 90 . 6

395 hypophosphite . KH2PO2 . . 104 . 2 hexagonal. . . . .
396 dodate . . . . KIO3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 . regular . . .
397 iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . K I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 . regular . . . . . . . . . . . .
398 magnesium chlor - MgCl2 + KCI + 6H2O . . . . 278 . hexagonal, colorless .
ide
399 manganate . . . KMnO4. . . . 197 . 3 rhombic, gray, black
400 nitrate . . . . KNO3. . . . . . 101 2 rhombie . . . .
401 nitrite . . . . . . KNO2 85 . 2 . ..
402 oxalate . . . . K ( C204) . 120 . . . 184 . 2 yellowish plates. . . . .
403 oxide .. .0 .. . . . . . . . . . 94 . 3
404 perchlorate . . KCIO : . . . . . . . . 138 . 6 rhombic . . . . .
405 permanganate . . . . . KMnO4. . . 158 . 2 | rhombic, black , red .
406 peroxide. . . . . . . . . . K204. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142. 3 yellow . . .
407 persulphate . . . . . . . K2S208. . . 270 . 4 triclinic . . . . . .

408 phosphate (norm .) K3PO4. . . . . . .. 212 . 5 rhombie . . . . .
409 phosphate (sec.) . . K2HPO4 . . . . . 174 . 3 . . . . .. . . .. . .. .
410 phosphate (prim .) KH . P04. . . . . . 136 . 2 tetragonal . . . . . . .
411 platinum chloride K2PtClo . . . . . 485 . 8 regular , yellow . . . . .
(IC )
412 platinum chloride K2PtC14 . . . . . 414 . 9 tetragonal, red . . . . .
(ous) .
413 platinum cyanide.. K2Pt (CN ) 4 + 3120 . 431.3 , rhombic, yellow . . . .
414 pyrophosphate . . . . KP20 ; + 3H20 . . 384 . 7 i . . . . ! ! !
34
Sp . gr. Melting Boiling
D . air 1 Deg . C . Deg . c . Cold water. Hot water. Alcohol, acids,
etc .
362 s. a .; S. KOH
363
364 7 . 224 decomp . s . HCI, HNO :
365 5 . 87 decomp. s . FCI
366 S . HCI
.
367 decomp.
.
368 1. a .
369 21. 1 -21. 7 1745 8 . aq . reg .
370 0 . 86 62 . 5 720 . decomp. decomp. decomp. by al.
371 188 . 492 . al. 33
372 1 . 73 92 . red heat 9 .5 357 .
373 s .
374 . . . . . . . . decomp.
375 18 . 87 V . s. s . al. 4
376 . . .. . V. S. V. s.
377 2 .69 decomp. at red beat 12 . 4 (209) 94 . 1 . al.
378 3 . 271 decomp . 6 . 667 49 . 75 sl. s . al.
379 2 .681 750 . subl. white 64 . 4 100 . S . al.
heat
380 2 . 25 decomp. 25 . (59) 59 . (599) a1. 0 .0833 (hot)
381 2.3 1045 . 109 . 156 . 1. al.
382 2 . 326 334 . decomp. 6 . 25 50 . al. 0 . 833
383 1 . 995 790 . subl. white 32 . 56 . 6 al. 0 . 5
heat
384 2 .7 red heat 50 . 60 . 1. al.
385 1 . 83 400 . 20 . 50 . 1. al.
386 sl. s . sl. s . 1. al.
387 2 .048 s . al.
388 ) 1 . 54 red heat v. s. decomp. sl. s . al.
389 1. 861 140 . 80 . 1. al.
390 2 . 05 28 . 100 . 1 . al.
391 s. $ . 1. al.
392 14 . 3 200 .
393 2 . 014 red heat subl. white 200 . V . s. 8 . al.
heat
394 decomp. V. s. v . s.
395 decomp.
396 3 . 98 560 . 8 . (209) 32 . (100 )
397 3 . 06 705 . 128 . 209 . | al. 14.28
398 1 .613 red heat 64 . 5 (189) decomp.
399 s. decomp. s . alk .

400 2 . 078 339 . decomp . 25 . 247 . 1 . al.
401 V . S. 8 . al.
402 2 .08 decomp. 33 .
403 2 . 56 v s.
. v . s. V . S . al.
404 2 . 54 610 . 1 . 667 18 . 18 1 . al.
405 2 . 71 decomp . 6 . 45 V . S. decomp.
406 red heat decomp. white heat decomp. by
decomp . al.
407 . . decomp. 1 . 76 decomp.
408 .. . .. . S. 1. al.
409 .. . . . decomp. v . s. V . S. V . s . al.
410 2.3 decomp. V. 8. I. al.
411 3 . 344 decomp. 0 . 92 5 263 1 :42600 al.
412 3 . 3 (20 ) . . . . . . . . . S. 1 . al.
413 2 . 52 100 decomp. at red heat S. 8. al. ; s . H2SO4

414 2 . 33 v . s.
35
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PAYSICS

Name. Formula .
wt. and color.
415 ) Potassium pyrosul- | K2S2O7 . . . . . . . . . 254 . 4 . . . . . . . . .

phate
416 ) silver cyanide . . . Ag (CN ) . K (CN ) 199 . 2 white .
417 silicate K2S103 154 . 7
418 silicofluoride . . . . . . K2S ( F . . . . . . 220 . 7 regular . . . .
419 sulphate, norm . . . . K2SO4. . . 174 . 4 rhombiС . . . . . . . . . .
420 sulphate, prim . . . KHSO4. . . . . . 136 . 2 rhombic . . .

421 sulphide. . . . . . . . . . K2S . 110 . 4 red .
422 sulphite, norm . . . . K2SO3 + 2H20 . . 194 . 4 rhombic . .
423 sulphite, prim . . . . . KHSO3. . 120 . 2
424 sulphocyanate . . . . KCNS . . . . 97 . 3 . . . . . . . . .
425 tri-lodide . . . . . KI3 . . . . . . 419 . 7 prisms. . . . . .
426 Rubidium . . Rb . . . . . . . . . 85 . 4 white .
1271
Rubidium carbonate Rb2CO3. . . . . 230 . 8 colorless
428 chloride . . . . . . . . . . RbCI. 120 . 9 regular, celorless . . .
429 hydroxide . . . . . . . . Rb (OH ) . . . . . . 102 . 4 white. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
430 nitrate . . . RENO3. . . 147 . 4 needles . . . . . . . . . . . .

431 sulphate . . . . . Rb2SO4. . . 266 . 9 colorless , rhombic . . .
432 Silicon SI. . . . . . . 28 . 4
433 Sillson carbide.. . . SIC . . . . . 40 . 4 rhombic . .
434 chloride . . . . . . SIC ' 14 . 170 . 2
435 fluoride . . . . . . SIFA. . . . . . 104 .. 4
4361 hydride . . . . . . . . SIH4. . . . . . . . . 32 . 4
4371 trichloride S12C16 . . . . . . . 269 . 5 white . . . . . . . . . .

438 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ag . 107 . 9 regular, white . . .
439 Silver arsenate . . Ag3ASO4 . . . 462 . 8 i red . . . . . . . . . . . .
440 arsenite . . . . . . . . . . . Ag3ASO3 . . . . 446 . 8 yellow . . . . . . . . .
441 bromide . . . . . . . . . . AgBr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 187 . 9 regular, yellow . .

442 chloride . . . . . . . . . . AgCl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 . 4 regular , white . . . .
443 cyanide . . . . . . . . . . Ag (CN ) . . . . . 134 . white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

441 jodide . . . . . . . . . . . AgI . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 . 8 hexagonal, yellow . . .
445 nitrate . . . . . . . . . . AgNO3. . .. .. . . . 170 . rhombic . . . . . . . . . . .
446 nitrite. . . . . . . . . . . AgNO2 . . . 154 . white crystals . . . . . .
447 oxide . . .. .. . . . . . . . . Ag20 . . . . . 231 . 9 black . . . . . . . . . .

448 peroxide . . . . . . . . . . Ag202 . . . . 247 . 9 regular, black . . . . . .
449 phosphate, norm .. . | Ag3PO4. . . 418 . 8 . yellow . .
450 sulphate . . . Ag2SO4. . . 311 . 9 rhombic . . . . . .
451 sulphide. . . . . . . . . .. Ag2S . . . . . . . . . . 247 . 9 regular, gray or black
452 thiosulphate . . . . . . ' Ag:S203. . . . .. 327 . white .
453 . Sodium . . . Na . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . 05 tetragonal, white . . .
454 Sodium acetate . . . . . Na (CH302) 3120 , . . . . . 136 . 7 monoclinic prisms. . .
455 alum . . . . . . . . . . . . . Al2 (SO4) 3. Na2SO4 + 24H : 0 917 . regular . . . . . . . . . . . .
456 aluminate . . . . . . . . Na2Al2O4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 . 3 . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .
457 aluminum chloride.' Al2C16 + 2NaCl.. . . . . 383 . 9 colorless . . . .
458 ammonium phos- NH4.NaHPO4 + 4H20 . . . 209. 2 monoclinic, colorless
phate
459 antimonate, pyro - . Na2H2Sb207 + H20 . . . . . . 418 . 1
460 arsenate . . . . . . . Na2HASO4 + 12H20 . . 402 . 4
461 arsenite . . . . . . Na2H ASO3 . 170 . 1
462 bichromate . . Na2Cr207 + 2H20 .. . . 289 . 3 triclinic, red . . . .
463 borate, Borax . . . . . ' Na2B407 + 10H20 . . . 382 . 3 monoclinic . . . .
464 bromide. . . . . . . . . . NaBr ( + 2 H20 ) . . . . . 103 . monoclinic . . . .
465 carbonate . . . . . . . . . Na2CO3 + 10H20 . . . . . . . . 286 . 3 / monoclinic . . . . .
36
Sp . rg . Melting Bolling
D . air 1 Deg . C . Deg . C . Cold water . Hot water . Alcohol, acids.
etc .
415 2 . 27 decomp.
416 ... . .. . . 12 . 5 100 . al. 4
417 . . . . . . . . S .
418 2 . 66 decomp. at red heat 0 . 1265 1. al.

419 2 .648 1050 . subllmes 8 . 5 (0 ) 1. al.
420 2 . 163 197 . decomp. V . 8.
421 2 . 13 V . S.
8 . al.
4221 . . . . . 100 . 1. al.
423 190 decomp. S. 1. al.
424 1 . 886 - 161. V. S. 8 . al.
425 3 . 498 45 . decomp.
8. KI sol.
426 1 . 52 38 . 5 red heat decomp .
427 837 . I v . s.
2. 2 red heat 82 . 9
below red 1 . 18 (259) 11.76 s . al.
1301 . . . . . .
heat
. . .. . .. . . 20 . 1 (0°) 43. 5 ( 109) v . s. HNO:
431 42 . 4 ( 109)
432 2 .49 white heat s . HF : HNO
433 3 . 22 (159) 1. a .
434 1 .523 - 89 . 56 . 5 decomp.
435 3 . 57 D - 97 . - 77 . decomp.
436 - 200 . - 11 . 50
(50 atm .)
4371 1. 58 240 . 146 . - 148 . decomp. decomp.
438 10 . 47 962 . white heat 8 . HNO3
439
440 8. HNO3; s.
NH3
441 6 . 39 426 . 700
442 5 . 501 460 . 9. NH3, KCN,
conc. HCI
443 3 . 99 8 . NH3, KCN
444 5 .687 556 . sl. s . NH3, s .
conc. KI
445 ) 4 . 35 208 . 6 decomp. 122. (09)
red heat
446 .. . .. decomp.
red heat
sl. s . 8 . 8 . NH3
447 7. 2 250 . decomp. 0 .333 S . HNO3
4481 . . . . . . . . B. HNO3, NHA
449 7 . 32 red heat 8 . alk , and a .
450 5 .41 0 .5 1 . 45 V . s . ammonia
451] 7 . 24 11.
1. NH3
452 . . . . . decomp. sl . s. S . NH3
453 0 . 973 95 . 6 742 . decomp. decomp. decomp.
454 1.4 58 . 26 . 200 . 8 . al.
455 1 .6 50 . 110 . V . s.
456 IS. S.
457 185 . red heat
458 1 . 55 decomp. 16 . | 100 . 1. al.
459 sl. s. sl. s . sl. s. al.

460 1 . 67 28 . V . S. al. 1 . 8
461 1 . 87 v . s. v . s.
462 2 .52 (169) 320 . 400 . 107 . (0 ) 163 .
463 1 .69 red heat . 6 . 200 . | 1. al.
464 3.1 712 . 75 . 112 . sl. s. al.
465 ) 1 .45 34 . 106 . 92 . 8 539 . 6 | 1. al.
37

wt. and color .
466 Sodium carbonate . . Na2CO3 . .. . 106 . 1

467 carbonate, prim . . . NaHCO3.. 84 . 1 monoclinic . . . . . . . . .
468 chlorate . . . . . NaClO3. . . . . . 106 . 5 regular . . . . . . . . .
469 chloride . . . . NaCl. . . . . . . 58 . 5 regular . . . . . .
470 chromate . . . Na2Cr04 + 10H20 . 342 . 4 monoclinic , yellow . .
471 hydrate . . . . NaOH . . . . . . . 40 . 1
472 hypochlorite . . . NaOCI. . . 74 . 5

473
A7 hypophosphlte . . . Nall2PO2 + H20 . 106 . 1
4 nitrate . . . . . . . NaNO3. . 85 . 1 rhombohedric . . .
475 nitrite . . . . . . NaNO2. . . . . 69 . 1
476 oxide . . . . . Na20 . . . . . 62 . 1
477 perchlorate . . . NaClO4.. . . . 122 . 5 rhombohedric , color
478 less
permanganate . . . . . NaMnO4.. . . 142 . 1 red . . . . . . . .
479 phosphate, meta - . . NaPO3 . 102 . 1 white . . . . . .
480 phosphate, norm . . Na3PO4 + 12H20 . . . 380 . 4 hexagonal. . . .
481 phosphate, prim . . . ! NaH2PO4 + H20 . . . 138 . 1 rhombic . . . . .
482 phosphate, pyro . . . Na4P207 + 10H20 . . 446 . 4 monoclinic . . .
483 phosphate, sec . . . . Na2HIPO4 + 12H20 . . 358 . 4 monoclinic . . . .
484 phosphite. . . . . . . . . Na2HPO3 + 51120 . . 216 . 2 rhombohedric . .
485 platinum chloride . . Na PtCl6 + 6H20 . . 561. 7 triclinic , red . . . .
486 silicate Va S103 . . . . . . . . . 122. 5 monoclinic . .
487 sulphate . . . . . . Na2SO4 + 10H20 . . 322 . 4 monoclinic . . . . .
488 sulphate , prim .. . . . NaTISO4 + H20 . 138 . 1 monoclinic . . . . . .
489 sulphide .. . Na2S ( + 91120 ) . . . . 240 . 3 crystals . . . . . . .
490 sulphite . . . . . . Na2SO3 + 7H20 . 252 . 3 monoclinic . . . . .
491 superoxide. . . . Wa :02. . . . . . . . . . 78 . white , yellow . . . .
492 thiosulphate . . Na2S2O3 + 5H20 . . 248 . 3 monoclinic . . .
493 Stannic acid . . . . . . H n0i. . . . . . . . 186 . 5 white . . . . . . .
chloride . . . . . Sn ( '14 . . . . . 260 . 3
495 oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . SnO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . 5 tetragonal, amor
phous, whlte .
496 Stannlc sulphide.. . . SnS2 . . .. . .. 182 . 5 hexagonal, yellow . . .
497 Stannous chloride. . . Sn ( '12 + 2H20 . . . . 225 . 4 triclinic. . . .
498 oxide . . . . . . Sno . . . . . . . . . . 131 . 5 regular . . . .
499 sulphide . . . . Sns . . . . . 150 . 5 gray . . . . . .
500 Strontium . . . Sr . . . . . . . 87 . 6 yellow . . . . . .
501 Strontium carbonate SrCO3. . 147 . 9 rhombic . . . . .
502 chloride . . . . . . . . SrC12 --61120 266 . 5 hexagonal . . . . .
503 hydroxide . . . . Sr (OTT)2 + 8H20 .. 265 . 7 ! tetragonal. . . .
504 nitrate . . . . . Sr (NO3) 2 . . . . . . 211 . 6 regular . . . . .
505 oxide . . . . . Sro . . . . . . . . .. 103 . 5 rhomblc . . . .
506 peroxide ..... Sr02 + 81120 . . . 263 . 7 crystals . . . . .
507 sulphate . . . . . . SrS04. . . . . . . . 183 . 6 rhombic . . . . .
508 Sulphur amorphous 32 .06
509 Sulphur , octahedral . S . . . . . . 32 . 06 rhombic, yellow . . . .
510 Sulphur, prismatic . . 32 . 06 monoclinic . . .

511 Sulphur chloride. . . . SC12. . . . 103 . brown . . . . . .
512 dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . SO2 . . . . . . 64 . 1
513 Sulphuric acid , conc. H2SO4 (99 . 5 % ) . . 98 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
514 Sulphuric acid , an H2SO4 98 . 1
hydrous
515 Sulphuric acid , pyro - H2S207. . . 178. 1 prisms. . . . . .
516 Sulphur subchloride . S2Cl2 . . . . . 135 . yellow . . . . .
517 trioxide . . . . . . . . . . SO3. . . . . . .. 80 .11white needles . . . . .
518 ) Tantalum . . . . . . . . Ta . . . . . . . 181 . I gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Sp . gr . Melting Bolling
D . alr 1 Deg . C . Deg . c . Cold water . Hot water . Alcohol, acids,
etc .
466 2 .5 849 . 21 . 4 45 . 1. al.

467 2.2 decomp. 8. decomp. I. al.
468 2 . 29 302 . decomp . 100 . 333 . (120 )
469 2 . 13 820 . white heat 35 . 39 . 5
470 2 .71 23 . 1 s.
4711 2 . 13 below red 160 . 250 .
heat
472 . . . . . . . • s.
473 . . . . . . . . S .
80 .
474 2 . 26 330 . 200 . s . al.
475 .. . . .. .. 213 . 83 . V . s. 1 . al.
476 2 . 805 red heat sublimes decomp. decomp. by al.
477 decomp. V .S.
478 . . . . . . . . decomp.
479 2 . 476 617 . 1.
480 1 . 62 0 .
481 2 . 04 200 . decomp. s.
482 1. 8 76 . 7 5 . 4 (0°) 93 .
483 1 . 525 38 . 96 .
484 53 . s.
485 2 . 499 | v . s. v. s .
486 S. s.
487 1 . 48 12 . 16 412 . (34 ) 1. al.
488 1.8 300 . v. s. | v. . 1. al.
489 | s. s . al.
490 1 . 56 decomp. 25 . 100 . 1. al .
491 s . decomp. decomp.
492 1 . 73 48 . 220 . decomp. 102 . (16°) 171. (45°) I. al.
493 1. HNO3
494 2 . 27 - 29 . 120 . S ., decomp. S . CS2
with much H : 0
s . alk . ; 1. a .
496 4 .5 red heat . . . . . . . 8 . al.
decomp.
497 2 .71 40 . 606 . 665 . s. al.
498 ) 6 . 11 decomp. red heat s. NHACI
499 4 . 97 red heat S . HCI
5001 2 . 542 800 . 1000 . decomp. decomp.
501 3 .62 decomp. at red heat 0 . 0056
502 ) 1 . 603 854 . 100 . 44 . (0°) 117 . (1189) al. 4 . 6
503 ) 1 . 396 100 . . . . . . . . 2 . (109) 41. ( 100°)
504 | 2 . 962 570 . . . . . . . . . 40 . (0°) 103 . ( 108 ) sl. s. al.
505 4 . 75 0 . 35 (0 ) 21 .
506 decomp. red heat sl. s .
597 3 . 71- 3 . 95 0 . 0145 (0°) 0 . 01 ( 100°) sl. a .
508 2 . 046 120 . 1. CS2
509 2 . 07 114 . - 115 . 449 . 4 sl. S . al.; S.
CS2
510 1 . 957 120 . 448 . 4 S . CS2
511 ) 1 .62 .. .. .. .. . 70 . decomp. decomp . decomp.
512 2 . 23 D - 79 . - 8 . 688 . vol. 170 . vol. al. 328 . vol.
513 1 . 854 s. a . p . s. a . p .
514 ] 1 .842 10 . 5 40 . S. a. p. S. a . p .
515 1 . 89 35 . decomp . decomp. decomp.

516 1 . 706 138 . sl, decomp. decomp. s. CS2
517 ) 1 . 954 14 . 8 46 . decomp . decomp.
518116 . 5 2300
39
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP
Name. Mol. Crystalline form

Formula . wt. and color .
519 Tantalum chloride. . TaCl . . . . . 358 . 25 yellow . . .

520 oxide. . . . . . . . . . . Ta205 . . . . . . . . . 442 . 1 white.. . .
521 | Tellurlum . . . . . . . . . . Te . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 . 5 white, gray . . . . .
522 Telluric acid . . . H2TeO4 + 2H20 . . . . 229 . 1 hexagonal. . . . . . . . . .
523 oxide
de .. . . . . . . . . Te03. 175 . yellow crystals . . .
524 Tellurous acid . . . . H2TeO3.. . . . 177 . white . .
525 oxide . . . . . . . . . . TeOn. . . . . . 159 . regular , yellow
526 Thallium . . . . . . . . TI. . . . . 2041 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
527 chloride (Ic) . . . . TICl3 + H20 328 . 5 1.. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .
528 chloride (ous) . . . . TICI. . . . . . 239 . 6 regular, white . . . .
529 ) hydroxide (ous) . TIOH . . . . 221 . 1
530 oxide (ic ) . . . Tl2O3. . . . . 456 . 2 black , hexagonal.. . .
531 oxide (ous) . . . . . . .
T120 . . . . . 424 . 1 black . . . . . .
532 ) nitrate (ous) TINO3. . . 266 . 1 rhombic .
533 ) sulphate (ous) . . . . Tl2SO4. . . . . 504 . 2 rhombic . . . .
534 sulphide (ous) . . . . Tl2s . . . . . . . 440 .21brown. . . . . . . . . . . . .
535 | Thorium nitrate . . . . Th (NO3) 4 . . . . 480 . 7
536 oxide . . . . . . ThO2.. 264 . 5 regular, amorphous,
white
537 | Tin . . . . . . . Sn . . . . . 118 . 5 white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
538 Titanium . . TI . | 47 . 74 gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
539 tetrachloride . . . TIC14 . . . . 189 . 9
540 oxide TIO2 . 80 . 1 tetragonal, rhombic .
541 Tungsten . . . .. W . . .. .. 184 . tetragonal, gray,
white
542 Tungsten dioxide . . . WO2 . . . . . . . . . 216 . brown . . . . . . . . . . . . .
543 hexachloride . . . WC16 . . . . 396 . 7 black . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

544 trioxide . . . . . . WO3. . . . . 232 . rhombic , yellow . . . .
545 Uranium . . . . . . . U .. . . . . . . . . 239 . 5 . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . .
546 Uranyl chloride. . . UO2C12 . . . . . . . . . . . 342 . 4 red , brown . . . . .
547 nitrate . . . . . . . . UO : (NO3) 2 + 6H20 . . 503 . 7 yellow crystals . . . . .
548 ) Vanadium . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 . 2 crystals . . .
549 Vanadium chloride. . VCl2. . . 122 . 1 hexagonal, yellow . . .
550 dioxide. . . . . . . V202 . . . . . 134 . 4 gray powder . . . . .
551 pentoxide. . . . . . . . . V205. . 182 . 4 rhombic , red . . . . . . .
552 trioxide . . . . . . V 203. . . . . . . . . 150 . 4 black . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
553 Yttrium oxide. . . Y203. . 226 . white crystals . . . .

551 nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . Y (NO3) 3 + 6H2O . 383 . . colorless . . . .
555 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . Zn . . . 65 . 4 hexagonal, white . . . .
556 Zinc carbonate . . . ZnCO3 + H20 . . . 143 . 4 | rhombohedric . . .
557 chloride ZnCl2 . . . . . . . . 136 . 3
558 hyd rate . . . . . . . . . Zn (OH ) 2. . . . . . . . 99 . 4 rhombic . . . . .
559 nitrate . . . Zn (NO3) 2 + 6H2O . . . 297 . 6 tetragonal. .
560 orthophosphate . . Zn3(PO4) 2 . . . . . . . 386 . 2 prisms. . . . . .
561 oxide . Zno . . 814 white . . . . . . .
562 sulphate . . . . . . . . ZnSO4 + 7H20 . . . 287 . 6 rhombic . . . . .
563 sulphide
sul .. . . . . . . . . Zns . . 97 . 5 regular . . . . . .
564 Zirconium oxide . . . . O2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 122 . 7 | tetragonal. . .
Sp. gr. Melting Bolling
D . air 1 Deg. C . Deg . c . Cold water. Hot water. Alcohol, acids,
etc .
519 12 . 8 D 221 . 241 . 6 decomp. s . al.

520 7.5 8 . KHSO4
521 6 . 26 450 . 1390 . 8 . H2SO4
522 . .. . . decomp. 160 .
red heat
523 decomp. red heat
524 40. decotop . sl. s . decomp.
525 5 .9 red heat 700 .appr .
526 11 . 862 296 white heat . HNO3
527! . . . . . . . 100 . decomp. V . s. decomp.
528 7 . 02 0 . 265 (16 ) 1 . 427 1. HCI, al. ,
529 . .. . . . . . 100 . decomp.
530 5 . 56 (0°) S. HCI
531 300 .
532 5 . 55 205 . 10 .67 ( 189) 508 2 ( 108 ) 1. al.
533 6 .603 red heat 4 . 8 ( 18 ) 19 . 3 ( 100 )
534 8 . decomp. 1. alk . ; s. a .
535 ) 8 . al.
536 9 .8 s . conc. H2SO4
537 7 . 29 231 . white heat s. a .

538 3.5 S . HCI
539 1. 76 - 25 . 136 . decomp.
540 3 . 9 -4 . 3
541 19 . 13 above 1900 . .. .. . S. HNO3: 1.
.. HCI, H2S04
542 12 . 1 sl. 8 . a .; S.
KOH
543 275 . 346 . S. CS2
544 7 . 16 red heat s. alk .
515 18 .68 white heat s. a.
5461 . . . . . . s. al.
547 2.8 59 . 5 200 . V . S . al.
548 5 .5 1680 . s . HNO3, conc .
H2SO4
519 3 .23 s . al.
550 3 .64 S. a .
551 3 . 35 1 :1000 s . a . ; s . alk .
552 4 .72 S . HNO3; 1.
alk .
553 5 .046 s. a .
554 170 . . . . . . . . . . s . al. and
ether
555 6 . 86 - 7 . 21 419 . 930 . decomp . s. a .
556 4 . 3 - 4 .5 1. al.
557 2 . 753 100 . 730 . 300 v . s. s . al.
558 2 . 877 decomp. 1. s . al. , 8 . a .
5591 . . . . . . . . 105 . . . . . . . . . . VV .. s. s . al.
560 3 . 99 red heat
561 5 .61 1 : 100000
562 1 . 95 100 . red heat 135 . 655 .
563 3 .5
564 5 .45 .. ... . .. . | S . conc. H2SO4
41
ARRANGEMENT
PERIODIC
ELEMENTS
THE
-OF
R
M1911
ENDELEJEFFS
)( EVISED
TO
ZERO VII
GVI
.VLIV
GROUP
III
GROUP
II ROUP
I ROUP
GROUPI GROUP
VIII
GROUP R-R20
RHA
RO
,–R 2O3
RH3°°R
RH OZRH 2O3 .
RO
O SERIES
Hydrogen
.01H= 08
1Lithium
H
Glucinum Ni
Catr
rbog
onen Fluorine
Oxygen
elium Boron
=3.9
He9 Li
=6.9 4
)(Beryllium 10
1|.0=0F0N1.C=1B0946021
9.1=Gl
Neon
Sulphur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesiu
Phosphor
Aluminu m
Silicon mus
Al
2.1!S Ne
=3
N
0Cl
334Mg 2
S.P=37608240357i
1a
Potassiu
Argon m Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium |Chromium Iron
Manganese Cobalt Nickel
4 4Ca
.0 0
1K.=3A 48099
481=Se .1Ti
=48 .0V=561 95.=0M
|C324rn 6.Ni 8Fe
=59Co85758
)(Cu
Copper Zinc Selenium
Bromine
Arsenic
Gallium
Germanium
5A
79G
6
Ga7
6.9=B
2Se Zn
3
Cu
5 9
7r
3
69524s
e
Krypton Strontiu
Rubidiumm Yttrium
Zirconium Columbium Molybdenum Rhodium
Ruthenium Palladium
869Z
.6 Kr
4R
Sr
0Y=8 rb
057529
3 =96
)(Niobium.0Mo 1Ru
=.7R
9P 01
h
06
02
d
=93
5.Cb )(Ag
Cadmium
Indium
Silver Tin Iodine y
Tellurium
Antimon
1T
1.0|I2=/S84Cd
Ag 19
0820
07
12
59n1426 e
2bn27
Pr
N
- eo eodym
asdy
Xenon Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium mium
15H39
P,.0|=1L3B82CXe 30
37
40 ium =144
3.Nd
=1e732
6.Pr a40
Samarium Terbium
Gadolinium Erbium
41.Sa
= 50 .3Gd
2=1T57
59
b =167
4.Er
Ytterbium
Thulium (Neoytter Tungsten
Tantalum Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
51.Tm
= 68 )
bium 0=.W 84
1Ta 81 95
1I.2=P9Os93
t
r90
0=172
.Yb )(Au
Gold
Mercury
Thalium Lead Bismuth
Au
2H
1008
0.21|T
=P
Bi 00
04
07
97
Ig
b
Radium Thorium Uranium
4=2.Ra
26 .0Th
=232 5.U=238
SEPARATION OF THE METALS INTO GROUPS
SEPARATION T IE MET
(From H . A . Noyes' Qualitative Analysis, by permission .)

Outline of the process
Solution containing all themetals: add HCl.
Filtrate : add H2S.
Precipitate :
AgCl, HgCI,
Precipitate: Filtrate: add N HOHand (NH4)2S .
PbCl2.
HgS, PbS, B12Ss, Cds,
Precipitate : Filtrate :
CuS, As2S3, Sb2S3, Sns,
AlO3H3 add (NH4)2CO3.
SnS2. Add (NH4)2Sx.
CrOzHz
Precipitate : Filtrate :
Residue: CoS, Nis,
Solution :
BaCO3, Mg. K and
HgS, PbS, (NH4)2Assa ! Fes ,Zns,
SrCO3, Na salts .
BizSs, Cds, (NH4)2Sbs, Mns.
CaCO3
| Cus. | (NH4)2SnSs.
PRECIPITATION AND SEPARATION OF LEAD , SILVER AND

MERCUROUS MERCURY
Precipitate : AgCl, HgCI, PbCl2 add hot water
Residue : AgCl, HgCl. add NH4OH . Solution : PbCl2
Residue: Solution : add HNO3 add H2SO4 add H2S
NH HgCl to one part to another
Precipitate : AgCl.
Hg, Precipitate : Precipitate :
PbSO4 Pbs .
43
SEPARATION OF MERCURY, LEAD , BISMUTH , CADMIUM
AND COPPER
Precipitate: HgS, PbS, BizSs, Cds, CuS. Boil with H NOs.
Residue: Hgs. Solution: add H2SO ..
Dissolve in HCI
Precipitate: Filtrate :add NHOH .
and KCIO3; add
SnCl2. PbSO , Precipitate : Filtrate: add KCN and H2S.
Precipitate: HgCI B103Hs.
Precipitate : Solution :
Dissolve in HCI,
Cds. KCN.CuCN
and add to H20 .
Precipitate :
Bioci.
SEPARATION OF ARSENIC , ANTIMONY AND TIN

Precipitate : A92S5, Sb2S5, SnS2. Add strong HCl.
Residue: As2S6. Solution : SbCls, SnCly (and small amount of H :AsO4) .
Dissolve in HCl and Place in hydrogen generator .
KCIO3; add NH,OH ,
NH4Cl, and MgCl2. Residue: Sn. Gas evolved : SbH : (and AsHs).
Dissolve in strong Pass through a hot tube.
Precipitate : HCland add HgCl2.
Deposit: Sb (and As).
MgNH ,AsOs.
Precipitate : Treat with Naoci.
HgCl.
Residue: Sb . Solution : (H3A8O ,).
SEPARATION OF NICKEL AND COBALT
Precipitate: A103Hz, CrOzH3, COS, Nis , FeS, MnS, ZnS , ( Ba3(PO4)2, Sr3 (PO4)2,
Cas (PO4)2, MgNH4P04). Treat with dilute HCl.
Residue: CoS, NIS (FeS in small amount) . Dissolve in aqua Solution ,
regia and add NHOH .
Precipitate : Filtrate :expel N Hesalts , add KNO2and

HC2H302.
FeO3H3
Precipitate : Solution : add Naon .
CO (NO2)2. 3KNO2. Precipitate : N102Hz.
Test in borax bead.
44
CINC
ALUMINUM
OF
SEPARATION
M
IRON
,Z HROMIUM
ANGANESE
process
the
of
Outline
:AlCl3
,HMCSBZFSolution
rCla
rCls
nCl2
aCl2
eCl2
aCla
gCl2
3PO
nCl
Bacon
HNOs
with
.the
H2SO4 dd
rest
art
oil
,apoil
|BFeCls
to
alcohol
and
Add
.apart ,
HNO
with
(N
.)2andH
Filtrate
O
NH H
lO3H3
eO3H3
,:Sdd
AAFPrecipitate
add
and
:F.iltcip
Pre e te
ratita ,FePO4
).(BCrOzHz
aCO3
(CN
).KiFe :Mns
.,ZPrecipitate
nS Fil
. trate
.R,BaS
ejeOs
ct H2SO4
.add
and
HCl
in
Dissolve
HCl
in
Add
2N H4
)(Dissolve
CO3
and
,Srsos
Precipitate
:Precipitate Filtrate .
NaOH
add .):C0(N4H1
.
Caso
Add
boil
and
Ferric
.NaOH
BaSO4
with
Fuse .
:Precipitate Filtrate Precipitate
:/ Filtrate
.
.ferrocyanide
Na2CO3
; nO2Hz . S
H
dd ,BaCO3 Add
FM:1.iltrate
Precipitate
45
.
water
add Fuse
HCldd
FeO3
,awith
H3 .NSrCO3
, a2HPOS
:
Precipitate
NagCO3
.and
Ca , CO3
:
Residue CrOzH3 .
Zns Prec
.
CaC204 : ipitate
,
BaCO3 OH
NH
with
.Fuse
NagMDO PO
.MgNH
SrCO3 :
NazCO .
Reject
,
. ed
|P: recipitate form
.CaCO3 .KCIO3
and
.
Hz
AlO3
.
HNO3
Add
Na2Cros
:
Solution
(NO3
2,)Ba .
formed
(NO3
)2,Sr
)Ca
(N2. O3
METALS
M AGNESIUM
BARIUM
,S
CALCIUM
ALKALI
AND
TRONTIUM
SEPARATION
OF
process
the
of
Outline
V
NII
:Balts
CSSolution
M
.)2(As,aKNrdd
nd
CO3
aH
g
a
HNO3
SPrecipitate
inrCO3
aCO3
.,C:Band
Dissolte
SOs
H4
)2(N.and
H
AC204
Filtrate
dd
.Treat
dryness
the
to
solution
porate
era
-ether
alcohol
mixture
.residue
with :
Precipitate Divide
parts
two
into
.Filtrate
.CaC2O4
,BaSO4 the
,adissolve
salts
NH4
Erpel
.0nd
NH
Add
1
dilute
SResidue
2,B
.:a)4(N dd
aO2
O3
H2S04
rolution
and water
in
residue
.add
Cawater nd
K?,inros
Dissolve
aSO4
:C.Precipitate .Na2HPO Test Add
dd
Solution
a:Precipitate in
flame
. HPt
. Cla
.
BaCr04 )2CO3
.(N H4 :
Precipitate
.POA
MgNH ,color
Yellow :
Precipitate
Precipitate
.
Na .
K2PtCl6
.
SrCO3
PREPARATION AND PROPER CONCENTRATION OF

LABORATORY REAGENTS FOR GENERAL USE
Dilute Acids. Sulphuric acid . One volume strong acid to
6 volumes water.
Nitric Acid . One volume strong acid to 2 volumes water.
Hydrochloric acid . Five volumes strong acid to 8 volumes
water .
Acetic acid . One volume strong acid to 22 volumes water.
Dilute Bases. Potassium hydroxide. 280 grams per liter
of solution with water .
Sodium hydroxide. 200 grams per liter of solution with
water.
Ammonium hydroxide. One volume strong ammonia (sp . gr.
90 ) to 2 volumes water.
Other Reagents . Ammonium sulphide. 600 cc . ammonium
hydroxide is saturated with hydrogen sulphide. Dilute to one
liter with ammonium hydroxide .
Sodium sulphide. Dissolve 200 grams sodium hydroxide in
800 cc. water. Saturate 400 cc. of this solution with hydrogen
sulphide . Add the remaining 400 cc. of sodium hydroxide and
dilute the whole to one liter.
Ammonium chloride. 267.5 grams per liter of solution with
water.
Ammonium carbonate. 200 grams solid salt dissolved in 350
cc. ammonium hydroxide and dilute with water to 1 liter.
Ammonium acetate. Dilute 300 cc. strong acetic acid with
300 cc. water and neutralize with strong ammonia . Dilute to 1
liter.
Sodium acetate, 136 .14 grams per liter with water.
Sodium phosphate , 119.45 grams per liter with water.
Calcium chloride, 109.51 grams per liter with water.
Magnesium sulphate , 123.28 grams per liter with water.
Barium chloride, 122 . 17 grams per liter with water.
Ferric chloride, 54 .11 gramsper liter with water and add suffi
cient HCl to keep in solution .
Potassium ferrocyanide, 105 .72 grams per liter with water.
Lead acetate, 189.51 grams per liter with water.
Stannous chloride, 112.72 grams of the solid salt plus 200 cc.
5N HCl diluted to 1 liter with water . Add metallic tin to the
solution in the bottle to keep it from oxidizing.
Mercurous nitrate , 262. 34 grams per liter with water. Add
sufficient nitric acid to keep solution clear and put metallic mer
cury in the bottle to prevent oxidation .
Cobalt nitrate, 145 grams per liter with water .
Ammonium oxalate , 35 .5 grams per liter with water .
Mercuric chloride, 67. 8 grams per liter with water .
Zinc sulphate , 71. 9 grams per liter with water .
47
Manganese sulphate , 55.78 grams per liter with water.
Nickel sulphate, 70.22 grams per liter with water.
Cadmium sulphate, 64.05 grams per liter with water.
Copper sulphate , 62.4 grams per liter with water.
Miscellaneous Reagents . Aqua regia ,mix 1 part HNO3 with
three parts of concentrated HCI.
Silver nitrate N / 10 , 17 grams per liter with water.
Magnesia mixture, dissolve 68 grams crystallized MgCl2 and
165 grams NH4Cl in 300 cc. water. Add 300 cc. dilute ammo
nium hydroxide and dilute to 1 liter.
Molybdate solution , dissolve 60 gramsmolybdic oxide (M003)
in 440 cc. of water and 60 cc. strong ammonia (sp . gr. 90 ) . Pour
into 500 cc. of cold nitric acid which has been diluted 250 cc. con
centrated acid to 250 cc. water. Let stand in a warm place
several days. Decant or filter before using .
Phenolsulphonic acid , dissolve 150 grams of phenol in 600
grams of concentrated sulphuric acid .
Yellow ammonium sulphide, 50 to 75 grams of sulphur to a
liter of colorless ammonium sulphide.
Ferrous sulphate, dissolve 200 grams FeSO4. 7H2O in a liter of
water. Place scraps of iron in the solution and add a few drops
of H2SO4 from time to time.
NORMAL SOLUTIONS OF SALTS AND OTHER REAGENTS

(From the “ Chemiker Kalender,” published by Julius Springer, Berlin .)
At, or One H
Hydrogen
Name. Formula . mol.
equivalent.
equiv .
wt. in gms.
Acetic acid . . . C2H4O2. . . . . . 60 . 04 C2H40 .. . . 6 . 004
Ammonia . . . . . . . . . .. . WH3. . . . . 17 . 07 VH3. . . . . . 1 . 707
Ammonium . . . . . .. SH, . . . . . 18 . 07 SH, . . . . . 1 . 807
Ammonium chloride . . . . . NICI . . 53 .53 NH .CI . . . 5 . 353
Ammonium sulphate . . . . . (NH4)2SO4 132 , 22 ( N H ) S0,. . 6 . 611
Ammonium sulphocyanide VHCVS . . . | 76 . 18 NHCNS . . . 7 . 618
Barium . . . . . . . . . Ва . 137 . 4 Ba . 6 . 87
Barium carbonate . . . . . . . BaCO3 . . . . . .. . 197 . 4 BaCO3. . 9 . 87
Barium chloride. . . . . . . . . BaCl2
+ 2H20 . . . 214 . 34 } BaCl2 + 2H20 . . 12. 217
Barium hydroxide . . . . Ba (OH ) 2 . . . . 171. 12 Ba (OH ) 2 . . . . . 8 . 571
Barium oxide . . . . . . . . . Ba0 . . . . . . l53 . 4 | Ba0 . . . . . . 7 . 67
Bromine . . . . . . . . . . Br. . . . . . . . ! 79 . 96 Br. . . 7 . 996
Calcium . . . . . . . . . Ca . 10 . Ca .. ..
Ca . . 2 . 00
Calcium carbonate . . . CaCO3 . . . . . . 100 . (CaCO3 . . 5 . 0
Calcium chloride . . . . CaCl2 . . . . 110 . 9 (CaCl2 . . . . . . 5 . 545
Calcium chloride . . . . . . . . CaCl2
+ 6120 . .. . 219. 02 CaCl2 +6H20 . . 10 . 951
Calcium hydroxide . . Ca (OH ) 2 . , . . . 74 . Ca (OH ) 2 . . . . . . 3. 7
Calcium oxide . . . . . C40 . . . . . . . . 56 . Ca0 . . . . . . . . . 2.8
Chiorine : : . . . . . . CI. . . . . . . . . . 35 . 45 C1. . . 3 . 545
Citric acid . . C6H307.H20 .. 210
59
.1 C6H307.H20 .. . . 7 . 003
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . Co . . . . . . . Co . . . . . 2 . 95
.
Copper . . Cu . . . . . 63 . 6 Cu . 3 . 18
Copper oxide . . . . CuO . . . . 79 . 6 iCu0 . . 3 . 98
Copper sulphate . . CuSO4. 5H20 . . 249 . 76 CuSO4.5H20 . . 12 . 488
Cyanogen . . . . CV. . . . . . . . . 26 . 04 ,CN . . . . . . . . . 2 . 604
Hydrochloric acid . . . . . . . HCI . . . 36 . 46 HCI. . . 3 .646
Hydrocyanic acid . . . . HCN . . . . . . . . 27 . 04 11CN
C .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . 2 . 704
48
NORMAL SOLUTIONS OF SALTS AND OTHER REAGENTS
(Continued )
At. or Hydrogen One H

Name. Formula . mol. equiv .
wt. equivalent. in gms.
Iodine . . 126 . 8 .) I 12 .685

Lactic acid . CH .03. . . . . . 90 0 C H .. 9 . 006
Malic acid . . . C :H O .. . . 134. 06 ICHO . . . 6 . 703
Magnesium . . Vlg . . . . . 24 . 36 Ng . . . . . . . 1 . 218
Magnesium carbonate . . . . MgCO3. . 84 . 36 M ( 0 .. . . . 4 . 218
Magnesium chloride . . . . . MgCl2 . . . 93 . 20 MgCl2 . . . . . . | 4 .663
Magnesium chloride . . . . . MgCl2
+ 6H20 . . . 203 . 38 ( MgCl2 + 6H2O ) 10 . 169
Magnesium oxide. . . . ... Mg0 . . . . 40 . 36 Vigo . 2 .018
Manganese . Mn. . 55 . Vin . . . . . . 2 . 75
Manganese sulphate . . . ..... VnSO4. . 151. 06
Vins ( ).. . 7 . 533
Mercuric chloride . . . HgCl2. . 271 . 2
HgCl2. . 13 . 56
Nickel. . . . N .. . . . 38 . 7 ini. 2 . 935
Nitric acid . . . . . HVO :. 63 . 05 HVO . . . . . . . 6 . 305
Nitrogen . . . . . | 11 . 04 1 . 404
Nitrogen pentoxide W205. . . 108 . 8 1 .0s. 5 . 204
Oxalic acid . . . . . . H : C204. . . 90 . 02 H : C :04 4 . 501
Oxalic acid . . . . CH 04. 2H20 . 126 . 06 CH .04. 2H20 . . 6 . 305
Oxalic anhydride . . CO2 72 . 01 C03 3 . 60
Phosphoric acid . . . . H3PO4. . . . 98 . 03 H PO . . . 3 . 268
Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K . . . . . .. . 39 . 15 K 3 .915
Potassium bicarbonate . . . KHCO3 . . . . . 100 . 15 KHCO3 . . . . . 10 . 015
Potassium carbonate . . . . . K2CO3. . . . 138 . 3 K2C0 . . . 6 . 915
Potassium chloride . . . . KCI. . . . . 74 . 6 KCI. 7 . 46
Potassium cyanide. . . . KCN . . 65 . 19 KCY . . 6 .519
Potassium hydroxide. . . . . 56 . 16 KH ) . . 5 .616
Potassium
18sium oxide.
oxide . .. .. .. .. . . . . 120 . . . . 94 . 3 120 . . . . . 4 . 715
Potassium permanganate
for Co estimation . . . . . KMnO4. . . . 158 . 15 KMnO4. . . 2 . 636
Potassium permanganate
for Mn estimation . . . . . KMnO4. . . . . 158 . 15 KMnO4. . . . 272
Potassium tartrate. . . K , H . C .06. . . . 226 . 31 { H . C .06. . . . 11 . 317
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ag. . . . . . . . . . . 107 . 93 Ag . 793
Silver nitrate . . . . . Ag .VO3. . 169 . 97 Ag .VO3. . 16 . 997
Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . Ха . 23 . 05 a . . . . .. . 2 . 305
Sodium bicarbonate . . NaHCO3 . . 84 . 06 VaHCO , . . . . . 4 . 203
Sodium carbonate . . Na.CO . . . . . 106 . 1 Va2CO3 . . . 5 . 305
Sodium chloride. . . . NaCl . . . . 58 . 5 NaCl , 5 . 85
Sodium hydroxide . . . . NaHO . . . 40 . 06 NaHO . . 4 . 006
Sodium oxide . . . . Na20 . . . . 62 . 1 Na , ( . . 3 . 105
Sodium sulphide. . Na2S . . . 78 . 16 Na2S . . . . 3 . 908
Sulphuric acid . . . H2SO4. . . 98 . 08 H2SO4. . . 4 . 904
Sulphur trioxide. . SO3. . . . 80 . 06 SO . . . 4 . 003
Tartaric acid . . . . . C4H606. . . . . . 150 . 66 C 1606. . 7 . 503
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zn . . . . 6. 65 . 4 įZn . ... 3 . 27
Zinc sulphate . . . . Znso , 21 .0 . 287 . 6
ZnSO4.7H2O iZnS0 . 7H2O . . . 14 . 38
49
NORMAL SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REAGENTS
(From the “ Chemiker Kalender,” published by Julius Springer, Berlin .)
At, or One H
Hydrogen
Name. Formula . mol. equiv .
wt.
equivalent.
in gms.
Antimony . . . . . . Sb . . . . 120 . Sb . . 6 . 0
Arsenic . . . . . . . . . As. . . . . .. . . .. 75 . As. . . . . . . . . 3 . 75
NA
Arsenic trisulphide. . . As2S3. 246 . 18 As2S3. . . 6 . 1515
Arsenous oxide . . . . . . As2O3. 198 . As2O3. . . . 4 . 95
Barium peroxide . . . . BaO2. . . 169 . 4 Ba02. . . . . . 8 . 47
Barium peroxide, hy
drated . . . . . . . . . . . Ba ( 2 + 8 20 . . . 313 . 56 Ba () 2 + 8H20 . . . 15 . 678
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . Ca . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .
Calcium carbonate .. . CaCO3. . . . . . . . . 100 . CaCO3. . . . . 5 ,0
Calcium hypochlorite Ca (CIO ) 2 . . . . . . . 126 . 9 Ca ( CIO ) 2 . . . . . . | 6 . 345
Calcium oxide . . . . . . . Ca ( . . 56 . Cal . . . . . . 2 .8
Chlorine. . . . . . . ... C .. . . . . . | 35 . 45 CI. . 3 . 545
Chromium trioxide . . CrO3. . . 100 . 1 Cr03. . . 3 . 37
Ferrous ammonium ,
sulphate . . . . . . . . . . FeSO4 (NH4) 2SO4 FeSO4( NH4)2SO4
+ 6H20 . . . . . . 392 . 4 + 6H20 . . . . . . . . 39 . 24
Hydroferrocyanic
acid . . . . . . . .
. . HiFe ( CN) 6 . . . . . 216 . 28 H4Fe (CN ) 6 . . . 21 .628
Hydrogen peroxide . . H2O2. . 31 . 02 311202. . . . . . . 1 . 701
Hydrogen sulphide. . . H2S. . 31. 08H2 . . | 1 . 704
lodine . . . . . . . .
. . 120 . 85 i 12 .685
Iron . . . . . Fe. . . . Fe . . . 5 . 6
Iron oxide, ferrous . . . Fe ( . . 72 . F O . . . . . . 7. 2
Iron oxide, ferric . . . . Fe2O3. . . . . 160 . Fe2O3 . . . . 8.0
Lead peroxide. . . . . . . Pb0 . . . . . . . 238 . 91 PLO2. . . . . 11. 945
Manganes" peroxide . Vn02. 87 . Vn2. . . . . 4 . 35
Nitric acid . . . ... . . . . IIVO3. . . . . . . 03 .05 HNO3. . . . . 2 . 102
Nitrogen trioxide . . . . N203. . . . . . . . 76 . 08 V203. . . . . . 1 . 902
Nitrogen pentoxd 205. . . . . . . . 108 . 08 1 :03 . . . . . . . 1 . 801
Oxalic acid . . . . . . CH :04. . . . . . . . . 90 .02 H : C : O .. . . . . 4 . 501
Oxalic acid . . . . . . . .. . ( 1.04. 2010 . . . . 126 .00 ( 104.21120 . . . . . 6 . 303
Oxygen . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .8
Potassium bichro
mate . . . . . . . . . . .. .. K . Cr2O7. . . . . . . . ' 294 . 5 KCr2O7. . . . | 4 . 908
Potassium chlorate . . KC103 . . . . . . . . 122 . 6 KCIO3. . . . . . . . . . . 12. 26
Potassium chromate . KCrO4. . . . . . . . . , 191. 1 CrO4. . . . . . 9 . 72
Potassium ferrocyan
ide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . KFC (CV) . . . . . . 368. 84 KiFe (CN). . . . . . . . 36 . 884
Potassium ferrocyan
ide . . . . . . . . .
. . . KiFe(CV) .
+ 3H20 . . . . . . 122 . 9 KiFe (CN) 6 + 3H20 42 . 29
Potassium iodide . . . . KL . . . . . . . . . . . 166 . KI . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 16 . 6
Potassium nitrate . . . KVO3. . . . . . . . . . 101 . 19 TRXO3. . . . .. . . . . 3 . 373
Potassium perchlo
rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . KCIO : . . . . . . .. 1:38. 6 KC10d. ... ..... . ... . . 13 . 86
Potassium perman
no : . . . . . . .
ganate . . . . . . . . . . . K 158 . 15 KV04. . . . . ! 3 . 163
Sodium chlorate. . . . . , VaC103. . . . 106 . 5 VaC103. . . . . . . . . . ' 10 . 65
Sodium nitrate . . . . . . WaV03. . . . . . . . . 83 . 9 VaNO3. . . . . . . 2 . 836
Sodium phosphate,
sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NaHPO4
+ 1211. 0 . . . .
. 3 .58 . 35 ! Va HPO4 + 12H2O 11 . 915
Sodium thiosulphate . NaSO3 + 51120 . 218 . 32 VaSO3-- - 5H20 . . . . 24 . 832
Stannous chloride . . . . SnCl2 . . . . . . . . . . 189 . 1 SnCl . . . . . . . . . 9 . 47
Stannous oxide. . . . . . Sn0 . . . . . . . . . . . 131. 5 Sn0 . . . . . . . . 6 . 425
Sulphur dioxide . . . . . 'SO2. . . . . . . . . 04 . 06 . 02. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 203
Tii. . . . . . . . . . . ••••
. . . . Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 . 5 Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 921)
50
.DDDDDDDDDD
rsenate DDDDDD
Desa
CDEDE3
sassa
HANDBOOK OF CỦEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
‫ ادب‬.Dips
F.| errocyanide
Ferricyanide
C২২২২২২২২২
SOLUBILITY CHART
.>Hydroxide
.|Phosphate
.|Carbonate
: DDDD C.| hromate

33ess
.|ADDDD
EEN
Essss
Esses
.Sulphide
.| yanide
|Tartrate
-|Fluoride
২|.ব=২hloride
.|Arsenite
.A|:Ecetate
.|Oxalate
Silicate
EDDDDDDDDD
Borate
DE
৪
.EE
s
Oxide
.
.
:DDDDD
DDD
DDDD
EEEE
AL
Digi
DE
:DDE
:DDDDD
DDDD
NH, ..
biD
E:DDD
:DDi
ED
Sb . . .
:
D
DDDD
Ba . . .
:
D
>DED
Bi. . .
‫کحبمےحدنه‬
‫تحد‬
‫حبه‬
‫ح‬
Cd . .
‫ت‬
Ca . . .
:
Cr. . . . .
Co. . . . .
Essa
Cu . . . . - -
: - -
E:DDDD
Au . . .
H . Da
Fe" .
mono
Fe'' .
-
> > > >

- -
Pb . . . .
Mg. . . .
SED
Mn. .
Hg' . . . Wa A A . .
: -
D
AAA
EDE
Hg'' .
:
Ni. . . A a II!
WWW WWW W W W
-
K .. ...
>
Ag . . . . . A III
>
Na . . . www w WWW
-
-
Sn " . . .. W .. .. .. I W AW w WA
:D
Sn " . . . .
> > >
- -
: :
Sr . . . . . W AA AW AW W w AW W a AWW AW A A
Zn . . . . . W AA AW A WWW A A IW AW W
E:
A A A A
W Soluble in water.
A Insoluble in water but soluble in acids.
L
w Sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids.

a Insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids.
I Insoluble in both water and acids.
SOLUBILITIES
In Grams per 100g of Water
Temperature, Deg. C . 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 | 100
Boric acid , H3B03. . . . . 1 2 .5 4 5 .5 7 9 | 11 | 13 | 17.5 22 | 27 .5

Mercuric chlor ., HgCl2 | 10 | 12 14 | 17. 5 24 .5 37. 5 54
Potass . sulphate , K2SO4 7. 5 10 11 13 15 | 16 17. 5 19.5 21 22.5 24 . 5
Potass. chlorate . KCIO31 3. 5 5 7. 5 10 .5 14. 5 ) 19.5 25. 5 | 32.5 40 | 47 .5 55. 5
Potass. nitrate, KNO3 13. 5 17 25 . 5 44 63 86 110 140 167
Sodium chloride, NaCl. 34 .5 35 . 9 36 . 3 36 . 7 37 . 1 37.5 37. 9 38.3 38.7 39. 1 39.5
Potass. chloride, KCI. . 28. 5 31.3 34 36 .8 39. 6 42.4 45 . 2 48 50. 7 53.5 . 56 . 3
Bar. chlor.. BaCl2.2H20 32.5 33 35 37 . 5 41 44 47 | 50 53 | 57 63
Ammon , chlor., NH4C . 29.5 32.5 37 41. 5 45 . 5 50 . 3 55 60 65 . 8 72 77. 2
Lead nitrate , Pb (NO3) 2 37 | 44. 7 , 52. 5 61 70 78 88 97. 5 106 . 5 116 .5 127
Potass. bromide, KBr . 54. 5 60 65 70 . 5 76 81. 7 S5. 8 90 . 7 95 . 5 100 . 3 105
Sodium nitrate, NaNO3 72. 6 80 87. 8 96 105 114 .8 125 135 .8 149. 5 162.5 181
Aluminum sulphate ,
Al2(SO4) 3. 18H20 . . . 1 87 92 105 127.5 150 197
Potassium iodide, Kl. . 128 '136 144 152 160 167 175 184 191 199
Silver nitrate, AgNO3. . 115 177. 5
51
GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS
(From the Chemiker Kalender , published by Julius Springer, Berlin .) !
- - - - - - -
Weighed . Sought . Factor. I Logarithm .
Aluminum :
Al2O3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Al 0 . 53033 9 .72455 - 10
2A1C1z . . . . 2 .61156 10 .41690
Al2 (PO4)2 . . . . . . . . Al2O3 . . . . 0 . 41850 9 .62170
Ammonium :
NH4Cl. . . . . . . NH3. . . . . 0 . 31891 9 . 50367
V H4
. . . . . 0 . 33775 9 . 52860
SHOH . . 0 .65551 9 . 81658
2NH .CL ( NH4). ) . . . 0 . 48720 9 .68771
(NH, PtCI6 . . . . . 2.NH3. . . . 0 . 07695 8 . 88621
2NH4 0 . 08150 8 . 91118
AT
2.NH OH 0 . 15818 9 . 19916

( NH ) , .. 0 . 11757 9 . 07029
0 . 06329 8 . 80135
2NH, ( 1 . . 0 . 24131 9 . 38258
Pt. . . . . 2NH3 0 . 17525 9 . 24367
2NH , 0 . 18563 9 . 26864
2.VHOH . 0 . 36026 9 . 55662
(NH, . . . | 0 . 26776 9 . 42775
12. . . . . . 0 . 14415 9 . 15881
2NH4C1. . . ! 0 . 51959 9 . 74004
(NH4)2SO4.. . . . . 2NH3 0 . 25820 9 . 41196
2.1714 0 . 27318 9 . 43693
2NH4OH. . 0 . 53077 9 . 72491
( VH . 0 . 39449 9 . 59604
2144Cl. . . 0 . 80971 9 . 90833
Antimony :
Sb2O3. . . . Sh . . . . . . . 0 . 83331 9 . 92082
Sb.,S3. . . . . 1 . 16730 10 . 06718
Sb 05. . . . 1 . 11112 10 . 04576
25503. . 1 . 16668 10 . 06695
Sb2S . . . . 1 . 38993 10 . 14299
2SbS , . . 1 . 72390 10 . 25651
Sb205. . . . . . . Sh2. . . . . . 0 . 75000 9 . 87506
Sb- Sz. 105055 10 . 02142
25b0 .. 1 . 15000 10 . 06070
2S003.. 1 . 05000 10 .02119
Sb (); 0 . 90000 9 . 95425
SOS;.. 1 . 25093 10 .09723
25b54 . . . . 1 . 55515 10 . 19075
Sb2S3. . . . . . . Sh2. . . . . . 0 . 71390 9 . 85361
Sb203. . . . . 0 . 85668 9 . 93282
2Sb03. . . 0 . 99917 9 . 90977
Sb2O5 . . 0 . 95188 9 . 97858
2Sb04. . . . . 1 . 09165 10 .03928
Sb S5.. 1 . 19073 10 . 07581
2Sbsa 1 . 17683 10 . 16933
52

(Continued )
Weighed . Sought. Factor . Logarithm .

Antimony :
Sb2S5. Sb2 . . . . . . . 0 .59956 9 . 77783 - 10
Sb2O3 . . . 0 . 71947 9 . 85701
2Sb03. 0 . 83938 9 . 92396
Sb2O . 0 . 79941 9 . 90277
2Sb04. 0 . 91933 9 . 96347
Sb2S3. . 0 . 83983 9 . 92419
2SbS4 1 . 24028 10 . 09352
Arsenic :
As203. As2 . . . 0 . 75757 9 . 87942
2A303. . . . 1 . 24242 10 . 09427
As205. 1 . 16161 10 . 06506
2 AsO4. . 1 . 40401 10 . 14737
As2S3 .. . 1 . 24331 10 .09458
As2S5. . . . 1 .56715 10 . 19511
2AsS4. . . 2 . 05291 10 . 31237
As2O5. . . . . . As2 . . . . . 0 .65217 9 . 81436
As,( 3 . 0 . 86087 9 . 93494
2As03. 1 . 06957 10 .02921
2AsO4. . . . 1 . 20868 10 . 08231
As2S3. . 1 . 07034 10 . 02952
As2S5..
.. . . . . 1 . 34912 10 . 13005
2AsSA. 1 . 76730 10 . 24731
As2S3. . . . . . . . . As2 . . . . . . 0 . 60931 9 . 78484
As2O3. . . . 0 . 80439 9 . 90542
2A8C3. . 0 . 99923 9 . 99969
As2O3. 0 . 93429 9 . 97048
2AsO4. . 1 . 12925 10 . 05279
As2S3 . . . . . 1 . 26046 10 . 10053
2AsSA. . . 1 . 65116 10 . 21779
2 (MgNH ,AsO4).H20 . As . . . 0 . 39380 9 . 59528
As2O3. . . 0 .51983 9 .71586
2As03. 0 .64585 9 . 81013
As205. 0 . 60384 9 . 78092
2 AsO4. 0 . 72984 9 . 86323
As2S3. . 0 . 64631 9 . 81044
As2S5. . 0 . 81465 9 . 91097
2AsSA. 1 . 06716 10 . 02823
Mg2As2O7.. . . As2 . . . 0 .48275 9 .68372
As.03. . . 0 .63724 9 . 80430
2 AsO3. 0 . 79172 9 .89857
As,05. 0 . 74022 9 . 86936
2 AsO4. . . . . 0 . 89468 9 . 95167
|As25 .. . . 0 . 79228 9 .89888
As2S5. . 0 . 99864 9 . 99941
2 AsS4. 1 . 30819 10 . 11667
(Continued )
Weighed. Sought. Factor. Logarithm .
Arsenic :
3BaSO4. . . . . . AS2 . . . 0 - 21417 9 . 33076 - 10
As2O3. 0 . 28271 9 . 45134
2As03. 0 . 35124 9 . 54561
As2S3.. 0 . 35150 9 .54592
As2S5. . 0 . 44305 9 .64645
2 AsS4. 0 . 58038 9 . 76371
2BiAsO4.. . . . . AS2 . . . 0 . 21583 9 . 33411
As202. 0 . 28490 9 . 45460
2ASO3. 0 . 35396 9 . 54896
As2055 . . . 0 . 33094 9 .51979
2AsO4. 0 . 40000 9 .60206
As2S3. 0 . 35422 9 . 54927
As2S5. 0 .44648 9 . 64980
2AsS4. 0 . 58487 9 . 76706
Barium :
BaSO4. Ba.. 0 . 58853 9 . 76979
Bao . 0 .65705 9 . 81760
BaCl2 0 . 89222 9 . 95047
BaCO3. . Ba . 0 .69605 9 . 84624
Ba0 . 0 . 77709 9 . 89047
BaCl2 . 1 . 05521 10 .02334
BaCrO4.. Ba . . . 0 .54201 9 . 73401
Bao . 0 .60512 9 . 78184
BaCl2 0 .82169 9 . 91471
BaSiFe.. Ba. . 0 .49107 9 .69114
Ba0 0 . 54824 9 . 73897
BaCl2... .. . . . Ba . . 0 .65963 9 . 18930
Bao 0 . 73643 9 . 86713
Ba (NO3)2. . . Ba . . . . . . . . 0 . 52547 9 . 72055
Bao 0 .58665 9 . 76838
Bao . Ba . 0 . 89772 9 . 95217
Bismuth :
B1,03. 2Bi . . . . . 0 . 89679 9 . 95269
Bi2S3... . . . . . . . . . . . 2Bi. 0 . 81259 9 . 90987
Bi20 0 . 90611 9 . 95718
BiOCI. . . . . . . . . Bi . 0 . 80208 9 . 90422
2BiOCI. . . .. .. . . . . . . Bi20 0 .89440 9 . 95153
BinSz 0 . 98707 9 . 99435
BiAsO4. . . . . .. Bi 0 .60001 9 . 77816
2BiAsO4.. . . . . . . . . . . Bi_03.. . . . 0 .66907 9 . 82547
Bi2S3. . 0 . 73840 9 . 86829
Boron :
B203. 0 . 31428 9 . 49732
KBF4. . . . . . . 0 . 87199 9 . 94051
2KBF4. 0 . 27745 9 .44318
4KBF4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . B407 0 . 30915 l 9 . 49017
54
(Continued )
Weighed . Sought. Factor. Logarithm .
Bromine :
AgBr . . Br. . . 0 . 42557 9 .62897 - 10
HBr . 0 . 43095 9 . 63443
Br03. 0 .68104 9 . 83317
2AgBr . . . . . Br205 0 .63847 9 . 80514
Cadmium :
Cdo . Cd . 0 . 87500 9 . 94201
CdS . . . . . . . . Cd . 0 . 77746 9 . 89068
Cdo 0 . 88853 9 . 94867
CA (NO3)2.. .. .. Cd 0 . 47442 9 .67616
Cdo 0 . 54219 9 .73415
CdS04. cd 0 .53831 9 .73013
CdO . . . . . 0 .61521 9 . 78902
Calcium :
Ca0. . . . . Ca . . : : 0 .71428 9 . 85387
CaCl2 . 1 . 98034 10 . 29674
CaSO4. Ca . . . . . . 0 . 29399 9 . 46833
Ca ( . . 0 . 41159 9 .61446
CaCl2. 0 .81508 9 . 91120
Ca . . . . : : : 0 . 40000 9 .60206
CaCO3. Ca0 . . 0 . 56000 9 . 74819
CaCl2 . 1 . 10900 10 . 04493
Carbon :
CO2. . . . . . . . 0 . 27273 9 .43573
1 . 36361 10 . 13470
CaCO3. . . . . . 0 . 44000 9 .64345
0 . 60000 9 .77815
BaCO3. ... .. 0 . 22289 9 . 34810
0 . 30395 9 . 48280
Chlorine :
AgCl. . CI . 0 . 24725 9 . 39313
0 . 25428 9 . 40532
CIO 0 . 58202 9 . 76494
C104. . . . . 0 .69360 9 . 84111
NaCl. . . . . 0 . 40801 9 .61067
KCI. 0 . 52029 9 .71625
NaCIO : 0 . 74278 9 . 87086
KCI03. 0 . 85507 9 . 93200
2AgCl. . . . . . . . . . C1,05. . . . . 0 . 52622 9 .72117
Chromium :
Cr203. . . . . . Cr2 . . . . . . 0 . 68464 9 . 83546
2Cr03. . 1 . 31538 10 . 11905
2CrO4. . . . . 1 . 52563 10 . 18315
Cr2O7. . . . 1 .42053 10 . 15245
BaCrO4. . Cr. . . .. 0 . 20552 9 . 31286
CrO3. . . 0 . 39187 9 .59615
CrO4. . . . 0 . 15798 9 .66085
55
(Continued )
Chromium
2BaCr Cr2O3. . . . . 0 . 30019 9 . 47740 - 10
Cr2O7 0 . 42643 9 .62985
Cr. . .
PbCr04. . . . . .. 0 . 16130 9 . 20764
Cr03. 0 . 30991 9 . 49123
Cr04. 0 . 35944 9 . 55563
2PbCr04 . . . .. .. Cr2O3. . . . . 0 . 23560 9 . 37218
Cr207 0 . 33468 9 .52463
K2Cr2O7. . . . . . . Cr2 . . 0 . 35382 9 . 54878
Cr2O3. 0 .51680 9 . 71332
2Cr03. . . . 0 .67978 9 .83237
2Cr04. 0 . 78844 9 . 89677
Cr2O7 . . . . . 0 .73112 9 . 86577
Cobalt :
. . . Co () . 1 . 27119 10 . 10421
Co0 . . . . . . . . 0 .78667 9 . 89579
COSO4. . . . .. 0 . 38050 9 .58035
0 . 48368 9 .68456
K3C0 (NO.2)6.. . . . . 20 . . . . . . . .
Coo . . . . . .
0 . 13033 9 . 11505
0 . 16568 9 . 21926
Copper :
CuO . . . . . . . . . . . Cu . 0 .79901 9 . 90255
Cu2S .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 . . . . . 0 . 79869 9 . 90238
2Cu ( . . 0 . 99961 9 . 99983
( uo . . . 0 . 89915 9 . 95383
Fluorine:
CaF2. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 1 2 . . . . . . 0 . 18718 9 .68769
2HF 0 . 51309 9 .71019
30
11.Sifo 0 .61716 9 . 79040
Bas 6F . . . . 0 . 40743 9 .61005
6UF . . . 0 . 42909 9 .63255
H SIF . . . . 0 .51614 9 . 71277
Sife. . . . . . 0 . 50893 9 .70666
SiF4. 0 . 37312 9 . 57185
K _ SiFe. . . . . . . . 6F .. . 0 .51654 9 . 71310
6HF 0 . 54400 9 . 73560
H .SiF6. 0 . 65436 9 . 81582
SiF6 0 .64522 9 . 80971
SiF4 0 . 47301 9 .67490
H2SiF6 . . . OF . 0 . 78937 9 . 89728
OHF 0 .83131 9 .91978
SiF6 : : 0 . 98603 9 . 99389
SiF4 . . . . . . 0 .72290 9 . 85908
Hydrogen :
HO . II . . . .. ... 0 . 11210 9 .04960
Iodine:
1205. . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . 0 .76026 9 . 88096
56
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSIC'S
(Continued )
Iodine
1 05. 2HI 0 . 76630 9 . 88440 - 10
2103. . . . . . 0 .04795 10 . 02034
AgI. . . 0 .54029 9 .73263
0 . 54459 9 . 73607
0 .74490 9 . 87201
104. 0 . 81289 9 . 91003
2AgI.. . . .. . 1.05. 0 .71067 9 . 85167
1207 0 .77883 9 . 89144
PdI.. . . ... . 0 . 70531 9 . 84838
2HI. 0 .71092 9 . 85182
2103 0 . 97221 9 . 98776
1.05. 0 . 92773 9 . 96742
2104. 1 . 06116 10 .02578
1207 1 .01669 10 . 00719
PbI2 . . . . . . 0 . 55081 9 .74100
2HI 0 . 55519 9 . 74444
2103 0 . 75924 9 . 88038
120 .5. . 0 .72450 9 . 86004
Iron :
Fe2O3. . . . . . Fe2 0 . 70000 9 .81510
2FeO 0 . 89999 9 . 95424
2Fes . 1 . 10075 10 . 04169
2Fes 1 . 50152 10 . 17653
FeS . . . . . . . Fe. 0 .63593 9 . 80341
Fel 0 .81762 9 . 91255
2Fes. . . ........... Feza
0 . 90847 9 . 95831
Fez(PO4)2. . . . . . .. . . Fez. 0 . 37086 9 . 56921
2Fel . ... 0 . 47682 9 .67835
Fe.03. . .. . 0 . 52980 9 .72411
Lead :
Pbo . Pb .. ....... . 0 . 92822 9 . 96765
PbS . . . . . . 1 . 07206 10 .03022
PbSO4. . . . 1 . 35916 10 . 13327
PbS. . . . . . . .. Pb . . . . . . . . 0 . 86582 9 . 93743
Pb0 . . . . . . 0 . 93278 9 . 96978
PbSO4. . . 1 . 26780 10 . 10305
PbCl2 .... .... Pb . . . . 0 . 74478 9 . 87203
Pb0 . . 0 . 80238 9 . 90438
PbI.. .. . .. . . Pb . . . 0 . 44920 9 . 65244
PbO : 0 . 48394 9 . 68479
PbSO4. 6 . . . . . Pb .. . . . . 0 .68294 9 . 83438
Pb0 . . 0 . 73575 9 . 86673
Pbs . 0 . 78877 9 . 89695
PbCrOs. . . . .. Ph . 0 . 64056 9 . 80656
PbO . . . . 0 .69010 9 . 83891
PbS . . . . . . ! 0 .73983 1 9 . 86913
57
(Continued )
Lead :
Pb . . . . PbO . . . . . 1 . 07733 10 .03235 - 10
Lithium :
Li2CO3. . . Li2. . . 0 . 18985 9 . 27841
LiO . 0 . 40589 9 .60841
2LICI 1 . 14718 10 .05963
LiCl. . . . . . . . . . . Li . . 0 . 16549 9 . 21878
2LICI . . . . . . . Li O . 0 . 35382 9 . 54878
Li20 . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 2Li 0 . 46774 9 .67000
2LICI 2 . 82631 10 .45122
Li2SO4. . . . . . . 2Li. . . . . . . 0 . 12768 9 . 10612
Li20 . . . . 0 . 27297 9 . 43612
2LiCi 0 . 77151 9 . 88734
Li3PO4. .. . .. 3Li . . 0 . 18167 9 . 25929
3LiCl. . . 1 .09779 10 . 04052
2Li3PO4. . 3L1,0 . . . . .. 0 . 38841 9 .58929
Magnesium :
MgO . . . . . ... Mg. . . 0 .60357 9 . 78073
Mg2P :07 . . . . . 2Mg. . 0 . 21875 9 . 33995
2Mg0 . 0 . 36243 9 . 55922
MgSO4.. . . . . . . . Mg . . 0 . 20229 9 . 30598
Mg( ... 0 . 33516 9 .52525
Manganese :
VnO . . . . . . . \ n.. . 0 . 77464 1 . 88910
Mny 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.11n .. . . . 0 .69169 9 .84273
21no 0 . 89873 9 .95363
Mn304. . . . . . 31n . . . . 0 . 72051 9 . 85764
31no . 0 . 93012 9 . 96854
31nO4. . 1 . 55894 10 . 19283
MnS . . . . . . . Mn . . . . . 0 .63174 9 . 80054
Vn0 . . . 0 . 81553 9 . 91144
MnO4. . . . . 1 . 36688 10 . 13573
MnSO4 . . . . Vin . . . . . 0 . 36409 9 . 56121
Mercury : MnO . . 0 . 47001 9 .67211
Hg . . . . . . . . . Hg( . . 1 . 07989 10 . 03338
HgS . . 1 . 16006 10 .06448
2Hg. . . . . . . . . 11g ,0 . 1 . 03994 10 .01701
Ilg,C1, 1 . 17698 10 . 07077
Hg() . . . . . . . Hg . . 0 . 92602 9 . 96662
lgs . 1 . 07124 10 .03110
211g().. . ..... Hg20 . 0 . 96301 9 . 98363
HgS . . . . . . Hg . : 0 . 86203 9 . 93552
Hg( . . . . 0 . 930S9 9 . 96890
lly:Cl, 211g . . . . 0 . 81963 9 . 92923
211g0 . . . . 0 . 91751 9 . 96261
Ig0 . . . 0 . 88357 9 . 91621
2HgS . . . . . 0 . 98.562 9 . 99371
58
(Continued )
Molybdenum :
MoSz . . . . . Mo 0 . 49953 9 .69856 - 10
M002. , . . . 0 . 66604 9 . 82350
M002. 0 . 75000 9 . 87506
a
Nickel:
NiO . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 78581 9 . 89532
NiSO4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 37930 9 . 57898
Nitrogen : NiO . . . 0 . 48268 9 . 68836
(NH4) PtCla. 0 . 06329 9 . 80135

3 . . . . . 0 . 27967 9 . 44665
N 05. . . . 0 . 24361 9 . 38670
Pt. . . . . 0 . 14415 9 . 15881
2N0 ; . 0 .63696 9 . 80111
N205. . . . . 0 . 55483 9 .74416
BaSO4 . . 2NO3. . . 0 .53147 9 .72518
N205. . . . 0 . 46295 9 .66553
2AgCN . . . . . . (CN )2. . . . 0 . 19437 9 . 28863
AgCN . . . . . . . . . . . . .| HCN . . . . . 0 . 20191 9 . 30516
2NO . . . . . . . . . . . . N205. . . 1 . 26631 10 . 10254
Palladium : N203. . . . . . 1 .79895 10 . 25502
Pdl2. . . . . . . . Pd. . . . . . . . 0 . 29469 9 .46937
Phosphorus:
P205. . . . . . 0 . 43662 9 .64010
1 . 33810 10 . 12646
2P . . . .
Mg,P2O7.. 2PO4.. .
0 . 27837 9 . 44463
0 . 85308 9 . 93099
P205 . . . . . 0 .63757 9 . 80453
P207 . . . . . 0 . 78125 9 . 89279
2P03.
0 .70941 9 . 85090
Fez(PO4)2.. 2P . . . . . . . 0 . 20530 9 . 31238
2PO4. . . . . . 0 .62913 9 .79874
P205. . . . . . 0 . 47020 9 .67228
2Ag3PO4.. . . . 2P . . . . . . . . 0 . 07402 8 . 86936
2PO4. . . 0 . 22684 9 . 35572
P205 . 0 . 16951 9 . 22926
Ag P ,O7. .. . . 2P .. . . . 0 . 10236 9 .01012
2P04. 0 . 31368 9 . 49618
P205. 0 . 23443 9 . 37002
P ,07 0 . 28726 1 . 45828
U, P,Qu. . . . 2P . . . 0 . 08617 8 . 93687
2P04 0 . 26199 9 . 42323
0 . 19805 9 . 29677
P . 07 0 . 24268 9 . 38503
24M003.P205.. . . 0 . 01723 8 .23633
P205 0 .03917 8 .59623
Caz( PO4)2.. 0 . 08616 8 . 93530
59
(Continued )
Weighed. i Sought. Factor. Logarithm .

Platinum :
( NH4)2. PtC! .. . . . . . . 0 . 43908 9 . 64524 - 10
PtCl . 0 . 75868 9 . 88006
PtClo . . . 0 . 91850 9 . 96308
Pt.. . . . . . .. . PtCl4. 1 . 72791 10 . 23752
PtCl6 . 2 . 09189 10 . 32054
K . PtCl. . 0 . 40099 9 . 60313
PtCl4. 0 .69287 9 . 84065
PtCl6 0 . 83882 9 . 92367
TI, P +C16.. 0 . 23881 9 . 37806
0 .41265 9 .61558
Potassium :
K0 . K .. 0 . 83033 9 . 91925
KCL . . . . . . . . R .::. 0 .52480 9 .71999
2KCI. . . . . . . KO . 0 .63203 9 . 80074
ISO4. . . . . . . . K2. . . 0 .44907 9 .65231
K0 . . 0 .54083 9 . 73306
2KCl. 0 . 85570 9 . 93232
KNO3.. ... .. 0 . 38689 9 . 58759
KC . 0 . 73722 9 . 86760
2KNO .. . 20 . 0 . 46595 ' 9 . 66834
K PtCla . . . . . . . . K .. . . 0 . 16118 9 . 20730
10 . . 0 . 19411 9 . 28805
2KCl. . . 0 . 30712 9 . 48713
R _CO ; . . 0 . 28468 9 . 45436
KC104.. . . .. . . . . : 0 . 28247 9 . 45097
KCI. . 0 . 53824 9 . 73098
2KC104. . .. 10 . 0 . 31019 9 .53172
K Cr2O7. . . . . . . . . . . . K0 . 0 . 32020 9 . 50542
2KCI 0 . 50662 9 .70468
K SiF6. . . 12. . . 0 . 35178 9 .54996
K0 . . . . 0 . 42728 9 .63071
2KF . . . . . . 0 . 52696 9 .72178
Silicon :
SiF 4 . : : . SiO . . . 0 . 57855 9 . 76234
SiO , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si. . . . . 0 . 47020 9 .67228
S103. . . 1 . 26190 10 . 10205
Si04 . . . 1 . 52980 10 . 18463
K ,SiFo. .. HL SiF6. 0 .65136 9 .81582
Si0 ., . . . 0 . 27368 9 .43724
SiF4 . . . . . 0 . 47304 9 .67490
BaSiF6. . . . . . . . H .SIF . 0 .51614 9 .71277
Sin . . . . . . . 0 . 21587 9 . 33419
SiF 0 . 37312 9 . 57185
Silver :
AgCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1g . 0 . 75275 9 . 87665
2 AgCl . . . ' 0 . 80856 9 . 90771
60
(Continued )
Weighed . Sought. I Factor, Logarithm .
Silver:
AgBr . . 0 . 57443 9 . 75954 - 10
2ĀgBr. . Ag, 0 . . . . . . 0 .61702 9 .79030
Agi . . . . . Ag. . . 0 . 45971 9 . 66248
2Agi. . . . . Ag20 . 0 . 49379 9 .69354
Ag3PO4. .. 3Ag . . . . . . 0 . 77314 9 . 88826
2Ag3PO4. . . 3Ag20 .. 0 . 83046 9 . 91932
Ag P2O7. . . 4Ag. . . . . . 0 .71271 9 . 85293
2A920 . . . . 0 . 76558 9 . 88399
AgCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ag . . . . . . . 0 . 80562 9 . 90613
2AgCN . . . . . . Ag2O . . . . . 0 . 86535 9 . 93719
Ag2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Ag. . . . . . . 0 .93098 9 . 96891
Sodium :
Na20 . . . . . . . 2.Na . . . . .. 0 . 71235 9 . 87061
NaCl. . 0 . 39101 9 . 59551
2NaCl. . . . . Na20 . . 0 .53076 9 . 72490
Na2SO4 . . . . . . 0 . 32128 9 .51092
Na 0 . 0 . 43683 9 .64031
2NaCl 0 .82302 9 . 91511
Na2H2Sb2O7.. . . . 2Na . 0 . 11522 9 . 06151
Na20 . . . : 0 . 15520 9 . 19090
2NaCl 0 . 29242 9 . 46600
Na2CO3. . . . . . . . . . 2 .Na . . . . . . 0 . 43449 9 .63798
Na20 . . . . . 0 .58529 9 . 76737
Strontium :
SrO . . . . . . . . 0 . 84555 9 . 92714
SrCl2 . . . . . . . . . 0 . 55268 9 . 74247
0 .65363 9 . 81533
Sr
Sr(NO3)2. . . . . . 0 . 41383 9 .61682
0 . 48942 9 .68968
SrS04. 0 .47697 9 .67849
0 . 56409 9 . 75135
SrCl2. 0 . 86302 9 . 93602
SrCO3.. . . .. . Sr . . . 0 . 59349 9 . 77341
SrO . . . . . 0 . 70189 9 . 84627
SrCly. . . 1 . 07384 10 .03094
Sulphur:
BaSO4 S .. . . . . . 0 . 13732 9 . 13774
12 . . . . . 0 . 27439 9 .43837
0 . 34293 9 .53520
0 . 41145 9 .61432
0 .42011 9 .62336
0 . 14598 9 . 16428
As2S3 . 35.. . 0 . 39069 9 .59183
3H S . 0 . 41531 9 .61837
CdS. S .. . . . . .
H2S . . . . . .
0 . 22255
0 . 23657
9 . 34742
9 . 37396
61
(Continued )
-
Weighed . Sought . Factor. Logarithm .
Thallium :
TU . . . . . . . . . TI. . . . . . . . 0 .61671 9 . 79008 - 10
2TII . . . . . . . . TO. . 0 .64088 9 . 80678
· Tl2PtCl6.. . . . 2TI. 0 . 50043 9 .69934
TIO . . . . . . 0 .52004 9 .71604
2TICI. . 0 . 58735 9 . 76890
Tin :
SnO2. . . . Sn . . . . . . . . 0 . 78737 9 .89618
Titanium :
Ti02. Ti. . 0 .60051 9 . 77852
TiO3. . . 1 . 19975 10 . 07909
TiON. 1 . 39952 10 . 14598
Tungsten :
WO3. . . . . 0 . 79310 9 .89933
Uranium : W ...
U . 08. . . . . 30 . . 0 .84879 9 . 92880
U2P2011 . . . . . . : . . . . 0 . 66807 9 . 82482
0 .75732 9 . 87928
K2U207. . . 0 .71568 9 . 85472
Vanadium :
V205. . . . 2V. . . . . 0 .56141 9 . 74928
Zinc :
ZnO . . . . . . . Zn . . . 0 . 80345 9 . 90496
ZnS. . 1 . 19732 10 .07821
ZnS.. . . ... . Zn . . . . : : : 0 .67104 9 . 82675
Zn0 . . 0 .83520 9 . 92179
Zirconium :
ZrO2. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . Zr. . . . . . . . 1 0 . 73899 9 . 86864
SULPHURIC ACID
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.
LUNGE, ISLER AND NAEF
(From the Chemiker Kalender, published by Julius Springer, Berlin .)
Per Total Deg . | Per Total
Sp . gr . Deg .
Deg . Twad - cent.
H . SO4IHSO4
kg . in
Sp . gf . Deg . i Tw adil.' cent. H SO .
at 1
i at
15° C . 1 Bé .
Bé. | de!l. wt. 1 liter. 15° C . dell. H2SO4 kg. in
y by wt. I liter.
1 . 000 0 .0 0 0 .09 0 .001 | 1 . 210 25 . 0 42 28 . 58 0 . 316

1 . 005 0.7 1 | 0 . 95 0 . 009 | 1 .215 25 . 5 43 29 . 210 . 355
tore
TA
VOO
1 . 010 1.4 2 1 .57 0 . 016 1 . 220 26 . 0 44 29 . 840 . 364

1 . 015 2. 1 3 | 2 . 30 0 . 023 | 1. 225 26 . 4 45 30 . 480. 373
D
1 . 020 2.7 1230 26 9 46 31 10 382

1 . 025 1 . 235 27 . 4 47 31. 700 . 391
inves
1 . 030 4 . 49 0 .046 1 . 240 27 48 32 . 280.400
1 .035 5 . 230 .051 1 . 245 49 32 .860. 409
1 .040 1 5 . 96 0 . 062 1 . 250 .ivave 50 33. 430 .418
1 .045 6 . 0 6 .67 0 .071 1 . 255 29 51 34 . 000 . 426
1 .050 6 . 7 7 . 37 0 .077 | 1 . 260 29. 52 34 .570 . 435
1 . 055 | 7 . 4 8 . 07 0 . 035 1 . 265 30 . 35 . 140 .444
1 . 060 8. 0 8 . 77 / 0 . 093 | 1 . 270 30 35 . 71 0 . 454
1 . 065 8 .7 9 . 4710 . 102 1 . 275 31 36 . 290.462
1 . 070 | 9 . 4 14 10 . 19 0 . 109 1 . 280 31 36 . 870. 472
1 . 075 10 . 0 10 . 90 0 . 117 1 . 285 32 37 . 450. 481
1 . 080 10 . 6 16 11 .600 . 125 1 . 290 32 58 38 .030.490
1 . 085 11. 2 17 12 . 30 0 . 133 1 . 295 32 . 59 38 .610. 500
1 .090 11 . 9 18 12 . 99 0 . 112 1 . 300 33 . 60 39 . 190. 510
1 . 095 12 . 4 13 .67 0 . 150 1 . 305 61 39 . 770 .519
1 . 100 13 . 0 14 . 35 0 . 158 1 . 310 34 . 2 62 40 . 350. 529
1 . 105 13 . 6 15 .03 0 . 166 1 . 315 34 . 6 63 40 . 930 .538
1 . 110 14 . 2 15 .71 0 . 175 . 1 . 320 35 . 0 64 41. 500. 548
1 . 115 14 . 9 16 . 36 0 . 183 | 1 . 325 35 . 65 42 .08 0 . 557
1 . 120 15 . 4 17 . 01 0 . 191 || 1. 330 35 . 8 66 42.660 .567
1 . 125 16 . 0 17 .66 0 . 199 1 . 335 36 . 2 67 13. 2010 . 577
1 . 130 16 . 5 18 . 31 0 . 207 1 . 340 36 . 6 68 43 . 740 . 586
1 . 135 17 . 1 18 . 960 . 215 1 . 345 37 . 69 44 . 280. 596
1 . 140 17 . 7 19 .61 0 . 223 1 . 350 37 . 4 70 44 . 820 .605
1 . 145 18 . 3 20 . 260. 231 1 . 355 37 . 71 45 . 350.614
1 . 150 18 . 8 20 .910 . 239 1 . 360 38 . 72 45 . 880 .624
1 . 155 19 . 3 21 .55 0 . 248 1 . 365 38 . 6 73 46 .410 .633
1 . 160 |19 . 8 22 . 190 . 257 1 . 370 39 . 0 74 46 . 940.643
1 . 165 20 . 3 22 . 83 0 . 266 1 . 375 39. 4 75 47.47 0 .653
1 . 170 20 . 9 23 .47 0 . 275 1. 380 39 .8 76 48 . 00 0 . 662
1 175 21 4 24 . 12 0 . 283 1 . 385 40 . 1 77 48 .53 0 .672
1 . 180 22. 0 24 . 76 0 . 292 1 . 390 40 . 5
78 49 . 06 0 .682
1 . 185 22 . 5 25 .40 0 . 301 1 . 395 40 . 81 79 49 .59 0 .692
1 . 190 23 . 0 26 . 04 0 . 3101 1 . 400 41. 21 80 50 . 11 0 . 702
1 . 195 23 . 5 26 . 68 0 . 319 1 .405 41.6 81 50 .63 0 .711
1 . 200 24 . 0 27 . 32 0 . 328 1 . 410 42 . 0 82 51 . 150.721
1 . 205 24 . 5 41 27. 95 0 .337 | 1.415 42. 3 83 51.66 0 .730
SULPHURIC ACID (Continued)
Sp . gr . | Deg . Tw
Dead
g.- uPer Total
. S04 kg . in Sp . gr . Deg . Per Total
cent. H2SO Deg . Twad cent. | H2SO4
at
Bé. i dell | H2SO4 kg . in Bé. | dell. H2SO4 kg . in
15° C by wt. 1 liter. 15° C . by wt. 1 liter .
1 .420 142 . 7 84 52 . 15 0 .740 1 .645 56 .61 129 172 . 55 1 . 193

1 .425 43 . 1 85 52.63 0 .750 1 .650 56 . 9 130° 72 . 96 1 . 204
1 . 430 43 . 4 86 53. 11 0 . 759 1 .655 57 . 1 131 73 .40
1 . 215
1 .435 43 . 8 87 153 .59 0 . 7691 1 .660 57 . 4 132 73.81
1 . 225
1 .440 44 . 1 88 54 .07 0 . 779 ) 1 .665 57 . 7 ) 133 74 . 24 1 . 230
1 .445 44 . 4 89 54 . 55 |0 . 789 ! 1 .670 157 . 9 134 174 .66 1 . 246
150 44 8 90 55 03 0 . 798 1 675 58 2 135 175 081 259
1 . 455 45 . 1 91 55 .500 . 808 ! 1 .680 58 . 4 136 175 . 50 1 . 268
1 . 460 45 . 4 92 55 . 97 0 . 817 || 1 .685 58 . 7 137 175 . 94 1 . 278
1 . 465 45 . 8 93 56 .430 . 827 || 1 .690 58 . 9 138 76 . 38 1 . 289
1 .470 46 . 1 94 56 . 90 0 . 837 1 .695 59. 2 139 76 . 76 1 . 301
1 .475 16 . 4 95 57 . 37 0 . 846 1 . 700 59 . 5 140 177 . 17 1 . 312
1 .480 46 . 8 96 57 .830 . 856 || 1 . 705 59 . 7 141 77 .60 1 . 323
1 .485 47 . 1 97 58 . 28 0 : 865 | 1 . 710 60 . 0 142 178 . 04 1 . 334
1 . 490 47 . 4 98 58 . 74 0 . 876 1 .715 160 . 2 143 178 . 48 1 . 346
1 . 495 47 . 8 99 59 . 22 0 . 885 ! 1 .720 160 . 41 144 78 . 92 1 . 357
1 . 500 48 . 1 100 59 . 700 . 896 1 . 725 60 . 6 145 179 . 361. 369
1 . 505 18 . 4 101 60 . 18 0 . 906 / 1 .730 60. 9 146 79. 80 1 . 381
1 .510 48 . 7 102 60 .65 0 . 916 | 1 . 735 61 . 11 147 80 . 24 1 . 392
1 515 49 . 0 103 61 120 . 926 1 . 740 161 41 148 80 .6811 404
1 . 520 49 . 4 104 61 . 59 0 . 936 1 . 745 61. 6 149 81 . 121416
1 . 525 49. 7 105 62 . 06 0 . 946 1. 750 61. 8 150 81 . 56 1 . 427
1 .530 50 . 0 106 62 . 53 0 . 957 1 . 755 62 . 1 151 82. 00 1 . 439
1 .535 50 . 3 107 63 . 00 0 . 967 ! 1 . 760 62 . 3 152 82 . 44 1 . 451
1 .540 50 . 6 108 63 . 43 0 . 977 1 .765 62 . 5 153 83 . 01 1 . 465
1 . 545 50 . 9 109 63 . 85 0 . 987 1 . 770 62. 8 154 83 .51 1 . 478
1 . 550 51 . 2 110 64 . 26 0 . 996 1 . 775 63 . 0 155 84 .02 1 . 491
1 .555 51. 5 111 64 .67 1 . 006 | 1 . 780 63 . 2 156 84 . 501. 504
1 .560 151. 8 112 65 . 201.017 | 1 . 785 63 . 5 157 85 . 10 1 . 519
1 . 565 52. 1 113 65 .65 1 . 027 1 . 790 63. 7 158 85 . 70 | 1 .534
1 . 570 52 . 4 114 66 . 09 1 . 038 | 1 . 795 64. 0 159 86 . 301. 549
1 . 575 52. 7 115 66 .53 1 .048 1 . 800 64 . 2 160 86 . 92 1 . 564
1 . 580 53 . 0 116 66 . 95 1 . 058 ! 1 . 805 64 . 4 161 87 . 601. 581
1 .585 53 . 3 117 67 .401. 068 1 .810 64 . 6 162 88 . 30 1 . 598
1 .590 53 . 6 118 67 . 83 1 . 078 1 . 815 64. 8 163 89 . 16 1 .618
1 .595 53 . 9 119 68 . 26 1 . 089 1 . 820 65 . 0 164 90 . 05 1 .639
1 .600 54 . 1 120 68 . 70 1 .099 1 . 821 90 . 20 1 : 643
.
1 .605 54 . 4 121 169 . 13 1 . 110 1 . 822 65 . 1 90 . 401.647

1 .610 54 . 7 122 69. 56 1 . 120 1 . 823 90 .60 1 . 651
1 . 615 55 . 0 123 70 .00 1 . 131 1 . 824 90 . 80 1 .656
N
1 .620 55 . 2 124 70 . 42 1 . 141 | 1 . 825 91 . 00 1 . 661

1 .625 55 . 5 125 70 . 85 1 . 151 1 . 826 65 . 3 91 . 25 1 .666
1 . 630 55 . 8 126 71 . 27 1 . 162 1 . 827 91 . 50 1 .671
1.635 56 . 0 127 71 .70 1 . 172 1 . 828 65 . 4 91 . 70 1 . 676
1 .640 56 . 3 128 72. 12 1. 182 | 1.829 .... .. . 91. 901.681
64
SULPHURIC ACID (Continued )
Per Total | Sp . gr. Deg TDweagd - 1 1 Per. Total
Sp . gr. | Deg . T wad -
Deg .SO
Hcent. kg. in
H2SO4
at 1 HSO , kainat
cent. | HASO
Bé. | dell . 04 kg in
15°C . |by wt. 1 liter 15°C
°C . Bé. dell.
by wt. 1 liter.
1 .830 166 92 . 10 1 .685 ) 1 .810 05 . 9 168 95 .60 1 .759
1 .831 92 .43 1 .692 ) 1 . 8105 95 . 95 1 . 765
1.
1 . 832 92 . 70 1 .698 1 .8410 96 . 38 1 .774

: : : :
.os
1 .833 92 . 97 1 .704 1 . 8415 . 97 . 35 1 . 792

1 .834 93 . 25 1 . 7101! 1 .8410 98 . 20 1 . 808
1 .835 93 . 56 1 . 717 || 1 . 8405 99 . 52 1 . 814
1 .836 93 . 80 1 . 722 1 . 8400 198 .721. 816
1 . 837 94 . 25 1 .730 || 1 . 8395 | 98 . 77 1 .817
: : : :
00
1 . 838 94 .60 1 . 739 1 .8390 . . '99 . 12 1 . 823

.
1 .839 . . . . . . . 95 . 00 1 .748 1 . 8385 . . . . . . . 99 . 31 1 .826
ACETIC ACID
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS, AT 15° C .
OUDEMANS
(From the Chemiker Kalender, published by Julius Springer.)
Specific Pr. ct. Specific Per Specific | Per ! Specific ! Per

C covosera
gravity . by wt. gravity cent. gravity . cent. gravity . į cent.
0 . 9992 0 1 . 0363 26 1 . 0631 52 1 .0748 78

1 .007 1 . 0375 27 1 . 0638 53 1 . 0748 79
1 . 0022 1 . 0388 1 . 0646 54 1 . 0748
1 . 0037 1 .0400 1 . 0653 | 1 .0747
So
1 . 0052 1 . 0412 1 . 0660 | 1 .0746

1 . 0067 1 . 0424 1 . 0666 1. 0744
1 . 0083 1 . 0436 1 . 0673 1. 0742
1 . 0098 1 . 0447 1 . 0679 1 . 0739
1 .0113 1 .0459 1 . 0685 1 . 0736
1 . 0127 1 . 0470 1 . 0691 1 .0731
1 . 0142 1 . 0181 1 . 0697 62 1 .0726
1 . 0157 1 . 0492 1 . 0702 63 1 .0720
1 .0171 1 . 0502 1 . 0707 64 1 . 0713
1 .0185 1 .0513 1 . 0712 1 . 0705
66 5
1 . 0200 1 . 0523 1 . 0717 1 . 0696

55
1 .0214 1 . 0533 1 . 0721 1 . 0686

1 . 0228 1 . 0543 1 . 0725 1 . 0674
1 . 0242 1 . 0552 1 .0729 1 . 0660
1 . 0256 1 . 0562 1 .0733 1 . 0644
1 . 0270 1 .0571 45 1 . 0737 1 .0625
1 . 0284 | 20 1 . 0580 46 1 .0740 1 . 0604
1 . 0298 21 1 . 0589 47 1 .0742 1 . 0580
1 . 0311 22 1 . 0598 48 1 . 0744 74 1 . 0553 100
1 . 0324 23 1 . 0607 49 1 .0746 75
1 . 0337 24 1 . 0615 50 1 . 0747 76
1 .0350 | 25 1 . 0623 51 1 .0748 77
65
NITRIC ACID
SPECIFIC GRAVITY, OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
(From the Chemiker Kalender, published by Julius Springer , Berlin .)
Degrees Degrees Per cent HNO3 Total HNO3

Spisac. Baumé. Twaddell. by weight. kg . in 1 liter.
otvornon
1 .000 0 .0 0 . 10 0 . 001
1 . 005 0.7 avairo 1 . 00 0 . 010
1 . 010 1 . 90 0 .019
1 .015 2 . 80 0 . 028
1 .020 3 . 70 0 .038
1 . 025 4 .60 0 . 047
1 . 030 5 . 50 0 . 057
1 .035 6 . 38 0 . 066
concos
1 .040 7 . 26 0 . 075
1 . 045 8 . 13 0 .085
1 . 050 10 8 . 99 0 . 094
10
os
1 . 055 11 9 . 84 0 . 104
1 . 060 10 .68 0 . 113
1 . 065 11. 51 0 . 123
1 . 070 14 12 . 33 0 . 132
15
1 . 075 10 . 0 13 . 15 0 . 141
1 . 080 10 . 6 16 13 . 95 0 . 151
17 14 . 74 0 . 160
1 . 085 11. 2
18
1 . 090 11 . 9 15 .53 0 . 169
1 . 095 12 . 4 16 . 32 0 . 179
1 . 100 13 . 0 20 17 . 11 0 . 188
1 . 105 13 . 6 21 17 . 89 0 . 198
14 . 2 22 18 . 67 0 . 207
OOTA
1 . 110
1 . 115 14 . 9 19 .45 0 . 217
1 . 120 15 . 4 20 .23 0 . 227
1 . 125 16 . 0 21 . 00 0 . 236
1 . 130 16 . 5 21. 77 0 . 246
1 . 135 17 . 1 22 . 54 0 . 256
1 . 140 17 . 7 29
23 . 31 0 . 266
1 . 145 18 . 3 24 . 08 0 . 276
1 . 150 18 . 8 30 24 . 84 0 . 286
1 . 155 19 . 3 31 25 .60 0 . 296
1 . 160 19 . 8 32 26 . 36 0 . 306
27 . 12
co
1 . 165 20 . 3 0 . 316
1 . 170 20 . 9 27 . 88 0 . 326
1 . 175 21 . 28 .63 0 . 336
1 . 180 22 . 0 29 . 38 0 . 347
1 . 185 22 . 5 30 . 13 0 . 357
1 . 190 23 . 0 30 . 88 0 . 367
39
1 . 195 31 .62 0 . 378
1 . 200 24 . 0 40 32. 36 0 . 388
1 . 205 24 . 5 33. 09 0 . 399
1 . 210 25 . 0 33 . 82 0 . 409
A
1 . 215 25 . 5 34 .55 0 .420

66
NITRIC ACID (Continued)
Sp . gr. Degrees Degrees Per cent HNO3 Total HNO3
at 15° C . Baumé. Twaddell. by weight. kg . in 1 liter .
1 . 220 26 . 0 44 35 . 28 0 . 430
1 . 225 26 . 4 45 36 .03 0 . 441
1 . 230 26 . 9 36 . 78 0 .452
1 . 235 27 . 4 37. 53 0 . 463
1 . 240 27. 9 38 . 29 0 .475
1 . 245 28 . 4 39 . 05 0 . 486
1 . 250 28 . 8 39. 82 0 .498
1 . 255 29 . 3 40 .58 0 . 509
1 . 260 29 . 7 41. 34 0 .521
1 . 265 30 . 2 42 . 10 0 .533
1 . 270 30 . 6 42 . 87 0 . 544
1 . 275 31 . 1 43 .64 0 . 556
1 . 280 31 . 5 44 . 41 0 . 568
1 . 285 32 . 0 45 . 18 0 . 581
1 . 290 32 . 4 45 .95 0 . 593
1 . 295 32 . 8 46 . 72 0 . 605
1 . 300 33 . 3 47.49 0 . 617
1 . 305 33 . 7 48 . 26 0 .630
1 . 310 34 . 2 49. 07 0 .643
1 . 315 34 . 6 49 . 89 0 . 656
1 . 320 35 . 0 50 . 71 0 . 669
1 . 325 35 . 4 65 51. 53 0 .683
1 . 330 35 . 8 66 52. 37 0 .697
1 . 3325 36 . 0 66 . 5 52. 80 0 .704
1 . 335 36 . 2 53 . 22 0 .710
1 . 340 36 . 6 54 . 07 0 . 725
1 . 345 37 . 0 54 . 93 0 .739
1 . 350 37 . 4 55 .79 0 . 753
1 . 355 37 . 8 56 .66 0 . 768
1 . 360 38 . 2 57 .57 0 . 783
1 . 365 38 . 6 58 . 48 0 . 798
1 . 370 59 . 39 0 . 814
1 . 375 39 . 4 60 . 30 0 . 829
1 . 380 39 . 8 61. 27 0 . 846
1 . 3833 40 . 0 61 . 92 0 . 857
1 . 385 40 . 1 77 62. 24 0 . 862
1 . 390 78 63 . 23 0 . 879
1 . 395 40 . 8 64. 25 0 . 896
1 .400 41 . 2 65 . 30 0 . 914
1 . 405 41. 6 66 . 40 0 . 933
1 . 410 42. 0 67 . 50 0 . 952
1 .415 42 . 3 68 .63 0 . 971
1 . 420 42 . 7 69. 80 0 . 991
1 . 425 43 . 1 70 . 98 1 .011
1 .430 43 . 4 72 . 17 1 .032
1 . 435 1 . 053
43 . 8 87 73 . 39
1 . 075
1 . 440 | 44 . 1 88 74 .68
HAVDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
NITRIC ACID (Continued )
Degrees Degrees Per cent HNO3 Total HNO3
at 1:56.C. Baumé. Twaddell. by weight. kg. in 1 liter .
1 .445 44 . 4 75 . 98 1 . 098
1 . 450 44 . 8 77 . 28 1 . 121
1 . 455 45 . 1 78 .60 1 . 144
1 . 460 45 . 4 79 . 98 1 . 168
1 . 465 45 . 8 81 .42 1 . 193
1 . 470 46 . 1 82. 90 1 . 219
1 . 475 46 . 4 84 . 45 1 . 246
1 . 480 46 . 8 86 . 05 1 . 274
1 . 485 47 . 1 87 . 70 1 . 302
1 . 490 47 . 4 89 . 60 · 1 . 335
1 . 495 47. 8 91 . 60 1 . 369
1 . 500 48 . 1 100 94 . 09 1 . 411
1 . 505 48 . 4 101 96 . 39 1 . 451
1 . 510 48 . 7 102 98 . 10 1 . 481
1 .515 49 . 0 103 99 . 07 1 . 501
1 . 520 49 . 4 104 99 . 67 1 .515
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
(From the Chemiker Kalender, Published by Julius Springer , Berlin .)
VAAVAA
Sp . gr.
Total Total
Deg . ' TDeg
wad . Per HC Sp . gr . | Deg. Per HCI
at Twad - cent. at Twad - cent .
15°C Bé. kg . per 15
Bé. HCI. kg . per
deli HCI.
liter . dell. liter.
1 . 000 0 .0 0 . 16 0 .0016 1 . 115 14 . 9 23 22 . 86 0 . 255

1 . 005 1 . 15 0 .012 1 . 120 15 . 4 24 23 .820 . 267
OCTA
01010
1 . 010 2 . 14 0 .022 1 . 125 16 . 0 25 24 . 78 0 . 278

1 . 015 3 . 120 .032 1 . 130 16 . 5 25 . 75 0 . 291
CO
1 . 020 4 . 130 .042 1 . 135 26 . 70 0 . 303

1 . 025 5 . 15 0 .053 1. 140 17 .7 27 .660. 315
1 . 030 6 . 15 0 . 064 1 . 1425 18. 0 28 . 14 0 . 322
1 .035 7 . 15 0 . 074 | 1 . 145 18 . 3 29 28 .61 0 . 328
1 .010 5 .4 8 . 16 0 . 085 1 . 150 18 . 8 29 . 57 0 .340
1 .045 6 .0 | 9 . 16 0 . 096 1 . 152 19 . 0 29 . 95 0 . 345
1 . 050 | 6 . 7 10 . 170 . 107 || 1 . 155 30 .55 0 . 353
1 .055 | 7 . 4 11 11 . 18 0 . 118 11 . 160 19 . 31 .520 . 366
1 . 060 18. 0 12 12 . 190 . 129 || 1 . 163 32. 100. 373
1 . 065 8 . 7 13 13 . 190 . 111 1 1 . 165 32 . 490. 379
1 . 070 9 .4 11 14 . 17.0 . 152 1 . 170 33 . 460 . 392
1 .075 10 . 0 15. 15 . 160. 163 || 1 . 171 21. 0 . . 33 .65 0 . 394
1 . 080 10 . 6 16 16 . 150 . 174 1 . 175 34 . 42 0 . 404
1 .085 11. 2 17 17 . 130. 186 | 1 . 180 22. 0 36 35 . 39 0 . 418
..090 11 . 9 18 18 . 110. 197 1 . 185 36 . 31 0 . 430
1 .095 12. 4 19 19 . 06 0 . 209 1 . 190 23 . 0 38 37 .23 0 .443
1 . 100 13 . 0 20 20 . 01 0 . 220 1 . 195 23. 5 39 38 . 16 0 . 456
1 . 105 13 . 6 21 20 . 97 0 . 232 1 . 200 24 . 0 40 39 . 11 0 . 469
1 . 110 14 . 2 22 21. 920. 2443
68
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Specific per cent Total NH : Specific Per cent Total NH3
gravity . NH3. g . per liter . gravity . NH3. g . per liter.
1 . 000 0 . 00 0.0 0 . 940 15 .63 146 . 9

Cerer
0 . 998 0 . 45 4 .5 0 . 938 16 . 22 152 . 1

0 . 996 0 . 91 9. 1 0 . 936 16 .82 157 . 4
0 . 994 1 . 37 13 . 6 0 . 934 17 . 42 162 . 7
0000VVO
0 .992 1 . 84 18 . 2 0 . 932 18 .03 168. 1

0 . 990 2 . 31 22 . 9 0 . 930 18 .64 173. 4
Acco
0 . 988 2 . 80 27 . 7 0 . 928 19 . 25 178 . 6

Coco
0 . 986 3 . 30 32 . 5 0 . 926 19 . 87 184 . 2

0 . 984 3 . 80 37 . 4 0 . 924 20 .49 189 . 3
0 . 982 4 . 30 42. 2 0 . 922 21 . 12 194 . 7
0 . 980 4 . 80 47 . 0 0 . 920 21 . 75 200 . 1
0 . 978 5 . 30 51 . 8 0 . 918 22 .39 205 . 6
0 . 976 5 . 80 56 . 6 0 . 916 23 . 03 210 . 9
0 . 974 6 . 30 61. 4 0 . 914 23 .68 216 . 3
0 . 972 66 . 1 0 . 912 24 . 33 221 . 9
0 . 970 70 . 9 0 . 910 24 . 99 227 . 4
0 . 968 75 . 7 0 . 908 25 .65 232 . 9
0 . 966 80 . 5 0 . 906 26 .31 238 . 3
0 . 964 85 . 2 0 . 904 26 . 98 243 . 9
0 . 962 9 . 35 89 . 9 0 . 902 27.65 249. 4
0 . 960 9 . 91 95 . 1 0 . 900 28 . 33 255 . 0
0 . 958 10 .47 100 . 3 0 . 898 29 .01 260 . 5
0 . 956 11. 03 105 . 4 0 . 896 29 .69 266 . 0
0 . 954 11. 60 110 . 7 0 . 894 30 . 37 271. 5
0 . 952 12 . 17 115 . 9 0 .892 31 . 05 277 . 0
0 . 950 12 .72 121 . 0 0 .890 31 . 75 282. 6
0 . 948 13 . 31 126 . 2 0 . 888 32. 50 288 .6
0 . 946 13 . 88 131 . 3 0 . 886 33 . 25 294 . 6
0 . 944 14 . 46 136 . 5 0 . 884 34 . 10 301 . 4
0 . 942 15 . 04 141. 7 0 . 882 34 . 95 308 . 3
69
ALCOHOL BY VOLUME
TRALLES
(From the Chemiker Kalender , published by Julius Springer , Berlin .)
Per Per Per Per

Specific Specific Specific Specific
cent cent
o
cent cent
gravity . by vol./ gravity . by vol. gravity. by vol. gravity .
by vol.
Aoooo
voer
0 . 9976 26 0 . 9689 0 .9315 0 . 8739

ON
0 . 9961 0 . 9679 0 . 9295 0 . 8712

C
0 . 9947 | 0 . 9668 0 . 9255 0 . 8685

0 . 9933 0 . 9657 0 . 9254 0 . 8658
0 . 9919 0 . 9646 0 . 9234 0 . 8631
0 . 9906 0 . 9634 0 . 9213 0 . 8603
0 . 9893 0 . 9622 0 . 9192 0 . 8575
0 . 9881 33 0 . 9609 58 0 . 9170 0 . 8547
0 . 9869 0 . 9596 0 . 9148 0 . 8518
0 . 9857 0 . 9583 0 . 9126 0 . 8488
0 . 9845 0 . 9570 0 . 9104 0 .8458
0 . 9834 0 . 9559 62 0 . 9082 0 . 8428
0 . 9823 0 . 9541 63 0 . 9059 0 . 8397
14 0 . 9812 0 . 9526 64 0 . 9036 89 0 . 8365
Fachache
15 0 . 9802 0 . 9510 65 0 . 9013 90 0 . 8332

16 0 . 9791 0 . 9494 66 0 . 8989 0 . 8299
0 . 9781 0 . 9478 0 .8965 92 0 . 8265
3
0 . 9771 0 . 9461 68 0 . 8941 0 . 8230

0 . 9761 44 0 . 9444 69 0 . 8917 0 . 8194
0 . 9751 45 0 . 9427 70 0 . 8892 95 0 .8157
0 . 9741 46 0 . 9409 0 . 8867 96 0 . 8118
0 . 9731 47 0 . 9391 72 0 . 8842 97 0 . 8077
0 . 9720 0 . 9373 0 . 8817 98 | 0 . 8034
0 . 9710 49 0 .9354 74 0 . 8791 99 10. 7988
0 . 9700 || 50 | 0 . 9335 75 0 .8765 || 100 | 0 .7939
70
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GASES AND VAPORS

Mass Density
of 1 |Density , air 1 . referred to
Formu- Mol. liter H2 ( 2 ) .
Name. la . wt. ing. at
760 m . Obs . Mol
0° C . Com . | Obs. lat 00 Mol.
wt.
T. C.
Acetylene . . C2H2 | 26 .02 1 .1620 0 .8988 0 . 92 | 26 .04 25.82
Air . . . . . . . .. . 1 . 2928 1 . 0000
NH3 17 . 06 0 . 7621 10 . 5895 10 . 5971 | 17 . 17 16 . 93
Ammonia . . . .
Argon . . . . . A 39 . 9 1 . 782 1 . 379 1 . 379 39. 60 39. 60
Arsine . . . . . AsH3 78 . 0 3 . 485 12 .696 2 .695 | 77 . 45 77 . 45
Bromine. . . . Br2 159. 92 7 . 1426 15 .5249 5 .5243 158. 54 158 .72
Butane . . . . . C4H10 58 . 08 2 . 5945 12 . 0065 2 . 0100
Carbon dioxide . . . . . . CO2 44 . 1 . 9652 1 .5201 1 .529143. 97 43. 67
Carbon monoxide. . . . CO 28 . 1 . 2506 0 . 9673 0 . 9672 27 . 82 27 . 79
Carbon oxychloride. . COCI: 98 . 90 4 .4172 3 . 4163 3 . 505 100 . 7 98 . 15
Carbon oxysulphide. . . . COS 60 . 06 2 . 6825 2 . 0749 2 . 1046 60 .52 59 .62
Chlorine. . . . . . . . . . . Cl2 70 . 90 3 . 1666 2 .4494 2 .491 71 . 60 70 36
Chlorine dioxide. . . CIO2 67.45 3 .0126 12 .3303 2 . 330 66 . 94
Chlorine monoxide. . . C1, 0 86 . 90 3 . 8813 3 . C022 3 . 0072 86 . 54 86 . 24
Cyanogen . . . . . . . . . C2N2 52. 08 2 . 3261 1 .7993 1 . 8064 51 .75 51 .68
Ethane. . . . . CH6 30 . 05 1 . 3421 1 . 0381 1 . 075 30 7. 29 . 82
Ethyl chloride . . . . . CHCl 64 . 49 2 . 8804 2 .228 2 . 219 63. 14 64 . 00
Ethylene . . . . C2H4 28 .03 1 . 252 0 . 9684 0 .9852 28 . 13 27 . 82
Fluorine . . . . . . . F2 * 38 . 1 .697 1 . 313 1 . 26 37. 82
Helium . . . . He 0 . 1787 10 . 1382 0 . 1368
Hydrobromic acid . HBr | 80 . 97 3 . 6163 12 . 7973 2 . 71 1 77. 77 80 . 36
Hydrochloric acid . . HCI 36 . 46 1 . 6283 1 . 2595 1 . 269236 . 50 30 . 18
Hydrofluoric acid . . . HF 20 . 0 . 894 10 .691 0 . 7126 20 . 19 20
Hydriodic acid . . . . . . HI 127 . 80 5 . 7106 4 . 4172 4 . 3757 126 . 76 126 . 90
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . H2 2 . 016 0 .0900 0 . 06965 0 . 06960 2 . 00 2 . 00
Hydrogen selenide. . . H2Se 81. 2 3 . 627 2 . 806 2 . 795 80 . 36 80 . 58
Hydrogen sulphide. . . . H S | 34 . 08 1 .5230 | 1 . 1773 1. 1895 34 25 33 .83
Hydrogen telluride . . . . H . Te 129 .6 5 . 789 4 . 478 4 . 489 129 . 11 128 . 64
Krypton . . . . . . . . . . Kr 81 . 8 3 . 654 2 . 826 2 . 818 | 81. 20 81. 20
Methane . . . . . . . . CH ; 16 . 03 0 . 716 0 . 5539 0 . 5576 16 . 07 15 . 91
Methyl chloride . . CHCI 50 .47 2 . 2543 1 . 7438 1 .731 / 54 .77 50 .09
Methyl ether . . . C2H60 46 .05 2 .0567 1 . 5909 1 . 617 46 . 84 45 . 70
Neon . . . : : : . . . . . Ne 20 . 0 .893 0 .691 0 . 674 19 . 86 19 . 86
Nitric oxide . . . NO 30 . 04 1. 341 1 .0378 1 . 0387 29 . 83 29 . 81
Nitrous oxide . . N20 44 . 08 1 . 9688 1 .5229 1 .5301 | 44 . | 43 .74
Nitrogen . . . . N2 28 . 08 1 . 2542 0 . 9701 0 . 96717 27 . 81 27 . 86
Nitrosyl chloric NOCI 65 .49 2 . 925 2 . 2625 2 . 31 66 . 3 65 .
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . 02 32 . 1 . 4292 1 . 1055 1 . 10535 31. 78 31. 76
Phosphine . . . . . . . . PH3 34 . 11 .520 1 . 175 1 . 214 34 . 08 33 .77
Silicon fluoride . . . . SiF4 104 . 4 . 663 3 . 607 3 . 60 103. 52 103. 82
Sulphur dioxide . . . SO2 64 . 06 2 . 8611 2 . 2131 2 . 2639 64 . 44 63. 59
Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . Х 128 . 5 . 717 4 . 122 4 . 422 127 . 10 1. 7 10
IONIZATION CONSTANTS OF ACIDS AND BASES

Formic acid .. . . . . 0 . 000214 | Ammonium hy
Acetic acid . . . . . . 0 . 000018 droxide. . . . . . . . 0 .000023
Chloracetic acid . . 0 .00155 Carbonic acid . . . . 0 . 0000003040
Trichloracetic Hydrogen sulphide 0 .0000000570
acid . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 21 Boric acid . . . . . . . 0 . 0000000017
Benzoic acid . . . . . 0 .00006 Hydrocyanic acid . 0 .0000000013
71
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE SERIES OF METALS

Alkali . . . Cs.Rb . K . Na . Li. . . . Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pb 0 . 148
Alkaline- earth . . Ba. Sr. Ca. . Hydrogen . . . . . .. .(H ) 0 . 000
Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . Mg Copper . . . . . . . . . . . Cu 0 . 336
Aluminum . . . . . . ... . . . . Al 1 . 276 Arsenic . . . . . . . . . As
Manganese . . . . Mn 1 . 075 Bismuth . . . . . Bi
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . n 0 . 770 Antimony . . . Sb
Chromium . . . Mercury . . . . g 0 . 748
Cadmium . . . . 0 . 420 Silver. . . . . . . . . . Ag 0 . 771
Iron . . . . . . . . 0 . 340 Palladium . . . . . . Pd
Cobalt . . . . 0 . 232 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pt 0 . 863
Nickel. . . . 0 . 228 Gold . . . . 1 . 079
Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sn 0 . 192
1. Any metal will replace any other metal, belove it in the series, from
solutions of its salts, thus:
Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu
Zn + FeSO4 = ZnSO4 + Fe
Fe + 2HCI = FeCl2 + H2
Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2
Cu + HCI = No action . Cu insoluble .
Ag + HCI No action . Ag insoluble .
Cu + (dilute ) H2SO4 = No action .
Ag + CuSO4 = No action. Ag below Cu .
Note . It is true that dilute and conc. HNO3 and hot conc. H2SO4 will
dissolve most of the metals. When they thus dissolve metals below hydrogen
in the series, the action is an oxidizing one, and the acids are reduced to
NO and SO2 respectively . The metal is first oxidized to the oxide, the
acid being thus at the same time reduced , and the oxide thus formed then
reacts with the acid molecule present, and goes into solution as a salt .
Cu + (dilute ) H2SO4 = No action .
(b ) Cu + 2 (hot conc.) H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 502 + 2H20 .
In (b ), the Cu is first converted to Cuo , thus
Cu + H2SO4 = CuO + H20 + 502,
then the CuO reacts with another molecule of H2SO4, thus
CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H20 .
3Cu + 2HNO3 = 3Cu ( + 2NO + H2O
3CuO + 6HNO3 = 3Cu (NO3)2 + 3120
Added 3Cu + SHNO3 = 3Cu (NO3) 2 + 2NO + 4H2O .
2 In Regard to Ease of Reduction of Oxides . The metallic oxides down
to and including Mn can not be completely reduced to the metal state ,
even in a current of hydrogen . The oxides of Cd and succeeding metals
are easily reduced , and far down the list , the oxides of silver , platinum ,
mercury , and gold are reduced (decomposed into metal and oxygen ) even
by heat alone.
3 . In Regard to Ease of Rusting. (Oxidation in the Air.) - The alkali and
alkaline- earth metals rust very rapidly and with considerable evolution
of heat. All the metals down to copper rust with comparative ease .
The metals below copper do not rust . Assuming the electrolytic theory
of the process of rusting to be true , these facts are just about what might
have been predicted .
4 . In Regard to the Occurence of the Metals in the Free State in Nature .
Natural waters are frequently dilute solutions of carbonic, nitric, humic.
etc. , acids. As such they contain displaceable hydrogen . Metals above
hydrogen in the E . M . F . series scarcely , if ever, occur in the free state
in nature, but are practically without exception found in the combined
state , as sulphides, carbonates, etc. Metals below hydrogen are frequently
found in the free state in nature . Thus gold is found in the form of nuggets
of metallic gold . However, metals below hydrogen are also found in the
combined state, as cinnabar , HgS , etc .
5 . In Regard to Action of the Metals on Water. - The alkali and
alkaline-earths metal displace hydrogen from water, even in the cold ,
72
HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
and with evolution of much heat. Mg and succeeding metals will dig.
place hydrogen from steam . Metals at the bottom of the list will not
disp! In Rhydrogen
displace eges havefrom steam .
6 . In Regard to the Solubility and Stability of Hydroxides. - The alkali
metal oxides have great avidity for water, forming hydroxides. The
alkaline- earth metal oxides react with less readiness , forming hydroxides .
MgO reacts slowly and incompletely with water , forming the hydroxide .
All the other metallic oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water and
have no perceptible reaction therewith . When a solution of NaOH acts on
solutions of salts of the metals , the alkali metal salts are not precipitated .
The alkaline -earth metal salts are not precipitated unless in very con
centrated solution . All the other metal solutions are acted upon , with
precipitation of hydroxides, except in the case of copper which first gives
copper hydroxide (blue) , and which , on warming, changes to copper oxide
(black ) . Also in the case of arsenic , no precipitate falls , sodium arsenite
being formed . In the case of the last metals in the series, the oride is
precipitated
le , instead
d of
on the hydroxide, thus NaOH acting on salts of Sb ,
solubAg, Pd,
Hg,
r
RegaPt, and i
t causes
EcepAu, , dises aa pprecipitation
ri of the orides of these metals .
Bismuth , as an exception , gives a normal hydroxide .
7 . In Regard to Carbonates. — The alkali metals form normal stable ,
soluble carbonates, not easily decomposed on heating. The alkaline-earth
metals form normal carbonates , which are insoluble in water, and which
decompose upon heating , leaving the oxide , carbon dioxide being evolved .
When sodium carbonate solution acts on solutions of all the other metals ,
as a rule , a basic carbonate is precipitated , being insoluble in water, and
decomposed by heat into oxide and carbon dioxide. If the solution is cold ,
Ag, Hg, Cd , Fe, and Mn give normal carbonates . It the solution is warm ,
Sb , Hg, Ag, Pd , Pt, and Au give a precipitate of the oride, instead of the
carbonate , thus showing the instability of the carbonates of the lowest
metals in the series.
8 . In Regard to Voltaic Cells . - In choosing metals to acts as electrodes
in voltaic cells, the farther apart the metals chosen , the greater the electro
motive force of the voltaic cell. Thus the Al-Au couple gives a greater
E . M . F . than the Zn -Cu couple .
For complete information , see Alex . Smith ' s Gen . Inorganic Chem . ,
pages 361- 363 : 664 - 680. J . W . Mellor's Modern Inorg. Chem ., pages
362 - 376 .
TABLES SHOWING THE FUNCTIONS, USES AND

COMPOSITIONS OF FOODS
FUNCTIONS AND USES OF FOOD IN THE BODY.
Protein . - Builds and repairs tissue :
Albumen (white of eggs) All serve as fuel to yield energy
Casein ( curd of milk ) Į in the forms of heat and mus
Lean meat
Gluten of grains cular power.
Fats. — Are stored as fat:

Fat ofmeats, butter , olive oil, oils of corn, wheat and other
grains.
Carbohydrates. — Are transformed into fat:
Sugar, starch , etc.
Mineral Matter of Ash . -- Share in forming bones and assist in
processes of digestion .
Phosphates of lime potash , soda , etc.
Food is that which , taken into the body, builds tissue and
yields energy .
73
[HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMPOSITIONS OF FOOD (Continued)
DIETARY STANDARDS
For a man in full vigor atmoderatemuscular work, per day
Protein Energy
grams calories
Food eaten . . . . . . . . . 100 3 . 500
Food digested . . . . . . . 95 3 . 200
MINERAL MATTER (REQUIRED PER DAY)

grams
Phosphoric acid , (P205) . . . . . . . 3 to 4
Sulphuric acid , ( SO3) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 to 3 . 5
Potassium oxide, (120 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 to 3
Sodium oxide, ( Na2( ) . . . 4 to 6
Calcium oxide, (Cao ) . 0 . 7 to 1 . 0
Magnesium oxide, (MgO ). 0 . 3 to 0 . 5
Iron , (Fe) . . . . . : 0 . 006 to 0 .012
Chlorine, (CI) . . . 6 to 8
These tables are compiled from charts of the United States
Department of Agriculture , prepared by C . F . Langworthy ,
expert in charge of nutrition investigations.
Fuel
Carbo value
Name of the food Protein . Fat. Ash . Water . in cal
material drates . ories
per lb .
Apple . . . . . . . 0.4 ' 00 . 55 11. 2 0.3 84 . 6 290

Bacon . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 4 67 . 4 4.4 18 . 8 3030
Beef suet . . . . 4 . 7 | 81 . 8
- .
0 . 3 | 13 . 2 3510
Butter . . . . . . . 1.0 85 .0 3 .0 | 11. 0 3410
Buckwheat . . . . . . . 10 .0 2. 2 2.0 12 . 6 1600
19
.
Beefsteak . 18 . 6 ' 18 . 5 1.0 61. 9 1130

Buttermilk 30 . 0 .5 4 S 0 . 7. 91 . 0 160
Bean , fresh shelled .. 9.4 | 29 . 1 2 .0 58 . 9 740
Bean , green string . . 2. 3 7 .4 0 .8 89 . 2 195
Voravis
A.:OO
Bean , navy dry . . . . 1. 8 1596 12 . 6 1600

Banana . . . . . . . . 1. 3 0 .6 ) ) 0
75 . 3 460
Codfish , fresh . . 12 .8 0 . 1 82 . 6 325
Codfish , salt . . . . . 21 . 5 0.3 53. 5 410
Corn , dried . .. 10 . 0 / 4 . 3 73 . 4 10 . 8 1800
Corn , green . . . 3. 1 i 11119 . 7 75 . 4 500
Corn bread . . 7.9 1 . 7 | 10 . 3 2. 2 38 . 9 1205
Cream cheese 25 . 9 33 . 7 2.4 3. 8 34 . 2 1950
Cottage cheese . . 20 . 9 1 .0 1. 3 1. 8 72. 0 510
Cream . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 5 18 . 5 1.5 0 . 5 ! 74 . 0 | 865
CALORIES
HYDRATES
VALLE
COMPOSITIONS OF FOODS-- Continued
FUEL
IN
WATER
PROTEIN
CARBO
PER
LB
NAME OF THE FOOD MATERIAL
,
ASH
FAT
Candy stick . . . . . . . . . 96 . 5 0 .5 3 . 0 1785

Celery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1 3.4 1.0 94 . 5 85
Chestnut . .. 10 . 7 7 .0 74 . 2 1 2.2 5 . 9 | 1875
Cocoanut, dried . 6 . 3 57 . 4 31 . 5 1. 3 3 . 5 3125
Dried beef. . . . 30 . 0 6 .6 9. 1 54. 3 840
Egg, whole . 14 . 8 | 10 . 5 1. 0 73 . 7 700
Egg , white . . . . 13 .01 0 . 2 0 .6 86 . 2 265
Egg , yolk . . . . 16 . 1 | 33. 3 1. 1 49 . 5 | 1608
Fig , dried . . . 4.3 0.3 74 . 2 2 .4 | 18 . 8 1475
Fruit , canned . . . .. . . . 1.1 0.1 21 . 1 0 . 5 | 77 . 2 415
Grapes. . . . . . . . .. 1. 3 1 . 6 | 19 . 2 0 . 5 77 . 4 450
Grape juice, unfermented 0. 2 7. 4 0 . 2 92 . 2 150
Herring, smoked . 36 . 4 15 . 8 13. 2 34 . 6 1355
Honey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 81. 2 0 .2 18 . 2 | 1520
Jelly , fruit . . . . . . . . . . . 78 . 3 0 .7 21 . 0 1455
Lard . 100 . 0 4080
Lamb chop . . . . . . 17 . 6 | 28 . 3 1 . 0 53 . 1 1540
Mackerel . .. 18 . 3 7. 1 1 . 2 73 . 4 645
Macaroni. . . 3 .0 1.5 15 . 8 1 . 3 78 . 4 415
Milk , whole . . . . . 3. 3 | 4 .0 5 .0 0 . 7 87 . 0 310
Milk , skimmed . 3 .4 | 0 .3 0 .71 90 . 5 165
Molasses . 2 .4 69. 3 25
1290
Oat . . . . . 11 . 8 5 . 0 69. 2 3 .0 11 . 0 1720
Olive oil . . . . . . . 100 . 0 4080
ginois
Oyster . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .2 1. 2 3.7 2 .0 86 . 9
235
coiocco
Onion . . . 1 .6 0 .3 9.9 0 .6 | 87 . 6 225

Pork chop . .. 30 . 1 1 . 0 52 .0 | 1580
co
Parsnip . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .6 0 .5 13 . 5 1 . 4 83 . 0 230
Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 1 18 . 4 1. 0 | 78 .31 385
ORN
Peanut. . . . . . . . . . . 38 . 6 22. 4 2.0 2500

46 . 5 17 . 1 5 .0 2.1 2825
-
Peanut butter . . . . .
Rye . 10 . 5 1750
Rice . 2 .0 77 . 0 1. 0 12 . 0 1720
0 .5 11. 5 84 . 5 285
O
Rolled oats , cooked

Raisins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 76 . 1 3 .4 14 . 6 | 1005
O
Smoked ham . . . . .. . . . .. 38 .8 4 .8 40 . 3 1940

Sugar granulated . .. . .. . . 100 . 0 1860
Sugar , maple . . 82 . 8 0 . 9 / 16 . 3 1540
Strawberry . . . . . 1 .01 0 . 6 ' 7 . 4 0.6 90 . 4 . 180
Toasted bread .. .. .. . . 11 . 5 / 1. 6 61. 2 } 1.7 24 . 0 1420
Wheat . . 12 . 2 1 . 7 | 73 .71 1 . 8 10 .6 1750
White bread .. . . 1. 1 / 35 . 3 1215
Whole wheat bread .. 9.7 0. 9 49.71 1 . 3 / 38 . 4 | 1140
Walnut . . . . . . . . 16 . 6 63 . 4 16 . 1 1.4 | 2 .5 3285
75
PROPERTIES OF MATTER ,
DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS
The approximate density of various solids at ordinary atmospheric
temperature .
( Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)
Grams Pounds Grams Pounds

Substance . per per Substance . per per
cu .cm . cu .ft. cu .cm . 1 cu . ft .
Agate . . . . . . . . . 2 . 5 - 2 . 7 156 - 168 Mica . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 6 - 3 . 2 165 - 200

Amber . . . . . . . . , 1 . 06 - 1 . 11 66 - 69 Paraffin . . . . . . 0 . 87 - 0 . 91 54 - 57
Asbestos . . . 2.0 -2.8 125 - 175 Pitch . . . . . . 11 . 07 67
Asphalt . . . . . . 1. 1 - 1. 5 69 - 94 Porcelain . . . . . . 2 . 3 - 2 . 5 143 - 156
Beeswax . . . . .. 0 . 96 - 0 . 97 60 -61 Quartz . . . . . . 165
Brass . . . . . . . . 8 . 20 - 8 . 78 511 - 548 Resin . . . . . . . 1 . 07 67
Brick . . . . . . . . . 1 . 4 - 2 . 2 87 -- 137 Rock salt. . . . . . . 2 . 28 - 2 . 41 142 - 150
Bronze , . . . . . 8 . 74 8 . 89 545 -555 Soapstone . . . . . 2 . 6 - 2 . 8 162- 175
Butter . . . . . . . . . 00 . 86 8753
86 - 0 . 87 3
53 - 54 Starch . . . . . . . 1 . 53 95
Calcspar . . . . . . . 2 . 6 - 2 . 8 162 175 Sugar . . . . . . . 1 . 61 100
Cement, powder 1 . 15 - 1 . 7 | 72- 105 Tallow . . . . . . . 0 . 91 - 0 . 97 570 - 605
set . . . . . . . . . . .2 . 7 - 3 . 0 168 187 Wood , ash . . . . . 0 .65 - 0 . 85 40 -53
Chalk . . .. 1 . 9 - 2 . 8 118 - 175 bamboo . . 10 . 31- 0 . 40 19 - 25
Clay, dry . . . . . . . 1 . 8 - 2 . 6 122- 162 beech . . . . 0 . 70 - 0 . 90 43 - 56
Coal, soft . . . . . . 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 75 - 94 birch . . . . . . . . 0 . 51- 0 . 77 32 - 48
anthracite 1 . 4 - 1 . 8 87 112 box . . . . . . . . . 0 . 95 - 1 . 16 59 - 72
Cork . . . . . . . .. 0 . 22 - 0 . 26 11 - 16 butternut . . . . 0 . 38 24
Ebonite . . . . . . 1 . 15 72 dar . . .
. 0 . 49 - 0 . 57 30 - 35
Emery . . . . ... 1 . 0 250 cherry . . . . . . . 0 . 70 - 0 . 90 43 - 56
Feldspar . . . . . . . 2 . 53 - 2 .58 158 - 161 | ebony . . . . . . . . 11 . 11- 1 . 33 69- 83
Flint. . . . . . 12 . 63 1104 elm . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 54 - 0 .60 34 - 37
Galena . . . . . . . .. . 71 . 3
3- 7 . 6 460 470 hickory . . . . . . 0 . 60 - 0 . 93 37 - 58
Garnet . . . . . . . . . .3 . 6 - 3 . 8 230 - 335 lignumvit: . . . 1 . 17 - 1 . 33 73 - 83
Gas carbon . . . . .. 1 . 88 119 mahogany . . . . 0 . 66 - 0 . 85 . . .
German silver .. . 8 . 30 - 8 . 43 518 - 527 maple . . . . 0 .62 - 0 . 75 39 - 47
Glass, common . . 2 . 4 - 2 . 8 ' 1.50 - 175 oak . . . . . .. 0 .60 - 0 . 90 37 - 56
flint. . . . . . . . 2 . 9- 5 . 9 180 370 pine, white . . . 0 . 35 0 . 50 22 - 31
Ice . . . . . . . . 0 . 88 - 0 . 91 55 -57 | pitch . . . . . . . ' 0 . 83 - 0 . 85 52 - 53
Ivory . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 83 - 1 . 92 114 120 poplar . . . . . . . 0 . 35 - 0 . 5 22 - 31
Marble . . . . . ... 2 . 5 - 2 . 8 157 1771
DENSITY OF WATER
The temperature of maximum density for pure water, free from air
= 39.98 C .
The density at this temperature - 0.999973 ( C . G . S .).
( International Bureau ofWeights and Measures, 1910 .)
76
DENSITY OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS
(Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)
Grams per Pounds Temp.

Liquid. cu .cm . per cu . ft.
Acetone. . . 0 . 792 49. 4

Alcohol, ethyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 791 49 . 4
methyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 810 50 . 5
Benzene . . . : : . . 0 . 899 56 . 1
Carbolic acid . 0 . 950 - 0 . 965 59 . 2 -60 . 2
Chloroform
form .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 480 92 . 3
Ether . . . . . . . . 0 . 736 45 . 9
Gasoline . . . . . . 0 . 66 - 0 .69 41. 0 - 43 . 0
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 260 78 . 6
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 1 .028 - 1 . 035 64 . 2 -64 . 6
Naphtha, wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 848 - 0 . 810 52 . 9 - 50 . 5
Naphtha, petroleum ether . . . . . . 0 .665
0665
41 . 5
Oils :
castor . . . . . 0 . 969 60 . 5
cocoanut . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 925 57 . 7
cotton seed . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 926 60 . 2
creosote . .040 - 1 . 100 64 . 9 - 68 .61
linseed , boiled 0 . 942 58 . 8
olive . . 0 . 918 57 . 3
turpentine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 873 54 . 2
Sea water . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 025 64. 0 15
HYDROMETER CONVERSION TABLES

SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN DENSITY (C . G . S .) AND
DEGREES BAUMÉ FOR DENSITIES LESS THAN UNITY .
Degrees Baumé.
Density .
. 00 . 01 .02 . 03 . 04
0 : 60 103. 33 99 .51 95 . 81 92 .22 88 . 75

70 . 00 67 . 18 64 . 44 61. 78 59. 19
45 . 00 42. 84 40 . 73 38 . 68 36 .67
25 . 56 23.85 22 . 17 20 . 54 18 . 94
10 . 00
Degrees Baumé.
Density .
. 05 . 06 . 07 . 08 .09
0 . 60 85 . 38 82 . 12 78 . 95 75 . 88 72 . 30
56 .67 54 . 21 51. 82 49 . 49 47 . 22
. 80 34 .71 32 . 79 30 . 92 29 .09 27 . 30
: 90 17 . 37 15 . 83 14 . 33 12 . 86 11 . 41
1 . 00
HYDROMETER CONVERSION TABLES

(Continued )
SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN DENSITY (C . G . S .) AND THE
BAUMÉ AND TWADDELL SCALES FOR DENSITIES ABOVE UNITY.
Degrees Degrees Degrees Degrees
8 INE
Density. Baumé. Twaddell . Density . Baimé. Twaddell.
1 . 00 0 .00 ANO
.S
OS
00 1 .41 42 . 16 82
1 .01 144 1 . 42 42 . 89
1 .02 2 . 84 1 . 43 43 .60
1 .03 4
1 . 44 44 . 31
1 . 04 1 . 45 45 . 00
1 . 05 6. 1 .46 45 . 68
1 . 06 8 1 . 47 46 . 36
1 .07 9 .49 1 .48 47 . 03
1 .08 10 . 74 1 .49 47 .68
1 .09 11 . 97 1 . 50 48 . 33 100
1 . 10 13 . 18 1 .51 48 . 97 102
1 . 11 14 . 37 1 . 52 49 .60 104
112 15 .54 1 . 53 50 . 23 106
1 . 13 16 .68 1 .54 50 . 84 108
1 . 14 17 . 81 1 . 55 51 . 45 110
1 . 15 18 . 91 1 . 56 52 . 05 112
1 . 16 20 . 00 1 . 57 52 .64 114
og
1 . 17 21 . 07 36
1 . 58 53 . 23 116
1 . 18 22 . 12 1 .59 53. 80 118
1 . 19 23 . 15 38 1 .60 54 . 38 120
1 . 20 24 . 17 40 1 .61 54 . 94 122
1 . 21 25 . 16 1 . 62 55 . 49 124
1 . 22 26 . 15 44 1 .63 56 . 04 126
1 . 23 27 . 11 46 1 .64 56 .58 128
1 . 24 28 . 06 48 1 .65 57 . 12 130
- --
1 . 25 29 . 00 1 . 66 57 .65 132
8222
1 . 26 29 .92 1 . 67 58 . 17 134
1 . 27 30 . 83 1 .68 58 .69 136
1 . 28 31 .72 1 . 69 59 . 20 138
129 32 .60 1 . 70 59 . 71 140
1 . 30 33 . 46 1 .71 60 . 20 142
1 . 31 34 .31 62 60. 70 144
32 35 . 15 61 61. 18 146
1 . 33 35 . 98 66 61.67 148
1 . 34 36 .79 68 62. 14 150
1 . 35 37 .59 0 62.61 152
1 . 36 38 . 38 03. 08 154
1 . 37 39 . 16 63 . 54 156
1 . 38 39 . 93 1 . 79 63 . 99 158
1 . 39 40 .68 1 . 80 64 .44 160
NO
1 . 40 41. 43
ABSOLUTE DENSITY OF WATER

DENSITY IN GRAMS PER Cubic CENTIMETER , COMPUTED FROM
THE RELATIVE VALUES BY THIESEN , SCHEEL AND DISSEL
HORST (1900 ), AND THE ABSOLUTE VALUE AT 3º.98 C . BY
THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
(1910 ) .
Degrees
10 . 999841 847 854 860 866 872 878 884 889 895
900 905 909 914 918 923 927 930 934 938
941 944 947 950 953 955 958 960 962 964
965 967 968 969 970 971 972 972 973 973
973 973 973 972 972 972 970 969 968 966
965 963 961 959 957 955 952 950 947 944
941 938 935 931 927 924 920 916 911 907
902 898 893 888 883 877 872 866 861 855
849 843 837 | 830 824 817 810 803 796 789
781 774 766 758 751 742 734 726 717 709
7001 691 682 673 664 654 645 635 625 615
605 595 585 574 564 553 542 531 520 509
498 486 475 463 451 439 427 415 402 390
377 364 352 339 326 312 299 285 272 258
244 230 ) 216 202 188 173 159 | 144 129 | 114
099 084 069 054 038 023 007 * 991 * 975 * 959
0 . 998943 926 910 893 877 860 843 826 809 792
774 757 739 722 704 686 668 650 632 613
595 576 ) 558 5391 520 ) 501 482 463 444 424
405 385 365 345 325 305 285 265 244 | 224
203 183 16 : 141 120 099 078 056 035 / 013

0 . 997992 970 94 926 904 882 860 837 815 ; 792
770 747 724 701 678 655 632 608 585 561
538 514 490 466 442 418 394 369 345 320
296 ) 271 246 221| 196 171 146 | 120 095 / 069
044 018 *992 * 967) * 941 * 914 * 888 *862 * 836 / * 809
10 . 996783 756 729 703 676 649 621 594 567 | 540
512 485 457 429 401 373 345 317 289 261
232 204 175 147 118 089 060 031 002 * 973
29 0 . 995944 914 885 855 826 796 766 736 706 676
30 646 616 586 555 525 494 464 433 402 371
TIIIIIIIII+i
RELATIVE DENSITY AND VOLUME OF WATER
The mass of one cubic centimeter of water at 4° C is taken as unity .
The absolute density in C . G . S . units is obtained by multiplying the rel
ative density by 0 . 999973.
( Smithsonian Tables, Compiled from Various Authors.)
Temp. Tc
Ho emp.
o C . Density. Volume. . Density. Volume
- - -
0 . 99815 1 . 00186 + 35 0 . 99406 1 . 00598
843 157 371 633
869 131 336 669
892 108 299 706
912 088 262 743
0 . 99930 1 . 00070 0 . 99224 1 . 00782
945 055 186 821
958 042 147 861
970 031 107 901
979 021 066 943
0 . 99987 1 . 00013 45 10 . 99025 1 . 00985
993 007 46 0 . 98982 1 .01028
997 003 47 940 072
999 001 48 896 116
1 . 00000 1 . 00000 852 162
0 . 99999 1 . 00001 0 . 98807 1 . 01207
997 003 762 254
993 007 715 301
988 012 669 349
981 019 621 398
0 . 99973 | 1 . 00027 | 0 . 98573 1 . 01448
11 963 037 324 705
12 952 048 059 979
13 940 060 70 0 . 97781 1. 02270
14 927 073 489 576
0 . 99913 | 1 . 00087 80 0 . 97183 1 . 02899
897 103 85 | 0 . 96865 1 . 03237
17 880 120 90 534 590
18 862 138 95 192 959
19
843 157 100 0 . 95838 1 . 04343
0 . 99823 1 . 00177 110 0 . 9510 1 . 0515
802 198 120 0 . 9434 1 . 0601
780 221 130 0 . 9352 1 . 0693
756 244 140 0 . 9264 1 . 0794
732 268 150 0 . 9173 1 .0902
0 . 99707 1 . 00294 160 0 . 9075 1 . 1019
681 320 170 0 . 8973 1 . 1145
654 347 180 0 . 8866 1 . 1279
626 375 190 0 .8750 1 . 1429
597 405 200 0 . 8628 1 . 1590
0 . 99567 1 . 00435 210 0 . 850 1 . 177
537 466 220 0 .837 1 . 195
505 497 230 | 0 . 823 1 . 215
473 530 240 0 . 809 1 . 236
34 440 563 250 0 . 794 1 . 259
80
DENSITY AND VOLUME OF MERCURY
BASED ON THE DENSITY OF MERCURY AT 0° C . BY THIESEN AND SCHEEL
( 1898 )
coo is
Mass in gr. Vol. of 1 gr . | Temp. Mass in gr. Vol. in 1 gr.

Congo
Temp.
OC . OC .
per cu .cm . in cu .cms. per cu . cm . 1 in cu .cms.
voer
13 .6202 0 . 0734205 30° 13 . 5217 | 0 . 0739552

ovser
ooo
do EToo
ESIT
EE
6177 4338 5193 9686

6152 4472 5168 9820
6128 4606 5144 9953
6103 4739 5119 40087
13 . 6078 10 . 0734873 13 . 5095 0 .0740221
6053 5006 5070 0354
6029 5140 5046 0488
6004 5273 5021 0622
5979 5407 4997 0756
13 . 5955 10 . 0735540 13 . 4973 10. 0740891
5930 5674 4729 2229
5906 5808 · 4486 3569
5881 5941 4244 4910
5856 6075 4003 6252
13 . 5832 10 . 0736209 90 13 . 3762 0 . 0747594
5807 6342 100 3522 8939
5782 6476 110 3283 50285
5758 6610 120 3044 1633
5733 , 6744 130 2805 2982
13 . 5708 10 .0736877 140 13 . 2567 | 0 .0754334
5684 7011 150 2330 5688
5659 7145 160 2093 7044
5634 7278 170 1856 8402
5610 7412 180 1620 9764
13 . 5585 0 . 0737546 190 13 . 1384 | 0 . 0761128
5561 7680 200 1148 2495
88SSESS
5536 7813 210 0913 3865

5512 7947 220 0678 5239
5487 8081 230 0443 6616
E
13 . 5462 10 . 0738215 240 13 . 0209 0 .0767996

5438 8348 250 12 . 9975 9381
5413 8482 260 9741 70769
5389 8616 270 9507 2161
5364 8750 280 9273 3558
13 .5340 10 .0738883 290 12 . 9039 | 0 . 0774958
5315 9017 300 8806 6364
5291 9151 310 8572 7774
5266 9285 320 8339 9189
5242 9419 330 8105 80609
13 .5217 0 . 0739552 340 12. 7872 0 .0782033
350 7638 3464
360 7405 4900
81
DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

- (Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)
.°"Temp
Density in grams per cubic centimeter.
C
Substance . Parts of solute in 100 parts of solution by weight
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50
Ammonium chloride . . 1 . 015 1 . 030 1 . 044 1 . 058 1 . 072

Barium chloride. . . . . . 1 . 045 1.094 1 . 147 1 . 205 1. 269
Cadmium chloride. . . . 11. 043 1 .087 1 . 138 1 . 193 1 . 254 1 . 319 1 . 469
Calcium chloride . . . . . 1 . 041 1 . 086 1 . 132 1 . 181 1 . 232 1 . 286 1 . 402 15 .
Cane sugar . . . . . . . . . . 1. 019 1.039 1 . 060 1 . 082 1 . 129 1. 178 1 . 289 17 . 5
Copper sulphate . . . . . . ( 1. 0311. 064 1 . 098 / 1 . 134 1. 173 1 .213 118 .
Mercuric chloride . . . . . 1 . 041 1 . 092 . . .
Potassium bichromate . 1 . 035 1 . 071 la1 . ing
108 ... . .. ... . .. . .. 19 .. 5
20
hydroxide . . . . . . . .. 1.040 1.082 1.027 1.076 1. 229 1 . 286 1 .410 1.538 1.666 15.
chloride . . . . . . 1 .031 1 . 065 1 . 099 1 . 135 15 .
bromide. . . . 1 . 035 1 .073/ 1 . 114 1 . 157 | 1 . 205 1 .254 1 . 364 . 19 . 5
iodide . . . . . . 1.036 1 .076 1. 118 1. 164 1 .216 1. 269 1 .394 1.544 1. 732 19 .5
nitrate . : . . . 1 . 031 1 . 064 1 . 099 1 . 135 15 .
Sodium hydroxid 1 . 058 1. 114 1 . 169 1. 224 1. 2791. 331| 1.436 1 . 539 1 . 642
chloride . . . . . . . 1 . 035 1 . 072 1 . 110 1 . 150 1. 191 . . . 15 .
Silver nitrate . . . . 1. 041 1 .090 1. 140 1. 195 1 .255 1. 322 1 .479 1. 675 1 .918 15 .
Zinc chloride. . . . . .. 1 . 043 1. 089 1 . 135 1 . 184 1. 236 1. 289 1 .417 1 . 563 1 . 737 19 . 5
sulphate . . . . . . . . ...
. . .. 11. 027 1 . 057 1 . 089 1 . 122 1. 156 1 . 191 1 . 269 1. 351 1 . 443 20 5
DENSITY OF ALCOHOL
DENSITY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN GRAMS PER CUBIC CENTIMETER ,
COMPUTED FROM MENDELEJEFF' S FORMULA
Temp. °C. 0 2
. 80625 . 80541 . 80457 . 80374 . 80290

. 79788 .79704 . 79620 .79535 . 79451
. 78945 . 78860 .78775 . 78691 . 78606
. 78097 . 78012 .77927 . 77841 . 777561
Temp.°C. 9
. 80207 . 80123 . 80039 . 79956 . 79872

.79367 . 79283 . 79198 . 79114 .79029
. 78522 . 78437 . 78352 .78267 . 78182
. 77671 . 77585 .77500 . 77414 . 77329
C2
DENSITY OF DRY AIR
AT THE TEMPERATURE I, AND UNDER THE PRESSURE HCM . OF MERCURY,
THE DENSITY OF AIR
0 .001293 H
1 + 0 .00367 1 76
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co, publishers, by permission.)
Pressure H in Centimeters.
Proportional
Parts.
72.0 * 73. 0 74 . 0 75 . 0 76 . 0 77 . 0
Too
verwong
17
100 . 001182 0 . 001198 0 . 001215 0 . 001231 0 . 001247 0 . 001264 cm .
11 178 193 210 227 243 259 0 . 1
?
12 173 190 206 222 239 255 0. 2
13 169 186 202 218 234 251
165 181 198 214 230 246 0.4
0
0 .7
15 0 . 0011610 . 001177 0 . 0011930 . 001210 0 . 001226 0 . 001242 0 .8
16 1571 173 189 205 221 238
17 153 169 185 201 217 233 16
18 149 165 181 197 213 229
iang
30
Cm .
145 161 177 193 209
0 . 2
ore
0 . 3
000
0 . 4
200 . 001141 0 . 001157 0 . 0011730 . 001189 0 . 001205 0 . 001221 0 .5
21 137 152 169 18 201 216
22 134 14 . 165 181 197 212
0
23 130 115 161 177 193 208

24 126 142 157 173 189 204
09 . 14
15
o vom
cm .
- 25 0 . 001122 0 . 001138 0 . 0011530 . 001169 0 . 001185 0 . 001200 0. 1
como
118 134 119 165 181 1 .96

o
115 130 146 161 177 192 0.3

111 126 142 1571 173 188 0.4
107 123 138 153 169 184 0 .5
0 .6
0 .7
0.8
. 300. 001104 0 . 00111910 .001134 0 . 001150 0 .001 .65 0 .001180 0 .9
DENSITY OF SATURATED VAPORS AT THE TEMPERA

TURE OF NORMAL EBULLITION
Vapor. Temp. ° C . Density .
Acetic acid . . 118 . 5 0 . 00315

Benzene .. . . . . . . . . 80 . 2 0 .00275
Chloroform . . . . . . 61. 2 0 . 00443
Ether . . . . . . 34 .6 0 .00311
Ethyl alcohol. . 78 . 3 0 . 00164
Methyl alcohol. . 64 . 7 0 . 00121
Water . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . 0 0 . 000596
83
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PIIYSICS
DENSITY OF GASES IN LIQUID AND SOLID FORM
Temperatures marked * are the temperatures of normal ebullition .
Liquid . Solid .
Gas . Observer .
Temp.ID Temp . | D
OC .
2 cm3 OC .
g / cm3.
Acetylene . . . . . . - 23 . 5 0 . 52 Mathias, 1909
1 30 0 . 40
Air (20 . 95% oxygen ). 0 . 92
Ammonia . . - 10 . 7 0 . 65 Andreeff , 1859
+ 16 . 3 0 .61 Andreeff, 1859
Argon . . . . . . . . . - 187 . * 1 . 41 Baly & Donnan ,
1902
Carbon dioxide. . - 60 . I 1 . 19 1 . 53 Behn , 1910
+ 20 . 0 . 77 Amagat
Carbon monoxide. .. 190 . * . 79
68 . . 86 Baly & Donnan
1
Chlorine . . . . . 33 . 6 * 1 . 56 Knietsch , 1890

Chlorine . . . 20 . 1.41 knietsch , 1890
Ethylene . . . .
+ 1
21 . | 0 . 41 Cailletet & Mathias,

1886
Ethylene . . . . . . . + 10 . 0 . 21
Helium . . . . . . . . . . . 269 . * 0 . 122 Kamerling -Onnes &
i Perrier, 1910
1
Hydrogen . . . . . .
- 253. * 0 . 07 - 260 .076 Den ar, 1904
Hydrogen sulphid - 61 . 10 . 86
Nitrogen . . . – 196 . * 0 . 804 – 253 1 . 03 Dewar , 1904
Nitrous oxide . . . 20 . 1. 0 Cailletet & Mathias
.
Nitrous oxide . . . . + 17 . i 80 Villard , 1897

.
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . - 23. 0 . 89 Cailletet & Haute

.
feuille, 1881
- 182. 7 * 1 . 14 - 1 . 41 Kamerling -Onnes &
1
Perrier, 1910
- 20 .5 . 1 . 25 . Baly & Donnan
Sulphur dioxide . . . . - 10 . 1 . 16 ; Pierre
+ 20 . 1 . 38 .. Cailletet & Mathias
ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR SOLIDS

YOLXG 'S MODI'LOW AND MODULUS OF RIGIDITY
The values can be considered only as approximations. They are for
ordinary atmospheric temperatures.
Young' s Modulus. Modulus of rigidity .

Material.
! Dynes per Pounds per ! Dynes per Pounds per
Scm . sq .in sq .cm . sq. in .
Aluminum . . . . 7 X 1611 10 . 2 X106 2 . 5 X1011 3 63 X 106
Bismuth . . . . . . 3.2 4 65 1 . 24 1 . 80
Brass . . . . . . . 02 13 . 4 3. 7 5 . 38
Bronze. 10 . 6 15 4 4 . 06 5 . 91
phosphor . . . . . 12. 0 17 4 4 . 36 6 . 32
Cadmium . . . . . . . 5 .0 7 26 2 .45 3 . 56
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14 5 4.2 6 . 10
German silver. . . . 10 . 8 15 . 7 4 .5 6 .54
Glass ordinary . . . . . , 4 . 1 6 . 83- 11 3 1. 8 - 3 . 2 2 . 62- 4 . 65
crown . . . . . . . . . . . 65- 7 . 8 9 . 45 - 11 3 2.6- 3. 2 3 . 78- 4 . 65
fint. . . . . . . . . 5 . 0 - 6 .0 7 . 26 - 8 .52 2.0 - 2.5 2 . 91- 3 . 63
Gold , pure . . . . . . 8 .0 116 3.0 4 . 36
Granite . 1 .46 2 . 12
Ice . . . . . . . . . . . 28 407
Iron , drawn . 20 . 0 29 1 8 . 00 11. 6
cast . . . . . . . . . . 11. 5 16 8 5 10 7 .41
ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR SOLIDS (Continued )
YOUNG 's MODULUS AND MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (Continued )
Young's Modulus. Modulus of rigidity .
Gas.
Dynes per | Pounds per Dynes per Pounds per
sq .cm . sq .in . sq .cm . sq .in .
Ivory . . . . . . . .9 1 . 31
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .7 2 .47 0 .7 1. 02
Magnesium . . . . . . 4.2 6 . 10 1.7 2 . 47
• Manganin . . . . . 12 .4 18 . 0 4 .65 6 . 70
Nickel . . . . . . . . 22 . 0 32 . 0 8 .0 11 . 6
Platinum . . . . . 17 . 0 24 . 7 6 .5 9 . 45
Platinum -iridium . 21. 4 31. 1
Quartz , crystal :
Ito axis . . . . . . 10 . 30 15 . 0
· I to axis . . . . . 7 .85 11 . 4
fiber. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .6 8 . 14 3.0 4 . 36
Rhodium . . . 28 . 0 40 . 7
Silver, pure . . . . . . 7 .5 10 . 9 2.7 3 . 94
Steel, ordinary mild . 22 .0 32 . 0 8 . 00 11. 6
cast . . . . . . . . . . . 19. 5 28 . 3 7 . 50 10 . 9
drawn . . . . . . . . . 18 . 8 27 . 3
invar. . . . . . 14 . 1 20 . 3 5 . 63 8 . 18
Tantalum . . . 18 . 6 27 . 0
Tin. . . . . . . 5 .0 7 . 26 2.0 2 . 91
Wood . . . . 03 - 1 . 0 . 0436 - 1. 45
Zinc . . . . . 9 .0 13 . 1 3. 4 4 . 94
Bulk Modulus, LIMIT OF ELASTICITY AND BREAKING STRAIN

The values can be considered only as approximations. They are for ordi
nary atmospheric temperatures .
LIMIT OF ELAS BREAKING STRAIN .

TICITY.
Bulk Mod
Material. ulus Dynes
Dynes Pounds per
per per
Dynes per Pounds per sq .cm .
sq. cm . sq .in . sq .cm . sq .in .
Aluminum 5 . 0 X108 7 . 25 X 103 10 - 25 X 108 14 . 5 36 . 3 X103 7. 0 X101:

Bismuth . . . . . .. 3.0
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 - 48.
32. 70 . 6 . 1
Bronze . . . . 5 : 0 - 12: 7 : 25 - 17. 4 20 .- 40. 29 . - 58 . 8.9
Cadmium . 4 . 12
Copper. . . . 0 0 . 73 - 29 . 0 16 . - 45 . 23 . 2 65 . 3 12 . 0
German
silver . . . .. . . 15 . 0
Glass :
crown . . . 4 .0 -5 . 9
emission
flint . . . . ! | 3.6 - 3. 8
Gold . . . . . . 15 . 6 16 . 0
Iron :
drawn . . . 20 . 96 . 15 . 4
cast. . . . . 18 . | 9 .6
Lead . . . . . 14. 4 0 . 76
Manganin .
. . . .
12. 1
Nickel . . . . 17 . 0
Platinum . . 24 . 0
Quartz . . . . 3.7
Silvei . . . . . 15 . 10 . 0
Steel, mild. 20 . - 100 . 51. - 21 16 . 0
Tin, . . . . 12 . 5.0
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 8.7 | 3. 5
COMPRESSIBILITY OF LIQUIDS
CONTRACTION IN UNIT VOLUME PER ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE
(From Smithsonian Tables .)
Temp . Pressures in
Liquid . atm
atmos Coefficient. Observer
phere .
Acetone. . . . . 0 .001 -500 82 x 10 - 6 Amagat, 1893

Acetone. . . . . . 99 . 5 8 . 94 - 36 . 5 276 . Amagat, 1883
Benzol. . . . 9 .
17 8 92 . Röntgen , 1891
Carbon bisul
phide . . . . . . 0 .00 1 -500 66 . Amagat, 1893
Carbon bisul
phide . . . . . . 49 . 2 1000 - 1500 51. Amagat, 1893 :
Chloroform . . . 20 . 128 . Grimaldi, 1887
Chloroform . . . 10 8 -9 211 . Amagat, 1883
150 112 .
Ethyl alcohol. 1 -50 Amagat, 1893
Ethyl alcohol 300 - 400 | 78 . Amagat, 1893
Ethyl alcohol , 28 . 150 -400 | 81 . Barus, 1890 - 1 - 2
Ethyl alcohol. 100 . 150 - 200 108 Barus, 1890 - 1 - 2
Ethyl alcohol. 185 . 150 - 400 | 24.5 . Barus, 1890 - 1 - 2
Ethyl alcohol. 310 . 150 - 100 1530 . Barus, 1890 - 1 - 2
Glycerine. . . . . 20 . 5 25 . Quincke , 1893
Mercury . . . . . 3 . 92 Amagat, 1891
Nitric acid .. . . 20 . 3 1 - 32 338 . Colladon -Sturm ,
1828
Water.. . . . . 1 - 25 525 . Amagat, 1893
Water. . . . 1 - 25 500 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . . . . 1 - 25 191 Amagat, 1893
Water . . . 25 - 50 516 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . 25 - 50 492 . Amagat, 1893
Water. . . 25 - 50 476 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . . 100 - 200 492. Amagat, 1893
Water .. . . 100 - 200 461. Amagat, 1893
PO
Water . . . . 100 - 2001 412 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . 100 - 200 125 . Amagat, 1893
Water. . 100 . 100 - 200 468 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . . 500 - 1000 416 . Amagat, 1893
Water. . . 0 . 1000 - 1500 358 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . 0 . (1500 - 2000 321 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . . 2000 - 2500 292 . Amagat, 1893
Water . . . . . . . . 1 0 . 2500 - 3000 261. Amagat, 1893
86
HANDBOCK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR GASES

For short ranges of pressure , at a constant temperature , the volume of
& gas is inversely proportional to the pressure or pressure X volume = a
constant. (Boyle 's Law .)
For high pressures, the table below shows the relative volumes at various
temperatures . The volume at 0° C . and 76 cm . pressure ( 1 atmosphere )
being taken as 1 ,000 ,000 .
( From Smithsonian Tables.)
Oxygen . Air.
Atm .
0° 999. 5 1990.5 00 990.4 200°. 4
100 9265 9730

200 4570 7000 9095 5050 7360 9430
300 3208 4843 6283 3658 5170 6622
400 2629 3830 4900 3036 4170 5240
500 2312 3244 4100 2680 3565 4422
600 2115 2867 3570 2450 3180 3883
700 1979 2610 3202 2288 2904 3502
800 1879 2417 2929 2168 2699 3219
900 1800 2268 2718 2070 2544 3000
1000 1735 2151 1992 2415 2828
Nitrogen . Hydrogen .
Atm .
0° 99º. 5 1990.6 00 ' 99º.3 200°.5
100 9910
200 5195 7445 9532 5690 7567 9420
300 3786 5301 6715 4030 5286 6520
400 3142 4265 5331 3207 4147 5075
500 2780 3655 4515 2713 3462 4210
600 2543 3258 3973 2387 3006 3627
700 2374 2980 3589 2149 2680 3212
800 2240 2775 3300 1972 2444 2900
900 2149 2616 3085 1832 2244 2657
1000 2068 1720 2093
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
(From Rankine's Compilation , 1858 ; Smithsonian Tables.)
Coefficient of Angle of repose
Materials. friction . in degrees .
Wood on wood , dry . . . . . . . . 25 – . 50 14 . 0 - 26 . 5

Wood on wood , soapy . . 20 11 . 5
Metals on oak , dry .. . . . . . . .50 - .60 26 . 5 - 31 . 0
Metals on oak , wet . . . . 24 - . 26 13 . 5 – 14 . 5
Metals on oak , soapy . . . . 20 11 . 5
Metals on elm , dry . . . . . . . . 20 – 25 11. 5 – 14 . 0
Hemp on oak , dry . .53 28 . 0
Hemp on oak , wet. . . . . . . . . 33 18 . 5
Leather on oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 – . 38 15 . 0 – 19 . 5
Leather on metals , dry . . . . 56 29 . 5
Leather on metals , wet. . . . . . . . . 20 . 0
Leather on metals , greasy . .. . . . . . . . 13 . 0
Leather on metals , oily . 8 .5
Metals on metals, dry . . . 15 - 20 8 . 5 - 11. 5
Metals on metals , wet . . . . . . .3 16 . 5
Smooth surfaces occasionally grease:l. . ..07 - . 08 4 .0 -4 .5
Smooth surfaces continually greased . . . 05 3.0
Smooth surfaces , best results . . . . . . . . . . 03 - . 036 1 . 75 - 2 . 0
Steel on agate, dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 11 . 5
Steel on agate, oiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6 .1
Iron on stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 - . 70 16 . 7 – 35 . 0
Wood on stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about 40 22 . 0
Masonry and brick work , dry . .. .. . . . . . . 60 6 - . 70 33 . 0 - 35 . 0
Masonry and brick work , damp mortar . 74 36 . 5
Masonry on dry clay . . . . . . .51 27 . 0
Masonry on moist clay .. . 33 18 . 25
Earth on earth . . . . . 25 - 1 . 00 14 . 0 –45 . 0
Earth on earth , dry sand , clay and
mixed earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 - .75 21. 0 - 37 . 0
Earth on earth , damp clay. . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 00 45 . 0
Earth on earth , wet clay . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 17 . 0
Earth on earth , shingle and gravel. . . . | .81 - 1 . 11 | 39 . 0 -48 . 0
RESISTANCE TO CRUSHING FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS
Approximate values in pounds per square inch .
Resistance to Resistance to
Material. crushing in Material. crushing in
lbs. per sq. in . lbs. per sq .in .
Brick : Granite. . . . . . 9700 - 34000

soft burned . . 3000 -6000 Limestone .. 6000 - 25000
hard burned . 4500 -6500 Marble . . . . . 7600 - 20700
vitrified . . . . . 8500 - 25000 Sandstone . . 2400 - 29300
Brownstone. . . . 7300 - 23600 Tufa . . . . . . . 7700 - 11600
Concrete . . . . . . 800 - 3800
TENSILE STRENGTH OF METALS

Given in pounds per square inch. The values can be considered only as '
approximations.
Tensile Strength
Metal. in lbs. per sq .in .
Aluminum wire . . . . . . . . 30000 - 40000

Brass wire . . . . . 50000 - 150000
Bronze wire , phosphor, hard drawn . 110000 - 140000
Bronze wire, silicon , hard drawn. . 95000 - 115000
Bronze. . . . . . . 60000 - 75000
Copper wire, hard drawn . . . . . . . . . 60000 - 70000
Gold wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20000
Iron , cast. . . . . . 13000 - 3:2000
Iron wire, hard drawn. . . 80000 - 120000
Iron wire, annealed . . 50000 -60000
Lead, cast or drawn . . . 2600 - 3300
Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . 39000
Platinum wire . . . . . . . • 50000
Silver wire . . . . . 42000
Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80000 - 330000
Steel wire, maximum . . 460000
Steel, specially treated nickel steel. . . . . . . . . 250000
Steel, piano wire, 0 .033 in . diam . . . 357000 - 390000
Steel, piano wire, 0 .051 in . diam . . . 325000 - 337000
Tin , cast or drawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000 - 5000
Zinc, cast . . . . . . . 7000 - 13000
Zinc, drawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22000 - 30000
MODULUS OF RUPTURE . TRANSVERSE TESTS FOR

VARIOUS WOODS
( Smithsonian Tables.)
Modulus, Modulus,
Material. lbs. per sq .in Material. lbs. per sq.in .
Ash , white. . . . . 10 ,800 Maple , sugar . . . . 16 , 500

Basswood . . . . 8,340 Maple , white . . . . . 14 .610
Beech . . . 16 ,200 Oak , red . . . 11 ,400
Cedar, red . . . . . 11,800 Oak , white .. 13 ,100
Cedar, white. . . 6 , 300 Pine, white. . . . . . 7 ,900
Cypress, bald 7 ,900 Pine, red . . . . . . . . 9 ,100
Elm , white . . . . . . 10 ,300 Poplar. . . . . . . . . . . 9 .400
Fir , red . . . . . . . . . . 13,270 Spruce , pine. . . . . . 10 ,000
Hemlock . . . . . . . . 9 ,480 Walnut, black . . . . 11,900
Hickory, pignut 18 ,700
HARDNESS
SCALE OF HARDNESS
1 Talc 4 Fluorite 8 Topaz
2 Rocksalt 5 Apatite 9 Corundum
3 Calcite 6 Feldspar 10 Diamond
7 Quartz
HARDNESS OF MATERIALS
Omaer
The numbers give only the order of arrangement as to hardness.
( From Smithsonian Tables.)
CONVANN
Nerer
Agate . . . . . . . 7 . Hematite . ..
Alabaster . . . . 1.7 || Hornblende . . . . . . .
coort
Iridium .. . . . .
coco
Alum . . . . . .
er
'scr
CT
Aluminum .. . Iridosmium . .
Amber . . . . . Iron . . . . . . .
OOON
Kaolin . . . . . . .
coer
Andalusite . . . . . .
Anthracite . . . Lead . . . . . . .
Antimony . .. Loess (0°) . .
Apatite . . . . . Magnetite . .
erer
Aragonite . . . Marble . . . . . 3 -4 .
Arsenie .. . . . Meerschaum . 2– 3.
cöcerco
Asbestos . . . Mica . . . . . . . . . .
Asphalt . . . Opal. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Augite . . . . . Orthoclase . . . . . . . .
Barite .. . . . . Palladium . . . . . . . .
Beryl . . . . . . Phosphor bronze . . .
er
000
Bell -metal Platinum . . .

60
coer
Plat -iridium . .
ACON
er
Bismuth .. .
Boric acid . Pyrite .
Brass . . . . . . . Quartz . . . . . . . . . .
Calimine . . . . Rock -salt . . . . . . . .
Calcite. . . . . Ross' metal. . . 2.5-3.0
Copper. . . . . . .5 - 3 . Silver chlori . 1. 3
Corundum . . . Sulphur . . . .de. . . . . 1.5 -2.5
Diamond . . . . . 10 . Stibnite . . . . . . 2
Dolomite . . . . 3 .5 -4 . Serpentine . . 3–4 .
Feldspar . . . . 6. Silver . . . . 2 .5 - 3 .
ér
isco Orocov
Flint .. . . . . . 7. Steel. . . . . 5 -8 .5
er
Fluorite . . . . . Talc . . . .
Galena . . . . . . 2 .5 Tin , . . •••
Garnet . . . . . . Topaz .. . . .
Glass . . . . . . . 4 . 5 -6 . 5 Tourmaline . .
Gold . . . . . . . 2 .5 - 3 . Wax (0°) . .
Graphite . . . 0 . 5 - 1. Wood ' s metal. .
Gypsum . . . . . 16 - 2 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
SURFACE TENSION OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS IN

CONTACT WITH AIR
(Compiled from Various Sources.)
Tension ,
Liquid . Temp. ° C . dynes per Observer
cm .
Acetic acid . . . . . . . . 20 23 . 5 Ramsay & Shields

Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . 6 23 . 3 Jaeger
Alcohol, ethyl. . . . 20 21 . 7 Magie
Alcohol, methyl. 20 23 . 0 : Ramsay & Shields
Anilin . 17 . 5 11 . 1 Volkmann
Benzol (C6H6). . . . . 22 . 5 29 . 4 Cantor
21
Bromine. . . . 62 . 1 Quincke
Carbon disulphide . 31. 7 Magie
Chloroform . . 26 . 7 Magie
Ether. . . . . . . 16 . 8 | Brunner
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . 65. 2 Cantor
Hydrochloric acid . . . 72. 9 Quincke
Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . 520 .
Oil, olive . . . . . . . . . . . 20
33 . 5 Mean of various
Oil, turpentine . . . . 20 27 . 1 Mean of various
Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . 20 25 . 9 Magie
SURFACE TENSION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Tension in
Density of Temp. ° C . I dynes per
Salt in solution . solution . | cm , against
air .
Barium chloride. . . 1 . 282 15 - 16 81. 8

Calcium chloride . . . . . . 1 . 351 19 95 . 0
Calcium chloride . . . . 1 . 277 19 90 . 2
Copper sulphate .. . . 1 . 178 15 - 16 78 . 6
Hydrochloric acid . . 1 . 119 20 73 . 6
Hydrochloric acid . . 1 . 089 20 74 . 5
Hydrochloric acid . . 1024 20 75 . 3
Potassium chloride . 1 . 170 15 - 16 82. 8
Potassium chloride . 1 . 101 15 - 16 80 . 1
1 . 193 20 85 . 8
Sodium chloride. . . . .
Sodium chloride. . . 1 . 107 80 . 5
Sodium nitrate . . . 1 . 302 83. 5
Sodium oleate. . . . . saturated 25 .0
Sulphuric acid . . . . 1 . 445 15 79 . 7
Sulphuric acid . . . . . 1 . 264 15 79. 7
Zinc sulphate . . . 1 . 398 15 - 16 83 . 3
Zinc sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 104 15 - 16 77 . 8
91
HAYDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
SURFACE TENSION OF FUSED SOLIDS

(With One Exception from Quincke, 1868.)
Gas with Surface

Substance .
Temp. °C. tension ,
dynes per cm .
is in contact.
Antimony . CO2 432 . 245 .

Borax.. . . . . . . . . . . air fusion 212.
Copper . . . . . . . . . air fusion 581.
Gold * . . . . . . . . air 1070 612 .
Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . air fusion 950 .
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . CO2 330 448 .
Phosphorus. . . . . . CO2 fusion 41 . 2
Platinum . . . . . . . . . air 2000 1658 .
Potassium . . . 58 371 .
Potassium chloride. fusion 93 .
Silver . . . . . . . . . 1000 782,
Seleniu ......... fusion 70 .
Solium . . . . . . . . . 90 258 .
Sodium chloride. . fusion 115 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. air 160 66 . 9
Sulphur .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . air 111 42 .
CO2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fusion 352 .
Zinc . . . . . . . 360 877
- - - - - - -
* Heydweiller.
SURFACE TENSION OF WATER AND ALCOHOL

SURFACE TENSION FOR WATER AND ALCOHOL (ETHYL ) IN
CONTACT WITH AIR IN DYNES PER CENTIMETER
(From Smithsonian Tables.)
Surface tension , dynes Surface tension , dynes,

per centimeter . per centimeter .
Temp . Temp .
OC . OC
Ethyl Ethyl
Water. alcohol Water. aicohol.
75 . 6 23 . 5 55 67 . 8 18 . 6
74. 9 23 . 1 60 67 . 1 18 . 2
10 71. 2 22 . 6 65 66 . 4 17 . 8
15 73 . 5 22. 2. 70 65 . 7 17 . 3
73
20 72 . 8 21 . 7 65 . 0 16 . 9
25 72 . 1 21. 3 80 64. 3
30 711 20 . 8. 85 63. 6
35 70 . 7 20 . 1 90 62. 9
20 . 0 95 62. 2
10 70 . 0
45 19 . 5 100 61. 5
69 . 3
50 68. 6 19 . 1
92
VISCOSITY OF WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS
( 1) Thorpe-Rogers, 1894 : ( 2 ) Garten meister , 1890 .
Coefficient of viscosity , C . G . S .
Temp .
Carbon
oc .
Water Alc ohol, Chloro - Ether Benzol
ethyl form
Acetic
acid bisul. Amyl
acetate
phide
(1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) (1 ) (2) (1) (2)
1 . 000 . 01770 . 00700 . 00902 . 00429

733 1.01449 . 006261. 0026 . 00759 . 0150 . 00396 . 0106
564 1 . 01192 1 . 00564 1 . 0023 1 . 00649 .0126 1 . 00367 . 0089
. 449 1 . 00990 1 . 00511 1 . 0021 1 . 00562 .0109 1 . 00342 . 0077
. 368 1 . 00828 . 00466 . 00492 . 0094 . 00319 . 0065
. 308 . 00698 1 . 00390 . 00437 . 0082 . 0058
. 263
. 228 . 00504 . 00351
. 200
. 178
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS
Coefficient of Viscosity in C . G . S . Units
Temp.
Liquid. OC . Viscosity. Observer .
20 .
Acetone. . . . 0033 Thorpe-Rogers
Air , liquid . . . 0 . 0033 Forch
Bromine .. . In
0 . 010 | Thorpe - Rogers
Carbon dioxide (liquid ) 20 . 0 .00071 Warburg- Babo
Glyceri 42 . 2 Schottner
20 . 3 8.3 Schottner
Mercury 0 . 0170 Koch
20 . 0 . 0157 Koch
300 . 0 . 0093 Koch
Olive oil. . . .. 15 . 0 . 9890 Brodmann
Sulphuric acid . . . . . . . . . 20 . 0 . 22 | Graham
VISCOSITY OF GASES
C . G . S . Units.
Temp.
Gas. OC . Viscosity. Observer.
Air . . . . 07 0 . 000173 | Breitenbach

Carbon dioxide.. .. .. 20 . 0 . 000129 Breitenbach
0 .000145 | Breitenbach
Chlorine. . . . . 0 . 000147 Graham
Hydrogen . . . . . . . 0 .000086 Markowski
Nitrogen , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 000171 | Obermayer
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . 0 . 000193 Markowski
Water vapor. . . . . . 0 . 000090 Puluj
100 .
0 . 000132 Meyer-Schumann
93
DIFFUSION
GASES INTO AIR
Temp. Coefficient of
Gas or vapor. diffusion ,
C . Observer .
sg .cm . / sec .
Alcohol, vapor. . . . . . . . 40 . 4 0 . 137 Winkelmann
Carbon dioxide . . . 0 .0 0 . 139 Mean of various
Carbon disulphide . . 19 . 9 0 . 102 Winkelmann
Ether, vapor. . . . . 19 . 9 0 . 089 Winkelmann
Hydrogen . . . . 0 . 0 0 .634 Obermayer
Oxygen . . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 . 178 Obermayer
Water, vapor . . . 8 . 0 0 . 239 Guglielmo
Aqueous So !.UTIONS INTO PURE WATER

Concentration in gram -molecules per liter .
Substance . Concen - Temp. Diffusion Observer .

tration . °C
INNNN
sq .cm . /day .
Acetic acid . . . . 0 . 2 13 . 5 0 . 77 Scheffer
1.0 12 . 0 . 74 Arrhenius
2 .0 0 . 69 Arrhenius
3.0 0 . 68
4 . 0 0 .66 Arrhenius
Ammonia . . . . .
II I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1 . 54 Abegg
Barium chloride. . 0 .2 0 . 66 Scheffer
Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 1 0 . 8 Euler
Cadmium sulphate . . . 2.0 19 .01 0 . 216 Seitz
Calcium chloride . . 2 .0 10 . 0 . 68 Schuhmeister
Chlorine . . . . . 0. 1 12 . 1 . 22 Euler
Copper eulphate. . . 0 . 1 17 . 0 . 39 Thovert
Formic acid . . . . 1.0 12 . 0 . 97 Abegg
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1 10 . 14 0 . 357 Heimbrodt
0. 2 10 . 1 3 . 55 Heimbrodt
1 .0 10 . 14 0 . 339 Heimbrodt
Hydrochloric acid . . . . 0. 1 19 . 2 2 ,21 Thovert
1.0 12 . 2 . 09 Arrhenius
2 .0 12 . 2 . 21 Arrhenius
Iodine . . . . . 0 . 1 (0 . 5 ) Euler
Magnesium sulphate . . . . 1. 0 7 . 0 . 30 Scheffer
Nitric acid . . . . . 0 . 1 19 . 5 2 .07 Thoveit
Potassiurn bromide . 1.0 10 . 1 . 13 Schuhmeister
carbonate . . . . . . . 3.0 10 . 0 . 60 Schuhmeister
chloride . . . . . 0. 1 17 . 5 1 . 38 Thovert
chloride . . . . . 4.0 10 . 1 . 27 Schuhmeister
hydrate . . . . 0. 1 13 . 5 1 . 72 Thovert
1.0 12 . 1 . 72 Arrhenius
3.0 12 . 1 . 89 Arrhenius
Silver nitrate . . 0 . 1 12 . 0 . 985 Thovert
Sodium acetate. . . 0. 2 12 . 0 . 67 . Kawalki
chloride . . . 0. 1 15 . 0 0 . 94 Thovert
0.2 15 . 0 0 . 94 Thovert
1.0 15 . 0 0 . 94 Thovert
1.0 14 . 3 0 . 964 Heimbrodt
hydrate . . . . . 1 .0 12 . 1 . 11 Thovert
iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . 0 . 80 Schuhmeister
2.0 10 . 0 . 90 Schuhmeister
Surar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 12 . 0 . 254 Arrhenius
Sulphuric acid . . . 1. 0 12 . 112 Arrhenius
2.0 12 . 1 . 16 Arrhenius
Crea . . . . . . . . . 0.1 14 . 8 0 . 97 Heimbrodt
0.2 14 . 8 0 . 969 Heimbrodt
Zinc acetate . . . . . . 2.0 18 . 05 0 . 210 Seitz
2.0 0 . 04 0 . 120 Seitz
sulphate . . . . . 1.0 | 14 .8 L 0 . 236 Seitz
94
OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

FOR A MEMBRANE OF FERROCYANIDE OF COPPER
Dissolved Substance. Gms.substance Temp. Pressure, Observer.

in 1 cm . sol. cm , Hg .
Glycerine. . . . . . . . . . 00199 0 36 . 7
Gum arabic .. . . . . . . . 0 . 0099 15 . 5 7.0 | Pfeffer
Gum arabic . . . . . . .:::: 0 . 164 15 . 6 | 119 . 3 | Pfeffer
Phenol (carbolic acid ) . 00127 23 . 3. | Naccari
Gm .-mol. sub Pressure

stance per gm . in atm .
sol.
Glucose . . . . . . . . . . 0001 10 . 2 2. 39 Morse,1911

.. 0005 10 . 2 11 . 55 Morse,1911
. 0010 10 . 0 23 . 80 Morse,1911
Saccharose (cane
sugar) . . . . . . . . . 0001 10 . 0 2 . 50 Morse,1911
.0005 10 . 0 12 . 30 Morse, 1911
0010 10 .01 25 .69 Morse ,1911
Gm .-mol. sub
stance in 1
ccm . sol.
Potassium carbonate . 00005 1 . 17 | Adie , 1891

ferrocyanide . . .. . . . 00005 3 . 44 Adie , 1891
nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . 00005 1 . 56 | Adie , 1891
Sodium citrate (acid ) | 00005 15 4 . 32 | Adie , 1891
HEAT
CONVERSION OF THERMOMETER SCALES

Degrees (F . - 32) 4 Degrees R .
Degrees C .X1.8 + 32 = Degrees F . 9
F . - 32 R . X5
Degrees - 1.8 -- - = Degrees C . Degrees = Degrees C .
Deore
Degrees R .X9 .32 = Degrees F .
C .X4
Degrees - - = Degrees R .
CENTIGRADE -FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETER SCALE

REDUCTIONS
The values given in the body of the table show the temperatures on
the Fahrenheit scale corresponding to that on the Centigrade scale given
at the top and side.
Temp. 1 1 2 3
OC .
0 32 . 0 33 . 8 35 . 6 ) 37 . 4 39 . 2 41. 0 42 . 8 44 . 61 46 .4 48 . 2
10 50 . 0 51 . 8 53 . 6 55 . 4 57 . 2 59 . 0 60 . 8 62. 61 64 . 4 66 . 2
68 . 0 69 . 8 71 . 0 73 . 4 75 . 2 77 . 0 78 . 8 80 . 61 82 . 4 81 . 2
30 86 . 0 87 . 8 89 . 6 91 . 4 93 . 2 95 . 0 96 . 8 98 . 6 100 . 4 102. 2
40 104. 0 | 105 . 8 | 107 . 6 | 109 . 4 1111. 2 113. 0 114 . 8 / 116 . 6 118 . 4 120 . 2
50 122 . 0 123 . 8 | 125 . 6 | 127 . 4 129 . 2 131 . 0 132 . 8 / 134 .6136 . 4 138 . 2
60 140 . 0 141. 8 143 . 6 | 145 . 4 147 . 2 149 . 0 150 . 81152.6154 . 4 156 . 2
70 158 . 0 159 . 8 161 . 6 | 163 . 1 165 . 2 167 . 0 / 168 . 8170 .6172 . 4 174 . 2
80 | 176 . 0 177 .8179 6. 181. 4 183 . 2 185 .0186 .8188 .6190 . 4 192 . 2
90 1940 195 . 8 197 . 6 | 199 . 4 2012 203 . 0 / 201. 8 / 206 .6208 . 4 210 . 2
100 212 .01
REDUCTION OF MERCURY IN GLASS THERMOMETER

READING TO THE HYDROGEN SCALE
JENA NORMAL GLASS, 1611
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics , Ginn & Co., publishers, by permission .)
Reading.. . 0° | 10 20 30 40 50
Correction 0°.000 - 0 .055 - 0 .090 - 0 . 109 – 0 . 115 - 0 . 109
Reading. .. | 50 60 70 80 90 100
Correction - 0°. 109 - 0 .096 - 0 .076 - 0 .053 - 0 .027 0. 000
95
COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION
LINEAR EXPANSION
(Compiled from Smithsonian Tables.)
The Table gives the increase in length per unit length per degree Centi
grade .
Substance. Temp. °C. Coefficient. Observer.

Aluminum . . . 40 0 . 2313X10 - 4 Fizeau
Aluminum . . . . . . 600 0 . 3150 Chatelier
Antimony . . . . . . 15 - 101 0 . 1088 Grüneisen , 1910
Bismuth . . . . . . . . 19 - 101 0 . 1345 Grüneisen , 1910
Brass, cast. . . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 1875 Smeaton
Brass , wire . . . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 1930 Smeaton
Bronze 3Cu + 1Sn . . 16 . 6 - 100 0 . 1844 Daniell
86 . 3Cu +
9 . 75n + 4Zn . . 40 0 . 1782 Fizeau
Cadmium . . . . . . 20 - 100 0 .416 Grüneisen, 1910
Carbon diamond . 40 0 . 0118 Fizeau
gas carbon . . . 400 . 0540 Fizeau
graphite. . . . 40 0 .0786 Fizeau
anthracite . . 40 0 . 90
o
2078 Fizeau
Cobalt . . . . . . . 40 0 . 1236 Fizeau
Constantine . . 4 - 29 0 . 4570
Copper . . . . . . 40 0 . 1678 Fizeau
Copper . . . . . . | – 191 - + 16 0 . 1409 Henning
Ebonite . . . . . . . 25 . 3 - 35 . 4 0 . 842 Kohlrausch
German silver. . . 0 - 100 0 . 1836 Pfaff
Glass, tube . . . 0 - 100 0 . 0833 Smeaton
crown (mean ) . . . 0 - 100 0 . 0897 Lavoisier and
Laplace
fint . . . . . . . . . . 50 -60 0 .0788 Pulfrich
Jena thermom
eter. . . . . . . . . 0 - 100 0 .081 Schott
Gold . . . . . . . . . .. 40 0 . 1443 Fizeau
Gutta percha . . 20 1 . 983 Russner
Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 20 to - 1 0 .51 Mean
Iceland spar:
! to axis 0 - 80 0 . 2631 Benoit
Ito axis . . . . . . . 0 - 80 0 . 0544 Benoit
Iridium . . . 0 - 100 0 .0682 Holborn and
Day, 1901
Iron , pure . . . . . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 1216 Guillaume, 1912
soft . . . . . . . . . . . 40 0 . 1210 Fizeau
cast . . . . . . . . . . . 40 0 . 1061 Fizeau
cast .. . . . . . . . . . . - 191 - + 16 0 . 0850 Henning
steel . . 40 0 . 1322 Fizeau
Lead . . 40 0 . 2924 Fizeau
Magnesium . . . . . . . 18 - 100 0 . 2608 Grüneisen , 1510
Marble . . 15 - 100 0 . 117 Fröhlich
Nickel 0 - 100 0 . 1310 Guillaume
97
COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION (Continued)
LINEAR EXPANSION
The Table gives the increase in length per unit length per degree Centi
grade.
Substance. Temp. °C. Coefficient. Observer.
Phosphorus.. . . . . . 0 -40 1 . 2530X10 - Pisati and De

Franchis
Platinum -iridium
10Pt + 11r . . . . 40 0 . 0884 Fizeau
Platinum .. . . . . . . . 40 0 . 0899 Fizeau
Porcelain . . . . . . . . . 20 –790 0 .0413 Braun
Potassium . . . . . . . . 0 - 50 0 .8300 Hagen
Quartz crystal:
Il to axis . . . . . . . 0 – 80 0 .0797 Benoit
Ito axis . . . . . . . 0 - 80 0 . 1337 Benoit
fused . . . . 0 - 200 0 . 00518 Randall, 1910
fused . . . . . 0 – 1200 0 . 00585 Randall, 1910
Rhodium . . 40 0 . 0850 Fizeau
Rock salt . 40 0 . 4040 Fizeau
Selenium . . 40 0 . 3680 Fizeau
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . 40 0 . 1921 Fizeau
Speculum metal. . 0 - 100 0 . 1933 Smeaton
Sulphur crystal
(mean ) .. . . . . . . . 40 0 . 6413 Fizeau
Tin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 - 100 0 . 2692 Grüneisen , 1910
Tungsten . . . . . . . . . 20 - 100 0 . 0336 Colin , 1910
Vulcanite . . . . . . . . . 0 - 18 0 . 6360 Mayer
Wood :
ash parallel to
fibre . . . . . . 0 - 100 0 .0951 Glatzel
beech . . . . . . 2 - 34 0 .0257 Villari
chestnut. . . . . 2 -34 0 . 0649 Villari
elm . . . . . . . . . 2 -34 0 . 0565 Villari
mahogany . . . 0 . 0361 Villari
maple. . . . . . . 2 - 34 0 . 0638 Villari
oak . . . . . . . . . 2 - 34 0 . 0492 Villari
pine . . . . . . . . 2 - 34 0 . 0541 Villari
t ..
walnut. . . . . . 2 -34 0 . 0658 Villari
Across the fibre :
beech . . 2 -34 0 .614 Villari
chestnut. . .. 2- 34 0 . 325 Villari
elm . . . . . . . . 2 - 34 0 .443 Villari
mahogany . . 34 0 . 404 Villari
maple.. . 2 - 34 0 .484 Villari
oak .. . . . . . . . 2 - 34 0 .544 Villari
pine . . . . . . . . 2 - 34 0 . 341 Villari
walnut . . . . . . .
2 - 34 0 .484 Villari
Zinc . . 40 0 . 2918 Fizeau
EQUATION FOR THE LINEAR EXPANSION OF SOLIDS

If lo is the length at 0° C . the length at t° C . is le = l, (1 tat + Bla) .
The table gives the values of these coefficients .
Temp .
limits. Observer.
Substance.
° C .
Aluminum . . . J10 - 90 1. 2221 X 10 - 4 . 114 X10 - 7 Fizeau

Brass . . . . . . . 10 - 90 1 . 1781 .098 Fizeau
Copper . . . . . . 10 - 90 . 1596 . 102 Fizeau
Gold . . . . . . . . 10 - 90 . 1410 .042 Fizeau
Iron , pure . . . 0 - 38 1 . 1145 . 071 Guillaume
Lead . . . . . . . . 10 - 90 1 . 2829 . 120 Fizeau
Nickel. . . . . . 0 - 38 1. 1255 .057 Guillaume
Platinum . . . . | 0 - 1000 .0868 . 013 Holborn and
Valentine
Silver . . . . . . . 10 - 90 1. 1862 . 074 Fizeau
Tin . . . 10 - 90 . 2094 . 175 Fizeau
inc . . . . .. . . . 10 - 90 . 2969 - . 0635 Fizeau
CUBICAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS

The coefficient of cubical expansion for a solid is approximately three
times the lincar coefficient.
The experimental values for various solids are given in the following
table . The coefficient is the increase in volume per unit volume per degree
Centigrade.
Substance. Temp. °C. | Coefficient. Observer.
Antimony . . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 3167 x 10 - 4 Matthieson

Bismuth
DISITUUil . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 0 . 4000 Kopp
Diamond. . . . . . . . 40 0 . 0354 Fizeau
Fluor spar. . . . . . 14 -47 0 .6235 Kopp
Glass , white tube. 0 - 100 0 . 2648 Regnault
green tube. . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 2299 Regnault
Jena . . . . . . . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 2533 Reichsanstalt
Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . – 20 to - 11. 1250 Brunner
Iceland spar . . . . . 50 –60 0 . 1447 Pulfrich
Iron . . . . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 3550 Dulong and Petit
Porcelain . . . . 0 - 100 0 . 1080 Deville and Troost
Quartz .. . . 50 -60 0 . 3530 Pulfrich
Rock salt . . . . . . . . 50 –60 1 . 2120 Pulfrich
99
CUBICAL
OF
EXPANSION
LIQUIDS
cubical
mean
The
expansion
1quantities
of
coefficient
gives
0-table
range
the
C.for
of
values
a,Bathe
nd
y 00°
the
Ve
equation
(1ain
=Vt0).+ßtyts
.)Tables
FSmithsonia
( rom n
Mean
Liquid Te
. mp
Ran coef
. .
Observer
.°C ge l0
C.-100°
acid
.Acetic 1071
16
01
-61.0
8Z 01433
630X10
264x10
876X10
ander
Acetone
. 5-0 4 210
1.3161 6 3.8090 798
0.8Zander
Alcohol
:
amyl
. +8-105
to 0.8900 0.6573 Pierre
1.1846
8ethyl
.g,srp095 0-80 1.0414 0.7836 1.7168 Kopp
5et
vo ,0-30y9hy
.i%b lulme 0.7450 1.850 0.730 Recknagel
,3eth
%b
.vol
0y yl
ume -39
18 0.2928 917
. 00 .87
11 Recknagel
...methyl to
+7-31433
1.180856 1.5649 0.9111 Pierre
Be
. nzene 1.1111
1385
-8763 1.2775 0.8065 Kopp
Br
. omine 11
t.-7+610o038
682 114
447
0.517Pierre
Calcium
chloride
:
,58%solution
.CaCl2 -2180.05788
0506 4.2742 Decker
9%s,4olution
.CaCl2
0 -20510
17 0.44238 0.8571 Decker
Carbon
disulphide
.to
-31468
+6
114398
0 1.3706 1.9122
Pierre
Chloroform
.: 0-6071
1399
1.1 3 4.6647 Pierre
1.7433
Ether
.. to
+3–12150
1.558132 2 592
.3 4.0051
Pierre
Glycerine
. 0.4853
0534 0.4895 Emo
:Hydrochloric
acid
2HCl
,0.+6 5H 0489
0.40-30460 4.0 30 Marignac
HCI
+5,0. 01 -300933
.00625 8.710 Marignac
(Continued
LIQUIDS
OF
EXPANSION
)CUBICAL
Mean
.
Liquid Tem .
Observer
de .lo000 .1coef
°C
-1Range C.0-100°
Me
. rcury 1
10.-3
6)240078X10
0
208182X10
99 Scheel
oilive
;.:Ol
0.6000
8274
1 2 X10
.5 39
405
-8S11pring
ch
: lo
Po tari ssde ium
ILANDBOOK
sKCI
5%,2. olution 0572 Decker
,24olution
.3%sKCI 0477 Decker
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:
nitrate
Potassium
,53%solution
.KNO3 0539 Nicol
. . . . .
,2olution
.9%sKNO3
1 05771 Nicol
Phenol
C., 6H60 -157
36 0.8340
0899 0.1073 4.0 446 Pinette
.0,srp467
8gPetroleum -120
24 0.8994
1039 |1.396 Frankenheim
NaCl
chloride
,1.6%Sodium
solu
. tion 0.0213
1067 .462
10 Marignac
. aso
,N
sul
Sod pha
iumate
s24
.% olution -40
10 0.3599
0611 2.516 .Marignac
OF CHEMISTRY AND
N
, aNO3
nitrate
Sodium
s36
.%2 olution 7-208 0.5408
0627 1.075 Nicol
. . . . . . . . .
acid
:Sulphuric
H2S
. O4 0-30 0489
0.5 758 0.864 Marignac
+50H20
.H2SO4 0-30 0.2835
0799 .15 60
. . . . . . . .
Marignac
PHYSICS
Turpentine
. +1-9to06 /0.9003
1051 1.959 Kopp
.
Water 0-33 0
-. 643 8.505 6.790 Scheel
COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF GASES AT

CONSTANT PRESSURE
Change in volume per unit volume per degree Centigrade.
Pressure
Gas. Temp. Coeffi
OC . in cm . of cient.
Observer.
mercury .
Acetylene , . . . 003772 Leduc, 1912

Acetylene . . 0 - 100 3739 Leduc, 1912
Air . . . . . . . . 0 - 100 76 . 3670 Regnault , 1842
Air . . . . . . . . 0 - 100 100 . 1 36728 Chappuis, 1903
Ammonia .. . . . 0 76 . 3860 Leduc, 1912
Ammonia . . . . . . 0 - 100 76 . 3800
000 Leduc, 1912
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 3751 Leduc, 1912
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 - 100 176 3723 Leduc, 1912
Carbon dioxide . . 0 - 20 31 . 8 37128 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 - 40 51. 8 37100 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 - 100 51. 8 37073 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide . . . . . 0 - 20 99 . 8 37602 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 - 100 99 . 8 37410 Chappuis , 1903
Carbon dioxide . . . 020 137 . 7 37972 Chappuis , 1903
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 - 100 137 . 7 37703 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide . . . 0- 7.5 2621. 1097 Baly - Ramsay , 1894
Carbon dioxide. . . 64 - 100 2621 . 6574 Baly - Ramsay , 1894
Carbon monoxide. . 0 - 100 76 . 3669 Regnault , 1842
Chlorine . . . . . . . . . 0 76 . 3900 Leduc, 1912
Chlorine . . 0 - 100 3830 Leduc, 1912
Cyanogen . . 0 76 . 396 Leduc, 1912
Cyanogen . . . . . . . . . 0 - 100 387 Leduc, 1912
Hydrochloric acid . . 76 . 3770 Leduc, 1912
Hydrochloric acid . . 0 - 100 76 . 3734 Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen . . . . 0 - 100 100 . 0 36600 Chappuis, 1903
Hydrogen . . . . 0 - 100 200 . atm 332 Amagat, 1890
Hydrogen . . . 0 - 100 800 , atm 242 Amagat, 1890
Nitrogen . . . . . 0 76 . 3673 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen . . . . , 0 - 100 76 . 3671 Leduc, 1912
Nitrous oxide . 0 - 100 76 . 3719 Regnault, 1842
Oxygen . . . . . . 0 - 100 | 100 , atm 486 Amagat
Oxygen . . . . . 0 - 100 200 . atm 534 Amagat
Oxygen . . . 0 - 100 400 . atm 459 Amagat
Oxygen . . . 0 - 100 600 . atm 357 Amagat
Oxygen . . . . . . . 0 - 100 800 . atm 288 Amagat
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . 0 100 1000 . atm 241 Amagat
Sulphur dioxide . . . . 0 100 76 . 3903 Regnault, 1842
Sulphur dioxide . . 3980 Regnault, 1842
Water vapor. . . . 0 - 119 4187 Hirn , 1862
Water vapor. . . . 0 141 4189 Hirn , 1862
Water vapor. . . . . 0 - 162 4071 Hirn , 1862
Water vapor. . . . 0 - 200 3938 Hirn , 1862
Water vapor. . 0 247 3799 Hirn , 1862
102
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION OF GASES AT

CONSTANT VOLUME
Change in pressure per unit pressure per degree Centigrade.
Temp. Pressure Coeffi Observer .

Gas. oc . cm . of Hg. cient.
Acetylene . . . 76 . 003741 Leduc, 1912

Acetylene . . 0 - 100 76 . 3726 Leduc, 1912
Air . . .. . . .6 37666 Meleander, 1890 _ 92
Air . . ... 1. 3 37127 Meleander , 1890 - 92
Air . . . . 10 . 0 36030 Meleander, 1890 - 92
Air . . .. 25 . 4 36580 Meleander, 1890 - 92
Air . . . 75 . 2 36660 Meleander, 1890 - 92
Air . . . 0 - 100 100 . 1 36744 Chappuis , 1903
Air . . . 76 . 0 36650 Regnault, 1842
Air . . . 200 . 0 36903 Regnault, 1842
Air . . . . 2000 . 38866 Regnault, 1842
Air . . . . . . 10000 . 4100 Regnault, 1842
Ammonia . . . 76 . 3800 Leduc, 1912
Ammonia . . . . . 0 - 100 76 . 3770 Leduc , 1912
Argon . . . . . . . 51 . 7 3668 Keunen - Randall,
1896
Carbon dioxide. . . . 0 - 20 51. 8 30985 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide. . 0 - 40 51. 8 36972 Chappuis , 1903
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 - 100 51. 8 36981 Chappuis , 1903
Carbon dioxide. . . . 0 - 20 99 . 8 37335 Chappuis , 1903
Carbon dioxide. . 0 - 100 99 . 8 37262 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide. . . . . . 0 - 100 100 . 0 37248 Chappuis, 1892
Carbon dioxide. . . . 0 76 . 3724 Leduc , 1912
Carbon dioxide. . . 0 - 100 76 . 3714 Leduc, 1912
Carbon monoxide. . 76 . 36667 Regnault, 1842
Cyanogen . . . . . . . 76 . 3870 Leduc, 1912
0 - 100 76 . 3830 Leduc, 1912
Cyanogen . . . . .
Ethane . . . . . . . 76 . 3780 Leduc, 1912
Ethane . . . . . . 0 - 100 76 . 3750 Leduc , 1912
Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 . 7 3665 Keunen - Randall,
1896
Hydrochloric acid . . . 76 . 3740 Leduc, 1912
Hydrochloric acid . . . 76 3721 Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen . . . . 0 3663 Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen . . . . . . | 0 - 100 3664 Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen . . . 16 - 132 . 0077 3328 Baly -Ramsay , 1894
Hydrogen . . . 15 - 132 . 025 3623 Baly - Ramsay, 1894
Hydrogen . . . 12 - 105 . 47 3656 Baly - Ramsay, 183 :
Hydrogen . . 0 - 100 100 36626 Chappuis, 1903
Metharc . .. 76 . 3680 Leduc, 1912
Methane . .. 0 - 100 76 . 3678 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen . . . 3672 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen . . .. 0 - 100 3672 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen . ... 13 - 132 06 3021 Baly - Ramsay , 1894
Nitrogen . . . . 9 - 133 3290 Baly - Ramsay, 1894
Nitrogen . . .. .. 0 - 20 100 . 2 36754 Chappuis , 1903
Nitrogen . . . 0 - 100 100 . 2 36744 Chappuis, 1903
Oxygen . . . . 3673 Leduc, 1912
Oxygen . . . . 0 - 100 76 . 3672 Leduc, 1912
Oxygen . . . . 11 - 132 . 007 4161 Baly - Ramsay , 1894
Oxygen . . . . . 9 - 132 . 25 3981 Baly -Ramsay , 1894
Oxygen . . . . 11 - 132 . 51 3831 Baly -Ramsay, 1894
Oxygen . . . . 1.9 36683 Meleander , 1891
Oxygen . . . . . 18 . 5 36690 Meleander , 1891
Nitrous oxide . . 76 . 3676 Regnault , 1812
Sulphur dioxide, SO . .. 76 . 3815 Regnault , 1842
103
REDUCTION OF GAS VOLUME
VALUES OF ( 1 + at) FOR TEMPERATURES FROM 0 TO 120° C .
00 1 . 0000 1 . 0037 1 . 0073 1. 0110 1 . 0147 1 . 0183 1 . 0220 1 . 0257 1 . 0294 1 . 0330
10 1 . 0367 ! 1 . 0404 1 . 04401 1 . 0477 1. 0514 1. 0550 1. 0587 1. 0624 1. 0661 1. 0697
20 1. 0734 1. 0771 1. 0807 ) 1. 0844 1 . 0881 1 . 0917 1 . 0954 1 . 0991 1 . 1028 1 . 1064
30 ! 1 . 1101 1 . 1138 ) 1 . 11741 1 . 1211 1 . 1248 1 1284 1 . 1321 1 . 1358 ) 1 . 1395 1 . 1431
40 1 . 14681 1 . 1505 1 . 1541 1 . 1578 1 . 1615 1 . 1651 1 . 1688 1 . 1725 1 . 1762 1 . 1798
| 1 . 1835 1 . 1872 1 . 1908 1 . 1945 ] 1 . 1982 1 . 2018 1 . 2055 1 . 2092 1 . 2129) 1 . 2165
| 1 . 2202 1 . 2239 1 . 2275 1 . 23121 1 . 2349 1 . 2385 1 . 2422 1 . 2459 1 . 2496 1 . 2532
1 . 2569 1 . 2606 1 . 2642 1 . 2679 ) 1 . 2716 1 . 2752 1 . 2789 1 . 2826 1 . 2863 1 . 2899
1. 2936 1 . 2973 1 . 3009 1 . 3046 1 . 3083 1 . 3119 1 . 3156 1 . 3193 1 . 3230 1 . 3266
90 1 . 3303 1 . 33401 1 . 3376 1 3413 1 . 3450 1 . 3486 1 . 3523 1 . 3560 1 . 3597 1 . 3633
100 1 . 3670 1 . 3707 1 . 3743 1 . 3780 1 . 3817 ! 1 . 3353 1 . 3890 1 . 3927 1 . 3964 1 . 4000
110 1 .4037 1 .4074 1 . 4110 1 . 4147 1 . 4184 1 . 4220 1 .4257 1 . 4294 1 . 4331 1 . 4367
120 1 .4404
VALUES OF H /760 FOR PRESSURES FROM 700 to 780 MM . OF MERCURY.
H 0 3 7 8 9
700 0 . 9211 0 . 9224 0 . 9237 0 . 9250 0 . 9263 0 . 9276 0 . 9289 0 . 9303 0 . 9316 ! 0 . 9329
710 0 . 9342 0 . 9355 0 . 9368 ' 0 . 9382 0 . 9395 0 . 9408 0 . 9121 0 . 9434 0 . 9447 0 . 9461
720 0 . 9474 0 . 9487 0 . 9500 0 . 9513 0 . 9526 0 . 9539 0 . 95531 0 . 9566 0 . 9579 0 . 9592
730 0 . 9605 0 . 9618 0 . 9632 0 . 9645 0 . 9658 0 . 9671 0 . 9684 0 . 96971 0 . 9711 0 9724
740 0 . 9737 0 . 9750 0 . 9763 0 . 9776 0 . 9789 0 . 9803 0 . 9816 0 . 9829 0 . 9842 0 . 9855
750 0 . 9868 ' 0 . 9882 0 . 9895 0 . 99031 0 . 9921 0 . 9934 0 . 9947 0 . 9961 0 . 9974 0 . 9987
760 1 . 0000 1 . 0013 1 .0026 , 1 . 0039 1 .053 1 . 0066 1 .0079 1. 0092 1 .0105 1 . 0118
770 1 . 0132 1 .0145 1 . 0158 1 .0171 1 . 0184 ! 1 . 0197 1 . 0211 1 . 0224 1 . 0237 1 . 0250
780 1. 0263
SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AND MERCURY

Values for water from 0 -100° C . are the mean of various determinations
including Calendar and Blonsfield , 1912; above 100 , Regnault's values
recomputed by Guillaume, 1912.
Values for mercury 0 - 80° C . due to Barnes and Cooke; 90- 140°, mean
of Winkelmann , Naccari and Milthaler ; above 140°, mean of Naccari
and Milthaler .
Specific heat in normal calories ( 15° C .) .
Toemp.
Temp. Water. Mercury. c Water. Mercury .
1 . 00874 . 03346 80 1 . 00239 .03284

1 . 00477 . 03340 85 1 . 00329
1 .00184 . 03335 90 1 . 00433 . 03277
1 . 00000 .03330 95 1 . 00534
0 . 99859 .03325 100 1 . 00645 .03269
0 . 99765 .03320 110 1 . 0116 .03262
0 . 99745 .03316 120 1 . 0144 . 03255
0 . 99743 .03312 130 1 .0174 .03248
0 . 99761 .03308 140 1 . 0206 . 03241
0 . 99790 150 1 . 0240 . 0324
50 0 . 99829 .03300 160 1 . 0275
0 . 99873 170 1 .0313 .0322
0 . 99934 .03294 180 1 .0353
1 .00001 190 1 . 0395 . 0320
1 . 00077 .03289 200 1 . 0439
1 . 00158
104
SPECIFIC HEAT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Values given in calories per gram
(Principally from Smithsonian Tables.)
• Element. | Temp. °C. Sp . heat. Observer .
Aluminum . . -- 2330 . 0165 | Nernst, 1911

Aluminum . . 250 . 2382 | Bontschew
Aluminum . . 500 . 2739 Bontschew
Aluminum . . . 17 - 100 . 217 Schimpf, 1910
Antimony . . . 15 .0489 | Naccari, 1887 -88
Antimony . . . . 100 .0503 Naccari, 1887 - 88
Antimony . 2001 . 0520 | Naccari, 1887 - 88
Arsenic, gray 0 - 100 . 0822 Wigand , 1907
black . . . . . . . 0 - 100 . 0861 | Wigand , 1907
Bismuth . . . . . 0 . 0301 Lorenz, 1881
Bismuth . . . . . 75 . 0309 Lorenz, 1881
Bismuth . . . . 20 - 100 .0302 Stücker, 1905
Bromine fluid . 13 - 45 . 107 | Andrews, 1848 [1910
Cadmium . . . . - 188 - + 20 . 0514 Richards & Jackson ,
Cadmium . . . . 0 - 100 . 0560 Kahlbaum & Roth ,1902
Cadmium . . . 21 .0551 Naccari, 1887 - 88
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . 0 - 157 . 1520 | Bernini, 1907
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . 0 – 181 . 170 Bunsen , 1887
Carbon graphite . . . + 11 . 160 | Weber , 1875
Carbon graphite . . . 977 . 467 Weber, 1875
Carbon diamond . . + 11 . 113 Weber, 1875
Carbon diamond . . 985 . 459 Weber, 1875
Chromium . . . . . . . 100 . 1121 | Adler, 1903
Cobalt . . . . . . . 15 - 100 . 1030 Tilden , 1903
Copper. . . . . .. . - 253 0031 Nernst, 1911
Copper. . . . . . - 213 . 029 Nernst, 1911
Copper. . . - 173 . 059 Nernst, 1911
Copper. . . 201 .0912 Gaede, 1902
Copper . . . . . 100 .0942 Naccari, 1887 –88
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . 200 .0963 Naccari, 1887 -88
Copper . . . . . 15 - 100 . 0931 | Bartoli & Stracciati1895
Gold . . . - 185 - + 20 . 033 | Nordmeyer-Bernouli,
1907, 1903
Gold . . . . . 0 - 100 .0316 Violle , 1887 , 1878
Iridium . . . . 18 - 100 .0323 Behn , 1898, 1900
Iron , cast .. . . . . . . . 20 - 100 - 1189 Schmitz , 1903
wrought. . 15 - 100 . 1152 Nichol, 1881
hard drawn . 20 - 100 . 1146 | Hill, 1901
Lead . . . . . . . . 15 . 0299 Naccari , 1887 -88
Lead . . . . . . . 100 . 0311 Naccari, 1887 - 88
Lead . . . . . . . 18 - 100 . 03096 Magnus, 1910
Lithium . . . . 50 . 9063 | Laemmel, 1905
Magnesium . . 20 - 100 . 2492 Stücker, 1905
Manganese . . . . 0 . 1072 | Laemmel, 1905
Mercury . . . . . . 0 .03346 Barnes-Cooke , 1903
Nickel. . . . . . . 18 - 100 . 109 Behn, 1898 - 1900
105
SPECIFIC HEAT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (Cont.)
Values given in calories per gram .
Element. Temp. ° C . Sp. heat. Observer.
Phosphorus, red . . . 0 -51 0 . 1829 Wiegand, 1906

yel low . . . . . . . . 13 - 36 . 202 Wiegand , 1906
Platinum . . . . . . . . - 186 – + 18 .0293 Behn , 1898 - 1900
Platinum . . 0 - 100 .0323 Violle , 1878
Platinum . . . 500 .0356 White, 1909
Rhodium . . . 10 – 97) . 0580 | Regnault, 1840 - 1861
Silver . . . . . 0 - 100 . 0559 Bunsen , 1870 - 1887
Silver . . . 500 .0581 | Tilden , 1900 - 1903
Sulphur, rhombic .. 0 -54 . 1728 Wiegand, 1906
monoclinic . . . . . . 0 -52 . 1809 Wiegand, 1906
Tin , cast . . . . . . . . . 21 - 109 .0551 Spring, 1886 - 1895
Titanium . . . . . . 0 - 100 . 1125 Nilson - Pettersson , 1887
Tungsten . . 0 - 100 . 0336 Mache, 1897
Uranium . . 0 - 98 . 028 Blümcke, 1885
Vanadium .. . . . . . . . 0 - 100 . 1153 | Mache, 1897
Zinc . . . . . . . 0 - 100 . 0935 | Bunsen , 1870 - 1887
Zinc . . . . . . . . 300 ) . 1040 | Naccari, 1887 -88
BOILING -POINT OF WATER

VARIATION witu Pressure.
The temperature of boiling water tº C . at barometric pressure B cm .
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers ,by permission .)
Bli | B | Bt 1 B
cm cm cm cm cm cm
72 . 0 98 . 49 73 . 0 98 . 8874 .099 . 26 75 .099 .6376 . 0 100 .0077 . 0 100 . 37
53 . 29 . 67 . 04 . 40
HAWN
Voer
1 . 92
000
. 33 . 70 . 07 .44
Consor
95
74 4S
. 398 . 99 | . 371
.499 . 03 | .4 . 11 | 51
. 65 !
98. 69| 73.599 . 07||74 .599. 44||75 . 5 99 .8276 . 5 100 77 . 5 100 . 55
. 10
.7 . 14 · 62
. 80 .8 . 181
. 84
106
SPECIFIC HEAT OF VARIOUS SOLIDS

Values given in calories per gram .
Substance. Temp. ° C. Sp. heat. Observer .
Alloys, bell metal..| 15 - 98 0 . 0858 Regnault

brass, red .. . . . .. 0 . 08991 | Lorenz
brass, yellow . . . . . 08831 Lorenz
German silver. . . 0 - 100 .09464 Tomlinson
Asbestos . . . . . . . . . 20 - 98 . 195 Ulrich
Basalt . . . . . . . . . . . 20 - 100 . 20 Mean
Calcspar . . . . . . . . 0 - 100 . 2005 Lindner .
Carborundum . . . . 3 -44 . 162
Cellulose, dry . . .. . 37 Mean
Cement, powder . . 200 - 10 20
Chalk . 20 - 99 . 214 Regnault
Charcoal . . . . 10 . 16 Weber, 1875
Clay , dry . . . . . . . . . 20 - 100 Mean
Ebonite . . . . . . . . . . 20 - 100 . 40 Louguinine,1882
Glass , normal ther
mometer . . . . . 19 - 100 . 1988 Wachsmuth
crown . . . . . . . . . : 10 - 50 . 161 KH . Meyer
flint . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 50 . 117 H . Meyer ,
Granite . . . . . . 12 - 100 . 192 Joly
Ice . . . . . . . . . -- 200 . 168 Nernst, 1910
- 180 . 199 Nernst , 1910
- 160 : 230 Nernst, 1910
- 140 . 262 Nernst, 1910
– 100 . 325 Nernst, 1910
- 60 . 392 Nernst, 1910
- 20 . 480 Nernst, 1910
- 10 .530 | Nernst , 1910
India rubber (Para )|| ? - 100 . 481 Gee and Terry
Leather , dry . . . . . . . 36
Marble . . . 0 - 100 . 21
Mica (Mg) . . . . . . 20 - 98 . 2061 Ulrich
Paraffin . . . . . 0 - 20 .6939 R . W . Weber
Porcelain . . . . 15 - 950 . 26 Harker, 1905
Quartz . . . . . 12 - 100 . 188 Joly
Rock -salt. . . . . 13 - 45 . 219 Корр
Sugar . . . . . . 20 . 274 Hess, 1888
Vulcanite . . . . . . . . 20 - 100 . 3312 A . M . Mayer
Wood .. . .. .42
107
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PIIYSICS .'
SPECIFIC HEAT OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS

Liquid . Temp. °C . Sp. heat. Observer .
Acetic acid . . 0 . 472 Schiff, 1886

Acetone . . . . . . . . . . 506 | Regnault, 1862
Alcohol, ethyl.. . . . .548 Regnault
. 648 Regnout
ethyl. . . .
methyl. . . . . 5 - 10 .590 Regnault
methyl. . . . . . . . 15 - 20 .601 Regnault
Amyl acetate . . . . 459 Schiff, 1880
Benzol, C6H6. . . . . . 340 | de Heen & Deruyts
Benzol. . . .423 de Heen & Deruyts
Carbon bisulphide. . 240 Regnault
Chloroform . . . . . . .232 Regnault
Ethyl ether .. . . . . . .529 Regnault
Glycerine.. . . . . . . . 15 - 50 . 576 Emo
Oils, olive . . . . . 6 .6 . 471
turpentine. . . . . . .411 Regnault
Petroleum . . . . 21 -58 .511 Pagliani
SPECIFIC HEAT AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

APPROSIMATE VALUES
Parts by weight in 100 parts of

solution .
Substance.
10 20
Acid , hydrochloric . . . . . . . . 93 . 85
nitric . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . 82
sulphuric .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . 95 . 84
Alcohol, ethyl. . . . . 1 .02 1 . 05
Ammonia .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Carbonate sodium 1 . . . . . . . . . 93
Chloride calcium . . . . 94
sodium . . . . . . . . . . 94 .81
Hydrate potassium . . . 93
sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 . 86
Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 . 89
108
SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASES

Giving the specific heat of gases at constant pressure in calories per
gram and the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to that at con
stant volume.
Values are for atmospheric pressure .
(Selected from Smithsonian Tables .)
Specific heat at con Ratio of specific heats.

stant pressure .
Gas or vapor .
Temp . Ratio
0 ht . | Obs
Sp .. ht. s. ** Temp.
C . Cp / Cv Obs.*
Acetone . . . . . . . . . . 26 - 1100. 3468 W
Air . . . . . . . . 0 - 1000 . 2374 R
Air . . . . . . . . 0 – 2000 . 2375 R
Air . . . . . . . . 20 -6300. 2429 A
Alcohol. . . . 108 – 2200 .4534 R 1 . 133 | J
Ammonia . . 23 - 100 0 . 5202 W 1 . 3172 Wr
Argon . . . . . . . . 20 – 90 0 . 1233 D 1 . 667
manano
za
Benzol . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - 115 0 . 2990 W 1 . 403
Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . 83– 228 0 . 0555 20 - 388 1 . 293
Carbon dioxide. . . . . 15 - 100 0 . 2025 R
Carbon monoxide. . . 23 - 99 0 . 2425 W 10 1 .403
Carbon disluphide . . 86 – 190 0 . 1596 R | 3 .67 1 . 205
Chlorine. . . . . . . . . . 13 - 202 0 . 1241 R 20 - 340 1 . 323
Chloroform . . . . . . . . 27 - 118 0 . 1441 22 – 78 1 . 102 B
Ether . 25 - 111 0 .4280 W 12 - 20 1 .024
Hydrochloric acid . . 13 - 100 0 . 1940 120 1 . 389
Hydrogen . . . . . . . 12 - 198 3 . 4090 R
Hydrogen sulphide. . 20 - 206 0 . 24511 R 10 - 40 1 . 276
Methane . . . . . . . . . . 18 – 2080. 5929 R 11 - 30 1 . 316 | Mr
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . 0 - 200 0 . 2438 R | . . . . 1 .41 C
Nitric oxide.. . . . . 13 - 1720 . 23171
AFEE
Nitrous oxide . . . . . 16 - 207 0 . 2262

Oxygen
To 1.311 wr
13 – 207 0 . 2175 R 5 - 14 1 . 3977 ) L - P
Sulphur dioxide . . . . 16 – 2020. 1544 ) R 16 - 34 1 . 256 Mr
Water vapor. . . . . . . 0 0 . 4655 / T 78 1 . 274 | B
Water vapor . . . . . . . 100 0 . 421 | T 194 1 . 33
Water vapor . . . . . . 180 0 .51 | T
eboto
* A Austin L Low R Regnault

B Beyme L - P Lummer & Pringsheim S Strecker
C Cazin Mr Muller T Thiesen
D Dittenberger N Niemeyer W Wiedemann
J Jaeger P Pagliani Wr Wüllner
109
MELTING AND BOILING TEMPERATURES
Temperature of Fusion for Various Substances for Atmospheric
Pressure
For the melting- and boiling-points of the chemical elements and of
inorganic compounds, see under Physical Constants of the Elements ,
page 15 , and Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, page 21.
Substance. Temp. of fusion Substance . Temp. of fusion
Acetylene . - 81 German silver. 1000 .

Alcohol, ethyl. . - 130 . Glass . . . . . . . . . 1100
Brass . . . . . . . . . 900 . Glycerine . . . . . . 20 .
Butter . . . . . . . . 31- 31. 5 Olive oil. . . 2 -6
Camphor . . . . . 177 . 7 Paraffin . . . . . . . 55 .
Caoutchouc, Resin . . . . . . . . 135 .
pure gum . . . 120 . Sea water . . . . . - 2 .5 ,
Chloroform . . . . - 63 . 2 Sugar (cane) . . . 160 .
Ether . . . . . . . . . ! - 117 . 6
Boiling -point for Various Substances

Giving the boiling-point at atmospheric pressure and the variation per
cm . pressure near 76 cm .
Substance . Temp. ° C . Variation .
Acetone . . . . . . . . 57 . 0 . 39
Acetylene . . – 72 . 2
Alcohol, ethyl.. . . .. . .. .. .. .. 78 . 3 0 . 34
methyl. . 64 . 7 0 . 35
Amyl acetate . 148 .
Benzene.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . 0 .43
Camphor . . . 205 . 0 . 56
Chloroform .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 . 2 0 .41
Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . 6 0 . 40 ,
Gasoline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 - 90 .
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 291 .
Turpentine . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 .
MELTING POINT OF ICE - VARIATION WITH PRESSURE

(From Tamann, 1900, by permission.)
Pressure in kg . Temp. ° C . Pressure in kg. Temp. °C.

per sq .cm . per sq .cm .
0 .0 1410 - 12 . 5
336 - 2.5 1625 - 15 . 0
615 - 5 .0 1835 -- 17 .5
890 2042 -- 20 . 0
1155 - 10 . 0 2200 - 22 . 1
110
GASES
OF
CONSTANTS
OTHER
AND
PRESSURE
AND
TEMPERATURE
CRITICAL
.)1gder
Constants
Waals
,Vcm an
(fCritical
Data
aPoint
nd
B6or
roiling
7Freezing
HT
.LAT .
DENS .
CRIT
HT
.LAT .OF
AP PRIT
C RES
.CRIT ать
.
Gas .
PT
FREEZING PT
.BOIL .
BOIL
AT
.
FUS
OF .
BOIL
AT TEMP )DTM
.(A ENS
.PT .
°C
.
PT
Hy
. drogen .–2016
.060 .5-252 070
.0200 .14-825340 5160 9.28
.Oxygen 0(92- 27m
).m .5-181 35
.0152 0-1.50 .018 .90|168320
5
Nitrogen
. .)9mm 4
0(-210 .0-194 790
.048 .0-1345
4 0
1.4/|1037700
.
Air 0-1. 91 .0-137 .8 42
Argon
. 10.- 88 .0–186 1.212 .0-1517
2 810 0.77
.Helium .8–268 02-2.3 68 0.15
dioxi
. hur
Sulp de .0-10 460
.0182 155
.078 .9 0.55 1610 0.87
EC. hlorine 0.-102 6-3. 3 .067 146
.0593
5
.0-7|108 .5-38 0 13800 2.11
.
Ammonia .0
295 131
.0113
.
Nitrogen
peroxide .0
93 .2
171
.
dioxide
Carbon .2-78 77
.031
.0 9971
0.21857
Ethylene
. 0-1. 03 38
.010 0.22
.
overcrosOc0Oorer
Acetylene 6.36
561 1.85930
0301
Water
. .080 537
.0100 .0364
01
195 0.418000
1834
.Acetic
acid 0.17 .7
43 85
.0118 0.321
57 |1.74884
03851
.
alcohol
Ethyl 3201
.578 240
.064 1828 34
0.25700
.
Benzol 2.345 0 293
.080 .0
288
Acet
. one .4125
356 52
.0238
.0
.bisul
Carbonphide 03
.846 78
.0277
.0 0.354
Ethe
. r 90
.038 37
.0190
.0 |1846 2
0.23180
Chlor
. oform 1|59
.060 55
.0260
.0
FOON Cooo
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
FREEZING MIXTURES
A is the proportion of the substance named in the first column to be
added to the proportion of the substance given in column B . The table
gives the temperature of the separate ingredients and the temperature
attained by the mixture.
Initial Temp. °C.

Substance . Temp . ° c attained
by mixt.
NaC2H302 (cryst .) . H ., 0 100 10 . 7 - 4 .7

NHACI . 30 H20 100 13 . 3 - 5 .1
NaNO3. . . . . . . . . 75 HO 100 13 . 2 – 5.3
Na2S2O3 (cryst.). 110 H2O 100 10 . 7 8.0
K I. . . . . . . . 140 H0 100 10 . 8 - 11 . 7
CaCl2 (cryst .) 250 H2O 100 10 .8 . - 12 . 4
NH4NO3. . . . . . 60 H0 100 13 . 6 : - 13 . 6
CaCl2 . . . . . 30 * Snow 100 - 10 . 9
NHẠC . . . . . 25 Snow 100 - 15 . 4
NH4NO3. . . 45 Snow 100 - 16 .75
NaNO3. . . . . 50 Snow 100 - 17 . 75
NaCl . . . . . . . . . . Snow 100 - 21 . 3
Snow 1 . 097 -- 37 . 0
H2SO4 + H20 . . . Snow 2 .52 - 30 . 0
Snow 4 . 32 — 25.0
(66 . 17H2SO4) . . . . . Snow 7 . 92 - 20 . 0
Snow 13 . 08 - 16 . 0
Snow 49 – 19 . 7
Snow .61 - 39 . 0
Snow . 70 - 54. 9
CaCl2 +6H20 . Snow 81 - 40 . 3
Snow 1 . 23 - 21 . 5.
Snow 2 . 46 – 9.0
Snow 4 . 92 – 4 .0
Snow 73 - 30 . 0
Alcohol at 4°. . . . CO2 solid – 72 . 0
Chloroform . . . . . . CO2 solid – 77 . 0
Ether . . . . . . . . . . CO , solid – 77 . 0
Liquid SO2. . . . . . CO2 solid - 82. 0
H2O . 94 20 – 4 .0
Snow 94 – 4 .0
H0 1 . 20 - 14 . 0
NH NO3. . . . . Snow 1 . 20 - 14 . 0
H20 1 . 31 - 175
Snow 1 . 31 - 17 . 5
* Or finely pulverized ice .
112
ILANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
HEAT EQUIVALENT OF FUSION

The table gives the heat equivalent in calories per gram at the temperature
of fusion .
Substance . Temp. °C. Heat Observer.

cal/ g .
Aluminum . . . . . 658 . 76 . 8 Glaser
Ammonia .. . . . . - 75 . 108 . Massol
Benzole . . . . . . 5 .4 30 . 6 Mean
Bromine. . . . . . . - 7.3 16 . 2 Regnault
Bismuth .. . . . . . . . 268. 12 .64 | Person
Cadmium . . . . . . . 320 . 7 13 . 66 | Person
Calcium chloride . . . 28 . 5 40 . 7 Person
Copper. . . . . . . 1083 Mean
Iron , gray cast Grumer
white cast . . . . . . . 33 . Grumer
slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grumer
Iodine . . . . . . . . . . . . | Favre & Silbermann
Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 . 24 Regnault
Ice . . . . . . . . 0 XO
Bunsen
Ice from sea water . . - 8. 7 54 . 0 Petterson
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 5 . 86 Rudberg
Mercury . . . . . - 39 2 . 82 Person
Naphthalene. . . 79 .87 | 35 .62 Pickering
Nickel . . . . . . . . 1435 4 .64 Pionchon
Palladium . . . . . 1545 36 . 3 Violle
Phosphorus. . . . 44 . 2 4 . 97 Petterson
Platinum .. . . . . . . . . 1755 27 . 2 Violle
Potassium . . . . . . . . . . 62 15 . 7 Joannis
Potassium nitrate . . . 333. 5 48 . 9 Person
Phenol . . . . . 25 . 37 24 . 93 Petterson
Paraffin . . . . . . . 4 35 . 10 | Batelli
Silver . . . . . . . . . . 961 21 .07 Person
Sodium . . . . . . . 97 31 . 7 Joannis
Sodium nitrate. 305 . 8 64 . 87 Joannis
phosphate . 36 . 1 66 . 8 Joannis
Spermaceti . . 43 . 9 36 .98 Batelli
Sulphur . . . . . . . 115 9 . 37 Person
Tin . . . . •••••• 232 14 . 0 Mean
Wax (Bees') . . 61 . 8 | 42 . 3 Mean
Zinc . . . . . . . 419 28 . 13 | Mean
113
HEAT EQUIVALENT OF VAPORIZATION
The table gives the heat equivalent (or latent heat) of vaporization in
calories per gram , at the temperature of ebullition , and at the pressure
of the vapor for that temperature .
(Principally from the Smithsonian Tables.)
Substance. Temp. °C. Heat Observer.

Cal / g .
Acetic acid . . . . . . . . 118 * 84 . 9 Ogier

Air . : . : . 50 . 97 Fenner-Richtmyer
Alcohol: amyl. 131 120 | Schall
ethyl . . . . . . . 205 / Wirtz
ethyl. . . . 236 Regnault
methyl. . . .. .. . . . . 64 . 5 * 2 .67 Wirtz
methyl. . 289 Ramsay & Young
Ammonia . . . 294 . 2 Regnault
Ammonia . . . 2913 Regnault
Ammonia .. . . 16 297 . 4 Regnault
Ammonia .. . . . . 17 296 . 5 Regnault
Benzene .. . . . . . 80 . 1 * 92 . 9 Wirtz
Bromine .. . . . . . . . . . 61 * 45 . 6 | Andrews
Carbon dioxide, liq . . 25 72 . 23 Cailletet & Mathias
Carbon dioxide , liq . . 57 . 48 Cailletet & Mathias
Carbon dioxide, liq . . 12 . 35 44 . 97 Mathias
Carbon dioxide, liq . . 22 . 04 31 . 8 Mathias
Carbon dioxide , liq . . 29 . 85 14 . 4 | Mathias
Carbon dioxide , liq . . 30 .82 3 . 72 Mathias
Carbon disulphide . . 46 . 1 * 83 . 8 Wirtz ,
Carbon disulphide .. 90 Regnault
Chloroform . . . . . 60 . 9 * 58 . 5 Wirtz
Ether . . 34 . 5 * 88 . 4 | Wirtz
Ether . . . . . . . . 34 . 9 90 . 5 | Andrews
Ether . . . . . . . 0 94 1 Regnault
lodine . . . . . 181 * 23 . 95 Favre & Silbermann
Mercury . . . . . . 357 * 65 | Mean
Nitrogen . . . . . . . 195 . 6 * 47. 65 Alt
Oxygen . . . . . . . . - 182 . 9 * 50 . 97 Alt
Sulphur dioxide . . 0 91. 2 | Cailletet & Mathias
Sulphur dioxide . .. . . . 30 80 . 5 | Cailletet & Mathias
Sulphur dioxide . . 65 68 .41 Cailletet & Mathias
Turpentine . . 159 . 3 74 . 04 Brix
Water .. . . . . . . 100 535 . 9 Andrews
Water . . . . . . . 596 . 8 Dieterici, 1889
Water . . . . . . . 585 . 3 Smith , 1908
Water . . . . . . 574 . 0 Henning, 1909
Water .. . . . . 562 . 9 Henning, 1909
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . SO 551.11
| Henning , 1909
Water. . . . 100 * 538 . 7 | Henning, 1909
Water .. . . . 120 525 . 3 Henning, 1909
Water .. . . . . 110 510 . 9 Henning, 1909
Water. . . . . . 160 496 . 6 Henning , 1909
W ater . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 482. 2 Henning , 1909
Temperature values marked * are those of normal ebullition , at 76
cm . pressure .
114
CHANGE IN VOLUME DUE TO FUSION

The table gives the variation in volume expressed in c.cm . for one gram
of the substance.
Substance . Variation , cm . Observer. .
Aluminum .. . + 0 .019 Toepler, 1894

Bismuth . . . . . . . - 0 . 0034 Toepler, 1894
Cadmium . . . . . + 0 . 0064 Toepler, 1894
Iron . . . . . . . - 0 . 0085 Wrightson , Roberts, 1881
Lead . . + 0 . 0034 Toepler, 1894
Tin . . . . + 0 . 0039 Toepler, 1894
Water . . - 0 . 083 * Toepler, 1894
Zinc .. . . . . . . . . . + 0 . 0105 Toepler, 1894
* For one cubic centimeter.
FIXED POINTS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURES

Temperatures are for 76 cm . pressure.
Variation per
Substance . Boiling-point °C. cm . pressure,
o C .
Alcohol, ethyl. . . 78 . 26 0 . 34
Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 . 0 .51
Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . 0 . 43
Chloro benzene. . . 132 . 0 .50
Diphenylamine. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 302 .
Mercury . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 .
Naphthaline .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 218 . 0 . 59
Sulphur . . . . . 445. 2
Toluidine , o . . . 199. 7 0 . 58
Toulene . . . . . . . 109 . 2 0 . 45
Water . . . . . . . . . . 100 . 0 . 37
Xylene , m . . . . . . 138 . 8 0 . 50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 .
Substance . Melting point Substance. Melting point

Aluminum . . . . 657 Platinum . . . . . . . 1775
Copper . . . . 1084 Sodium chloride . 800
Gold . . . 1064 232
Nickel . . . . . 1427 Zinc . . . . . . . . .. . . . 419
115
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
VAPOR TENSION OF WATER

TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR , - 30 to 0° C ., Over WATER
The tension is given in millimeters of merrury at 0° C .
(From International Bureau of Weights and Measures .)
0 .0 / 1. 2 0 0 .6 0.8
Тетр.
0 . 3805
0 . 4185 0 . 4106 0 . 4028 0 . 3952 0 . 3878
0 . 4598 0 . 4512 0 . 4428 0 . 4316 0 .4265
0 . 5047 0 . 4954 0 .4862 0 . 4772 0 . 4684
0 . 55.35 0 . 5433 0 .5333 0 . 5236 0 . 5141
0 . 6064 0 .5955 0 .5817 0 . 5741 0 . 5637
0 . 6637 0 .6518 0 .6402 0 .6288 0 .6175

0 . 7258 0 . 7130 0 . 7003 0 . 6879 0 .6757
0 . 7930 0 . 7792 0 . 7655 0 . 7520 0 . 7388
0 . 8656 0 . 8506 0 . 8359 0 . 8214 0 . 8071
0 . 9441 0 . 9279 0 . 9120 0 . 8963 0 . 8808
1 . 0288 1 .0111 0 . 9941 0 . 9772 0 . 9605
1 . 1202 1 . 1013 1 .0828 1 . 0646 1 .0465
1 . 2187 1 . 198,5 1 . 1785 1 . 1588 1 . 1394
1 . 3219 1 . 3030 1 . 2814 1 . 2602 1 . 23 3
1 . 4390 1 . 4155 1 . 3921 1 . 3695 1 . 3470
1 . 5618 1 .5366 1 . 5117 1 . 4872 1 . 4629
1 .6939 1 . 6667 1 .6399 1 .6135 1 . 5874
1 . 8357 1 8065 1. 7776 1 . 7493 1 . 7214
1 . 9880 1 . 9567 1 . 9258 1 . 8953 1 . 8653
2 . 1511 2 . 1178 2 .0817 2 . 0520 2 .0198
2 . 3266 2 . 2905 2 . 2550 2 . 2199 2 . 1854

2 . 5113 2. 1758 2 . 4378 2 . 4002 2 . 3632
2 .7153 2 .6710 2 .6332 2 . 5930 2 . 5534
2 . 9304 2 . 8863 2 .8127 2 . 7997 2 . 7572
3 . 1605 3 . 1132 3 . 0665 3 .0205 2 . 9751
3 . 1065 3 .3560 3 . 3062 3 . 2570 3 . 2084

3 . 6693 3 .6153 3 . 5620 3 . 5095 3 . 4576
3 . 9199 3 . 8923 3 . 8355 3 . 7794 3 . 7240
4 . 2193 4 . 1878 4 . 1271 4 . 0672 4 . 0082
01 4 . 5687 4 . 5032 L 4 . 4385 1 4 . 3747 | 4 .3116
116

TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR. 40 to 0° C ., OVER ICE
The tension is given in millim ters of mercury ,
( Juhlin and Marvin . )
Temp.
oc 0. i 1. i - 2 .
111
- 40 0 . 105 0 .095 0 . 085 0 . 076 . 0 . 068

- 30 0 .. 292 0 . 264 0 . 238 0 . 215 0 . 193
- 20 0 . 787 0 .714 0 .648 0 . 589 0 .534
- 10 1 . 974 L 1 . 806 1 . 650 | 1 . 506 1 . 375
Temp. 1 5. 6. 7 .: 9.
0 . 061 0 . 054 0 . 048 0 . 043 0 . 038

OTîIIII|
0 . 173 0 . 156 . 0 . 141 0 . 127 0 . 115

0 .484 0 . 438 0 . 397 0 . 358 0 . 324
1 . 257 1 . 148 1 .048 10. 955 / 0 . 868
ONCA
0 .1 .2 L 3 ' .4
voooo
eros
1 . 974 1 . 956 1 . 939 1 . 922 1 . 905

2 . 154 2 . 136 2 . 118 2 . 100 2 .082
2 . 347 2 . 327 2 . 307 2 . 287 2 . 268
2 . 557 2 .535 2 . 514 2 .492 2 . 470
2 . 785 2 . 761 2 . 738 2 .715 2 . 692
3 .032 3 . 006 2 . 981 2 . 956 2 . 931
3 . 299 3 . 271 3 . 244 3 . 217 3 . 190
3 . 586 3 . 556 3 .527 3 . 498 3 . 469
3 . 894 3 . 862 3 . 831 3 .799 3 . 768
4 . 223 4 . 189 4 . 155 4 . 122 4 . 089
4 . 579 4 . 543 4 . 507 4 . 470 4 . 434
Тетр. .6 1 .8 .. 9
1 . 888 1 . 872 1 . 855 1 .838 1 . 822

2 . 064 2. 046 2 .028 2 .010 1 . 992
2 . 249 2 . 230 2 . 211 2 . 192 2 . 173
2 . 449 2 .428 2 . 407 2 . 387 2 . 367
2 . 669 2 .646 2 .624 2 .601 2 . 579
2 . 906 2 . 882 2 . 857 2 . 833 2 . 809
3 . 163 3 . 136 3 . 110 3 . 084 3 . 058
3 .440 3 . 411 3 . 382 3 . 354 3 . 326
3 . 737 3 . 706 3 .676 3 .646 3 .616
4 . 056 4 . 023 3 . 990 3 . 958 3 . 926
4 . 398 4 . 362 4 . 327 4 . 292 4 . 257
117
TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR, 0 TO 100° C .
The tension is given in millimeters of mercury at 0° C .
( International Bureau of Weights and Measures.)
Temp.
OC . 0. 0 0.2 0 .4 0.6 0.8
voor
A UNO
4 . 5687 4 .6350 4 . 7022 4 . 7703 4 .8393

coco
4 . 9091 4 . 9798 5 . 0515 5 . 1240 5 . 1975

C
5 . 2719 5 . 3472 5 .4235 5 . 5008 5 .5790

5 .6582 5 .7383 5 . 8195 5 . 9017 5 . 9850
6 . 0693 6 . 1546 6 . 2410 6 . 3285 6 . 4171
6 . 5067 6 .5974 6 .6893 6 . 7824 6 . 8765

6 . 9718 7 . 0682 7 . 1658 7 . 2646 7 . 3647
7 . 4660 7 . 5685 7 .6722 7 . 7772 7 . 8834
7 . 9909 8 . 0998 8 . 2099 8 . 3214 8 . 4342
8 . 5484 8 . 6641 8 . 7810 8 . 8993 9 .0189
9 . 1398 9 . 2623 9 . 3863 9 .5117 9 .6387

9 . 8969 10 . 296
5
9 . 7671 10 .028 10 . 161

10 .432 10 . 570 10 . 709 10 . 850 10 . 993
11 . 137 11. 283 11 . 430 11 . 580 11 . 731
11 . 884 12 .038 12 . 194 12 . 352 12 .512
12 .674 12 . 837 13 . 003 13 . 170 13 . 339

16 13 .510 13 .683 13 . 858 14 . 035 14 . 214
17 14 . 395 14 . 578 14 . 763 14 . 950 15 . 139
18 15 . 330 15 .524 15 .719 15 . 917 16 . 1.17
16 . 319 16 .523 16 . 730 16 . 939 17 . 150
17 . 363 17 .579 17 . 997 18 . 018 18 . 241

AN
21 18 .694 19 . 157
18 . 466 18 . 924 19 . 392
19 .630 19 . 870 20 . 113 20 . 359 20 .607
20 . 858 21. 111 21. 367 21 .626 21 . 888
22 . 152 22 .420 22 .690 22 . 963 23 . 239
23 .517 23 .799 24 .084 24 . 371 24 . 662
24 . 956 25 . 252 25 . 552 25 . 855 26 . 161
26 . 471 26 .783 27 .099 27 .418 27 . 740
28 . 065 28 . 394 28 .727 29 . 062 29 . 401
29 . 744 30 .090 30 . 440 30 . 793 31. 149
31 .510 31 . 873 32 . 341 32 .612 32 . 988
31 33 . 366 33 . 749 34 . 136 34 .526 34 . 920
32 35 . 318 35 .720 36 . 126 36 .536 36 . 951
33 37 . 369 37 . 791 38 . 218 38 . 649 39 . 084
39.523 39. 966 40 . 414 40 . 866 | 41 . 323
118
VAPOR TENSION OF WATER (Continued)

TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR, 0 to 100° C .
In millimeters of mercury.
Temp .
o C .
0. 0 0. 2 0 .4 0 .6 0. 8
41 . 784 42 . 250 42 . 720 43 . 195 43 .674

44 . 158 44 .646 45 . 139 45 .637 46 . 140
46 .648 47 . 160 47 .677 48 . 200 48 .727
49 . 259 49 .796 50 . 339 50 . 886 51.439
51. 997 52 . 560 53 . 128 53. 702 54 . 281
54 . 865 55 . 455 56 . 051 56 . 652 57 . 258

57 . 870 58 .488 59 . 111 59 . 741 60. 376
61 . 017 61 .664 62 .316 62 . 975 63. 640
64 . 310 64 . 987 65 .670 56 . 359 67 . 055
67 . 757 68 .465 69 . 180 69. 901 70 .628
71 . 362 72 . 102 72 .850 73.603 74 . 364
75 . 131 75 . 906 76 .687 77 .475 78 . 270
79 .071 79 . 880 80 .696 81 . 520 82 . 350
83 . 188 84 .034 84 . 886 85 . 746 86 .614
87 . 488 88 . 371 89 . 261 90 . 159 91 . 064
91 . 978 92. 900 93 . 829 94 . 766 95 .711

96 .664 97 .626 98 . 595 99 .573 100 . 56
101. 55 102 . 56 103 .57 104 . 59 105. 62
106 .65 107 .70 108 . 76 109. 82 110 . 89
111 . 97 113 . 06 114 . 16 115 . 27 116 . 39
117 . 52 118 . 65 119 . 80 120 . 95 122. 12
123 . 29 124 . 48 125 . 67 126 . 87 128 . 09
129 . 31 130 . 54 131 .79 133 . 04 1134 . 30
135 . 58 136 . 86 138 . 15 139 . 46 140 . 77
142 . 10 143 .43 144 . 78 146 . 14 147 . 51
60 148 . 88 153 .09 154 .51
150 . 27 151 .68
61 155 . 95 157 . 39 158 . 85 160 . 32 161. 80
163 . 29 164 . 79 166 . 31 167 . 83 169. 37
170 . 92 172 .49 174 . 06 175 . 65 177 . 25
178 . 86 180 .48 182 . 12 183. 77 185 . 43
187 . 10 188 . 79 190 . 49 192. 20 193. 93
195 .67 197 .42 199 . 18 200 . 96 202 .75
204 . 56 206 . 38 208 .21 210 . 06 211 . 92
68 213 . 79 215 .68 217 .58 219 . 50 221 . 43
69 223 . 37 | 225 . 33 11 227 . 30 229 . 29 23129
119

TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR, 0 to 100° C .
In millimeters of mercury .
Temp.
OC 0 . 0 0.2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8
233 . 31 235 . 34 237 . 39 239 .45 241 .52

243 .62 245 .72 247 . 85 249 . 98 252 . 14
254 . 30 256 .49 258 .69 260 . 91 263. 14
265 . 38 267 . 65 269 . 93 272 . 23 274 .54
276 . 87 279 . 21 281. 58 283. 96 286 . 35
288 . 76 291. 19 293 .64 296 . 11 298 . 59

301 . 09 303. 60 306 . 14 308 . 69 311. 26
313 . 85 316 45 319 . 07 321 . 72 324 . 38
327 . 05 329 . 75 332 . 47 335 . 20 337 . 95
340 . 73 343 . 52 346 . 33 * 349 . 16 352 .01
354 . 87 357 .76 360 .67 363. 59 366 .54

369 . 51 372. 49 375 . 50 378 . 53 381. 58
384 .64 387 . 73 390 . 84 393 . 97 397 . 12
400 . 29 403.49 406 . 70 409 . 94 413 . 19
416 . 47 419 . 77 423 . 09 426 .44 429 . 81
433 . 19 436 . 60 440 . 04 443 .49 446 . 97

450 . 47 454 .00 457 .54 461. 11 464 .71
468 . 32 471 . 96 475 .63 479 . 32 483 . 03
486 . 76 490 . 52 494 . 31 498 . 12 501. 95
505 . 81 509 .69 513 .60 517 . 53 521 . 48
525 . 47 529 . 48 533 . 51 537 .57 541.65
545 . 77 549. 90 554 .07 558 . 26 562 .47
566 .71 570 . 98 575 . 28 579 .61 583 . 96
588 . 33 592 . 74 597 . 17 601 .64 606 . 13
610 .64 615 , 19 619. 76 624 . 37 629 . 00
633 .66 638 . 35 643 . 06 617 . 81 652.59

657 . 40 662. 23 667 . 10 672 . 00 676 . 92
681. 88 686 . 87 691. 89 696 . 93 702 .02
98 707 . 13 712 . 27 717 .44 722 . 65 727 . 89
99 733 . 16 738 . 46 643. 80 749 . 17 .754 .57
100 760.00 765.47 | 770 .97 | 776 .50 | 782.07
120
TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR, 100 -230° C .
Giving the vapor tension in millimeters of mercury , in pounds per square
inch and the corresponding temperature Fahrenheit .
(From Regnault - Smithsonian Tables.)
Pressure . Pressure .
Temp . Temp. Temp. Temp .
Pounds C . Pounds OF
inm . per mm . per
sq .in . sq .in .
100 760 . 00 14 . 70 212 . 0 145 3125 . 55 60 . 44 293 . 0

101 787 . 59 15 . 23 213 . 8 146 3212 . 74 62 . 13 291 . 8
z
‫ܝܟܬܛ݁ܪ‬
‫ܘܣ‬
‫ܘܗܣ‬
‫ܘܣ‬
‫ܘܗܶܗܟܪܟܬ‬
102 816 . 01 15 . 79 215 . 6 147 3301 . 87 63. 86 296 . 6
16 . 35 217 . 4 298 . 4
‫ܤܛܪ‬
103 845 . 28 148 3392. 98 ! 65 .62
104 875 .41 16 . 94 219 . 2 3486 .09 67 .41 300 . 2
‫ܛ‬
105 906 . 41 17 . 53 221 . 0 150 3581. 2 69 . 26 302 . 0
106 938 . 31 18 . 15 222 . 8 151 3678 . 4 71 . 14 303 . 8
107 971. 14 18 . 78 224 . 6 152 3777 . 7 73 . 06 305 . 6
108 1004 . 91 19 . 44 226 . 4 153 3879 . 2 75 . 02 307 . 4
109 1039 . 65 20 : 11 228 . 2 154 3982 . 8 77 . 03 309 . 2
110 1075 . 37 20 . 80 230 . 0 155 4088 . 6 79 . 07 311 . 0

111 1112 . 09 21 .51 231 . 8 156 4196 . 6 81. 22 312 . 8
112 1149 . 83 22 . 24 233 . 6 157 4306 . 9 83 . 29 314 . 6
113 1188 .61 22 . 99 235 . 4 158 4419 . 5 85 . 47 316 . 4
114 1228 . 47 23 . 76 237 . 2 159 4534 . 4 87 . 69 318 . 2
115 1269 . 41 24 . 55 239 . 0 160 4651 . 6 89 . 96 320 . 0
116 1311 . 47 25 . 37 240 . 8 161 4771 . 3 92 . 27 321 . 8
117 1354 . 66 26 . 20 242 . 6 162 4893 . 4 94 .63 323 . 6
118 1399 . 0 27 . 06 244 . 4 163 5017 . 9 97 . 04 325 . 4
119 1444 . 5 : 27 . 94 246 . 2 164 5145 . 0 99 . 50 327 . 2
120 1491 . 28 28 . 85 248 . 0 165 5274 . 5 102 . 01 329. 0
121 1539 . 25 29 . 78 249 . 8 166 5406 . 7 104 . 56 330 . 8
122 1588 . 47 30 . 73 251. 6 167 5541 . 4 107 . 18 332 . 6
123 1638 . 96 31 . 70 253 . 4 168 5678 . 8 109 . 84 334 . 4
124 1690 . 76 32 . 70 255 . 2 169 5818 . 9 112 . 53 336 . 2
125 1743 . 88 33 . 72 257 . 0 170 5961. 7 115 . 29 338 .0

126 1798 . 3 34 . 78 258 . 8 171 6107 . 2 118 . 11 339 . 8
127 1854 . 20 35 . 86 260 . 6 172 6255 . 5 120 . 98 341 . 6
128 1911 . 47 36 . 97 262. 4 173 6406 . 6 123 . 90 343 . 4
129 1970 . 15 38 . 11 264 . 2 174 6560 . 6 126 . 87 345 . 2
130 2030 . 28 39 . 26 266 . 0 175 6717 . 4 129 . 91 347 . 0

131 2091 . 9 40 . 47 267 . 8 176 6877 . 2 133 . 00 348 . 8
132 2155 .03 41 .68 269 . 6 177 7040 . 0 136 . 15 350 . 6
133 2219 . 69 42 . 93 271 . 4 178 7205 . 7 139 . 35 352 . 4
134 2285 . 9 44 . 21 273 . 2 179 7374 . 5 142 . 62 354 . 2
135 2353 . 73 45 . 52 275 . 0 180 7546 . 4 145 . 93 356 . 0

136 2423 . 16 46 . 87 276 . 8 181 7721 . 4 149 . 32 357 . 8
137 2494 . 23 48 . 24 278 . 6 182 7899 . 5 152 . 77 359 . 6
138 2567 . 00 49 .65 280 . 4 183 8080 . 8 156 . 32 361. 4
139 2641. 44 51. 06 282 . 2 184 8265 . 4 159 . 84 363 . 2
140 2717 . 63 52 . 55 284 0 185 8453. 2 163 . 47 365 . 0

141 2795 . 57 54 . 07 285 . 8 186 8644 . 4 | 167 . 17 366 . 8
142 2875 . 30 55 .60 287 . 6 187 8838 . 8 170 . 94 368 . 6
143 2956 . 86 57 . 16 289 . 4 188 9036 7. 174 . 76 370 . 4
144 | 3040 . 26 2
58 . 79 | 291. 1 89 9238 . 0 178 . 65 . 372 . 2
121

TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOR, 100- 230° C .
Giving the vapor tension in millimeters of mercury , in pounds per
square inch and the corresponding temperature Fahrenheit.)
(From Regnault - Smithsonian Tables.)
Pressure. Pressure .
Temp. Temp. l Temp. Temp.

ON OF mm . Pounds. OF .
Pounds
mm . per per
sq . in . sq.in .
190 9442 . 7 182 .61 374 . 0 210 14324 . 8 277 . 01 410 . 0

191 9650 . 9 186 .63 375 . 8 211 14611 . 3 282 .58 411 . 8
192 9862 . 7 190 . 72 377 . 6 212 14902. 2 288 . 21 413 . 6
193 10078 . 0 194 . 88 379 . 4 213 15197 . 5 293 : 92 415 . 4
194 10297 . 0 199 . 13 381. 2 214 15497 . 2 299 . 72 417 . 2
195 10519 . 6 203 . 43 383 . 0 215 15801 . 3 305 . 57 419 . 0

196 10746 . 0 207 . 81 384 . 8 216 16109 . 9 311. 57 420 . 8
197 10975 . 0 212 . 25 386 . 6 217 16423 . 2 317 .62 422 . 6
198 11209 . 8 216 . 77 388 . 4 218 16740 . 9 323 . 78 424 . 4
199 11447 . 5 221 . 37 390 . 2 219 17063. 3 330 . 01 426 . 2
200 11689 . 0 226 . 04 392 . 0 220 17390 . 4 336 . 30 428 . 0
201 11934 . 4 230 . 79 393 . 8 221 17722 . 1 342 . 70 429 . 8
202 12183 . 7 235 .61 395 . 6 222 18058 . 6 349 . 21 431 . 6
203 12437 . 0 240 . 54 397 . 4 223 18399 . 9 355 . 81 433 . 4
204 12694 . 3 245 . 49 399 . 2 224 18746 . 1 362. 50 435 . 2
205 12955 . 7 250 . 53 401 . 0 225 19097 . 0 369 . 29 437 . 0

206 13221 . 1 255 . 67 402 . 8 226 19452 . 9 376 . 17 438 . 8
207 13490 . 8 260 . 88 404 . 6 227 19813 . 8 383 . 15 440 . 6
208 13764 . 5 266 . 18 406 . 4 228 20179 . 6 390 . 22 442 . 4
209 14042 . 5 271 . 55 408 . 2 229 20550 . 5 397 . 40 444 . 2
VAPOR TENSION OF MERCURY

(From Gebhardt, Hertz, Regnault, Van der Plaats, and others.)
Temp. °C. Pressure, mm . Temp. ° C . Pressure, mm .
0 . 0004 200 18 . 3
20 0 . 0013 220 , 33 . 7
0 . 006 240 59 .
0 . 03 260 98 -
0 . 09 280 156 .
100 0 . 28 300 246 .
120 0.8 320 371 .
140 1 . 85 340 548 .
160 4.4 360 790 .
180 9 .2
122
LOWERING OF VAPOR PRESSURE BY SALTS IN AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS
The table gives the reduction of the vapor pressure in centimeters due to
the presence of the number of grammolecules of salt per liter of water given
at the head of the columns, at the temperature 100° C ., at which tempera
ture the vapor pressure of pure water is 76 . 0 centimeters.
Substance 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5 .0 6 .0 8.0 10.0

Ammonium chloride . 12 .023 . 7 45 . 1 69. 3 94 .2 118. 5 138 . 2 179. 0 213. 8
Barium chloride . . . . . 116 . 4 36 .777 . 6
Calcium chloride. . . . 17 . 0 39 . 8 95 . 3 166 . 6 241. 5 319. 5
Ferrous sulphate . . . . 5 . 8 10 . 7 24 . 0 42 . 4
Potassium hydroxide . 15 .029 . 5 64 . 0 99 . 2 140 . 0181 . 8 223 . 0 309 . 5 387 . 8
Potassium iodide . . . . 12. 5 25 .352. 2 82 . 6 112 . 2 141 . 5 171 . 8 225 . 5 278 . 5
Sodium chloride. . . . . ( 12 . 3 25 . 2 52 . 1 ) 80 . 0 |111 . 0 143 . 0 176 . 5
Sodium hydroxide . . . 11 . 8 22 . 8 48 . 2 77 .3107 . 5 139 . 1 172 . 5 243 . 3 314 . 0
Sulphuric acid . . . . 12 .926 .562 . 8 104 . 0 148 . 0 198 . 4 247 . 0 343 . 2
Zinz sulphate . . . | 4 . 9 / 10 . 4 /21 . 5 42. 1 66 . 2
CONSTANTS OF THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Giving the velocity , mean free path and diameter of molecules for various
gases and vapors at 0° C . and 760 mm . pressure.
Gas. Mean vel. Mean free Observer .

cm . / s . path , cm . Diam . cm .
Ammonia . . . . . 5 . 8 X1041 6 . 2 x 10 - 63 . 9X10 - 31 Graham , 1846

Argon .. . . . . . . 3 .81 8 . 84 3 . 23 Schultze, 1901
Benzene . . . . . . 2 . 7 21 6 .6
Carbon dioxide 3 . 6 5 .6 4. 1 Breitenbach
1899
Chlorine . . . . . . 2 . 86 4 . 07 4 . 76 Graham , 1846
Chloroform . . . 2 . 2 2 .3 6 .3 Puluj, 1878
Ether . 2 .8 2.1 6 .6 Pului, 1878
Ethyl alcohol. 3 . 5 3.2 5.3 Puluj, 1878
Helium .. . . . . . 12 .02 25 . 1 1.9 Schultze, 1901
Hydrogen . . . . 16 . 94 2 . 38 Puluj, 1878
Nitrogen . . . . . ! 3 . 27 Markowski,
1904
Oxygen . . . . . . 4 . 25 9 .06 3 . 19 Markowski,
1904
Water vapor. .) 5 . 7 5 .7 - 14 .0 Puluj, 1878
NUMBER OF MOLECULES IN A MOLECULE -GRAM

Perrin , 1909– 11. . . . . . 6 . 2X1023
Perrin (Brownian movement) . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. 6 . 85
Millikan , 1910 . . . . . . . . . . ....... 6 . 2
MASS OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM

1 .46X10 – 24 grams.
123
HANDBOOK OF CII EMISTRY AND PHYSICS
VAPOR PRESSURES OF
In centimeters
tctrachloride
(Principally from
phide
Carbon
.Chloroform
bisulon
,C4H100
Carb
,CHC13
dioxide
.Ammonia
Carbon
.Ethyl
Ether
Alcohol
,
Ethyl
.Acetone
,
,NH3
,C3H60
Acetic
,
.C°Temp
acid
C2H60
.
CO2
CC14
. 2
CS
.
.
86 .61
1300 . 70 110 . 43
4 . 73 1514 . 24 . 98 6 . 89 139 . 21
6 . 16 1758 . 25 1 . 35 8 . 93 173 . 65
01
.
856co
7 . 94 2034 . 02 1 . 85 . 65 11 . 47 214 . 16
10 . 13 2344 , 13 2 . 48 .911 14 .61 264 . 42
12 . 79 2690 . 66 3 . 29 1 . 27 18 . 44 0 . 35 318 . 33
16 . 00 3075 . 38 4 . 32 1. 76 23 . 09 383 . 03
19 . 85 3499 . 86 5 .60 2 . 42 28 . 68 457 . 40
24 . 41 3964 . 69 7 . 17 3 . 30 35 . 36 543 . 34
29 . 80 4471 . 66 9 . 10 4 . 451 43 . 28 17. 96 638 . 78
36 . 11 5020 . 73 11 . 43 20 . 02 5 . 94 52 . 59 22 .63 747 . 70
43 . 46 5611 . 90 14 . 23 24. 75 7 . 85 63 . 43 28 . 10 870 . 10
51 . 97 6244 . 73 17 . 55 30 . 35 10 . 29 76 . 12 34 .52 1007 . 02
61. 75 6918 .44 21 .48 36 . 93 13 . 37 90 . 70 42 . 01 1159 . 53
45 | 72 . 95 7631.43 26 . 08 44 .60 17 . 22 107 . 42 50 . 75 1328 . 73
85 . 71 31. 44 53 .50 21 . 99 126 .48 5 .63 62 . 29 1515 . 83
100 . 16 37 . 63 63 . 77 27 . 86 148 . 11 72 . 59 1721 . 98
60 116 . 45 44 . 74 75 . 54 35 . 02 172. 50 8 . 83 86 . 05 1948 . 21
65 134 . 75 52 . 87 88 . 97 43 . 69 199 . 89 101
TUI .43
. 2196 . 51
155 . 21 62, 11 104 . 21 54 . 11 230 .49 13 .70 118 . 94 2467 . 55
177 . 99 72 . 57 121 . 42 66 . 55 264 . 54 .. . . 138 . 76 2763 . 00
: iis
203 . 25 84 . 33 140 . 761 81. 29 302 . 281 20 . 231161 . 10 3084 . 31

85 231 . 17 97 . 51 162 .41 98 .64 343 . 95 186 . 18 3433 . 09
90 261 . 91 112 .23 186 . 52 118 . 93 389 . 83 29 . 27 214 . 17 3810 . 92
v
is
95 296 .63 128 . 69 213 . 28 142 . 51 440 . 18 245 . 28 4219 .57

100 332 . 51 146 . 71242 .85 169 ,75 495. 33 41. 7 279 .73 4660 . 82
105 372 . 72 166 . 72 275 . 40 201 . 04 555 .62 317 . 70
110 416 .41 188 . 74 311 . 10 236 . 76 621. 46 359 . 40
115 463 . 74 212 . 91 350 . 10 277 . 34 693 . 33 405 .00
120 514 . 88 239 . 37 392 . 57 323 . 17 771 . 92 454 .69
19 .4
125 569 . 97 268 . 24 438 . 66 374 .69 508 .62
130 629 . 16 299 .69 488 . 51 432 . 30 106 . 7 566 . 97
135 692 . 59 333 . 86 542 . 25 496 . 42 629 . 87
140 760 . 40 140 . 4
1760 370 . 90 600 .02 567 . 46 697 . 44
145 832 .69 411 . 00 661. 92 645 . 80
150 909 .59 454 . 31728 .06 731. 84

155 501.02 798 .53 825 . 92
160 551 . 31 873 . 42
165 . . . . . . . . . 1605 . 38
38 952 . 78
124
VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
of mercury .
Regnault.)
Methyl
ogen
alcohol
.Turpentine
.Sulphur
ide
,CHO
dioxide
b4CO
Naphthalene
N,. 20 ous
sulph
Hydr
,SO2
v
,+61
SO
,Col16
oxide
4
Nitr
,
caso
Pictet
.Benzol
. phor
todo
'sfluid
,C6H5
weight
Temp
.
Cam
.°C
SH
58. 52 28 . 75
l:
11569. 49 67 . 64 37 . 38 374 . 93
1758 . 66 74 . 48 47 . 95 443 . 85
. 88 . 93 1968 . 43 89 . 68 60 . 79 519 . 65
1 . 29 1 . 35 2200 . 80 101 . 84 76 . 25 608 . 46
1 . 83 1 . 92 2457 . 92 121 . 60 94 . 69 706 .60
2 .530. 006 2 .68 0 . 00212742. 10 139 .08 116 .51 820 . 03
3 . 42 .. 3 . 69 3055 . 86 167 . 20 142, 11 949 . 08
4 . 52 0 . 010 5 .01 0 . 005 3401 . 91 193 . 80 . 171. 95 1089 .63
5 . 89 6 .711 0 . 0053783 . 17 226 . 48 206 . 49 1244 . 79
7 .56 0 . 015 8 . 87 0 . 008 4202 . 79 258 . 40 246 . 2014 15 . 15
9 . 59 :: : 11 .60 . . . . 4664 . 14 297 . 92 291. 60 1601. 241
12 . 02 0 . 026: 15 . 00 0 . 013 5170 . 85 338 . 20 343 . 18 1803 . 53 .69
er
14 . 93 . . 19 . 20 6335 . 98 383 . 80 401 . 48 2002 . 43

18 . 36 0 . 060 24 . 35 434 . 72 467 .02 2258 . 25 1 . 08
22 . 41 .. 30 .61 478 . 80 540 . 35 2495 . 43
åoss
27 . 140 . 1 38 . 17 521 . 36 622 . 00 2781 . 48 ! 1 . 70

32 .64 . . 47 . 22 712 . 50 3069 . 07
39 . 010 . 2 57 . 99 812 . 38 3374 . 02 2 . 65
46 . 34 70 . 73 922 . 14 3696 . 15
54 . 74 0 . 460 85 . 71 0 • 4035 . 32 4 . 06
64 . 32 . . . . 103. 21
75 . 19 0 . 915 123. 85 0 .74 6 . 13
| 87 . 46 117 . 09
101 . 27
116 . 75
174 . 17
205 . 17
1 . 26 ..... 9 . 06
100 134 .01 240 . 51 1 . 85 13. 11

105 153 . 18 280 .63
110 174 . 44 325 . 96 2 18 . 60
115 197 . 82 376 . 98
120 223 .54 134 . 18 25.70
125 251 .71 498 . 05
130 282 .43 569 . 131 6 . 19 34 . 90
135 315 . 85 647 . 93
140 352 . 07 733 .71 46 . 40
145 391 . 21 830 . 89
150 433 . 37 936 . 13
155 478 . 65 60 . 50
160 527 . 14 68 . 60
165 568 . 30 77 . 50
125
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY
METALS
Giving the quantity of heat in calories which is transmitted per second
through a plate one centimeter thick across an area of one square centi
meter when the temperature difference is one degree Centigrade.
(Compiled principally from Smithsonian Tables.)
Substance , Temp.
OC.
Conduc Observer.
tivity
ooooo
Aluminum . . . . . 18 0 . 48 Jaeger & · Disselhorst,
1900
Antimony
wy .. . . . . . . . .0442 | Lorenz
Bismuth . . . . . . .0177 | Lorenz
Brass , yellow . . . 2041 | Lorenz
red . . . . . . . . . 2460 Lorenz
Cadmium . . . . . 2200 Lorenz
Constantin . . . 18 . 5402 Jaeger & Disselhorst
Copper, pure . . . . . 1 . 00 Angström , 1863
Copper . . . 7189 Lorenz
German silver.. . . . . . . . . 0700 Lorenz
Gold . . . . . 10 – 97 . 75 Gray, 1895
.. . . . . . . .
Iron . . . . . . . . . 1665 | Lorenz
wrought. . . . . 2070 J. Forbes
Lead . . . . . .0836 | Lorenz
Mercury . . . . . . . 0148 H . F . Weber
Magnesium . . . . 0 - 100 . 3760 Lorenz
Manganin
84Cu + 4Ni + 12Mn 18 . 5186 | Jaeger & Disselhorst
Nickel. . . . . . 18 . 1420 | Jaeger & Disselhorst
Platinum . . . . . . 18 . 1664 | Jaeger & Disselhorst
Silver . . . 1 . 0960 H . F . Weber
Steel, hard . . 0620 Kohlrausch
soft .. . . . . 1110 Kohlrausch
Tin. . . . . . . . . 1528 Lorenz
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . 2653 Jaeger & Disselhorst
VARIOUS SOLIDS
Approximate Values.
Conduc
Substance. Observer.
tivity .
Asbestos paper . . . . . 00043 Lees-Chorlton

Brick , red . . . . . . . . . . 00150 Herschel-Lebour & Dunn
Blotting paper . . . . . . 00015 | Lees-Chorlton
Portland cement . . 00071 Lees-Chorlton
Cork . . . . . . . . . . .. 000717 G . Forbes
Cotton wool. . . . 000043 G . Forbes
Cotton pressed . . . 000033 G . Forbes
Eiderdown . . . . . . . . 000011 Péclet , 1878
Felt . . . . . . . . . . . 000087 G . Forbes
Fire brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00028 Hutton -Blard
126
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY (Continued)
Various Solids (Continued )
Approximate Values .
Conduc
Substance. tivity . Observer.
Glass, from . . . . 0011 | Various

Haircloth . . ... . . . 000042 G . Forbes
Ice . . . . . . . . . 00396 Mean
Lime.. . . . . . . . . . . . 00029 Hutton- Blard
basis S from .. . 00016 Hutton -Blard
Magnesiaa toto . . . . 00045 Hutton - Blard
Paraffin . . . . . . . . . . 00023 R . Weber
Pasteboard . . . 00045 G . Forbes
Plaster of Paris . . . 00070 Lees -Chorlton
Quartz . . . . . 00036 Hutton -Blard
Sand , white dry . . . 00093 Herschel, Lebour & Dunn
Sandstone and hard grit,
dry . . . . . . . 00555 Herschel, Lebour & Dunn
Sawdust. . . 00012 G . Forbes
Silk . . . . . . . . . : : : . 000095 Lees-Chorlton
Slate , across cleavage . . . .00388 Lees-Chorlton
Snow , compact layers . . . . 00051 Hjeltström
Soil , dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00033 Lees -Chorlton
Vulcanite . . . . . . 00087 Stefan
Vulcanized rubber, soft ,
S from . . . . . . . . . . 00034 Herschel, Lebour & Dunn
I to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00054 Herschel, Lebour & Dunn
Wax (bees ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 00009 G . Forbes
Wood , fir : | to axis .. . . . . . 00030 G . Forbes
I to axis. . . . . ! . 00009 I G . Forbes
LIQUIDS AND GASES
Conduc
Liquid or gas. . Temp. tivity . Observer .
Acetic acid . . . . . 9 - 15 . 000472 H . F . Weber

Air . . 0000568 / Winkelmann
Alcohol, ethyl. . 9 - 15 . 000423 H . F . Weber
Carbon dioxide. . 0000307 Winkelmann
disulphide . . . . . . . . . 9 - 15 . 000343 H . F . Weber
Chloroform . . . 9 - 15 . 000288 H . F . Weber
Ether . . . . . . . . . 1303 | H . F . Weber
9 - 15
Glycerine. . . . . . 9 - 15 . 000637 Graetz
Hydrogen . .. 0 . 000327 | Winkelmann
Nitrogen . . 7-8 . 0000524 | Winkelmann
Oil, olive . . . . . . . . . . . 000395 Wachsmuth
Oxygen . . . 7 -8 . 0000563 Winkelmann
Water . . 00120 H . F . Weber
127
HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURES OBTAINED BY
VARIOUS MEANS
Absolute zero , - 273° C .
Freezing-point of helium . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 272° C .
Freezing -point of hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - 257
Boiling-point of hydrogen . . . . . . . . .
Boiling -point of liquid air at atmospheric pressure . . - 192
Freezing -point of carbon dioxide . . . . . . - 79
Industrial furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . + 1700 to 1800°
Bunsen burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1870
Oxy-coal gas flame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000
Oxy -hydrogen flame. . . . . . . . 2800
Oxy -acetylene flame.. . . . . 3500
Electric arc ( furnace ) . . . . . 3500
(Sun 's Temperature, 5000° C .)
HEAT VALUES OF FUEL

Fuel. Calories B . T. U .
per gm . per lb ,
Coal:
Lignite
low grade. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3526 3647
high grade . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 3994 7189
Sub -bituminous
low grade. . . . . 5115 9207
high grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5865 10557
Bituminous
low grade. . . . . 6088 10958
high grade. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7852 14134
Semi-bituminous
Low grade. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7845 14121
high grade . . . . . . 8166 14699
Semi-anthracite . . 7612 13702
Anthracite
low grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6987 12577
high grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7417 13351
Peats (air dried ) :
From Franklin Co ., N . Y . . ........... . 5726 10307
From Sawyer Co ., Wis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4867 8761
Liquid fuel:
Petroleum ether. . . . . . . . . 12215 21987
Gasoline . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11250 20250
Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11100 19980
Fuel oils , heavy petroelum or refinery residue ] 10350 18630
Alcohol, fuel or denatured with 7 - 9 per cent
water and denaturing material . . . . . . . . . . 6455 | 11619
128
HYGROMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC
TABLES
CONVERSION TABLE FOR BAROMETRIC READINGS
U . S . inches to cm .
04 19
Inches. .00
Inches. .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
27 . 0 68 . 580 . 606 .631 . 656 . 682 . 707 . 733 .758 1783 . 809
27 . 1 . 834 . 860 . 885 . 910 . 936 . 961 . 987 * .012 * . 037 * .063
27 . 2 69 . 088 114 , 139 . 164 . 190 . 215 . 241 . 266 . 291 . 317
27 . 3 . 342 . 368 . 393 .418 .444 . 469 .495 . 5201 . 545 . 571
27 . 4 :596 . 622 647 . 672 . 698 . 723 .749 .774 .799 . 825
27 . 5 . 850 . 875 . 901 . 926 . 952 . 977 * . 002 * . 028 * . 053 * . 079
27 . 6 70 . 104 . 130 . 155 . 180 . 206 . 231 . 257 . 282 . 307 . 333
27 . 7 . 358 . 384 . 409 . 434 .460 .485 .511 .536 . 561| . 587
27 . 8 .612 .638 . 663 .688 . 714 . 739 . 765 . 790 . 815 . 841
27 . 9 . 866 . 892 . 917 . 942 . 968 . 993 * .018 * .014 * . 969 * . 095
28 . 0 71 . 120 . 146 . 171 . 196 . 222 . 247 . 273 298 . 323 . 349
28 . 1 . 374 . 400 . 425 . 450 . 476 .. 501 . 5271 . 552 . 577 . 603
28 . 2 .628 . 654 . 679 79
.. 755 / .781 . 831 . 857
. 704 . 730 . 806
28 . 3 . 882 . 908 . 933 . 958 . 984 * . 009 * . 035 * . 060 * . 085 * . 111
28 . 4 72 . 136 . 162 . 187 . 212 . 238 263 . 289 . 314 . 339 . 365
28 . 5 . 390 . 416 . 441 . 466 . 492 .517 . 543 . 568 . 593 .619
28 . 6 .644 . 670 . 695 . 720 . 746 . 771 . 797 ). . 822 .847 . 873
28 . 7 . 898 . 924 . 949 . 974 * . 000 * . 025 * . 051 * . 076 * . 101 * . 127
28 . 8 73 . 152 . 178 . 203 . 228 . 254 . 279 . 305 . 330 . 355 . 381
28 . 9 . 406 . 432 . 457 .482 . 508 . 533 . 559 . 584 .609 .635
29 . 0 . 660 . 686 .. 711 . 736 . 762 . 787 . 813 .838 . 863 .889
29 . 1 . 914 . 940 . 965 . 990 * . 016 * . 041 * . 067 * .092 * . 117 * . 143
29 . 2 74 . 168 . 194 . 219 244 . 270 . 295 . 321 . 346 . 371 . 397
29 . 3 .422 . 448 . 473 .498 .524 .549 . 575 .600 .625 . 651
29 . 4 .676 . 702 . 727 . 752 . 778 . 803 . 829 . 854 . 879 . 905
29 . 5 . 9301 . 956 . 981 * . 006 * . 032 * . 057 * . 083 * . 108 * . 133 * . 159
29 . 6 75 . 184 . 210 . 235 . 260 . 286 . 311 . 337 . 362 . 387 413
29 . 7 . 438 . 464 . 489 .514 . 540 . 565 . 591 .616 . 341 .667 .
29 . 8 . 692 . 718 | . 768 . 794 . 819 . 845 . 870 . 895 . 921
29 . 9 . 946 . 972 . 997 * . 022 * . 048 * . 073 * . 099 * 124 * . 149 * . 175
30 . 0 76 . 200 . 226 . 251 . 277 . 302 . 327 . 353 . 378 .404 .429
30 . 1 . 454 . 480 . 505 .531 . 556 .581 . 607 .632 .658 . 683
30 . 2 . 708 . 734 1 . 759 1 . 785 . 810 . 835 . 861 . 886 . 912 . 937
30 . 3 . 962 . 988 * . 013 * . 039 * . 064 * . 089 * . 115 * . 140 * . 166 * . 191
30 . 4 77 . 216 . 242 . 267 | .293 . 318 . 343 . 369 . 394 .4201 .445
30 . 5 .470 . 496 . 521 | . 547 . 572 . 597 .623 . 648 .674 .699
30 . 6 .724 . 750 1 . 775 . 801 . 826 . 851 . 877 902 928 953
30 . 7 . 978 * . 004 * .029 * . 055 * . 080 * . 105 * . 131 * . 156 * . 182 * 207
30 . 8 78 . 232 . 258 . 283 . 309 . 334 1 . 359 . 385 .410 . 436 461
30 . 9 . 486 512 . 537 . 563 . 588 .613.613 .639 .664 1 . 690 .715
129
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION , BRASS SCALE

METRIC
To reduce readings of a mercurial barometer with a brass scale to 0° C .

subtract the appropriate quantity as found in the table .
Observed height in centimeters.

Temp .
o C .
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
cm . cm . cm . cm . cm . cm . cm . cm . cm .
0 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000

.011 2011 1 . 012 .012 . 012 . 012 1 .012 .012 . 013
.. 023 1 . 023 024 1 . 024 .025
von CON
.023 .024 .024 . 025

.034 . 034 . 035 . 035 .036 . 036 . 037 . 037 . 038
. 045 . 046 1 . 046 . 047 . 048 . 048 . 049 . 050 . 050
0 . 056 0 . 057 0 . 058 0 . 059 0 . 060 0 . 060 0 . 061 0 . 062 0 . 063

.072
co
068 . 069 . 069 . . 071 1 . 072 073 .074 . 075

.079 . 080 . 081 .082 . 083 1 . 085 1 .086 .087 .088
. 090 . 092 .093 . 094 . 095 . 097 . 098 . 099 . 101
. 102 . 103 . 104 . 106 . 107 . 109 1 . 110 . 112 .. 113
10 - 10 . 113 0 . 114 10 . 116 0 . 118 0 . 119 0 . 121 0 . 122 0 . 124 0 . 126

. 124 . 126 . 128 . 129 . 131 1 . 133 1 . 135 1 . 137 . 138
. 135 . 137 . 139 . 141 . 143 1 . 145 . 147 .. 149 . 151
AC
. 147 . 119 . 151 1 . 153 . 155 1 . 157 1 . 159 1 . 161 . 164

158 , 160 1 . 163 1 . 165 . 167 . 169 1 . 172 1 . 174 . 176
15 0 . 169 0 , 172 0 . 174
0 . 177 0 . 179 0 . 181 0 . 184 0 . 186 0 . 189
181 182 . 186
. 188 1 . 191 . 194 1 . 196 1 . 199 . 201
. 192 . 195 . 197 1 . 200 . 203 . 206 . 208 . 211 . 214
203 | . 206 . 209 . 212 . 215 . 218 . 221 . 224 . 227
. 215 . 218 1 . 221 . 224 . 227 230 . 233 . 236 . 239
20 0 . 226 0 . 229 0 . 232 0 . 236 0 . 239 0 . 242 0 . 245 0 . 248 0 . 252

21 . 237 . 241 1 . 244 . 247 . 251 254 . 258 261 264
22 . 249 . 252 1 . 256 259 . 263 . 266 1 . 270 . 273 . 277
. 260 . 264 1 . 267 . 271 . 275 . 278 . 282 286 290
271 . 275 1 . 279 . 283 . 287 . 291 . 294 1 . 298 . 302
0 . 283 0 . 287 0 . 291 0 . 295 0 . 299 0 . 303 0 . 307 0 . 311 0 . 315
. 294 . 298 1 . 302 306 1 . 311 . 1 . 315 1 . 319 . 323 . 327
. 305 . 310 . 314 . 318 323 327 331 336 . 340
. 317 . 321 1 . 326 330 , 335 . 339 344 1 . 348 1 . 353
. 328 . 333 1 . 337 342 i 317 351 356 361 365
30 0 . 339 0 . 314 0 . 349 0 . 354 10 . 359 0 . 363 0 . 368 0 . 373 0 . 378
CONVERSION TABLE FOR PRESSURE UNITS

Correct for mereury at 0° C .
OVOGUN
Dynes per sq .cm .

('ms. of Hg. Grams per sq.cm . ( g = 980 ) . Lbs. per sq.in .
13 . 5956 13, 323 . 7 0 . 193376
27 . 1912 26 ,617 . 4 0 . 386752
40 .7868 39, 971 . 1 0 . 580123
51. 3524 53, 291. 8 0 . 773504
67 . 9780 66 ,618 . 4 0 . 966880
81 . 5736 79,912. 1 1 . 160256
95 . 1692 93, 265 . 8 1 . 353632
108 . 7618 106 ,589 . 5 1 . 517008
122 . 3601 119 .913 . 2 1 . 710384
130
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION, GLASS SCALE
METRIC
To reduce readings of a mercurial barometer with a glass scale to 0° C .
subtract the appropriate quantity as found in table.
Observed height in centimeters.

Temp .
70 71 72 73 74 | 75 76 77 78
0 . 000 10 . 000 10 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000

. 012 .012 .. 013 . 013 .013 1 .013 1 . 013 1 . 013 L014
. 025 . 025 . 025 . 026 . 026 . 026 1 . 026 . 027 . 027
. 036 . 036 . 037 .. 037 038 . 038 . 039 . 039 . 040
. 048 . 049 . 049 . 050 . 051 . 051 . 052 . 053 . 053
0 . 060 10 . 061 10 . 062 10 . 063 0 . 064 0 . 064 0 . 065 0 . 066 10 . 067
. 073 . 074 . 074 . 076 . 077 . 077 . 078 . 079 1 . 080
. 085 . 086 . 087 . 088 . 089 .. 091 . 092 . 093 . 094
. 096 . 098 . 099 . 100 . 101 .. 103 . 104 . 105 . 107
. 109 . 110 . 111 . 113 . 114 . 116 . 117 . 119 . 120
0 . 121 0 . 122 10 . 124 10 . 126 10 . 127 0 . 129 0 . 130 0 . 132 10 . 134

. 133 1 . 135 | . 137 1 . 138 1 . 140 . 142 1 . 144 1 . 146 1 . 147
12 . 144 1 . 146 1 . 148 . 150 . 152 . 154 1 . 156 1 . 158 . 160
. 157 1 . 159 1 . 161 . 163 1 . 165 . 167 1 . 169 . 171 . 174
. 169 1 . 171 . 174 . 176 . 178 . 180 . 183 | . 185 | . 187
15 0 . 181 10 . 184 10 . 186 0 . 189 (0 . 191 10 . 193 0 . 1960 . 198 10 . 201

16 1 . 194 . 196 . 199 . 201 204 1 . 207 1 . 209 | . 212 1 .214
17 205 1 . 208 1 . 210 . 213 | . 216 1 . 219 1 . 221 . 224 | . 227
. 217 1 . 220 . 223 . 226 229 . 232 . 235 . 238 . 241
9
. 230 . 233 . 236 | . 239 242 . 245 . 248 . 251 . 254

0 . 242 0 . 245 0 . 248 0 . 252 0 . 255 0 . 258 0 . 261 0 . 264 0 . 268
. 254 . 258 . 261 . 264 1 . 268 1 . 271 . 275 . 278 281
. 266 2691 . 2731 . 276 1 2801 . 283 287 . 290 294
. 278 . 282 . 285 . 289 293 . 296 . 300 . 304 . 308
. 290 . 294 1 . 298 . 302 . 306 . 310 . 313 . 317 . 321
OOT
00
0 . 303 0 . 307 0 . 311 0 . 315 0 . 319 10 . 323 0 . 327 0 . 331 0 . 335

. 315 .319 323 . 327 . 332 . 336 . 340 . 344 1 . 348
. 326 . 331 . 335 . 339 . 344 . 348 . 352 1 . 361
. 339 . 343 . 348 352 . 357 . 361 . 366 1 . 370 . 375
. 351 .. 356 . 360 . 365 . 370 1 . 374 . 379 . 384 1 . 388
30 10 . 363 10 . 368 0 . 373 10 . 378 10 . 383 10 . 387 0 . 392 0 . 397 0 . 402
MASS OF WATER VAPOR IN SATURATED AIR

Mass in grams per cubic meter.
0. 0 1.0 2 .0 3.0 4 .0 5. 0 6. 0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0
- 20 0 . 892 0 .810 0 .737 0 . 673 0 . 613 | 0 .557 0 . 505 0 . 457 0 . 413 0 . 373
- 10 2 . 154 1. 978 1 . 811 | 1 . 658 1 .519 1 . 395 1 . 282 1 . 177 1 . 079 0 . 982
4 . 835 4 . 468 | 4 . 130 3 . 813 3 .518 3. 244 2 . 988 2 . 752 2 . 537 2 . 340
4 .835 5 . 176 5 .538 5 . 922 6 . 330 6 . 761 7 . 219 7 . 703 8 . 215 8 . 757
10 | 9 . 330 | 9 . 935 10 .574 11 . 249 11. 961 12 . 712 13 . 505 14 . 339 13. 218 16 . 144
20 17 . 118 18 . 143 19 . 222 20 . 355 21.546 22 . 796 24 . 109 25 . 487 26 .933 28 .450
30 30 . 039 31. 704 33. 449 35 . 275 37 . 187 39. 187 41. 279 43 .465 45 .751 48 . 138
131
REDUCTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO STANDARD
TEMPERATURE
BRASS SCALE , BRITISH UNITS .
The table gives the corrections for the barometer reading in inches
and the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for a brass scale graduated
to be correct at 62° F . The correction is to be subtracted .
Observed height in inches.

Temp .
OF
27 . 0 27 .5 28 . 0 28. 5 29 . 0 29 . 5 30. 0 30 . 5 31 . 0
32 0 . 009 0 . 009 0 . 009 0 . 009 0 . 009 0 . 009 0 . 010 0 . 010 0 . 010
34 .013 | . 014 .014 1 . 014 . 014 1 . 015 . 015 . 015 . 015
36 . 018 .. 019 1 . 019 | . 019 .020 | . 020 . 020 . 021 . 021
38 . 023 . 024 . 024 . 025 .025 .025 . 026 . 026 . 027
.028 . 029 .029 . 030 . 030 . 031 . 031 . 032 . 032
. 033 . 034 . 034 . 035 . 036 . 036 . 038 . 037 . 038
. 038 . 039 . 039 . 040 . 041 . 041 . 042 . 043 . 044
46 . 043 . 044 . 044 . 045 . 046 . 047 . 048 . 048 . 049
48 . 048 . 049 . 050 . 050 . 051 . 052 . 053 . 054 . 055
. 053 .054 . 055 . 055 . 057 . 058 . 058 . 059 . 060
. 058 . 059 . 060 . 060 . 062 . 063 . 064 . 065 . 066
. 062 . 063 . 065 . 066 . 067 . 068 . 069 . 071 . 072
. 067 . 068 .070 . 071 . 072 . 074 . 075 .076 . 077
. 072 . 073 . 075 . 076 . 078 . 079 . 080 . 082 . 083
. 077 . 078 . 080 . 081 . 083 . 084 . 086 . 087 . 089
. 082 . 083 . 085 . 086 . 088 . 090 .091 . 093 . 094
. 087 . 088 . 090 . 092 .093 .. 095 . 097 . 098 . 100
. 092 . 093 . 095 . 097 . 099 . 100 . 102 . 104 . 105
. 097 . 098 . 100 . 102 . 104 . 106 . 107 . 109 . 111
. 102 . 103 . 105 . 107 . 109 . 111 . 113 . 115 . 117
. 107 . 108 . 110 . 112 . 114 . 116 . 118 . 120 . 122
. 111 . 113 . 116 . 117 . 120 , 122 . 124 . 126 . 128
. 116 . 118 . 121 . 123 . 125 . 127 . 129 . 131 . 133
. 121 . 123 . 126 . 128 . 130 . 132 . 135 . 137 . 139
. 126 . 128 . 131 . 133 . 135 . 138 . 140 . 142 . 145
82 . 131 133 . 136 . 138 . 141 . 143 . 146 . 148 . 150
84 . 136 . 13 . 141 . 143 . 146 . 148 . 151 . 153 . 156
86 . 141 . 143 . 146 I . 148 . 151 . 154 1 . 156 . 159 . 162
88 . 146 . 148 . 151 | . 154 . 156 . 159 . 162 . 165 . 167
90 . 151 , 153 . 156 1 . 159 . 162 . 165 . 167 . 170 . 173
92 . 156 . 158 . 161 . 164 . 167 . 170 . 173 . 176 . 178
94 . 160 . 163 . 166 1 . 170 . 172 . 175 . 178 . 181 . 184
96 . 165 . 168 1 . 171 1 . 174 . 178 1 . 181 . 184 . 187 . 190
98 . 170 . 173 1 . 177 . 179 . 183 . 186 | . 189 . 192 . 195
CORRECTION FOR CAPILLARY DEPRESSION OF

MERCURY IN A GLASS TUBE
Correction to be added .
Height of meniscus in centimeters .
Diam .
of
tube. | 0 . 04 0 .06 0 .08 0. 10 0 . 12 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 16 0 . 18
0 .4 0 . 083 0 . 1221 0 . 154 0 . 198 0 . 237
0. 5 . 047 . 065 . 086 . 119 . 145 0 . 180
0.6 . 027 . 041 . 056 . 078 . 098 . 121 0 . 143
0 . 7 . 018 . 028 . 040 . 053 . 067 . 082 . 097 . 113
0 . 8 . 020 . 029 . 038 . 046 . 056 . 065 0 . 077
0 . 015 0 . 021 0 . 028 0 . 033 0 . 040 0 . 046 0 . 052
.015 .020 .025 . 029 . 033 . 037
1. 1 . 010 . 014 . 018 . 021 . 024 . 027
1. 2 . 007 .010 . 013 . 015 . 018 .019
1.3 . 004 . 007 .010 . 013 . 014
132
REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO SEA LEVEL
METRIC UNITS
Correction to be added (in cm .)
OBSERVED HEIGHT IN CENTIMETERS.

Height above
sea level
in meters . 60 65 70 75 | 80
100 . 0014 . 0015 . 0016

200 . 0028 . 0030 . 0032
300 . 0041 . 0044 . 0047
400 . 0055 . 0059 . 0063
500 0064 . 0068 . 0073 . 0078
600 . 0077 . 0082 . 0088
700 . 0090 . 0096 .0102
800 .0103 . 0109 . 0117
900 . 0115 .0123 .0131
1000 .0108 . 0118 . 0128 .0137 . 0146
1100 .0118 . 0130 .0141 . 0150
1200 . 0129 .0142 .0154 . 0164
1300 . 0140 . 0153 .0166 . 0178
1400 . 0151 . 0165 .0179 .0191
1500 . 0162 . 0176 .0191 . 0205
1600 . 0172 .0188 . 0204
1700 . 0183 . 0200 . 0217
1800 . 0194 .0212 . 0230
1900 . 0204 . 0224 .0242
2000 . 0215 . 0235 . 0255
2100 . 0226 .0247
2200 .0237 .0259
2300 . 0248 .0271
2400 . 0259 . 0283
2500 . 0270 . 0295
ENGLISH UNITS
OBSERVED HEIGHT IN INCHES .

Height above
sea level
in feet . 20 | 22 | 24 26 28 30 32
500 . 078 . 084 . 090 . 096

1000 . 155 . 167 . 179 . 192
1500 . 215 . 233 . 251 . 269
2000 . 287 . 311 . 335 . 359
2500 . 359 . 389 .419
3000 . 395 . 431 . 467 . 503
3500 . 161 . 503 . 545
4000 .526 . 574 . 623
4500 . 592 . 646 . 701
5000 . 598 . 658 . 718 . 779
5500 . 658 .724 . 790
6000 . 718 . 789 . 862
6500 . 777 . 655 . 934
7000 . 837 . 721 1 . 005
7500 . 897 . 787 1 . 077
8000 . 957 . 853
8500 1 .016 . 918
9000 1 . 076 . 984
9500 1 . 136 1 . 050
133
(REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO LATITUDE 45°
METRIC SCALE
For latitudes below 45°, subtract the correction ; for latitudes greater
than 45º it is to be added . Corrections in cm .
(From Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.)
OBSERVED HEIGHT OF BAROMETER IN CENTIMETERS.
Latitude.
68 70 72 74 76 78
25° 65° 0 . 116 0 . 120 0 . 123 0 . 127 0 . 130 0 . 133

26 64 . 111 . 115 . 118 . 121 . 125 . 128
NN
63 . 106 . 110 . 113 . 116 . 119 . . 122

. 101 . 101 . 107 . 110 . 113
00
. 116
.096 . 099 . 102 . 104 . 107 . 110
30 0 .091 0 . 094 0 . 096 0 . 098 0 . 101 0 . 104
.085 .087 . 090 . 092 . 095 . 097
32 . 079 . 082 . 081 . 086 . 089 .091
. 074 . 076 .078 . 080 . 082 . 084
. 068 . 070 . 072 .074 . 076 . 078
35 0 . 062 0 . 064 0 . 066 0 . 067 0 . 069 0 . 071
. 056 1 . 058 . 0 .59 . 061 . . 063 .064
53 . 050 ..051 . 053 . 054 . 056 . 057
.014 . 015 .016 . 018 .019 .030
. 038 .039 . 010 . 041 . 042 . 043
40 50 0 . 031 0 . 032 0 . 033 0 . 031 0 . 035 0 . 036
41 19 .025 ..026 .027 .027 .028 . 029
NO
. 019 . 019 . 020 . 021 . 021 . 022

43 013 . 013 . 013 .014 .014 . 014
. 006 . 007 . 007 . 007 . 007 . 007
English SCALE
Corrections in inches.
OBSERVED HEIGHT IN INCHES.

Latitude: -
25 26 i 27 28 29 30
25° 65° 0 .013 0 . 011 0 .016 0 . 018 0 . 050 0 . 051

26 61 .011 .013 . 014 . 046 .048 . 049
27 63 . 039 .041 .012 . 044 . 045 . 047
28 62 . 037 . 039 .010 . 012 . 013 . 045
. 035 . 037 . 038 . 039 . 041 . 042
30 . 033 0 .035 0 . 036 0 . 037 0 . 039 0 . 040
. 031 .032 .. 031 . 035 . 036 . 037
.029 .030 .032 .033 . 034 . 035
. 027 . 028 . 029 .030 . 031 . 032
w
56 . 025 .026 . 027 . 028 . 029 . 030

35 0 .023 0 .021 0 . 025 0 .025 0 .026 0 .027
36 54 ' .021 . 021 .022 . 023 . 024 . 025
37 .018 . 019 . 020 . 021 .021 . 022
.016 . 017 .017 . 018 .019 .019
39 .014 . 015 . 015 . 016 . 017
. 014
40 0 .012 0 .012 0 . 012 0 . 013 0 . 013 0 . 014
41 49 . 009 .010 . 010 . 010 . 011 . 011
42 .007 . 007 . 008 . 008 . 008 . 008
A 3 .. 005 . 005 . 005 . 005 . 005 . 006
44 46 . 002 002 . 003 . 003 . 00 . . 003
131
RELATIVE HUMIDITY - DEW -POINT
The table gives the relative humidity of the air for temperature t and dewo .
point d .
(From Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. )
Depression DEW -POINT.(d).

of dew -point
t -d°C. - 10 + 10 + 20 + 30
0.0 100 100 100 100 100

0. 2 98 99 199 199 99
000 11111 2222233333 44444 55555 66666 77777
97
4680246802468 0246802468024680246802468
97 97
95 96 96
4 94
04
AS
4
& & & &am% 仍们 % 仍仍在仍仍nnSGS WGS86

8 %B7% 仍化仍仍nN33 8
77
76
66
67 的
66 68
65 67
63
64
60
64
60
63
61
58 60 63
135
RELATIVE HUMIDITY - DEW -POINT (Continued )
Depression
DEW -POINT (d ).
cositio
cositivo
of dew -point
i- d C . Oooooo - 10 | 0 1 + 10 + 20 + 30
88285
58838
c0c0
00
10 .0
10 . 5
11. 0
11 . 5
12 . 0
12 . 5
13 . 0
13 . 5
14 . 0
14 . 5
15 . 0
15 . 5
16 . 0
16 . 5
17 . 0
17 . 5
18 . 0
18 . 5 26
19 . 0
19 . 5
20 . 0
21 . 0
22 . 0
23 . 0
24 . 0
25 . 0
26 . 0 16
27 . 0 15
28 . 0 14
29 . 0 13
30 . 0
136
REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATION

For the reduction of observations with the wet and dry bulb thermometer. "
Assuming the relative velocity of the air to the thermometer bulbs is at least
three meters per second ; if t is the temperature of the air as indicated by thė
dry bulb , tw , the temperature of the wet bulb , B , the barometric pressure, and
Ex , the vapor tension of water corresponding to tw then the actualvapor ten
sion is
E = Ew - 0 . 00066B (t – tw [ 1 + 0 . 00115(t - tw ].
The value of the term
: 0.00066B(t –(w)[1 +0 .00115(t – tw )] .
is given in the following table .
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers , by permission .)
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE B in CENTIMETERS.

t - 120
70 .01 71. 0 72 . 0 73 . 0 74 0 75 . 0 76 . 0 77 . 0
HWNoser
cm . cm . cm . cm . 1 cm . cm . cm . cm .
0 . 047 0 . 048 0 . 048 0 . 049 0 . 050 0 . 050 0 . 051 10. 052
ocov
. 093 . 094 . 096 . 097 . 098 . 100 . 101 i 103

. 139 . 141 . 143 . 145 . 147 . 149 . 152 . 154
. 186 . 189 . 191 . 194 . 197 . 199 . 202 . 201
0 . 232 0 . 236 0 . 239 0 . 243 0 . 246 0 . 249 0 . 252 0 . 256

. 279 . 283 . 287 . 291 . 295 . 299 . 303 . 307
. 326 . 331 . 336 . 340 . 345 . 350 . 354 . 359
. 373 . 379 . 384 . 389 . 395 . 400 . 405 . 411
. 421 .427 .432 . 438 .444 . 450 . 456 . 462
0 . 468 0 . 474 0 . 481 0 . 488 1 0 . 194 0 . 501 0 . 508 0 . 515

. 515 . 522 .530 537 . 514 . 551 . 559 . 566
. 562 . 570 . 578 . 586 . 591 . 602 ..611 .619
.610 . 618 . 627 . 636 . 615 .653 . 662 .671
. 658 .667 . 676 .686 . 695 . 705 .714 .723
15 0 . 706 0 . 716 0 .726 0 . 736 | 0 . 746 1 0 . 756 0 . 766 0 . 776
. 754 . 764 . 775 . 786 . 796 . 807 . 818 . 829
17 .802 . 813 . 824 . 836 . 847 . 8.59 . 870 . 882
18 . 850 . 862 . 874 . 886 . 898 . 910 . 922 . 935
. 898 . 911 . 923 . 936 . 949 . 962 . 975 . 987
20 0 . 946 / 0 . 960 0 .973 0 .987 1.000 1 . 014 | 1 . 027 1 . 041
137
SOUND
VELOCITY OF SOUND
Solids
Approximate values.
Temp. Veloc. , Veloc.,

Substance . OC . meters feet Observer.
per sec. per sec .
Metals.
Aluminum . . . 5104 16740 Masson
Brass . . . . . . 3500 11480 Various
Cadmium . . 2307 7570 Masson
Cobalt . . . . . 4724 15500 Masson
Copper. . . . . . . . 3560 11670 Wertheim
Copper . . . . . 100 3290 10800 Wertheim
Copper . . . . . 200 2950 9690 Wertheim
Gold , soft . . . 20 1713 5717 Wertheim
Gold , hard . 2100 6890 Various
Iron and soft steel . 5000 16410 Various
Iron . . . 20 5130 16820 Wertheim
Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5300 17390 Wertheim
Iron . . . . . . . . . . 200 4720 15480 Wertheim
Iron cast steel. . 20 4990 16360 Wertheim
Iron cast steel. . . 200 4790 15710 Wertheim
Lead . . . . . . . . . . 20 1227 4026 Wertheim
Magnesium . . . . 1602 15100 Melde
Nickel 4973 16320 Mass
Masson
Palladium . . . . 3150 10340 Various
Platinum . . . . 20 2690 8815 Wertheim
Platinum . . . . 100 2570 8437 Wertheim
Platinum . . . 200 2460 8079 Wertheim
Silver . . . . . 20 2610 8553 Wertheim
Silver . . . . . . . 100 2610 8658 Wertheim
Tin . . . . . 2500 8200 Various
inc . . . . . 3700 12140 Various
Various :
Brick . . . . . . 3652 11980 Chladni
Clay rock . 3480 11420 Gray and Milne
.
L Co rk .. . . . . .
OIR . . . 500 1640 Stefan
.
Granite . . . . 3950 12960 Gray and Milne

.
Marble . . . . 3810 12500 Gray and Milne

Paraffin . . . . 1304 4280 Warburg
7
Slate . . . . . . . 4510 14800 Gray and Milne

Tallow . . . . . . . 390 1280 Warburg
Glass , from . . . 5000 16410 Various
Glass, to . . . . . . 6000 19690 Various
Ivory . . . . . 3013 9886 Ciccone & Campanile
Vulcanized rubber . 54 177 Exner
W ax . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 2890 Stefan
Woods:
Ash , along the fiber. . . 4670 15310 Wertheim
Ash , across the rings . . . 1390 4570 Wertheim
Ash , along the rings . . . 1260 4140 Wertheim
Beech , along the fiber . . 3340 10960 Wertheim
Elm , along the fiber . . . 4120 13516 Wertheim
Fir, along the fiber . . . . 4610 15220 Wertheim
Maple , along the fiber. . 4110 13470 Wertheim
Oak , along the fiber. . . . 3850 12620 Wertheim
Pine, along the fiber . . . 3320 10900 Wertheim
Poplar, along the fiber. . 4280 11050 Wertheim
Sycamore, along fiber , 4460 | 14640 Wertheim
138
VELOCITY OF SOUND (Continued )
LIQUIDS AND GASES
Temp. Veloc. , Veloc. ,

Substance. meters feet Observer .
per sec . per sec.
Liquids:
Alcohol, 95 % . . . . . . . . . 12 . 5 1241. 4072 . Dorsing, 1908
Alcohol . . . . 20 . 5 1213 . 3890 . Dorsing, 1908
Ammonia , conc . . 16 . 1663 . 5456 . Dorsing, 1908
Benzine . . . . 17 . 1166 . 3826 . Dorsing , 1908
Carbon bisulphide 15 . 1161 . 3809 . Dorsing, 1908
Chloroform . . . . 15 . 983 . 3225 . Dorsing, 1908
D Ether . . . .
UITCI . . . . . . . . . 15 . 1032 . 3386 . Dorsing , 1908
NaCl, 10 % sol . . . 15 . 1470 . 4823 . Dorsing , 1908
NaCl, 15 % sol . . 15 . 1530 . 5020 . Dorsing, 1908
NaCl, 20 % sol. . . . 15 . 1650 . 5414 . Dorsing , 1908
Turpentine oil. . 1326 . 4351 . Dorsing, 1908
Water, air -free . . . . 13 . 1441 . 4728 . Dorsing , 1908
Water , air - free . . . . . 19 . 1461 . 4794 . Dorsing , 1908
Water , air - free . . . . . 1505 . 4938 . Dorsing, 1908
Water, Lake Geneva . 1435 . 4708 . Colladon -Sturm
Water , Seine River . . 1437 . 4714 . Wertheim
Water , Seine River . . . 1528 . 5013 . | Wertheim
Water, Seine River . . 1724 . 5657 . Wertheim
Gases ;
Air, dry , CO2- free . . . 331. 78 1088 . 5 Rowland
Air , dry , . . . . . . . . . . 331 . 361 1087 . 1 Violle , 1900
Air , dry , CO2-free . . . 331 . 92 1089 . 0 Thiesen , 1908
Air 1 atmosphere . . . . . 331 . 7 1088 . Mean
Air 25 atmospheres . . 332 .01 1089 . Mean (Witkowski)
Air 50 atmospheres . . 334 .71 1098 . Mean (Witkowski)
Air 100 atmospheres 350 . 6 1150 . Mean (Witkowski)
Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 . 1129 .
Air . . 100 . 386 . 1266 . Stevens
Air . . . . . 500 . 553 . 1814 . Stevens
Air . . . . . 1000 700 . 2297 . Stevens
Ammonia . . . . . 415 . 1361. Masson
Carbon monoxide. 337 . 1 1106 . Wullner
Carbon dioxide. . . 258 . 0 816 . Bückendahl, 1906
Carbon disulphide . 189 . 606 . Masson
Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . 205 . 3 674 . Strecker
0 .
Ethylene . . . . . . . . . 314 . 1030 . Dulong
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . 1269. 5 4165 . Dulong
Illuminating gas. . . . 490 . 4 1609 . Zoch
Methane . . . . . . . . . 432 . 1417 . Masson
Nitric oxide . . . . 325 . 1066 . Masson
Nitrous oxide . . 261. 8 8 .59 . Dulong
Oxygen . 317 . 2 1011. Dulong
Vapors :
Alcohol . . . . . 230 . 6 756 . | Masson
Ether . . . . . 179 . 2 Masson
Water. . . . .. 401 . 1315 . Masson
Water. . . . . 100 . 401. 8 1328 . Treitz , 1903
Water . . . . .. . .. 30 1 421. 4 , 1392 . Treitz , 1903
139
HAVDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
MUSICAL SCALES
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics,Ginn & Co.. publishers , by permission.)
VIBRATION FREQUENCY OF TONES IN THE MUSICAL SCALE FOR
HIGHER OR LOWER OCTAVES ARE OBTAINED BY MULTIPLYING
BY SOME POWER OF 2
Scientific diatonic scale. | Musical equal-tempered chromatic scale.

C3 = 256 . A3 = 435 .
CDEFENBE
256 . G3
258 .65 GS 387 . 54
288 . 274 . 03 410 . 58
320 . Dz 290 . 33 435 .
341. 33 D #3 307 . 59 A# 460 . 87
384 . E3 325 . 88 488 . 27
426 .66 F: 345 . 26 517 . 30
480 . 365 . 79
512 .
140
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
SPARKING POTENTIAL OR DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
AIR
Potential in volts necessary to produce a spark in air at atmospheric
pressure and ordinary temperatures, the poten : ial required depends on the
shape and size of the electrodes and increases with the pressure of the air .
09804971
Ball electrodes, 1 cm . diam .

Spark length , Point electrodes,
cm . steady potential.
Alternating
Steady potential. potentiai.
00007
1530
2430
040.0
3240
3990 3770
3720 4560 4400
4680 8490 7510
5310 11340 10480
.5970 14340 13360
6300 17220 16140
6840 20070 18700
8070 24780 23820
8670 27810 28380
10140 45480 42950
11250 46710
12210 49100
13050 50310
8 .0 52400
10 . 0 74300
141
SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY

SOLIDS
Atmospheric temperatures except where noted .
*(From Smithsonian Tables.)
Wave Specific
Substance. inductive Observer .
length .
capacity.
Asphalt . . . 2 .68 v . Pirani, 1903

Caoutchouc. . . 2 . 22 Gordon , 1879
8
Calcspar :
Ito axis . . 8 . 49 Fallinger, 1902
Il to axis . . 7 . 56 Fallinger, '1902
8
Diamond. . . . 16 . 5 v . Pirani, 1903

Ebonite . 2 . 72 Winklemann , 1889
Glass flint, extra
heavy . . . . . . . 9 . 90 Hopkinson , 1891
hard crown . . . .
8
6 . 96 Hopkinson , 1891
lead (Powell ) 5 . 4 - 8 . 0 Gray -Dobbie, 1898
Jena, barium : 7 . 8 - 8 . 5 Löwe, 1898
Gutta percha . . 3 . 3 - 4 . 9 (submarine-data )
Ice - 50 C . . . . 1200 2 . 85 Thwing, 1894
- 18° . . . . . . 5000 3 . 16 Abegg, 1897
– 190° . . . . . . 75 1 . 76 - 1 . 88 Behn -Kiebitz , 1904
Iodine, cryst.. . 4 . 00 Schmidt, 1903
Marble , Carrara . 8 . 3 Schmidt, 1903
Mica . . 5 .66 – 5 . 97 Elsas, 1891
Mica, Canadian am
ber . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .0 E . Wilson
Paraffin . . . . . . . . 2 . 10 Zietkowski; 1900
Phosphorus , yellow . . 3.60 Schmidt, 1903
Porcelain , hard
(Royal Berlin ) . . 5 .73 Starke, 1897
8
Quartz :
Ito axis . . . . . . 4 .69 Fallinger, 1902
8
IS
Il to axis . . . . . 5 . 06 Fallinger, 1902
Selenium 6 . 13 Vonwiller-Mason , 1907
Shellac. 3 . 10 Winkelmann , 1889
Sulphur, amorphous. . 3 . 98 v . Pirani, 1903
Sulphur, cast, fresh . . 4 . 22v. Pirani, 1903
Wood , dry :
red beech . . . 83 - 2 .51
8
red beech . . . 1 73 – 3 .63

oak . . . . . . 4 . 22 – 2 .46
oak . . . . . . . . . 6 . 84 - 3 .64
142
SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY (Continued)
. GASES
The specific inductive capacity of a vacuum is taken as unity . Wave .
lengths of the measuring current greater than 10 ,000 cm .
(Dielectric constant.)
Temp. inPressure
atmos Specific
Gas. O inductive Observer .
pheres . | capacity .
A ir . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 000590 Boltzmann, 1875

Air . . 20 1 . 0108 Tangl, 1907
40
Air . . . 1 . 0218 Tangl, 1907
Air . . . . . . . 1 . 0330 Tangl, 1907
Air . . . . . . . . 1 . 0439 Tangl, 1907
Air 1 .0548 Tangl, 1907
Ammonia . . . . 1 . 00718 Bädeker, 1901
Carbon bisulphide . 1 .00290 Klemenčič
Carbon bisulphide . . 1 . 00239 Bädeker
Carbon dioxide. . . . . 1 . 000985 Klemenčič
Carbon dioxide. . . . . 1 .008 Linde, 1895
Carbon dioxide. . . . . 20 1 .020 Linde , 1895
Carbon dioxide . . . . 1 . 060 Linde, 1895
Carbon monoxide. . . ö 1 . 000690 Boltzmann
Ethylene . . . . . . . 1 . 00131 Boltzmann
Hydrochloric acid .. . 1 . 00258 Bädeker
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . 1 .000264 Boltzmann
Methane . . 1 .000944 Boltzmann
Nitrous oxide (N2O ). 1 . 00116 Boltzmann
Nitrous oxide (N2O ). 1 . 010 Linde, 1895
A685
Nitrous oxide (N2O ). 1 . 025 Linde, 1895

Nitrous oxide (N2O ) . 1 . 070 Linde, 1895
Sulphur dioxide . . . 1 .00993 Bädeker
Sulphur dioxide . . . . 1 .00905 Klemenčič
Water vapor. . . . . . . 145 1 .00705 Bädeker
LIQUIDS
Where the wave -length is not specified it is greater than 10 ,000 cm .
Specific
Temp. Wave induc
Liquid . O
length . tive ca Observer,
pacity .
Acetic acid . . . . . . . . 9 .7 Francke, 1893

Acetone . . . . . 26 . 6 Abegg , 1897
8
Air . . . . . . . .1 - 191 1.43 v . Pirani, 1903

Alcohol:
amyl. . . . . . 0 17 . 4 Abegg-Seitz , 1899
+ 20 16 . 0 Abegg-Seitz , 1899
8
amyl. . . . . .
ethyl. . . . . . frozen | 2 .7 Abegg -Seitz , 1899
ethyl. . – 120 54 . 6 Abegg-Seitz , 1899
SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY (Continued )
LIQUIDS (Continued)
Specific
Temp. Wave induc
Observer
Liquid length . tive ca
pacity .
Alcohol: Abon
g
ethyl. 44 . 3
Abegg-Seitz , 1899 )
ethyl. . 35 . 3 Abegg -Seitz , 1899
28 . 4.
Sy
ethyl. . . Abegg-Seitz , 1899
ethyl. 25 . 8 Abegg -Seitz , 1899
INN
ethyl. 24 . 4 Drude, 1896

ethyl. 23 . 0 Drude, 1896
ethyl. 20 . 6 Marx, 1898
ethyl. . . | 8.8 Marx, 1898
ethyb.. . . | 5 .0 Lampa , 1896
methyl. 35. 0 Abegg-Seitz , 1899
methyl. . 31 . 2 Abegg -Seitz , 1899
propyl. . 24 . 8 Abegg -Seitz, 1899
8
propyl . . . 22 . 2. Abegg- Seitz, 1899

Ammonia . . - 31 21 - 23 Goodwin - Thomp
son, 1899
Amyl acetate . 4 . 81 Löwe, 1898
Anilin . . 7 . 316 Turner, 1900
8
Benzol (Benzene) . . 2 . 288 Turner, 1900

Bromine . . . 23 3 . 18 Schlundt
8887
Carbon bisulphide . . 20 2 .626 Tangl, 1903

-5
198
Carbon dioxide.. . 1 . 60 Linde, 1895

8
Chlorine . . . . . . . . . 2 . 15 Linde, 1895

Chloroform . . . . . . 5 .2 Turner, 1900
Ethyl ether . . . . . . -4 .68 Abegg, 1897
Ethyl ether . . . . . . 20 4 . 30 Tangl, 1903
Glycerine. . . . . . . 1200
1 .
Thwing, 1894
Hydrogen peroxide
46 % in H2O . . . 84 . 7 Calvert, 1900
Hydrogen sulphide. . 5 . 93 Eversheim , 1904
Nitrous oxide, NO . 1 . 93 Hasenhörl, 1900
Oils :
castor. . . . . . . . . . . 4 .67 Arons-Rubens,
1892
cottonseed . . . . | 3 . 10 Salvioni, 1888
linseed . . . . . . . 3 . 35 Salvioni, 1888
8
olive . . . . . . . . . | 3 . 11 Heinke, 1896

petroleum . . . 2000 2 . 13 Marx
sperm . . . . . . . 3 . 17 Hopkinson , 1881
turpentine .. . . . . . 2 . 23 Hopkinson , 1881
Oxygen . 1 . 49 Fleming -Dewar ,
1896
Phenol. 9 .68 Drude, 1896
Sulphur dioxide . . 14 . 0 Eversheim , 1904
88$
Water. . 81 . 07 Turner , 1900

SPARKING POTENTIAL OR DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
VARIOUS INSULATORS.
Potential to puneture in kilovolts per centimeter. 1 kilovolt = 1000 volts.
Substance . Thickness Kilovolts

used mm . per cm .
Air , liquid . . 40 - 90
Ebonite . . . . . . . . . 300 - 1100
Fiber . . . . . . . . . . 20
Glass . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 - 1500
Guttapercha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 - 200
Kerosene . . 10 164
Linen , varnished . 100 - 200
Mica . . . . 1500 - 2200
M ica .. . . . . . . . 1.0 300 - 700
Oils :
castor. . . . . . . . . . 0.2 190
castor . . . . . . . . . 1. 0 130
cottonseed . . . 70
lard . . . . . . . . . . 0 .2 140
lard .. . . . . . . . 1.0 40
linseed , rawW .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 185
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 90
boiled . . 0 .2 190
boiled . 1.0 SO
lubricating . 50
olive . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 170
olive . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 75
paraffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 2 215
paraffin . . . . . . . . . 1. 0 160
sperm , mineral. 0 . 2 180
mineral.. . . . 1.0 85
natural. . . . . . . . . . 0 . 2 195
· natural.. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! 1. 0 90
turpentine. . . . . 0 .2 160
turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
10 110
Papers :
beeswaxed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
blotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 150
Manilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
paraffined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
varnished . . . . . . . . . . . 100 - 250
Paraffin :
melted . . . 75
solid , melt. point 43°.. 350
solid , melt . point 70°. . . . 450
Rubber . . . . 160 -500
Vaseline.. . . . . . . . . . . 90 - 130
0 . 2 140
Xylol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xylol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 80
145
ELECTROMOTIVE
FORCE
COMPOSITION
AND
VOLTAIC
OF
CELLS
CELLS
STANDARD
(From
.Smithsonian
)Tables
Name
.of
cell Negative
pole
. Solution
Positive
. Depolarizer
. EF.M
.
pole
normal
Weston
amalgam
.Cadmium solution
Saturated
.
CaSO4
of Mercury
Paste
Hg2SO4
10
CdS04
and
at 191
C.of
20°
standard
Clark
amalgam
.Zinc Saturated
.solution
ZnSO4
of ZnSO4
Mercury
Hg2SO4
C.14
15°
and
of 34
Pataste
Temperature
:
equations
Clark
:
cell 00007
?]4–1)(0.0t[1-E=434
50119
Weston
:
cell =0000406 191
0000095
2](Q-)–0.0t[1Eq
DOUBLE
CELLS
FLUID
911
of
.cell1
Name Negative
.pole Solution
. Positive Solution
. .MFEin
.
pole .
volts
Bunsen
. Ainc
.z mal H2SO4
:1p
to
. art
H20
parts
12 Fuming
.nitric
acid
Carbon
. .91 4
Bunsen
. Amal
z. inc .,13HNO3
dH2SO4
toH20
12 art
.1pCarbon
parts
.8ensity 1.86
KC
25
.tor2O7
parts
1 Bichromate
A2inc
z mal
H2SO4
|toart
H2O
parts
12 arbon
H20
and
H2SO4
1pC.parts
100 2.00
Bichromate
to
H2Oart
parts
12
zH2SO4
.Amal
1pK2Cr2O7
100
to
.Carbon
.inc
.
H20
part s 2.03
solu
of
H2O
SCto
H2S
.zAma opp
atu
art
4p1Dan
.inc tion
iel
O4
lrat
serled
+5H20
.CuSO4 1.06
.
Daniell Amal
of H20
5%s.ZnSO4
inc
+6zolution
.
of
solution
Copper
S
. aturated
+5H20
.CuSO4 1.08
Daniell
. zinc
.Amal to H20art
CNaCl
opper
.Ssolution
aturated
4p1ofarts
+5H20
.CuSO4 .01 5
Grove
. .zinc
Amal H2SO4
art
.!to
H2O
parts
12
1pPlatinum Fuming
nitric
acid
. 1.93
..Grove A
z mal
.| inc Solut
ZnSO
of
. ion
4 Platinum
HNO3
density
.133 1.66
(Continued
CELLS
VOLTAIC
OF
COMPOSITION
AND
FORCE
)ELECTROMOTIVE
(Continued
Cells
Fluid
)Double
.
cell
of
Name Nega
.pole tive .
Solution Positive .
Solution E.MFin
.pole .
volts
Gr
.. ove Amal
.,z inc solution
PdH2SO4
H
3densityensity
latinum
NO3
.1, 336 1.79
.Grove .Amal
,zinc solution
.11H2SO4
latinum
,ddensity
H NO3
P49ensity 1.66
Gr
. ove .Amal
zinc NaCl
solution
. P
H
,1:d
3 latinum
.3 NO
ensity 1.88
SINGLE
Fluid
CELLS
.
cell
of
Name pole
. tive
Nega .
Solution .
pole
Positive E.MF
.
Leclanché inc
.zAmal Solution
a
sal
of
-. mmoniac dm epolarize
:,Carbon
angan r
147
.carbon
powd
with
peroxide
ese .41 6
-Lalande
.Edison Am
z al
.. inc
Solution
of
caustic
.potash. . . . d,Copper
.Cepolarizer
uO 0.70
.
silver
of
Chloride Zin
.. c asal
-o.%s23fol
mmoniac dSilver
epolarizer
s,: ilver
.
chloride 1.02
CELIS
STORAGE
.
cell
of
Name .
pole
Negative .
Solution Posit
.pole ive E.MF
Lead
accumulator
.,Lead 1.
density
of
solution
H2SO4 Pb
. O2 2.
.Regnier
Copper
(1). CuSO4
H
+. 2SO4 PbU
2. 0.81658
,to
..
.
H2SO4
in
PbOz ,1.3
average
(2)|Ainc
.zRegnier
.
mal ZnSO 4
.solution .32 6
.,
Main zinc
.Amal ,dH2SO
1.abou
ensitt4y Pb02 2.50
Edison
. Ir KOH
2s,%. 0olution .:oxide
Anickel 1.,mean
full
of
.. on . . . . . . . . . . . .
discharge
CONTACT DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL
METALS
The values in the table give the potential in volts of the metal at the top
of the column with respect to the
( Tabulated from results by Pellat, 1881.)
Anti- | Bis Cop
mony. muth . Brass. | per.
Gold . Iron .
irr
Ili
Antimony . . . . . . 0 - . 08 - . 06 - . 30 15
Bismuth . . . . . + . 08 0 . 07
| |
i:I+|
Brass . . . . . . . . + . 06 + . 07 O 0
Copper . . . . . . . . + . 30 - . 15 .. 15
7 . 48
II
Gold . . + . 33 . 33
1|+11 + +
0
I1
+
Iron . . . + . 15
+1
Lead . . . . .
- 26
11+
Nickel . . . + . 06
Piatinum + . 46
+ +
Silver . . . + . 50 + .42
Tin . . . . . . . . - . 16 - . 24 3
Zinc . . - 41 -. . 49
+1
8
Carbon * . . . . + .41 ...
Mercury . + . 31 . 50
Plati Zinc. Car
Lead . Nickel. num . Silver. Tin . bon ,
Antimony . . . . . . + . 26 - . 06
I
Bismuth . . . . . . . + . 02
+ + + + + + + + + + +
| | | | | | | | |
II+
Brass . . . . . . . . .09
+ + + + +
+ + + + + !
Copper. . . + . 24
Gold . . 4 + . 42
Iron . + . 09
Lead . . . . .
Nickel .
+I
Platinum . . .
1
. 11
Silver . . . . . .
NO
il:+
Tin. . . . . . . . - . 63
Zinc . . - . 88 0 - 1 . 10
+1
.
| |
Carbon * . . . + . 11 - . 79 + 1 . 100
+1
1+:
Mercury . . . . . . .
+
+ . 16 . .. . . . ... . + . 09
* Ayrton and Perry.
DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL BETWEEN METALS IN

SOLUTIONS OF SALTS
The table gives the difference in potential in hundredths of a volt between
zinc in a normal solution of sulphuric acid and the metal named at the
head of the columns in the solution nained at the side. The signs given
refer to the external difference of potential.
( Magnanini. )
Difference of potential in centivolts.

Strength of the solution in Cad
gramme molecules per liter. ! Zinc Lead . Tin . | Co
Tin popp - Silver.
mium per.
0 . 5 Sulphuric acid . 0 .0 36 6 . 51 . 3 31 . 3 100 . 7 121 . 3

1.0 Sodium hydroxide . . . . - 32 , 1 19 . 5 | 31 . 8 0.2 80 . 2 95 . 8
1. 0 Potassium hydroxide. . - 42 . 5 15 . 5 | 32 . 0 - 1. 2 | 77 . 0 104 . 0
0 .5 Sodium sulphate . . . . . 1.4 35 . 6 50 . 8 51. 4 101 . 3 120 . 9
1. 0 Potassium nitrate . . . . 11. 8 31 . 9 42 . 6 31 . 1 | 81 . 2 105 . 7
1. 0 Sodium nitrate . . . . . . 11 . 5 32 . 3 51. 0 40 . 9 | 95 . 7 114 . 8
0 . 5 Potassium bichromate . 72 . 8 61. 1 78 . 4 68 . 1 123 . 6 132 . 4
0 . 5 Potassium sulphate . . . 1. 8 34 . 7 51. 0 40 . 9 95 . 7 114 . 8
0 . 2 Potassium chlorate . . . 39 . 9 53 . 8 57 . 7 105 . 3 120 . 9
1 . 0 Ammonium chloride . . 2. 9 32 . 4 51. 3 50 . 9 81 . 2 101 . 7
1.0 Sodium chloride . . . . . . .. ..
. 31 . 9 51. 2 50 . 3 80 . 9 101. 3
1.0 Potassium chloride . . . . 32 . 1 | 51. 6 | 52 . 6 | 81 . 6 107 . 6
148
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE AND TEMPERATURE

COEFFICIENT
FOR METALS
Resistance in ohms of unit length and unit cross-section at 0° C.
Variation of
Metal. resistance per ohm
Specific resistance. per dgeree C . , at
20° C .
Aluminum .. . . 2 . 6 - 3 . 0 x10 - 6 .0039
Antimony . . . . 35 . 4 -45 . 8 . 0039
Arsenic . . . . . 33 . 3 . 0042
Bismuth . . . . . . . 108 . 0 . 0045
Brass . . . . . . . . . 8.5 . 0010
Cadmium . . . . . . 6 . 2 –7 . 0 . 0042
Cobalt 9 .8 . 0033
Constantin . . . . . . 49 . - . 00001
Copper , annealed .. 1. 55 - 1 .63
hard drawn . . . . . . . . 1 .61 - 1 .68
pure . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .54 . 0041
Gas carbon . . . . . . . . 5000 . . 0005
German silver. . . . . 30 . . 00036
Gold . . . . . . . . . : 2 . 04 – 2 . 09 . 0037
Iron , commercial 9 . 7 - 12 . 0 . 0055
cast hard . . . 97 . 8
Lead . 18 . 4 - 19 . 6 . 0042
Magnesium . . . . . 4 . 1 -5 . 0 . 0039
Manganin . . . . 42 . . 00003
Mercury . . . . . 94 . 0009
Nickel . . . . . . . . 10 . 7 - 12 . 4 . 0060
Platinum . . . . 9 . 0 - 15 . 5 . 0038
Platinum iridium 24 . . 0012
Silver . . . . . . 1.5 - 1 .7 . 0040
Steel, hard.. . 45 . 7 . 0016
soft. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 15 . 9 . 0042
Tantalum . . . 14 . 5 .0027
Tin . . . . . . . . . . 9 . 53 – 11 . 4 . 0043
Tungsten . . . . . . . 7.0 . 0039
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 56 - 6 . 04 . 0040
149
RESISTANCE OF ELECTROLYTES
Resistance of aqueous solutions of various salts and acids in ohms per
centimeter cube for a temperature of 18° C .
(From observations by Kohlrausch.)
Number of grams of salt in 100 grams solution .
Salt .
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50
Acetic acid . . ... 654. 1616 . 1622.5 658. 1714. 925 . 11351.
Amnionium chloride . 10 . 89 5 . 63 3 . 86 2 . 97 2 . 48
Copper nitrate . . . . . 27 . 4 15 . 7 11. 7 9 . 82 9 . 17
sulphate . . . . 52 9 31 . 2 23 . 7
.
Hydrochloric acid . . . . | 2 54 1 59 1 . 34 1 . 31 1 . 38 1 . 51 1 . 94
Potassium iodide . . ..
.
29 . 5 14 . 7 . . . . . 6 . 88 4 . 34 3 . 16 2 . 55
.
Silver nitrate . . . . . .. 39 0 21. 0 14 . 64 11.461 9 . 45 8 07 6 . 39 5 . 39

:
Sodium carbonate . .. 22. 2 14 . 2 12 . 0

chloride . . . . . . . . . 14 94 8 . 33 6 . 10 5 . 11 4 .69
hydroxide . . . 5 . 08 3 . 20 2 . 89 3 . 06 3 . 68 4 . 95 5 .61
Sulphuric acid . . | 4 . 79 2 .55 1 . 81 1 .53 1 . 39 1 . 35 1 . 47 1. 85
Zinc chloride. . 20 . 70 13 75 . . . . 10 . 96 .... 10 . 50 11. 83 15 . 87
sulphate.. .. 52. 3 31.2 24 . 1 21. 4 20 . 8 22 . 5
-- --
(Concentration ) . . . . . . . . 6 2 12 4 18 . 6 24 . 8 31 . 37 2 43. 4
Nitric acid . . . . . . . . 3.2 1.84 1.45 1. 30 1.25 1. 32 1.43
-- -
( Concentration ) . . . 8 .4 126. 16 .8 21. 25 .2 29 . 1 33

Potassium hydroxide.. .. 3.67 2.66 2. 19 1.96 1. 85 1.81 1.91
SAFE CARRYING CAPACITY OF COPPER WIRE

(From Collins Design and Construction of Induction Coils, by permission.)
Brown & Number of Number of
Diameter Area in amperes ,
Sharpe amperes,
in mils . circular mils. confined
gauge . exposed work . spaces.
1 .624
2 . 048
2 .583
3 . 257
4 . 106
5 . 178
6 .530
CA 15
91 8 . 234
ervoo
102 10 . 380
ĎO
114 13 .090
-N
128 16 .510
144 20 .820
162 26 . 250
182 33 . 100
204 41.740 92
229 52 .630 110
258 66 . 370 131 88
289 83 .690 156 105
325 105 . 500 185 125
365 133 . 100 220 150
150
RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
SOLIDS
Resistance in ohms per centimeter cube.
Substance. Temp.°C. Resistance, ohms.

Celluloid . . . 16 2 - 80 X 109
Ebonite . . . 2 - 30 X 1015
Fiber . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 10 X 107
Glass . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9x1013
Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 X 109
Mica . . . 5 - 10 X 1013
Paper variable with dryness.. 1 - 1000 X 109
Paraffin . . . . . 3 - 300 X 1016
Paraffin paper . . 1 - 20 X 1016
Porcelain . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2 x 1015
enameled . . . 210 6 X 109
porous . . . . . . 20 2 X 106
Quartz crystal. . . 20 1x 1014
fused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4 X 1011
Rock salt. 20 9 x 1016
Slate . . . . . . . . . . . : 2 - 4 X 108
Sulphur, prismatic . . 70 - 390 X 1013
octahedral. . . . (resistance too high
for measurement.)
Varnish . . . . . . . . . 2x1012
Wood dry : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5 - 10 X 108
green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 10 X 103
Zirconium oxide .. . . . . . . . . . . 1200
1200 11.2X103
LIQUIDS
Resistance in ohms per centimeter cube .
Substance . Temp. ° C . Resistance, ohms.
Alcohol, ethyl. . . . . .. 15 . 3 X 106

methyl. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 11 X 106
Oils , olive. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 X 1012
parafhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1x 1016
Petroleum . . . . . . 2 X1016
. . .. .. .
Water distilled . . ... . . . . . | 0 . 5 X 106
Fusen SALTS
(Poincaré.)
Substance. Temp. °C. | Resistance , ohms.
Calcium chloride . 750 . 862

Potassium bromide . 750 .714
chlorate fused . . . . . . . 355 2 . 20
Silver nitrate . . . . . . . . . 350 820
Sodium chloride fused . . . 750 1291
151
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AVD PHYSICS
THERMOELECTRIC POWER
The table gives the electromotive force in microvolts per degree difference
in temperature between the two junctions, for various metals with lead .
The temperature given is the mean temperature of the two junctions.
A is the thermo-electric power at 0 ° C . and B the coefficient in the equa
tion for the thermoelectric power at any temperature ,
Q = A + Bt,
where t is the mean temperature of the two junctions. The thermo
electric power of any two metals in the table may be found by subtracting
the value for the first from that of the second , a positive difference indicating
that the current will fiow from the cold to the hot junction in the second
metal .
The sign of the values given is so chosen that if A is positive the cur
rent flows in the metal listed from the cold to the hot junction . When B
is positive Q increases with the temperature .
(Principally from the Smithsonian Physical Tables .)
B Thermo
electric Neu
Metal. micro micro
volts Temp . °C . portor
er , tral
volts . micro - point.
per °C .
volts .
Aluminumi. . . . 0 . 70 - 0 .0039 20 0 . 08
Antimony comm ' l.- press
ed wire . . . :20 - 0.0
pures . . . . . . . - 0) OIS | -- 100 - + 100 - 1 . 19
Argentan . . . . . . . . 11. 94 0 . 0 .700), 20 12 . 95 - 236
Arsenic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Bismuth comm 'l - pres
13 .56
ed wire ? 20 97 . 0
.
pure pressed wito ? 20 89 . 0

.
commercial! . . . . . 50 39 . 9
.
Brassó . . . . . . - 0 . 00 0 . 260 - 0 .65

.
Cadmium !. . . - 0 . 0121 20 - 30 . 48 1- 62
1
Cobalt . . . . 20 22 .
Constantin 50
. .
+ 19 . 3
Copper ! . . . - 1 . 34 - 0 . 0094 20 - 1 . 52 - 113
commercial ? 20 - 0 . 10
German silver3 + 0 . 019 - 100 - + 100 + 10 . 7
Gold ' . . . . . . . . . - 2 . 80 - 0 . 0101 20 - 3.0 277
Iron ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 17 . 15 0 . 0182 20
- 16 . 2 356
pianoforte wire ? . . . 20 - 17 . 5
Magnesium ! . . - 2 2 .) 0 . 0091 - 2 .03 236
Manganiny. . . 0 . 003 - 100 - + 100 1 . 12
.
Mercury ? . . . 20 0 .413
.
Nickelt . . 50 15 . 50
Paladium ' . . . . 0 . 18 0 . 035 .) 20 6 .9 - 174
Platinum , purpo + 0 . 011 0 - 200 + 3 . 04
Platinum - iridium alloys :
85 % Pt + 15 % 111. . . . . . - 7 . 90 - 0 . 0062 20 - 8 .03 1 - 1274
90C7 Pt + 10 Irl. . . . . -- 5 . 90 0 .0133 20 - 5 .63 444
Selenium ? . . . . . . . . . 20 - 807 .
Silver ! . . . . . . . - 2 . 12 - 0 . 0147 20
- 2 .41 - 144
pure hard2. . 20 -- 3 . 00
Steel - 11 . 27 0 .0325 20 - 10 .62 347
Tellurium ?. . . . . . . 20 - 502 .
Tin , commerciali . . . 50 - 0 . 33
Tin , . . . 0 . 13! - 0 .0055 20 0 . 33 78
Zinci . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2 . 32 - 0 .0238 20 - 2 . 79 - 98
Observers; i Tait . 2 Matthiesen . 3 Dewar & Fleming. 1895 . Ed .

Becquerel, 5 Steinmann . 6 Noll, 1894.
152
MAGNETIC CONSTANTS OF IRON

Permeability of Transformer Iron
Giving M , the total magneto motive force applied 17, the magneto
motive force per unit length of iron circuit. B the total induction , B a the
induction per unit cross - sertion of iron , MB, the magnetic reluctance of
the iron circuit and BI Ma, the permeability ; showing the typical relations
of the magnetic constants for varying field .
Permea
Reluctance bility
MN. U B= K . B ! Viz
20 0 . 597 218 X10 1406 0 . 917 X10 2360

40 1 . 194 587 3790 0 . 081 3120
60 1 . 791 878 5600 0 . 653 3180
80 2 . 338 1091 7010 0 . 734 2960
100 2 . 985 1219 7860 0 . 819 2010
120 3 . 582 1330 8550 0 . 903 2410
140 4 . 179 110 .5 9060 0 . 994 2186
160 4 . 776 1175 9 .510 1 . 090 2000
180 5 . 373 1 .532 9850 1 . ISO 1850
200 5 . 970 1 .551 10200 1 . 270 1720
220 6 . 567 1618 10130 1 . 360 1 .390
260 7 . 761 1692 10910 1 . 310 1410
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL

(From Gumlich, 1909.)
Coer Maximum
Residual B for i 4nl for
Sample. cive permea satu
B . H = 150 . ration
force. bility . .
Electrolytic iron . . . 2 . 83 11400 1850 19200 21620

The same annealed 0 . 36 10800 14100 18900 21030
Cast steel . . . . . . . . 1 .51 10600 3350 18800 21420
The same annealed 0 . 37 11000 14800 19100 21420
Steel hardened . . . . 52 . 4 7500 110 1170 ) 18000
Cast iron . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . 4 5100 240 10100 16400
The same annealed . . . . 4 .6 5350 600 11000 16800
Electrical iron in sheets
annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 30 9400 3270 18200 20500
SATURATION CONSTANTS FOR MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES
Induced Induced
Field in magnet Field in magnet
Substance. tensity . ization . Substance . tensity9 ..
ization .
( For saturation .) ( For saturation .)
Cobalt . 9000 1300 Nickel, hard . . . . 8000 400

Iron , wrought. . . 2000 1700 annealed . . . . . 7000 515
cast . . . . . . . . . . 4000 1200 Vicker' s steel. . . . 15000 1600
Manganese steel. 7000 200
153
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

METALS
Magnetic susceptibility or the ratio of the magnetic moment per unit
volume to the magnetizing field is given for various substances. The value
is negative for diamagnetic bodies , positive for paramagnetic bodies .
(C . G . S . Electromagnetic units.) *
Temp. Susceptibility
TOT
Substance. o C . ( vacuum = 0 ) .
Observer
Aluminum . . . - 1 . 8 X10 - 6
Antimony . . . . . - 4 .6 Curie , 1895
Bismuth . . . . . 3. 3 Curie , 1895
Copper . . . . . 1. 3 Becquerel, 1855
Gold . . . . . . . - + 5 Hapriot & Raoult , 1911
Lead. . . . . . - 1 . 21 Becquerel
Mercury . . . . . - 2. 1 St. Mayer
Platinum . . . . . + 29 . 00 J. Königsberger , 1898
Selenium . . . . - 1 . 54 Curie , 1895
Silver . . . . . . . . - 1.8 Becquerel, 1855
Tellurium . . . . . 20 - 1 . 94 Curie , 1895
Zine . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 . 16 Owen , 1912
Iron annealed . . . . + 37 . 4 X101 For weak fields
Nickel. . . . . . . . . . + 4 . X101 For H = 100 C . G . S .
Steel tempered . . . . . + 3 . 4 X10 For weak fields
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Substance . Temp . Susceptibility Observer .

OC .
(vacuum = 0 ) .
Boric acid : . . . . . . . . - 0 . 88 X10 - 6 Meslin , 1906
Cobalt sulphate (7H2O ) . . +- 76 . 3 Meslin , 1906
Copper sulphate (5H2O ) . + 13 . 4 Mlle . Feytis , 1911
Ferric chloride . . . + 287 . Meslin , 1906
Ferrous sulphate ( 7 + 95 . 3 Meslin , 1906
Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. - 0 . 15 Faraday , 1853
Nickel sulphate (7H2O ) . + 37 . Meslin , 1906
Potassium bichromate, . . + 0 . 36 Meslin , 1906
Potassium chloride . . . . 13 -- 1 .09 Curie, 1895
Potassium ferrocyanide + 16 . 0 Meslin , 1906
Quartz . . . . . - 1 . 20 J. Königsberger
Sodium chloride. . . . . . . - 1 . 02 Meslin , 1906
LIQUIDS
Substance. Te
O mp .
Susceptibility Observer .
C
C . (vacuum = 0 ).
Acetic acid . . . . . - 0 . 61 Meslin , 1906

Alcohol, ethyl. . . - 0 .65 Meslin , 1906
Benzene. . . . . . . . - 0 .69 Meslin , 1906
Chloroform . . . . - 0 . 86 Meslin , 1906
Ether . . . . . . . . . - 0 .61 Meslin , 1906
Givcerine . . . . . . . 0 . 81 Meslin , 1906
Sulphuric acid . . . . 0 . 77 Quincke, 1885
Water . . . . . . . . . . . 20 0 . 72 Piccard , 1912
154
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND FHYSICS
VARIATION OF RESISTANCE DUE TO A
MAGNETIC FIELD
BISMUTH
The table shows the proportional values of the resistance for values of
the magnetic field from 0 to 35 ,000 and for different temperatures. The
resistance at 0° C . and H = 0 is taken as 1 .
Proportional values of resistance.
H. | – 1920 – 1350 - 100° - 37° 0° | + 18°/ + 60° + 100° + 183°

Gauss.
0 10. 40 0 . 00 0 . 70 0 . 88 1 . 00 1 . 08 1 . 25 1 . 42 1 . 79
2002 1 . 16 0 . 87 | 0 . 86 0 . 96 1 . 08 11. 11 1 . 26 1 . 43 1 . 80
4000 2 . 32 1. 35 1 . 20 1 . 10 1 . 18 1 . 21 1 . 31 1 . 46 / 1 . 82
6000 4 . 00 2 . 06 1 . 60 1 . 29 1 . 30 1 . 32 1 . 39 1 . 51 1 . 85
8000 5 . 90 2 . 88 2 .00 1 . 50 1 . 43 1 . 42 1 . 46 1 . 57 | 1 . 87
10000 8 . 60 3 . 80 2 .43 1 . 72 1 . 57 1 . 54 1 . 54 1 . 62 1 . 89
12000 10 . 8 4 . 76 2 . 93 1 . 94 1 .71 1 . 67 1 . 62 1 . 67 1 . 92
14000 12 . 9 5 . 82 3 . 50 2 . 16 1 . 87 1 . 80 1 . 70 1 . 73 1 1 . 94
16000 15 . 2 6 . 95 4 . 11 2 . 38 2 .02 1 . 93 1 . 79 1 . 80 1 . 96
18000 17 . 5 8 . 15 4 . 76 2 .60 2 . 18 2 . 06 1 . 88 1 . 87 1 . 99
20000 19 . 8 9 . 50 5 . 40 2 . 81 2 . 33 2 . 20 1 . 97 1 . 95 2 . 03
25000 25 . 5 13 . 3 17. 30 3 . 50 2 . 73 2 . 52 2 . 22 2 . 10 2 .09
30000 30 . 7 18 . 2 9.8 4 . 20 3 . 17 2 . 86 2 . 46 2 . 17
35000 35 . 5 20 . 35 12 . 2 | 4 . 95 3 . 62 3 . 25 2 .69 2 . 45 | 2 . 25
VARIOUS METALS
The table gives the per cent. change in the resistance due to a field of
10 ,000 gauss with respect to the value at 0° C . and H = 0 .
(Grumach.)
Metal. Per cent. Metal Per cent.

change . charge .
Cadmium . . . + 0 . 03 Palladium . . . + 0 . 001

Cobalt . . . . . . - 0 . 53 Platinum . . . . . + 0 . 0005
Copper . . . . + 0 . 004 Silver . . . . . . . . + 0 . 004
Gold . . . . . + 0 . 003 Tantalum . + 0 . 0003
Lead . . . . . + 0 . 0004 Tin, . . . . . . . •••••• + 0 . 002
Nickel . . . - 1. 1 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0 . 01
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS VOLTAIC CELLS

The internal resistance is subject to large variations; the values given
can be considered only approximate .
Cell. Resistance, Cell. Resistance,

ohms. ohms.
Edison -Lalande . .l 0 . 03 Grove . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1-0 . 2

Daniell . . . . . . . . . 0 . 85 Bunsen . . . . . . . . . 0 . 1 -0 . 2
Gravity . . 1 -5 Bichromate . . . . . 0 . 08 - 0 . 40
Silver chloride. . . 4. Storage . . . . 0 . 004- 0 . 02
Dry cell. . . . . . 0 . 2 - 1 .01 Clark standard . . 20 - 50
Leclanché . . . . . . . 0 .4 -0 .2 Weston standard 20 - 50
155
HALL EFFECT
If a strip of metal of thickness t, in which a current i is flowing (longi
tudinally ) is subjected to a transverse magnetic field H , a difference of poten
tial E is produced at opposite points at the side of the strip . E = RX Hilt
where R is a constant specific with different metals and E , H , i and tin C . G . S .
units. The table gives values obtained at ordinary room temperatures,
18 - 21° C . If the value of R is independent of the field , or nearly so , the
field intensity is not given . The positive sign indicates that if a strip of
metal were considered to be in the plane of this page with its long axis
horizontal, the primary current flowing from left to right and the magnetic
field directed away from the observer, normal to the plane of the strip ,
the upper edge of the strip would be at a higher potential than the lower.
Field
Substance . strength , R. Observer .
gausses.
Aluminum . . . - .00038 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886

Antimony . . . 1750 + 0 . 219 Baclow , 1903
Bismuth . . . . . 1650 - 10 . 27 Ton Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Bismuth . . . . . 11100 - 4 . 95 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst , 1886
Til
Cadmium . + . 00053 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886

II+I
Carbon . . . . . - . 17 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst , 1886

Cobalt . . . . 3463 . 24 Hall, 1885
Copper . . . . - . 00052 Hall , 1885
Gold . . . . . - . 00066 Hall , 1885
Iron . . . . . 6290 + . 0108 Zahn , 1901
Lead . . . 00009 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst , 1886
Magnesium . - . 00094 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst , 1886
Nickel . . . . 10620 - . 0047 Zahn , 1904
Platinum . - . 00024 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Silver . . 00083 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Tellurium . . + 530 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst , 1886
Tin. . . . - . 00004 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Zinc . . . . 7 . 00033 Barlow , 1903
ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS
N ONCN
Gramsper coulomb.
Coercoco
Element. Valence. Equiv. Element. Valence. Equiv .

Aluminum . . .
C
0936 Iron . . . 1929

Antimony . . . . 4153 | Lead . . . . . . 1 . 0731
Antimony . . . . 2492 Magnesium . 1260
Bismuth .. . .7185 Mercury . . 2 . 0788
Cadmium .5824 Mercury .. 1 . 0394
Chromium . 1796 Nickel .. . . . 3040
Cobalt . .. . 3055 Oxygen . . . . 0829
Copper . . . . .6588 Platinum 1 . 0104
Co ppe r . . . . . 3294 Silver 1 . 1180
Gold . .6812 Tin • .6166
Hydrogen . . .0105 Tin . 3083
Iron . . . . . . . 2893 Zinc. . 3387
156
ILANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY IND PHYSICS
MAGNETIC INCLINATION OR DIP AND HORIZONTAL

INTENSITY
The mean or limiting values are given for the territory covered by the
State pamed . The horizontal intensity is given in gausses. The table is
compiled from the results of the l '. S . Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1911
and 1912.
State. Horizontal
NOTO
Dip , degrees. intensity .
Alabama . . 62. to 66 . . 23 to 26
Alaska . . . . . . 67 . 74 . . 21
Arizona . . . . . . 59 .
.
Arkansas . . . . . 63 .
California . . . . 58 02
OOONOOINOOOOOOOOOO
3
67 .
OOST
Colorado . . . . . .
Connecticut . . 72 . 73 . 18
Delaware . . . . . 70 . 71 . 5
Florida . . . . . 58 .
Georgia . 0
Hawaii. . . . .
Idaho . . . . . . 09 .
Indiana . . . . 69 .
lowa . . . . . . 73 , 20
kansas. . . . . 67 . 69 . 23
Kentucky . . . 08 . 70 . . 22
74 .
Maine . . . . . 76 .
Maryland . . . . 70 . 5
Massachusetts . . . . 73 .
Michigan . . . . . . . 73 .
Mississippi . . . . . 00
Missouri . . . . . . . 67 . 71 .
Montana . . . . 70 72 . 20
Nebraska . . . . . 70 . 71.
New Hampshir 73 . 74 . 17
New Jersey . . . . 71 .
New Mexico . . . . . 63 . . 25
New York . . . . . . . . 74 . 17
North Carolina . . . 66 . : 23
North Dakota . . . 74 . 16
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . 20
Oklahoma . . . . . 63 . 67 .
Oregon . . . . . . . . 69 .
Pennsylvania . . . . . 71 .
72 .
Philippines . . . . . . 0 .
OOOO
Porto Rico . . . . . . 49 .
O
South Carolina . . . . 66 .
South Dakota . . .
Tennessee . . . . .
Texas . . . . . . . . 57 . 63 .
Utah .. . :
66 . 67 .
.
Vermont . . . 73 . 75 .
68 . 70 .
Virginia . . . . . . .
Washington . . . . . . 71 .
70 . 5 . 20
ha
West Virginia . . . .
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . 15 . 17
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . 68 . 22
!
157
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
An annual decrease in declination is indicated by the negative sign,
an increase by the positive.
(From U . S . Coast and Geodetic Survey)
Magnetic declination in degrees

and tenths. Ann .
State . Station . Chge.
(1910 ).
1870 | 1880 1890 | 1900 | 1910
Ala . . . . . . . Montgomery . . . . 4 .5 E 3.9 E 3. 2 E 2.8 E 2. 9 E - .012
Alaska . . . . Sitka . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . 0 E 29 . 3 E 29 . 5 E 29 . 7 E 30 . 2 E
i Kodiak . . . . . 25 . 6 E 25 . 1 E 24 . 7 E 24 . 4 E 24 . 1 E
| Unalaska . . . 20 . 1 E 19 .6 E 19. 0 E 18. 3 E 17 . 5 E
St. Michael . . .. C 24 . 7 E 23 . 1 E 22. 1 E 21. 4 E
Ariz . . Holbrook . . . 13. 8 E 13 . 7 E 13 . 4 E 13 .5 E 13. 9 E + . 072

O
Prescott . 13. 7 E 13 .6 E 13 .5 E 13 . 7 E 14 . 3 E + . 077
Ark . . . . . . ... Little Rock . . | 8 . 2 E : 7 .6 E 7 .0 E 6 .6 E 6 .9 E + . 023
R
Cal. . . . . . . Los Angeles . . . . . 14 . 4 E 14 . 6 E 14 . 6 E 14 . 9 E 15 . 5 E + . 083

E
B12
San José . . . . . . . . 17 . 3 E 17 . 5 E 17 . 5 E 17 . 8 E 18 . 5 E + . 075

2
Cal. . . . . . . i Redding . . . . . 18. 1 E 18 . 2 E 18 . 6 E 19. 3 E + . 075

Colo . . . . . . Pueblo . . . . . . . . . 13 . 8 E 13 . 5 E 12 . 9 E 13 . 3 E + . 050
++ + + +
Glenwood Sp . . . . 16 . 3 E 16 . 1 E 15 .6 E 16 . 1 E + . 062
Conn . . Hartford . . . . . 8. 7 W 9. 4 W 10 . 4 W 11. 0 W + .097
Del . . . . . ' Doyer . . . . . . . 4 .7 W 5.3 W 6 .4 W 7.0 W + . 080
^
D . C . . . . . . Washington . . . . . 2 .4 W 4.7 W + . 075
Fla . . . . . . . Jacksonville . . . . 3. 1 E 2 .4 E 1. 2 E - .033
*-
+ ! ! !
Tampa . . . . . . . . . 3. 9 E 3. 3 E 2 .0 E - .013
Ga . . . . . .. .. Vacon . . . . . . 3. 9 E 3. 2 E - .033
Hawaii. . . . Honolulu . . . . 10 .6 E
Idaho . . . . . Pocatello . . . . . . . 17 . 8 E 17. 9 E 17 . 7 E 17. 8 E 18 . 4 E + . 067

UJoo
Boise . . . . . . . . . 18 .6 E 18 . 7 E 18 .6 E 18 . 8 E 19. 4 E + .075

Ill . . . . . . . . Bloomington . . . . 5 .4 E 4.7 E
+1
4. 1 E 3. 6 E 3. 4 E - . 013
1
Ind. . . . . . . Indianapolis . . . . . 3. 2 E 2.6 E 2 .0 E 1. 4 E 1. 1 E 030

Do
la . . . . . . . . Des Moines . . . . . 9 .7 E 9.1 E 8.4 E 7 .9 E 8. 1 E + . 017

-
Kans . . . . . Emporia . . . . . . . . 11. 2 E 10 . 7 E 10 . 1 E 10 . 1 E + .030

Ness City . . . . . . . 12 . 2 E 11. 9 E 11. 4 E 11. 4 E # .040
+ ! !+ +
ky . . . . Lexington . . . . . . .! 2.5 E 1. 9 E 1. 2 E 0 .5 E - . 033

Princeton . . . .. 5 .6 E 5 .0 E ! 4 . 3 E 3. 7 E - .017
la. . . . . . . . Alexandria . . . . 8.0 E 7.4 E 6.9 E 6 .8 E + . 030
Me . . . Eastport. . . . . . . . 18.18 .22 WW 18 .6 W 18 . 7 W 19 . 0 W 19 . 4 W + . 100

Portland . . . . . . . . 12 . 8 W 13 . 4 W 13. 9 W 14 . 4 W 14 . 8 W + . 100
+ + + ++
M d . . . . . . . Baltimore. . . . . . . 3 . 8 W 4.4 W 5 .0 W 5 .6 W 6.1 W + . 075

Mass . . . . . Boston . . . . . . . . . 11. 0 W 11. 5 W 12 .0W 12 . 6 W 13. 1 W + . 100
Pittsfield . . . . . . . . 9 . 3 W 100 W 10 . 4 W 11. 0 W 11. 5 W + . 097
Noc
Vich . . . . . Marquett ? . . . . . . 4 .6 E 3.8 E 2 . 0 E ' - .027

ros
Lansing. . . . . . . . . 22 .. 11 EE 1.
1 . 03 E 0.4 E ! + .040
+1
Minn . I Northome. . . . . . . 10 . 0 E 9.3 E 8.1 E + . 017

Mankato . . . . . . . 10 . 9 E 10 . 4 E 9. 1 E + . 020
Miss. . . . . . Jackson . . . . . . . . . 7 . 5 E 6.9 E 6 .2 E + .017
N0 . . . . . . .Sedalia . . . 9 . 4 E ! 8. 7 E 8.0 E 7 .6 E 7.9 E + . 020

Mont. . . Forsyth .. . . . . . . . 18 . 6 E 18. 1 E 17 . 9 E 17 . 8 E 18 . 3 E + . 050
Helena . . . . . . 19. 8 E 19 . 6 E 19. 4 E 19. 5 E 20 .0 E + . 062
Webr. . . . . . Hastings . . . . . . 11. 7 E 112 E 10 . 5 E 10 . 2 E 10 . 5 E + . 033
Alliance . . . . . . . . , 15. 3 E 1 .5 E 14 . 3 E 14 . 2 E 14 . 5 E + . 043
158
MAGNETIC DECLINATION (Continued)

An annual decrease in declination is indicated by the negative sign
and an increase by the positive .
(From U . S . Coast and Geodetic Survey.)
Magnetic declination in degrees Ann .

and tenths .
State . Station . Chge,
( 1910 )
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Nevada . . . Elko . 17 . 7 E 17 . 7 E 17 . 6 E 17 . 8 E 18 . 3 E + . 077
Hawthorne. . . . . . 16 . 9 E 17 . 0 E 17 . 0 E 17 . 3 E 17 . 8 E .. 083
N . H .. . . Hanover 11. 1 W 11. 6 W 12.0 W 12. 5 W 13 .0 W + . 100
N . J. . . . . . Trenton . . . . . 6 .0 W 6 .7 W 7 .2 W 7. 8 W 8. 4 W + . 082
N . Mex . . Santa Rosa . . . 12 . 7 E 12 . 5 E 12 . 1 E 12 . 0 E 12 . 4 E + . 060
N . Mex . . . Laguna . . . . . . 13 . 6 E 13 .4 E 13. 0 E 13.0 E 13. 5 E + . 062

N . Y . . .. . . Albany . . . . . . . . 9.1 W 9.8 W 10 . 2 W 10 . 8 W 11. 4 W + . 093
+ + + +
Elmira . . . . . 5 .4 W 6 .3 W 7 .0 W 7.6 W 8.1 W + . 075
N . C .. .. . Newbern . . . . I 1. 0 W 1 .6 W 2.2 W 2 .8 W .3 W + . 057
Salisbury . . . 1 .5 E 0 .8 E 0 .2 E 0 .4 W 0 .7 W + . 047
N . Dak . . 14 . 0 E 13. 5 E 12. 7 E 12. 4 E 12. 8 E + . 030
Dickinson . . . . . 17 . 4 E 17 . 0 E 16 . 4 E 16 . 2 E 16 . 6 E + . 010
+ + +
Ohio . . . . Columbus . . . 1.2 E 0 .6 E 0 .0 E 0.7 W 1.1 W + . 047
Okla . . . . . Okmulgee . . . 9 . 8 E | 9 .4 E 8 .8 E 8 .5 E 8 . 9E + .033
Enid . . . . . . . 10. 9 E 10 .5 E 9 .9 E 9 .7 E 10 . 1 E + . 043
Oregon . . Sumpter . . . 20 .0 E 20 . 2 E 20 . 2 E 20 .4 E 21. 0 E + . 077
Detroit . . . . . 20 . 1 E 20 .4 E 20 , 5 E 20 . 8 E 21. 5 E + . 080
Penn .. . Philadelphia . . | 5 .5 W 6.3 W 6 .8 W 7 .4 W 8.0 W + . 083
Altoona . . . . . 3.1 W 3. 8 W 4.5 W 5 .1 W 5 .6 W + . 067
P. R. San Juan . . . . ... . .... 1. 0 W 2.0 W
R . I. Newport . . . . . . . 10 . 3 W 10 . 8 W 11. 3 W 11. 9 W 124 W + . 100
. C . . . . Columbia . . . . . 2. 1 E 1. 4 E 0.8 E 0.2 E 0. 1 W + . 013
S . D . .. Huron . . . . . . . 12. 6 E 12 . 1 E 11. 4 E 11. 1 E 11. 4 E + . 030
Rapid City . . . . . . 16 . 3 E 15 . 8 E 15 . 3 E 15 . 1 E 15 . 1 E + . 012
Tenn . . . Chattanooga . . . . 53 . 3) 2.6 E 2.0 E 1.5 E 1. 3 E - . 033
Tenn . . . . Huntington . . . . . ! 6 . 1 E 5 .5 E ! 4 . 9 E ! 4 .4 E 4 . 3 E ' - . 008

Texas . . . . . Houston . . . . . . 8.9 E 8 .5 E 7.9 E 7.7 E 8. 1 E + . 042
San Antonio . . . . 9.6 E 9. 3 E 8 .9 E 8 .7 E 9 . 1E + . 050
Pecos. . . . . . . 11. 0 E 10 . 8 E 10 . 1 E 10 . 3 E 10 . 7 E ' + . 060
Floydada . . . . . . . ! 11. 2 E 10 . 9 E 10 . 4 E 10 . 3 E 10 . 7 E + . 052
Utah . . . . . Salt Lake City . . 16 . 7 E 16 . 5 E 16 . 3 E 16 . 5 E 170 E + . 070
. . ... 10 . 6 W
Vermont . . Rutland . . . ir 11. 2 W 11. 6 W 12 . 1 W 12. 7 W + . 100
Va. . . . . . . . Richmond . . . . . . 1. 8 W 2.5 W 3.1 W 3.7 W 1. 2 W + . 067
Lynchburg . . . . . . 1 0 . 5 W 1. 2 W 19 W 2. 4 W 2 .8 W + . 057
Wash . . . . Wilson Creek . . . . 121. 9 E 21. 9 E 22. 1 E 22. 4 E 22. 9 L + . 075
Wash . . . . Seattle . . . . . . . . 22. 1 E 22. 3 E 22. 6 E 23.0 E 23. 5 E + . 083

W . Va . . . Charleston . . . . . 0 .2 W 0 .9 W 1. 5 W 2. 1 W 2.6 W + .057
Wis . . . . . . . Madison . . . . . . 7.2 E 6 .4 E 5 .6 EI 5 . 0 E 4.9 E - . 017
W yo . . . . . . Douglas . . . . . 16 . 0 E 15 . 8 E 15 . 4 E 15 . 3 E 15 . 7 E + .053
Green River. . .. 17 . 0 E 16 . 9 E 16 .6 E 16 . 6 E 17 . 0 E + . 060
159
LIGHT
PHOTOMETRIC STANDARDS
VALUE OF VARIOUS STANDARDS IN INTERNATIONAL CANDLES
Standard Pentane Lamp, burning pentane . . . . . . . 10 . 0 candles
Standard Hefner Lamp, burning amyl acetate . . . . 0 . 9 "
Standard Carcel Lamp, burning colza oil. . . . . . . . . 9 .6 "
Standard English Sperm Candle , about . . . . . . . . . . 1. 0 "
The Carcel unit is the horizontal intensity of the carcel lamp,
burning 42 grams of colza oil per hour. For a consumption
between 38 and 46 grams per hour the intensity may be con
sidered proportional to the consumption .
The Hefner unit is the horizontal intensity of the Hefner
lamp burning amyl acetate , with a flame 4 cm . high . If the
flame is l mm . high , the intensity I = 1 + 0 .027 (1 — 40 ).
STANDARD CANDLES
The horizontal intensity may be considered proportional to the rate of
consumption of material if the variation is small.
French . English German .
Material . . . . ... 2 pts . stearic Spermaceti Paraffin

acid
1 pt. palmitic
acid
Temp. of fusion . 54° C . 44 . 4 - 46° . 1 C . 55° C .
Wick (cotton ).. . 81 threads
threads 54 to
to 63 thread 24 to 25 threads
63 threads
Height of flame.. 5 . 24 cm . 4 . 5 cm . 1 5 cm .
Rate of consump- 10 g . per hr. 7 .78 g . per hr. 7 . 7 g . per hr.
tion ofmaterial
Horizontal inten 1 . 31 1 . 05 1 . 11
sity in Inter
nat. candles
160
MEAN HORIZONTAL CANDLE POWER OF VARIOUS

LIGHT SOURCES
GIVEN IN INTERNATIONAL CANDLES.
(Lux, 1907.)
Total power Mean Efficiency

Source . consumed horizontal in watts
candle per candle
in watts .
power. (spherical)
Acetylene flame. . . 95 6 .9 17 . 7
Electric arcs :
Carbon , open air, continuous
current . . . . . 435 171 0 .92
alternating current . . . . . . . 181 98 2 . 27
Flaming arc, yellow . . . . . . . 350 816 0 . 34
Mercury arc, uviol tube . . . . . . 199 393 0 .64
quartz tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 3050 0 . 25
Incandescent electric , carbon fil
ament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 28 . 3 4 .54
tantalum filament . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . 1 1 . 83
38 1 . 59
tungsten filament. . . . . 32 . 7
Incandescent gas mantle , vertical 717 96 . 3 8.9
inverted . . . . . . . 57 96 . 3 7 .7
Nernst lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 108 2 . 12
PRIMARY COLOR SENSATIONS PRODUCED BY VARIOUS

LIGHT SOURCES
The relative values of the excitation of the three primary sensations
are given .
. (Ives, 1911.)
Source. Red . Green . Blue .
Black body at 5000° absolute. . . . . . 33 33

Blue sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Clouded sky . . . . . . . .
i
Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hefner lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acetytene flame.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Incandescent carbon filament
Tungsten filament . . 41
Nernst filament. . . . 40
Electric arc, carbon .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 36
Mercury arc . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Flaming arc . . . . . . . . . 37 . 5
Incandescent gas mantle, thorium
with 0 .25 part in 100 of cerium . . . . 41
161
INTRINSIC BRILLIANCY OF SURFACE INTENSITY OF

LIGHT SOURCES
GIVEN IN INTERNATIONAL CANDLES PER SQUARE CENTIMETER.
Surface
Sources . intensity. Observer.
Electric arc :
current of 10 amperes. . . . . . 16000 Blondel, 1897
current of 25 amperes . . . . . . 19500 Blondel, 1897
current of 250 amperes . . . . . 30000 |·Rey & Blondel, 1902
Flaming arc . . 4000
Flames, candle . . . . . 0 . 4 -0 . 6
petroleum lamp, round wick 3. 3 Stockhausen , 1910
petroleum lamp, flat wick . . . | .67 Stockhausen , 1910
gas, argand burner. . . . . . . 1 . 14 Stockhausen , 1910
acetylene, flat flame. . . . . 5 .6 Stockhausen , 1910
Incandescent electric :
filament of carbon ( 3. 3 watts
per candle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 . Blondel, 1911
filament of tungsten (1 . 2
watts per candle). 150 . Blondel, 1911
Nernst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 -470 Ives & Luckiesch , ' 11
Gas mantle . . . . . . . 4 . 8 -6 . 7 ) Ives & Luckiesch
Mercury arc . . . . . . 2 .5 Ives & Luckiesch
Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .4 Pickering , 1908
Star (Algol). . .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . 840000 Nordmann, 1910
Sun at zenith . . . . 160000 Palaz, 1893
WAVE LENGTHS OF VARIOUS RADIATIONS

Microns
Röntgen ( X ) rays.. . 0 . 0001
Shortest ultra - violet radiation . . . 0 . 103
Shortest ultra -violet radiation in the solar spectrum
(limited by atmospheric absorption ) . 0 . 292
Limit of the visible spectrum . . . . . . 0 . 390
Violet, wave length best representing the color . . . . . . . 0 . 410
Wave lengths included . . ." 0 .390 - 0 .422
Blue, representative. . . . . . . . . 0 . 470
Includes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 422- 0 . 492
Green , representative . . . . . . . . 0 . 520
Includes. . . 0 . 492- 0 . 535
Maximum visual intensity , about. 0 . 535
Yellow , representative . . . . . . 0 . 580
Includes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .535 - 0 . 586
Orange , representative . . . . . . . . . 0 . 600
Includes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 586 - 0 . 647
Red , representative . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 650
Includes. . . . . 0 .647 - 0 . 810
Limit of the visible spectrum . . . 0 . 810
Limit of the solar spectrum . . . . . 5 . 300
Infra - red (heat waves )
Includes . . . . . . 0 . 810 - 314 . 00
Shortest measured Hertzian wave . . . . . . . . 4000 .
Used for wireless telegraphy . . . . . .
100- 5000 meters
162
VARIATION IN THE SENSITIVENESS OF THE EYE

WITH THE WAVE LENGTH
FOR LOW INTENSITIES
(König .)
Wave length .. . .410 . 430 . 450 .470 .490 .510 .530 .550 . 570 .590 .610
Mean sensitive
ness . . . . . ...10.
. . . 02 0. 06 0.23 0.49 0. 81 1.00 0. 81 (0. 49 (0 .22 0.077 0.026
WAVE LENGTHS OF THE FRAUNHOFER LINES

Sun's SPECTRUM
At 15° C . and 76 cm . pressure. Wave length in microns (Fabry and
Buisson system ) .
Wave length in Wave length in

Line . Due to Microns. Line. Due to microns.
Fe 2947 . 9 H 4101 . 9
2994 . 4 4226 . 7
3020 . 7 4307. 7
3047. 6 | Fe í 4307 . 9
( 3099 . 9 4340 . 5
3100 . 0 4861.4
1 Fe, Mn 3100 . 3 5167 . 3
09
| Fe, Ti 3100 . 7 5172 . 7

Ca 3179. 3 5183 . 6
Fe 3286 . 8 5269 . 6
Ti 3361. 2 5890 . 0
09
05
V 3440 . 6 5895 . 9
3441 . 0 6562 . 8
3581 . 2 6867 . 2
3719 . 9 7593 . 8
3820 . 4 8228 . 5
3933. 7 8990 . 0
3968 . 5
WAVE LENGTHS FOR SPECTROSCOPE CALIBRATION

Source. Wave Source . Wave
length . length .
Potassium ilame. . . . . . . . . 0 . 76994 E , solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 52704
Potassiu 'm flame. . . . . 0 . 7666 bi, solar or magnesium flame 0 . 51844
B , solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 6867 h2, solar or magnesium flame 0 . 5173
Lithium flame. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 6708 F , solar or hydrogen tube. . . 0 . 4867
C , solar or hydrogen tube. . 0 . 6563 Strontium flame. . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 4608
Di, solar or sodium flame . . 0 . 5896 G , solar or hydrogen tube. . . 0 . 4308
D2, solar or sodium flame. . 0 . 5893 Hi, solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 3969
Thallium flame. . . . . . . . . . 1 / 2, solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 3934
163
WAVE LENGTH OF PRINCIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS
ELEMENTS
innn
SOLIDS
Wave lengths of the most prominent lines in microns. The letters
a , s and f after a wave length indicate its occurrence as a strong line in
the arc, spark or flame spectrum respectively .
nosos
nn
on
an
Aluminum . . . . . . . . 3082 Caesium . . . . . . . . 4555 a , f
osos
. 3092 a, s . 4593 a . f
. 3587 .6723 a
. 3944 .6974 a
3961 a , s Calcium . . . . . 3934 a , s
.5697 . 3969 a , s
. 5723 . 4227 a , s, f
Antimony .. . . . .3268 s Calcium chloride
.6005 s. in the Bunsen
.6079 s flame also gives
Ooooooooooo
.6130 s lines not due to
Arsenic. . . . . . . . 2745 s calcium . . . . . . . . .5517
2861 s . 5543
.3923 s .6181
4037 s .6202
Barium . . . . 3891 s .6265
4131 s . 4012
4554 . 4134 s.
.4934 a , s 4150 s
. 5535 4165 s
. 5853 4187 s
.6141 a , s 4297 s
.6497 a , s . 4527
Barium chloride in . 4628
the Bunsen flame . 5274
gives other lines . 5353
not due to bar Chromium * .. . . .. 4255 a , s
ium . . . .5136 . 4275 a, s
. 5242 . 4290 a, s
5313
Bismuth . 3596 s. . 4559
1723 a , s . 4588
1994 S 5205 a , s
Cadmium . . . 3611 a , 5206 a,
4678 . 5209 a , s
1800 a , . 5410
. 5086 a , s Cobalt t . . 3846 a , s
.5338 S . 3873 a , s
. 5378 S . 3894 a, s
.6439 a , s . 4531 a
* More than twenty fairly prominent lines occur in the spark spectrum
of cbromium having wavelengths from 2763 to 3606u.
F A large number of lines occur in the are and spark spectrum of cobalt
having wave lengths less than . 3600 (ultraviolet) .
164
ELEMENTS ( Continued)
Solids (Continued )
ம மமமமமமமமமமம
Cobalt (Cont.) . . .1.4581 a Iron *. . . . . . .. . . 4046
. 4780 , . 4064
ದ
ದ
4793 ೩, S . 4071]
. 4814 . 4118 ೩ |
. 4840
ದ
. 4132
.4868 . 4134
Copper. . . . . . . . . 3248 a
. 4143
4144 8, S
ದ
. 3274 a
.4023 4187) 8 , S
.'ம
4063
4188
4191|
ದ
. 5106 ೩, S 4198 a ,' s
5153 a , S . 4199
. 5218
4202 8, S
5700 ೩ | 4227
. 5782
4234 8, S
Gold. . . . . . . 2428 4236 a, S
4250 ೩, S
TUV೧ದ
2676 a , S
2802 s 4251
3899 S . 4261
4065 4272
4315 S 4282
.6278 4294
4299
Iodine (spark ) . .. .5159 4308
. 5244 . 4315 a
4326
ದ
. 5339)
5349 . 4337
.5408 4384
. 5448 4405)
.5471 .4415
. 5631 . 4476
மம
. 5686 4528 a, S
. 5716 4655 a, S
. 5741 4736 a
. 5766 . 4892 a
. 5781 .4921 a, S
. 4957)
ದ
. 5961
20
. 5139 a , S
Iridium . . . . . . , 3606) S . 5167||
. 3653 s .5192
. 3675 S . 5227) a
0
3800 S 5233 8, S
. 3903 | S . 5267| ೩, s
4400 a, S . 5270) ೩, S
* The ultraviolet spectrum of iron shows over 100 lines of intensity
comparable with those listed above .
165
WAVE LENGTH _ OF PRINCIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS
ELEMENTS (Continued)
Solids (Continued )
Iron ( Cont.). ... .1.5284] a, S ] Lithium ( Cont.).. . 4602 a, S
a
. 5302) a , s . 6104
*ದಈ
s5324 . 6708] 8 , S , f
.5328 Mercury . . . . . . . 2537)
ದ
. 5372 . 2967|
. 5397
maneno
. 3022
. 5406| . 3023
. 5447 . 3126
.5455 . 3132
.5570 . 3341)
5573 . 3650
5587| ೩
. 56 . 3654
man
16 . 3663
.56 9/
5 . 3984
aner
. 5763| . 4046
.5862 4078
ದ೧
.5930 - 4358
. 6065 . 5426
. 6137 . 5461] , S
. 6138| . 5770
. 6192|| . 5791
1. 6231 ೩ . 5804
1.6253 a
ದ
1. 6302 a Magnesium.. . . . . 2796

. 2803
ದ೧
. 6318) a
ದ
. 6337| ೩ . 2852
ದ
.6400 a . 3097)
ದ
. 6495 a . 3829
ದ
. 6546 8 . 3832||
ದ
. 6593 ೩ . 3838]
4481
Lead * , . . . . . .3640
m
.5173
cono
. 3684 8, S .5183
con
3740
3786 Manganese . . 3807] 8, S
. 4031 ]
ದ
. 3854 40.
4058
4245 .4035
.4387 .4042|
5374 .4754
5547 .4784
non
non
5608 .4824
. 6657 6014
. 6017| ೩,
Lithium . ... . . . . . . . 4132 a . 6022
un
* The arc and spark spectra of lead include a large number of lines in
the ultraviolet not given above .
166
ELEMENTS ( Continued )
Solids (Continued)
Molybdenum . . . . 3635 s Radium (Cont.).. .4826 s, f
. 3688 s . 5661) s
. 3798 a , s . 5814 ) s
. 3864 a , s band .6130 .6330 f
. 3903 a , s .6349 f
. 3961 S band .6530 . 6700
.5506 a , s
.5533 a , s Rubidium . . . . .4202
es cordoconcom
. 4215 a ;
ထဲဟဲ
. 5570 a , s
.6207
.6030 .6298
. 7806
=ဟဲ
Nickel. .. . 4714 a, s
ono
. 7811
cosaco
.4855 a , s .7950 a
. 4866 a , s
=
. 4873 s Selenium . ... .. . .4606
. 5035 a , s 4840
. 5081 . 4842
. 5477 .4972
no
. 5893 4993
on
.5094 8.
Osmium .. . . . . . . 3753 .5142 s os
4067 5176 s
41361
5225 e
o ond
. 4
5270 s
5305 s
மம
மம
Silicon . . . . . . . . . 2516 a, s
o
2881
Platinum . . . . . .
os oscom
3687 ) s
. 3923 Silver . . . . . . 3281
3383
a, s .4055
5301 .4212 a
.5369 s 5209 a , s
5466 a , s
Potassium . . . . .. . 3447 a , s, fla
.4044 a , s . f Sodium . . . . . . 3302 a , s, f
one
enaseenof
.6911 a 3303
5683
ದ
.6939
7665 a , s, 5688
7699 a , s, f 5890
Radium . . . . .
.5896
our cus
. 3650 .6154
ಈ20
. 3815 .6161 a
4341
Strontium . . . . .. . 4078 a , s
4533 . 4216 a , s
1683 1607 a , s , f
167

ELEMENTS (Continued )
Solids (Continued )
Tin . .
Strontium com 1 . 3801 ) s
pounds, chloride, . 4525 a, s
nitrate , etc., give .5564
other bands not . 5589
due to strontium 1 .6032 . 5632 a , s
. 6060 .5799
mo
.6351 .6453
.6464 Tungsten . . . . . .4843
.6597 . 5059
on
. 6664 . 5224
.6694 - 5514 s
Sulphur . . . .4465
o
Uranium . . . . . . 5478 s.
.4486 . 5480 s
|Մ Մ
.4525 . 5482
4552
o o
. 5494
Մ
. 5021 s . 5528
5033 Zinc . . . . . . . . .
.3345 | a , s
Մ
1.5201 s
.5215 s . 4680
.5320 s.
.4722
con
.5343 s . 4811 a , s
. 4912
. 5605 .4925
Մ
. 5640
.6103 ' s
Մ
.6290 s
.6362 a, s
Tantalum . . . . . 3906
Zirconium . . . . . . 3958 a, s
Մ
. 4059 s
4080 3982 a
conoona
3991 a, s
Մ
4101 s
. 4124 s
. 3999
una
. 4049 a , s
Thallium . . . . . . .2918 .4073 a
Ե
3230 .4081 a
Թ
. 3519
nama
. 4149 a , s
«Թ
. 3529 a . 4156 a , s
. 3776 . 4161 a , s
«
.4737
oscomosons
. 4360
Մ
5351 a , . 4371 a,
Thorium . . . . . . 3221 . 4380 a .
Մ
. 3272 s 4443
3291 .4494
Մ
. 3301 . 4497
Մ
. 3314 s .4688
3508 . 4710
Մ Մ
3539 .4739
.4019 . 4772
Մ
4382 .4816 s
Մ
.4391 .6128
Մ
4555 s .6142
168

ELEMENTS (Continued )
Gases
Air (spark) linedue to N1 ..4147

3995 Bromine.. .. 4785
. 5332
N 4631 .6150
0 .4642 .6351
N .4643 Chlorine , Plücker
. 5001 tube . . . . . . . . . . 3851
1 . 5005 . 3861
. 5679 .4133
Argon , Plücker tube .4253
(blue spectrum ) . . . . 3191 .4344
. 3560 . 4794
. 3589 . 4810
. 3638 . 4819
. 3729 .5423
. 3850
. 4072 Helium . . . . . 3188
.4104 . 3888
. 4228 . 4026
.4331 . 4471
. 4348 . 5016
.4126 .5876
. 4430 .6678
. 4806 Hydrogen . . . .4102
.4158 .4341
(red spectrum ). .. . 4191 . 4861
. 4198 .6563
.4200 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . See air
. 4259
.4511 gen . . . . . . . . See air
.6965
. 7067
RELATIVE STIMULATION OF THE THREE PRIMARY

COLOR SENSATIONS BY DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTHS
Wave
length .. . 0 . 364 0 . 38 0 .40 0 .42 0. 44 0 .46 0 . 48 0 .50 0 .52 0 .54
Red . . 1 0.0 0.0 2. 0 1. 0 i 1 . 0 1. 0 3.0 9 .0 23 . 0 39 . 0
Green , . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 2.0 | 7.0 23 . 0 61. 0 87 . 0
Blue . . . 10. 0 10 . 5 29 . 0 52. 0 76 . 0 78 . 0 68 . 0 46 . 0 16 . 0 7.0
Wave
length. . . 10 . 564 0 . 58 0 . 60 0 . 62 0 . 64 0 .66 0 .68 0 . 70 0 . 72 0 . 74
Red . . . . . . 156 . 0 69 . 0 71 . 5 59 . 0 30 . 0 12. 0 | 5 . 0 | 2 . 0 | 1 . 0 | 0 . 0
Green . . . . . 36 0 67 . 0 37 . 0 10 . 0 2.5 1. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Blue . . . . . . 4 . 0 | 1. 5 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
169
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF OPTICALLY ISOTROPIC
SOLIDS
(From 'Smithsonian Tables.)
Line of
Substance . spec
Index of Observer .
trum . refraction .
Agate (light color). . red 1 .537 De Senarmont

Ammonium chloride 1 .642 Grailich
Arsenite . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 755 DesCloiseaux
Barium nitrate. . . . . 1 . 572 Fock
Bellmetal. . . 1 . 005 Beer
Blende . . . . . 2 . 342 Ramsay
Blende . . . . . . . Na 2 . 369 Ramsay
Blende . . . . . . . Il 2 .401 Ramsay
Boric acid . . . . 1 . 462 Bedson & C . Williams
Boric acid . . . 1 . 463 Bedson & C . Williams
Boric acid . . . . . 1 . 470 Bedson & C . Williams
Borax (vitrified ) 1 .512 Bedson & C . Williams
Borax (vitrified ) 1 .515 Bedson & C . Williams
Borax (vitrified ) . . . . 1 .521 Bedson & C . Williams
Camphor . . . . . . . . . . 1 .532 Kohlrausch
Camphor. . . . . . . . . 1 .546 Mülheims
Diamond (colorless ). red 2 .414 DesCloiseaux
Diamond ( colorless). green 2 . 428 DesCloiseaux
Diamond (brown ) . 2 . 461 Schrauf
Diamond (brown ) . 2 .470 Schrauf
Diamond (brown ) 2 . 479 Schrauf
Ebonite . . . . . 1.6 Ayrton & Perry
Fuchsin . . . . 2 . 03 Means
Fuchsin . . . . 2 . 19 Means
Fuchsin . . . 2 . 33 Means
Fuchsin . . . . . 1 . 97 Means
Fuchsin . . . . . . 1 . 32 Means
Garnet (different
varieties). . . 1 . 74 - 1 . 90 Various
Gum arabic. . . . . . . red 1 . 480 Jamin
Gum arabic . . . . . . . red 1 . 514 Wollaston
Hanyne . . . . . . . . . 1 .496 Tschichatscheff
Helvine . . . . 1 . 739 Levy & Lecroix
Obsidian . . 1 . 482 – 1 . 496 Various
Opal. . . . . . 1 .406 Various
Opal. . . . . 1 .450 Various
Pitch . . . 1 . 531 Wollaston
Potassium bromide . 1 .559 Topsöe and Chris
tiansen
chlorstannate . . 1 .657 Topsöe and Chris
tiansen
iodide.. .. . .. ... 1 .667 Topsöe and Chris
tiansen
Phosphorus.. . . . . 2 . 144 Gladstone & Dale ]
170
HAND BOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF OPTICALLY ISOTROPIC
oooooooooooo
· SOLIDS (Continued )
Line of Index of
Substance . spec refraction . Observer.
trum ,
Resins : aloes. . . . . . red 1 .619 Jamin

Canada balsam . . red 1 . 528 Wollaston
colophony . . . . . . red 1 .548 Jamin
copal. . . . . . . . . . red 1 .528 Jamin
mastic . . . . . . . . . red 1 .535 Wollaston
Peru balsam . . . . 1 . 593 Baden Powell
Selenium , vitreous. . 2 .612 Wood
Selenium , vitreous. . 2 .680 Wood
Selenium , vitreous . 2 .729 Wood
Selenium , vitreous. 2 . 93 Wood
Silver bromide 2 . 253 Wernicke
chloride. . . 2 .061 Wernicke
iodide. . . . . . 2 . 182 Wernicke
Sodalite, blue . 1 .483 |Feusner )
Sodalite, clear like
water . . . . . . . . . 1 . 483 Feusner
Sodium chlorate. . . . 1 .515 Dussaud
Spinel. . . . 1 . 716 DesCloiseaux
Strontium nitrate:. . 1 . 567 Fock ;
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF UNIAXIAL CRYSTALS

Index of refraction.
Substance . Extra
Line of Ordi ordi
spec- nary nary Observer.
trum . ray. iay
Alunite (alum stone).. . .. . D 1 . 5731. 592 Levy & Lacroix

Apatite . . . 1 .639 1 .635 Schrauf
Beryl. | from 1 .5891. 582 Various
.. . to 1 . 570 1 . 566 Various
Calomel.. . . . . . red 1 . 96 2 .60 De Senarmont
Cinnabar. . . . . . . . . . . : : : red 2 . 854/ 3 . 199 DesCloiseaux
Corundum (ruby, ſ from red 1 . 767 1 . 759 DesCloiseaux
sapphire, etc.).. . . Ito red ( 1 . 769| 1 . 762 DesCloiseaux
Emerald (pure) . . . green 1 . 584| 1 . 578 DesCloiseaux
Ice at - 8°C . . 1 . 309 1 . 313 Meyer
Ivory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 539 1 . 541 Kohlrausch
Sodium nitrate. . . . . . . . . 1 . 5871. 336 Schrauf
Tourmaline (colorless ). . . 1 .637 1 .619 Heusser
Tourmaline (differ- from 1 .633 1 .616 Jeroféjew
ferent colors) . . . . to 1 .650 1 .625 Jeroféjew
171
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF BIAXIAL CRYSTALS
Index of refraction.
Substances. Line of Inter - Maxi
spec
Mini medi Observer.
mum . mum .
trum . ate .
Borax . . . . : D 1 .447 1 . 469 1 . 472 Dufet

Copper sulphate. . . . . D 1.514 1 . 537 1 .543 Kohlrausch
Gypsum . . . . . . . . . D 1 .521 1 . 523 1 . 530 Mülheims
Mica (muscovite ) . . . 1 . 560 1 . 594 1 .598 Pulfrich
Potassium bichromate 1 . 720 1 . 738 1 . 820 Dufet
nitrate . . . . . 1 . 335 1 . 506 1 . 506 Schrauf
sulphate. . . . . . . . . D 1 . 493 1 .495 1 .498 Topsie & Chris
i tiansen
Sugar (cane) . . . . . . . . 1 . 540 1 .567 1 .572 Calderon
Sulphur ( rhombic ). . . 1 . 9512.038 2 . 241 Schrauf
Topaz (Brazilian ). . . D 1 .629 1 .631 1 .638 Mülheims
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF GLASS

RELATIVE TO AIR
Wave length in microns.

Variety .
. 361 . 434 . 486 1 C.; V
589
.656 . 768 1 . 20 2 . 00
Zinc crown . . . . 1 . 539 1 . 528 1 . 523 1 . 517 1 . 514 1 . 511 1 . 505 1 . 497
Higher dispersion crown 1 .546 1 . 533 1 . 5271. 520 1 . 5171.514 1 . 507 1 . 497
Light flint . . . . . . . . . 1 . 614 1 . 594 1 . 585 1 . 575 1 . 571 1 . 567 1 . 559 1 . 549
Heavy flint . . . . . . . . 1 . 705 1 . 675 1 . 664 1 . 650 1 . 644 1 .638 1 .628 1 .617
Ileaviest flint. . . . . . 1 . 945 1 . 919 1 . 890 1 . 879 1 . 867 1 . 848 1 . 832
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF ROCK SALT, SILVINE ,

CALCITE , FLUORITE AND QUARTZ
(Compiled from data of Martens, Paschen , and others.)
Calcspar, Quartz ,
Fluorite Calcspar,
ordinary
Quartz ,
Wave Rock Silvine , extraor ord extraor
dinary inary
length . salt. KCI. ' dinary
ray. ray. ray .
ray.
0 . 185 1 . 893 11. 827 1 . 676 1 . 690

0 . 198 1 . 496 1 . 578 1 .651 1 . 664
0 . 340 1 . 701 1 . 506 1 . 567 1 1 . 577
0 . 589 1 . 544 1 . 490 1 . 434 1 . 658 1 . 486 1 . 544 1 . 553
0 . 760 1 . 131 1 .650 1 . 483 1 .539 1 . 548
0 . 884 1 . 534 1481 1 . 430
1 . 179 1 . 530 1 . 178 1 .428
1 . 229 . . . . . 1 .639 1 . 479
2 . 324 1 . 474 1 . 516
2 . 357 | 1 .526 1 . 475 1 . 421
3 . 536 1 . 523 1 . 473 1 . 111
5 . 893 1 . 516 1 169 1 . 387
8 . 810 11. 502 1 401 1 . 331
172
INDEX OF REFRACTION , LIQUIDS
Index of refrection for

Temp. spectrum lines . '
Substance . Observer .
°C.
C D F | H
Acetone . . . 1 . 363 1 . 365 1 . 369 Korten
Almond oil . 0 1 . 476 1 .478 1 . 485 Olds
Anilin . . . . . . 20 . 1 . 599 1 . 586 1 . 604 Weegman
Aniseed oil . . . 21. 4 1 . 541 1 . 548 1 . 565 Willigen
Aniseed oil . . . 15 . 1 1 . 5511. 5571. 574 1 .608 Baden Powell
Benzene. . . . . . 10 11 . 498 1 . 503 1 .515 / 1 . 536 Gladstone
Benzene . . . . . . . 21 . 5 1 .493 1 . 4981.510 | 1 .530 Gladstone
Bitter almond oil. . . 20 1 .539 . . . 1 . 562 Landolt
Bromnaphthalin . . . . 20 1 . 650 1 . 658 1 . 6821. 729 Walter
Carbon disulphide . . 0 1 .634 1 . 6431. 6691. 718 ] Ketteler
Carbon disulphide . . 20 1 .6181.628 1 . 652 1 . 699 Ketteler
Carbon disulphide . . 10 1 . 625 1 . 634 1 . 659 1 . 708 Gladstone
Carbon disulphide . . 1 . 619 1 .628 1 .635 1 . 701 Dufet
( 'assia oil. . . . . 10 1 . 601 1 .610 1 .639 1 . 7041 Baden Powell
Cassia oil. . . 22 . 5 11 .593 1 . 603 / 1 .6311.699 Baden Powell
Cedar oil . . . . 22 1 . 5151 . Texier
Chinolin . . . . . . 20 1 . 609 1 .6171 .636 . Gladstone
Chloroform . 10 1 . 447 1 . 449 1 . 456 1 . 461 Gladstone & Dale
Chloroform . . . . 30 .. . 1 . 4401 . 1 . 4561 Gladstone & Dale
Chloroform .
Cinnamon oil .
20
23 . 5
1 . 444 1 . 4461. 453 Lore
416 1:453 ... Wil
1 . 608 1 . 619 1 . 651
nz
ligen
Ether . . . . . . . . 15 1 . 355 1 . 357 1 . 361 1 . 368 Gladstone & Dale
Ether . . . . . 15 1 . 357 1 . 359 1 . 364 1 . 371 Kundt
Ethyl alcohol . . . 0 1 . 368 1 . 369 1 . 374 Korten
Ethyl alcohol . . 10 1 . 364 1 . 3651. 370 . Korten
Ethyl alcohol . . . 20 1 . 360 1 . 361 1 . 366 Korten
Ethyl alcohol. 15 1 . 362 1 . 364 1 . 3681, Gladstone & Dale
Glycerine. . 20 ... 1 . 478 Landolt
Methyl alcohol.. . 1. 331 1 . 3331. 3361. 342 Baden Powell
Olive oil.. 0 1 . 474 1 . 476 1 . 483 Olds
..
Rock oil . . . . . 0 1 . 435 1 . 4571. 464 Olds
..
Turpentine oil . . . 10 . 6 1 . 472 1 . 474 1 . 481 1 . 494 Frauenhofer
Turpentine oil . . . 20 . 7 1 . 469 1 . 472 1 . 479 1 .491 Willigen
ngen
Toluene . . 20
1 . 491 1 . 496 1 . 507 7 Bru
W ater. . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1 . 3311. 333 / 1 . 337 1 . 344 Means
DISPERSION
The dispersion for various types of optical glass is shown in the following
table . nd = index of refraction for the D line (of the solar spectrum ) and
ng and nc the index for the F and C lines respectively (np - nd) shows the
dispersion for these two wave lengths.
Glass. пр (np - nc)

Light phosphate crown. . . . 1 . 5159 . 00737
Barium - silicate crown. . . . . . 1 .5399 .00909
High -dispersion crown . . . . 1 . 5262 .01026
Borate flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5686 .01102
Extra light flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5398 .01142
Heavy flint . . . . . . 1 . 7174 . 02434
Heaviest flint. . . . . . . 1 . 9626 .04882
173
INDEX OF REFRACTION, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Index for
Substance. Density. Temp. °C . X = .5893 Observer.
( Na )
Ammonium chloride . 1 . 067 27 . 05 1 . 379 Willigen

Ammonium chloride . 1 . 025 29 . 75 1 . 351 Willigen
Calcium chloride . . . . 1 . 398 25 . 65 1 .443 Willigen
Calcium chloride . . . . 1 . 215 22 . 9 1 . 397 Willigen
Calcium chloride . . 1 . 143 25 . 8 1 . 374 Willigen
Hydrochloric acid . . . 1 . 166 20 . 75 1 . 411 Willigen
Nitric acid . . . . . . . . 1 . 359 18 . 75 1 . 402 Willigen
Potash (caustic ). . . . . 1 . 416 11 . 0 1 . 403 Frauenhofer
Potassium chloride. . . Normal solution 1 . 343 Bender
Potassium chloride. . . Double normal 1 . 352 Bender
Potassium chloride. . . Triple normal 1 . 360 Bender
Soda (caustic ) . . . . . 1 . 376 21 . 6 1 .413 Willigen
Sodium chloride . . . 1 . 189 18 . 07 1 . 378 Schutt
Sodium chloride . 1 . 109 18 . 07 1 . 360 Schutt
Sodium chloride. . . 1 . 035 18 . 07 1 . 342 Schutt
Sodium nitrate . 1 . 353 22 . 8 1 . 385 Willigen
Sulphuric acid . . . 1 . 811 18 . 3 1 .437 Willigen
Sulphuric acid . . 1 . 632 18 . 3 1 .425 Willigen
Sulphuric acid . . . . 1 . 221 18 . 3 1 . 370 Willigen
Sulphuric acid . . . . . 1 .028 18 . 3 1 . 339 Willigen
Zinc chloride. . . . . 1 . 359 26 . 6 1 . 402 Willigen
Zinc chloride. . . . 1 . 209 26 . 4 1 . 375 Willigen
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF METALS

For Sodiun Light
(Drude.)
Index of Index of
Metal. refraction . Metal. refraction ,
Aluminum . . . . . 1 . 44 Mercury . . . . . 1 . 73
Antimony . . . . . 3 . 04 Nickel. . . . . . . . 1 . 79
Bismuth . . . . . . 1 . 90 Platinum . . . . . . 2 . 06
Cadmium . . . 1 . 13 Silver 0 . 181
Copper. . . . . 0 . 641 Steel . 2 . 41
Gold . . . . . . . 0 . 366 Tin , solid . .. 1 . 48
Iron . . . . . . . . . 2 36 Tin , fluid . . .. . 2 . 10
Lead . . . . . . . . . 2 . 01 Zinc. . . . . . . .. .. 2 . 12
Magnesium . . . 0 . 37
DIFFUSED REFLECTION (ALBEDO )

Ratio of total quantity of light reflected by a surface to the total incident
light.
White pinewood . . . . . 0 .40 Blotting paper, white. 0 .70 - .80

Paper, ordinary white .60 - .70 blue . . . . . . . . . . 25
Black velvet. . . . . . . . 1 004 1 yellow . . . . 40
Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earth , moist . . . . . . . . , 08
174
INDEX OF REFRACTION, GASES 1
Values are relative to a vacuum and for a temp. of 0° C . and 760 mm .
pressure .
sagessei
Kind of
Substance . light. Indices of refraction . Observer.
Acetone . . . . . . . . . D 1 . 001079 - 1 . 001100
Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 1 . 0002926 Perreau
Ammonia . white 1 . 000381 - 1 . 000385
Ammonia 1 . 000373 - 1 . 000379
Argon . . . . . . 1 . 000281
Benzene . . . . 1 . 001700 - 1 . 001823
Rayleigh
Bromine . . . . 1 . 001132 Mascart
Carbon dioxide . . white 1 . 000449 - 1 . 000450
dioxide. . . . . 1 . 000448 - 1 . 000454
disulphide . . . . . white 1 . 001500 Dulong
disulphide . . . . . D . 1 . 001478 - 1 . 001485
. . monoxide. . . . . . . white 1 . 000340 Dulong
monoxide. . white 1 . 000335 Mascart
Chlorine . . . . . . . white 1 . 000772 Dulong
Chlorine . . . . . . 1 . 000773 Mascart
Chloroform . . . . 1 . 001436 - 1 . 001464
Cyanogen . white 1 . 000834 Dulong
Cyanogen . . . . . 1 . 000784 - 1 . 000825
Ethyl alcohol. . 1 . 000871 - 1 . 000885
ether. . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 001521 - 1 . 001544
Helium . . . . . . . . 1 . 000036 Ramsay
Hydrochloric acid . . white 1 . 000449 Mascart
Hydrochloric acid . . D 1 . 000447 Mascart
Hydrogen . white 1 . 000138 - 1 . 000143
Hydrogen . . . . 1 . 000132 Burton
sulphide. . 1 . 000644 Dulong
sulphide. . . . . . . . 1 . 000623 Mascart
Methane . . . . . . . . . white 1 . 000443 Dulong
Methane . 1 . 000444 Mascart
Methyl alcohol. . 1 . 000549- 1 . 000623
Methyl ether . . . . 1 . 000891 Mascart
Nitric oxide . . . . white 1 1 . 000303 Dulong
Nitric oxide. . . D 1 . 000297 Mascart
Nitrogen . . . . . . . white 1 . 000295 - 1 . 000300
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . D 1 . 000296 - 1 . 000298
Nitrous oxide . . . . . white 1 . 000503 - 1 . 000507
Nitrous oxide . . . . . D 1 . 000516 Mascart
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . white 1 . 000272 - 1 . 000280
Oxygen . . . . . . . . D 1 . 000271- 1 .000272
Pentane . . . . . . . D 1 . 001711 Mascart
Sulphur dioxide . . . white 1 . 000665 Dulong
Sulphur dioxide . . . D 1 . 000686 Ketteler
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . white 1 . 000261 Jamin
Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 1 . 000249 - 1 . 000259
COEFFICIENT OF TRANSPARENCY OF UVIOL GLASS

FOR THE ULTRA - VIOLET
For a thickness of 1 mm .
Wave length , mi
crons . . . . . . . . . . 10 . 2800. 309 0 . 325 0 . 346 0 . 361 0 . 3830. 397
Uviol crown . . . . . . 0 .56 0 .95 0 .990 0 .996 0 .999 1.000 1 .000
175
REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY GLASS IN AIR

The table gives the per cent of the incident light which is reflected from
the surface of glass in air assuming an index of refraction of 1 . 55 ; i repre
sents the angle of incidence and R the per cent of light reflected .
(Computed according to Fresnel's formula , see page 223.)
,
R R
4 .65
4 .65 35° 4 . 98 12 .91
4 .66 5 . 26 18 . 00
4 . 66 5 . 73 26 . 19
4 .68 6 . 50 39 .54
4 .73 74 X
61 .77
4 .82 9 .73 90 100 .
REFLECTION BY TRANSPARENT MEDIA IN AIR

FOR NORMAL INCIDENCE
The table gives the per cent of the normally incident light which is re
flected by transparent media of various indices of refraction . n = index
of refraction , R = reflected light, i = angle of incidence = 0.
(Computed from Fresnel's formula.)

vosorit
• R
1 .0
Gerincs
0 . 00 6 . 72 17 . 0
.‫ܒ‬f m - l
1. 1 0 . 23 8 . 16 18 . 4
1.2 0 . 83 9 .63 19 . 8
1 . 70 11 . 11 21 . 1
‫ܒܝܘܪ‬
2 .78 12 .6 22 . 5
4 . 00 14 . 1 23 . 8
5 . 33 15 . 5 25 . 0
COEFFICIENT OF TRANSPARENCY OF GLASS FOR THE

INFRA -RED
Normal incidence, thickness 1 cm .
Wave length , microns.. . . 0 . 7 | 1. 1 1.7 2. 3 2 .7 3. 1
Crown, borate . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 00 . 55 . 21 .025 .04

borosilicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 . 33 . 034 . 021
Flint, light . . . . . . . 1 .00 . 91 . 82 .45 : 083 .019
heavy . . . . . . . . . 1 . 00 1 . 00 1 . 00 1 . 00 .45 . 019
176
REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY METALS

The table gives the per cent of normally incident light which is relected
by the polished surface of various metals .
Mer
Magna- Mag
Wave Anti Bronze Copper,
(68Cu , commer -
Gold ,
electro lium , cury,
ne backed
length . mony . 68Sn ). cial. lytic . Mach ' s . sium .
glass .
251 30 25 . 9 38 . 8 67 . 0
. 288 24 . 3 34 . 0 70 . 6
. 305 25 . 3 31. 8 72 . 2
. 326 24 . 9 28 . 6 75 . 5
. 357 27 . 3 27 . 9 81 . 2
296 27 . 1
. 385 83 . 9
. 420 2 . 7 29 . 3 83 . 3
.450 37 . 0 33 . 1 .GT 83 . 4 72 . 8
.500 43 . 7 47 . 0 83 . 3 70 . 9
. 550 47 . 7 74 . 9 82 . 7 71. 2
. 600 71. 8 84 . 4 83 . 0 69 . 9
650 80 . 0 88 . 9 82. 7 71. 5
21:
700 83 . 1 92 . 3 83 . 3 72 . 8
800 88 . 6 94 . 9 84 . 3
1 . 00 90 . 1 84 . 1
2 .0 . 80 95 . 5 96 . 8 86 . 7
97 . 1 87 . 4
.
. 88 97 . 3 96 . 9 . 89 88 . 7
. 93 98 . 4 98 . 0 . 94 90 . 6 l . 93
Silver,
Plati chemi Silver Specu
Wave Nickel, num , Tung
electro cally backed lum Steel.
length . electro sten .
lytic. depos glass. metal.
lytic. ited .
. 251 37 . 8 33 . 8 34 . 1 29 . 9 32 . 9
. 288 42 . 7 38 . 8 21 . 2 37 . 7 35 . 0
. 305 44 . 2 39 . 8 9.1 41 . 7 37 . 2
. 326 45 . 2 41. 4 14 . 6 40 . 3
. 357 48 . 8 43 . 4 74 . 5 51.09 45 . 0
. 385 49 . 6 45 . 4 81 . 4 53 . 1 47 . 8
. 420 56 . 6 51. 8 86 . 6 56 . 4 51. 9
. 450 59 . 4 54 . 7 90 . 5 85 . 7 60 . 0 54 . 4
. 500 60 . 8 58 . 4 91. 3 86 . 6 63 . 2 54 . 8 . 49
. 550 62 . 6 61. 1 92 . 7 88 . 2 64 . 0 54 . 9
. 600 64 . 9 64 . 2 92 . 6 88 . 1 64 . 3 55 . 4 . 51
. 650 66 . 6 66 . 5 94 . 7 89 . 1 65 . 4 56 . 4
. 700 68 . 8 69 .0 95 . 4 89 . 6 66 . 8 57 . 6 .54
. 800 69 . 6 70 . 3 96 . 8 58 . 0
1 . 00 72 . 0 72 . 9 97 . 0 70 . 5 63 . 1 . 62
2.0 83 . 5 80 . 6 97 . 8 80 . 4 76 . 7 . 85
3. 0 88 . 7 88 . 8 98 . 1 86 . 2 83 . 0 . 90
4 .0 91 . 1 91. 5 98 . 5 88 . 5 87 . 8 . 93
9 .0 95 . 6 95 . 4 98 . 7 92 . 2 92 . 9 95
177
TRANSMISSIBILITY FOR RADIATIONS

Ratio of the transmitted light to the incident light for a definite thickness
of the substance , usually 1 cm .
GLASS.
Glass in general is opaque to the ultra -violet and infra - red . Uviol glass
is transparent to the longer radiations of the ultra - violet.
efficient of transparency of glass for visible and ultra -violet radiations.
Normal incidence, thickness 1 cm .

Wave length
. . . 0 . 309 0 . 330 0 . 347 0 . 357 0 . 361 0 . 375 0 . 384 0 . 388 0 . 396
Crown , ordinary . . . 947
Crown, borosili
0 . 979
cate . . ... . . . . . . 0 .08 0 .65 0 . 88 0 . 95 1 ... 0 . 972 0 . 975 0 . 986
Flint, ordinary . . . 0 . 904
Flint, heavy . . . . . 0 .01 0 . 16 . . . 10 : 58
Normal incidence , thickness 1 cm .

Wave length ,
microns. . .. . . .10 .400 0 .415 0 .419 0 .425 0 .434 0 .455 0 .500 0 . 580 0.677
Crown, ordinary .. 0 . 964 . . . 0 .952 . .. 0 . 960 0 .981 . . . 0 .986 0 . 990
Crown , borosili
cate . . . . . . . . . .
.. . 0 . 985 . . . 0 .993 . . . | 0 . 993
Flint, ordinary . .. ... 0 . 959 1 . 00
Flint, heavy . . . . . . . . 0 . 905
See also pp. 175 and 176 .
QUARTZ
Quartz is very transparent to the ultra -violet and to the visible
spectrum , but opaque for the infra -red beyond 7 . 04 .
( PAüger.)
Wave length , microns.. . . .... . .. . 0 . 19 0 .20 0 . 21 0 .22

Transmission for 1 mm .. . . . . . . . . .67 .84 . 92 . 94
FLUORITE
Fluorite is very transparent to the ultra -violet, nearly to
0 . 10u . Coefficient of transparency at 1 = 186 is found by
Pflüger to be 0 . 80 .
For the infra- red the values are given in a table below .
178
TRANSMISSIBILITY FOR RADIATIONS (Continued )

Rock SALT AND SYLVINE AND FLUORITE
TRANSPARENCY FOR THE INFRA -RED .
Thickness 1 cm .
cocoase
Wave length ,
microns . Rock salt. Sylvine KCI. Fluorite.
. 844
0 . 005
995 1 . 000 . 543
.995 . 988 . 164
. 993 . 995 .010
. 931 . 975 .000
. 661 . 936
.275 . 862
19 . . 096 .758
20 . 7 . 006 . 585
23 . 7 .000 . 155
PHOSPHORESENCE BY CATHODE RAYS

SUBSTANCES LUMINOUS UNDER EXCITATION BY CATHODE RAYS .
Substance Wave lengths of principalbands in microns.

(with calcium oxide). (Urbain , 1909.)
Dysprosium oxide . . . . . ... 0 . 480 , 0 . 489 , 0 . 585 , 0 .675

Europium oxide . . . . . . . 0 .416 - 0 .426 , 0 . 469
Europium oxide. . . . . . . . 0 . 589 - 0 . 593 , 0 . 613 , 0 .625
Neodymium oxide. . . . . . . 0 . 392 , 0 . 419 - 0 .429, 0 . 458
Praesodymium oxide. . . . . . 0 .488, 0 .604, 0 .606 , 0 .626 , 0 .634
Wave
One part. 100 parts. . length . Color. Observer.
Antimony oxide . . calcium oxide | 0 .560 yellow Bruninghaus, 1910
Antimony trisul
phide . . . . . . . . . calcium sulphide 0 . 569 yellow Bruninghaus , 1910
Bismuth oxide . . . calcium oxide 0 .522 blue Bruninghaus, 1910
Bismuth sulphate , calcium sulphate 0 . 640 red Bruninghaus, 1910
Manganous car
bonate . . . . . . . . magnesium car
bonate 0 . 620 red Bruninghaus. 1910
oxide. . . . . . . . . calcium oxide 0 . 589 yellow Lecoq & Boisbaudran ,
1886
phosphate. . . . . calcium phosphate
Ca3 (PO4) 2 0 .633 red Bruninghaus, 1910
sulphate.. . . . . . calcium sulphate 0 . 540 green Lecoq & Boisbaudran ,
1886
sulphide.. . . . .. calcium sulphide 0 .589 yellow Bruninghaus, 1910
179
FLUORESCENCE OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN

SOLUTION
EXCITATION BY WHITE LIGHT.
Wave
Substance . Solvent. length Observer.
microns.
10 . 400
Anthracene . . . . alcohol 0 .430 Stark & Meyer, 1907
10 .436
Eosine. . . alcohol or 0.589 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
water
Esculine . . . . alcohol 0 . 460 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
Fluorescein . . . . . . water (al 0 . 542 Nichols & Merritt , 1907
kaline )
Naphthalin , red . . alcohol 0 .632 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
Quinine sulphate . water 0 .437 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
Resorcin blue . . . . water 0 .65 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
Rhodamin . . . . . . . water 0 . 554 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
FLUORESCENCE
GASES AND VAPORS.
Gas or
Color or wave
Condition . Excitation . l length of emitted Observer
vapor .
light.
Iodine . . . Vapor at or- Mercury arc Strongest bands
dinary tem - = .516u = .5460u, .5774u
perature . 5730 , .5796 . Wood , 1911
Mercury . Vapor at or - Spark between Broad band
dinary tem aluminum = .5900 - 3000 Wood, 1909
perature | electrodes
Oxygen . . .......... Vercury arc in Strongest lines
quartz tube . = .1849, . 1851
(ultra - violet ) Streubing, 1910
Potassium Vapor, 300° - White light Many strong lines
| 400° C . from .6416
.6768, strongest Wood & Carter,
.6544 and .6584 1908
Rubidium Vapor, at White light Strong red band
| 270° C . ( elec. arc ) = .6900 - 6620 . Dunoyer, 1912
Sodium . . Vapor at White light D , X = .5893
350° C . (elec, arc) (mean ) Dunoyer, 1912
180
HANDBOOK OF CĦEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
SPECIFIC ROTATION
The tables give the specific rotation in degrees for one decimeter; + sig .
nifies right-handed rotation , - left. Rotation is for sodium light.
LIQUIDS
Specific
Liquid . Тетр. Rotation .
Degrees.
Observer.
Amylalcohol. . . - 5.7 Le Bel

Camphor. . . . . 204 + 70 . 33 Gernez
Cedar oil. . . . . 15 - 30 to – 40
Citron oil.. . 15 + 62
Menthol. . . . 35 . 2 -- 49 . 7 Paterson & Taylor
Nicotine. . . . 22. 7 + 150 . 0 Molby
Oil of turpentine. . . 15 | – 20 to - 40
SOLUTIONS
Giving the rotation for one decimeter, for one gram of active substance
in one cubic centimeter of solution .
Temp . Observer .
Active substance. Solvent. | Spec. rot.
Albumen , egg . . . water - 25 to - 38

Camphor. ether Darmois , 1910
Dextrose (B ) . . . water + 52 . 5 Tanret, 1896
Glucose ( $ ) . . . . . water + 51 . 4
Lactose . . . . . . . . water 56 .
Maltose . . . . . . . . water + 136 . 9
Quinine sulphate alcohol - 57 . 5 Oudemans, 1876
Sugar cane . . . . . water 66 . 5
Tartaric acid .. . . water + 13. 44 Wendel, 1898
Solids
(Rotation per millimeter.)
Substance . Rotation . Substance . Rotation .

Cinnabar (HgS ) . . . . . 32. 5 Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . 7
Lead hyposulphate . 5 .5 Sodium bromate . .. 2. 8
Potassium " 8. 4 Sodium chlorate . . . 3 . 13
181
MAGNETO OPTIC ROTATION
a
Verdet' s Constant: P
tH cos 0
The specific power of magnetic rotation p, is expressed in the above
formula , where a is the total angle of rotation in minutes, t the thickness
of the substance in centimeters, H the magnetic field intensity in gausses
and o the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the path
of light.
SOLIDS
For sodium light.
(Values from the Smithsonian Tables. )
Temp . Verdet ' s

Substance . o C .
Constant, Observer.
Minutes.
Amber . . . . . . 18 - 20 0 . 0095 Quincke

Blende . . . . 15 0 . 2234 Becquerel
5
Diamond . . . . 0 .0127 Becquerel
Fluorspar .. . . 15 0 .0087 Becquerel
Glass , crown . . 15 0 .0203 Becquerel
Aint . . . 18 - 20 0 .0420 Quincke
flint, dense . . ... . . . . . 15 0 . 0647 Becquerel
Quartz ( 1 to asis ) . . . . 18 - 20 0 . 0172 Quincke
Rock salt. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 .0355 | Becquerel
Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 0 . 4625 Becquerel
Sylvine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : : : : 15 1 0 . 0283 | Becquerel
LIQUIDS
For sodium light.
Verdet' s
Substance . Density Temp.
C . Constant, Observer .
g / cm . 3 minutes.
Acetone . . . . . . 0 . 7947 20 0 .0113 Jahn

Acids:(see also solutions
in water) acetic . 1 . 0561 21 0 .0105 Perkin
hydrochloric . . . . . . . 1 . 2072 15 0 . 0224 Perkin
hydrobromic . . . . 1 . 7859 15 . 0 . 0343 Perkin
nitric . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .5190 13 0 .0070 Perkin
sulphuric . . . . 15 0 . 0121 Becquerel
sulphurous. . . . . 15 0 . 0153 Becquerel
Alcohols : amyl. . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 . 0131 Becquerel
ethyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 7929 18 - 20 0 . 0107 Quincke
methyl. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 7915 18 - 20 0 . 0094 Quincke
Benzine . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 8796 20 0 .0297 Jahn
Carbon disulphide . . . . 1 . 2644 | 18 - 20 0 . 0441 Quincke
Chloroform . . . . 1. 4 20 0 .0164 Jahn
Phosphorus (melted ) . . 33 0 . 1316 Becquerel
Sulphur (melted ) . . . . 114 0 .0803 Becquerel
Toluene . . . . 28 . 4 0 .0269 Becquerel
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 - 20 0 .0130 Schönrock
Xvlene. . . . . . 15 0 . 0221 Becquerel
Zinc bichloride 15 0 .0137 Becquerel
182
MAGNETO OPTIC ROTATION (Continued)
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
For sodium light.
Temp . Verdet' s
Salt . Density , constant, Observer .
g ! cm3. minutes.
Acids: hydrochloric . . . 1 . 1856 0 .0219 Perkin

hydrochloric . . . . . . . 1 . 1279 0 .0193 Perkin
hydrochloric . . . . . . . 1 .0323 0 . 0150 Jahn
nitric . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3560 0 .0105 Perkin
Ammonia . . 0 . 8918 0 . 0153 Perkin
Bromides : barium . . . . 1 . 5399 0 . 0215 Jahn
potassium . . 1 . 1424 0 .0163 Jahn
sodium . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1351 0 .0165 Jahn
Carbonate of potas
sium .. . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1960 0 .0140 Jahn
Carbonate of sodium . . 1 . 1006 0 .0140 Jahn
Chlorides : barium . . . 1 . 2897 0 .0168 Jahn
cadmium . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3179 0 . 0185 Jahn
calcium . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1504 0 .0165 Jahn
iron (ferrous) . 1 . 4331 0 . 0025 Becquerel
iron (ferric) . . 1 .6933 - 0 . 2026 Becquerel
lithium . . . . . 1 . 0619 0 .0145 Jahn
mercury . . . . . 1 .0381 0 . 0137 Schönrock
potassium . . . 1 .6000 0 . 0163 Becquerel
sodium . . . . . . . 1 . 2051 0 . 0180 Becquerel
zinc. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 2851 0 . 0196 Verdet
Bichromate of potas
sium . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .0786 0 .0126 Verdet
Iodides : potassium . . . 1 .6743 0 .0338 Becquerel
Sulphates : barium . . . . 1 . 1788 20 0 .0134 Jahn
potassium . . . . . . . . . 1 . 0475 0 . 0133 Jahn
sodium .. . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 0661 0 .0135 Jahn
GASES
For sodium light.
Verdet' s
Substance . Pressure. Temp. constant, Observer .
minutes.
Atmospheric air . . . . atmos. ordinary | 6 .83 x 10 - 6 Becquerel

Carbon dioxide. . . . . atmos. ordinary 13 . 00 Becquerel
Carbon disulphide. . 74 cms. 70° 23 . 49 Bichat
Ethylene . . . atmos. ordinary 34 . 48 Becquerel
Nitroge atmos. ordinary | 6 . 92 Becquerel
Nitrous oxide . . . . . . atmos. ordinary 16 . 90 Becquerel
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . atmos. ordinary 6 . 28 Becquerel
Sulphur dioxide . . . . atmos. ordinary 31. 39 Becquerel
Sulphur dioxide . . . . 246 cms 20° 38 . 40 Bichat
183
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES
a RAYS
The a rays are thought to be positively charged particles,
moving with a high velocity . They are only slightly deviable
by a strong magnetic or electric field and have small penetrating
power. The initial velocity has been found to be about 2 X 109
cms. / s . The mass of each particle is 6 . 2 X 10 – 24 g . (Rutherford
and Geiger, 1910 . ) The charge carried by each , as measured by
the same authors, is 9.3x10 - 10 electro static units.
B RAYS
The B rays are similar to the cathode rays produced by an
electric discharge in a vacuum tube. They are judged to be
negatively charged particles moving with high velocity . They
are much more penetrating than the a rays, and are strongly
deviated by a magnetic or electric field . The velocity of the
moving particle is in the neighborhood of that of light, about
2X1010 cm . / s . The charge on each particle is approximately
4 . 7 X 10 - 10 electro static units .
y RAYS
The y rays are similar to the X rays and are not deviable
by magnetic or electric fields. They are more penetrating than
either the a or B rays, and are considered to be of the nature
of wave pulses in the ether .
RÖNTGEN RAYS
SCALE OF HARDNESS
The “ radiochrometer ” of Benoist consists of a disk of silver
0 .11 mm . thick , which is surrounded by 12 sectors of aluminum
ranging in thickness from 1 to 12 millimeters. The sector
which shows the same absorption as the central disk gives the
degree of hardness according to Benoist. The relation of this
to other scales is shown below .
Benoist .. . . . . . . . . ...
. . .. . . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wehnelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 8 2- 5 6 .5 7.5 8 9 10 - 11
Walter . . 2. 0 - 3 4 -5 5 -6 6 6 -7 7 7 -8
The absorption of rays is very nearly proportional to the
mass of substance penetrated .
181
SUBSTANCES
RADIOACTIVE
.IAlist
products
transformati
and
substances
radioactive
recognized
fully
the
,eof
series
each
is
product
nach
ishe
.T
preceding
substance
the
from
1obtained
also
gives
(2)table
emitted
rays
t
period
,transformati
he
hat
he
:ict
prod
active
half
for
taken
time
(3)the
and
change
undergo
to
,t
constant
radioactive
active
of
proportion
he
he
.
second
each
change
undergoes
which
matter
.
Substance ,etc
.Properties Transformation Radioactive
.
Rays . iod
per .constant
I.l'ranium ,238
weight
.5Atomic .5X109
yrs
IIanium
.['r .(?)2X106
yrs
. . . . . . . . Chemically
X.
Uranium separated
uranium
.from days
18 -73.X10
.
Ionium .(?)25X105
yrs
.
Radium ,from
barium
to
similar
Metal
is
it
which
of
crystallization
fractional
by
separated
.Atomic
chloride
or
bromide
the
weight
226
.5 a,B .
yrs
1750 –1.3X110
.
radium
from
Emanation high
of
gas
Inert
weigh
given
molecular
t
.
salts
radium
by
off a
3.8days -62.1x10
A.
Radium Deposited
exposed
bodies
of
surface
the
on
,concentrated
emanation
to
the
on
cathode
an
in
field
Velectric
. olatile
at
C.
900°
to
800
about 3minutes –3.85
X10
B.
Radium 600
to
at
vradium
Origin
A,as
ofolatile
C.
700° minutes
19 -4.33
X10
C.
Radium A,volatile
radium
of
as
ahOrigin
at
igher
B.
radium
than
temperature minutes
14 -45.9X10
C.Radium 1 inute
m
D.
Radium 1000°
vbelow
olatile
Soluble
,C.in
acids y16
.5 rs -91.3X10
E.
Radium -volatile
C.Non
1000°
at . . . . . . . . : :
4days 6-1.X10
F.
Radium acid
an
from
bismuth
or
silver
on
Deposited
Isolution
ndentical
with
.polonium days
136 X
8–.75 10
RADIO ACTIV
ANCES
ontinue
)(CSUBST d E
etransform
lproducts
recognize
radioacti
substance
of
fully
,Iand
theseries
each
is
.ist
nach
Aproduct ve
dsat
period
t ishe
transform
obtained
substanc
preceding
T(2)1gives
the
.from hat
emitted
,rays
table
also he eat
radioacti
constant
active
the
active
change
to
,a
proportio
of
taken
time
the nd
product
half
for
(3)undergo ve
n
second
each
change
.
which
matter
undergoe s
,e.Propertie .
Rays Transformation Radioactive
.Substance tc s . iod
per .Constant
.Actinum rays
No
HANDBOOK
.Radioactinum B,a 5d
.•19ays X -7.04 10
XActinum da
10 ys 7-.6 10
X
of
Emanation
.actinum radium
similar
properties
of
those
to
Gas
.emanation .9s
3 econds .17
AActinum 0.002
second .350
B
Actinum the
with
correspo
mem s
Analogounding minutes
36 3X
.0-4 10
CActinum of
bers
radium
the
group 1minute 3X
–5.4 10
Actinum
D By 4.7minutes 3X
-2. 10
Tho
. rium weight
.,2Atomic
32 2X1010
years
1.tho
Mesriuom rays
No 4years
2.tho
Mesriu
o m B,v h
4.5 ours
Rad
tho io m
. riu 2years
Tho )?(b,a d
3.6 ays X
2. 10
..X rium
Emanatio
of
.thorium n seconds
38 X10
1.31
OF CHEMISTRY AND
.orium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AThorium .14
second
BThorium corresponding
Analogous
members
of
to 11
hours X
1.8 10
CThorium actinum
the
radium
and
groups minutes
55 4-2.1X10
D
Thorium B,y 3.1minutes 3X
-.7 10
yes á
Pot
. assium weight
9
.1,3Atomic
Rub
PHYSICS
.. idium weight
5
.1,8Atomic
re
from
compiled
above
Debierne
Rutherford
vby
:Talues
Note
are
data
,Cresults
.given
and
urie
he The
others
figures
approximate
only
considered
be
.can
DECLINATION OF THE SUN AND EQUATION OF TIME
Decli Diff. Equation Decli- | Diff . Equation
Bwerder
Date . nation . | 1 day . of time. Date . nation . 1 day . of time.
o
m S
S
Jan . - 23 .1 0 . 11 + 3 15 + 22 . 4 0 . 15 49
19
! ! ! ! !
- 22 . 0 10. 18 + 20 . 9 0 . 21
+ + + + +
12 29 0 . 26 13
20 . 2 0 . 25 + 18 . 8
AONA
3
ONAO
17 . 7 0 . 30 8 + 16 . 2 0 . 30 27
Feb . 14 . 7 | 0 . 34 + 13 . 2 0 . 34 44
WWN
11 . 3 o 37 9.8 0 . 36
Door
15
0 . 38
7.6 0 . 39
+ + ! ! !
Mar .
+ ! ! ! !
1 96
3. 8 0 . 39
il+.
0 . 2 23 27
4
0 . 38
4 . 1 0 . 38
-
2
Apr. + 7. 9 0 . 35 17 - 9. 2 0 . 35
+ 11 . 4 0 . 33 27 12 . 7 0 . 32
+ 14 . 7 0 . 29 0 . 26
! ! ! !
May + 17 . 6 0 . 23 18 . 7 0 . 22
+ 19 . 9 0 . 18 20 . 9 10 . 16
+ 21. 7 0 . 12 49 || Dec. 6 - 22. 5 0 .08 - 8 54

June + 22 . 9 0 . 05 11 16 23 . 3 0 . 01 - 4 17
+ 23 . 4 0 . 01 55 | 26 - 23 . 4 0 . 08 1. + 0 41
+ 23 . 3 0 . 09 2 || Jan . 5 - 22 . 6 5 34
VODOTTOTTACNO
MEAN PLACES OF STARS

Jan . 0 , 1913
(Ephemeris , 1913. )
Name of star. Right Ascen . Annual

A Var. Declination. Annual
Var.
o
hm S
a Andromeda (Alpheratz ) . 0 3 53 . 3 + 3 . 10 + 28 36 36 . 5 + 19 . 88
a Ursæ Min . (Polaris) . . . . 1 28 19 . 0 + 28 . 06 + 88 50 29 . 4 + 18 . 58
a Arietis . 2 2 15 . 9 + 3 . 38 + 233 5 .6 + 17 . 12
aa Persei. . .
Persei. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 3 + 4 . 27 | + 49 33 8 .6 + 12 . 98
a Tauri ( Aldebaran ) . . 30 55 .6 3 . 44 6 .7 7 . 41
a Aurigæ (Capella ) . . . . 10 15 . 6 + 4 . 43 # 45 54 38 . 2 + 3 . 89
II+
B Orionis (Rigel) . . . . . 5 100 21. 4 2 . 88 - 8 18 5.0 + 4 . 31

€ Orionis . . . . . . . . . 5 31 47 . 9 - 1 15 24 . 0 + 2 . 46
Aurigæ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 53 8. 9 4 . 40 + 44 56 1. 9 + 0 . 59
B Canis Majoris . . . 18 52 . 1 2 .61 - 43. 1 – 1 .65
ou8
Canis Majoris (Sirius) . . . 6 41 18 . 9 2 .64 35 46 . 21 4 . 80

€ Canis Majoris . 55 12 . 4 2 . 36 51 11. 0 4 .78
a Can . Min . (Procyon ) . . 34 44 . 9 3 . 14 54 . 8 -- 9 .09
a Hydræ . . . . . . . 9 23 18 . 8 2 . 95 16 51 . 4 - 15 . 51
a Leonis (Regulus) . . . . . 10 3 44 . 4 3 . 20 23 31. 1 - 17 . 52
+I
a Ursæ Majoris . 58 22. 2 3 . 73 13 15 . 3 - 19 . 40

B Leonis (Denebola ). . : . 11 44 37 . 4 3 . 06 3 30 . 4 20 . 12
€ Ursæ Majoris (Alioth ) . . 50 12 . 3 2 . 65 + 56 25 – 19 . 58
a Virginis ( Spica ) . . . . . . . 20 36 . 5 3 . 16 - 42 26 . 8 - 18 . 85
a Boötis (Arcturus) . . 11 41. 6 + 2 .74 + 19 38 5.7 18 . 83
B Ursæ Minoris . . . . . . 50 56 . 9 0 . 21 + 74 30 39 . 7 14 . 72
+ +
a Scorpii (Antares ) . 16 24 4.2 3 .67 26 14 23 . 1 8 . 18

^ Scorpii . . . 17 27 41. 9 4 . 07 28 . 3 2 . 84
a Ophiuchi. . . 17 30 53 . 7 + 2 . 781 + 12 37 21 . 2 2 . 77
8 Ursæ Minoris . . 18 0 19 . 3 19 . 50 + 86 36 51 . 1 0 . 08
a Lyræ (Vega ) . . . . . . 18 33 59 . 6 + 2 .03 + 38 42 7 . 6 + 3 . 24
a Cygni ( Deneb ) . . 27 . 9 + 2 . 01 + 44 58 8 . 3 + 12 .78
a Aquilæ (Altair) . . . . . . . . . 32 . 3 + 2 . 93 + 8 38 16 . 1 + 9 . 37
a Pisc , Aust. (Fomalhaut) 22 52 50 . 8 + 3 . 32 - 30 5. 1 . 1 - 19 . 02
a Pegasi (Markab ) . . 23 0 25 . 6 + 2 . 99 + 14 44 13 . 1 + 19 . 33
187
APPROXIMATE CORRECTION FOR REFRACTION
FOR ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
Corresponding to temperature of 50° F ., and to a barometric pressure
of 29 .6 inches .
ANNNNWCHA
(From Young's General Astronomy, by permission .)
Refraction . Altitude. Refraction . Altitude. Refraction .
34 50 47 . 7 39 . 5
35
A
24 . 5 1 22 . 1
04 . 4 40 08 . 6
27 . 0 45 57 . 6
37 48 . 3
45 55 . 5 40 . 3
23 37 . 0 33 . 2
21 . 6 26 . 8
29 08 . 6 20 . 9
5 49 57 . 6 10 . 2
5 16 48 . 0 0 .0
For every 5° F . by which the temperature is less than 50° F ., ald one
per cent to the tabular refraction , and decrease it in the same ratio for
temperatures above 50° F .
Increase the tabular refraction by three and a half per cent for every
inch of barometric pressure above 29 .6 inches, and decrease it in the same
ratio below that point. These corrections for temperature and pressure ,
though only approximate , will give a result correct within 2" except in
extreme cases.
DATA IN REGARD TO THE EARTH
(Radius, U . S . C . & G . Survey .)
Equatorial radius, 6 ,378,388 meters, 3 ,963.399 miles.
Polar radius, 6 , 365,909 meters, 3 ,949.992 miles .
1° latitude at the equator = 68.70 miles.
1° latitude at the pole = 69.41 miles.
Mean density of the earth , 5 .52 g . per cu .cm .
Mean distance from the earth to the sun
149,500 ,000 kilometers,
92 ,900 ,000 miles.
Mean distance from the earth to the moon
384,393 kilometers,
238 ,854 miles.
DATA CONCERNING THE SOLAR SYSTEM
(Values from Young's General Astronomy, by permission.)
Mean dis. Mass , Mean
from sun , Period in Mean dia .
Name. the earth density .
millions years . in miles.
of miles.
= 1. water = 1 .
Mercury . . . 36 . 0 0 . 24 3030 0 . 047 4 . 70

Venus. . . . . . 67 . 2 0 .62 7700 0 . 82 4 . 94
The earth . 92 . 9 1 . 00 7917 . 6 1 . 000 5 . 55
Mars . . . . 141 . 5 1 . 88 4230 0 . 107 3 . 92
Jupiter. . . . 483 . 3 11. 86 86500 317 . 7 1 . 32
Saturn . . . . 886 . 0 29 . 46 73000 94 . 8 0 . 72
Uranus . . . . . 1781 . 9 84 . 02 31900 14 . 6 1 . 22
Neptune . . . . . 2791. 6 164 . 78 34800 17 . 0 1 . 11
Sun . . . . . . . . . . 866400 332000 . 1 . 39
Moon . . . . . . . . 2163 0 . 0123 3 . 39
188
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
THE ATMOSPHERE
Total mass, estimated by Elkholm :
5 . 2 X1021 grams.
11 . 4 X1018 pounds.
Composition :
The total volume = 1 .
Elevation .
Substance .
Sea level. 10000 meters. 50000 meters.
Argon . . . . . 0 . 009 0 . 006 0 . 0003

Carbon dioxide. . . . . 0 . 0003 0 . 00015 0 . 0000
Helium . . . . . . 0 . 0000015 0 . 0000 0 . 00126
Hydrogen . . . . . 0 . 0001 0 . 00035 0 . 136
Neon . . . . . . . 0 . 000015 0 . 00002 0 . 0000
Nitrogren
en . . . . . . . . 0 . 780 0 .812 0 . 792
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 210 0 . 182 0 . 070
ATMOSPHERIC POTENTIAL
The potential of the atmosphere increases with the elevation
130 to 200 volts per meter.
VELOCITY OF SEISMIC WAVES IN THE EARTH 'S CRUST

Longitudinal.. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. 4 to 14 kilometers per sec.
Transverse . . . . , .. . . . . . . . . . . 3 to 10 kilometers per sec .
ANGULAR RADIUS OF HALOS AND RAINBOWS

Coronæ due to small water drops.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1° to 10°
; . . . . . ...
Small halo , due to 60° angles of ice crystals 220
Large halo , due to 90° angles of ice crystals . . . . . . . 46°
Rainbow , primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41° 20 '
Rainbow , secondary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 52° 15'
SOLAR CONSTANT
The energy falling on one sq .cm . area at normal incidence
equals 1 .92 small calories per minute .
189
L
ELEVATION
AND
A ONGITUDE
ATITUDE
,DUE
GRAVITY
TO
: CCELERATION
STATES
UNITED
.Station .Latitude Em eters

Longitude
G reenwich
.,)( levation 2.cm
/sec
Atlanta
.,Ga 44 58 18 324 5
. 23
979
ex
,Tniversity
.)(UAustin 17 11 44 14 189 2979
. 82
OO
C
,T
.)Austin
ex
( apitol 16 30 97 44 16 170 2
. 87
979
Baltimore
.,Md 17 50 76 37 30 30 0
. 96
980
M
Boston
., ass 33 71 03 50 22 3980
. 95
.Calias
,Me 43
11 11 16 54 38 6
. 30
980
,Mass
.Cambridge 42 22 48 71 07 45 14 3
. 97
980
Charleston
,S.C 32 47 14 79 56 03 5
. 45
979
38 78
HANDBOOK OF
Charlottesville
,Va 02 01 30 166 9
. 37
979
,Ill
.Chicago 41 47 25 87 182 2980
. 77
,Ohio
.Cincinnati 39 08 84 20 245 0
. 03
980
Cleveland
,.Ohio 41 30 22 81 36 38 210 2
. 40
980
Springs
CColorado
., olo 38 41 104 49 02 1841 4
. 89
979
Deer
,Md
.Park 39 02 79 19 50 770 9
. 34
979
Denver
.,Colo 39 40 104 56 55 1638 6
. 08
979
Ellsworth
K., ansas 38 43 98 13 32 469 9
. 25
979
gbert
E.,AFt
agle
laska 64 47 22 141 12 24 174 1982
. 82
CHEMISTRY
T
, exas
.Galveston 29 18 12 94 29 3 2
. 71
979
Grand
,Wyo
.Canyon 44 43 16 110 29 44 2386 8979
. 98
CGrand
Junction
., olo 39 04 09 108 33 56 1398 6
. 32
979
,.Utah
River
Green 38 23 110 56 1243 6
. 35
979
Gunnison
.,Colo 33 106 02 2340 3
. 41
979
Ithaca
,N.Y 04 76 29 00 247 2
. 99
980
City
Kansas
M., o 50 94 35 278 9
. 89
979
West
Key
.,Fla 33 81 48 9978
. 69
Laredo
.,Texas 29 99 31 129 0
. 81
979
Rock
Little
A
., rk 34 44 92 16 24 89 7
. 20
979
AND PHYSICS
Lower
Basin
Geyser
.,Wyo 44 33 110 48 08 2200 9
. 31
979
Wis
UW
.)o(, fniv
Madisonis 43 04 89 24 00 270 3
. 64
980
New
Orleans
L
., a 29 56 58 90 04 3
. 23
979
73 57
5
N
.York
,NY- ew 40 48 27 43 38 2
. 66
980
Basin
W
Geyser
Norris
., yo 44 44 09 110 42 2276 9
. 49
979
GRAVITY
TO
DUE
ACCELERATIO
(C,L
ELEVATION
)AND
ontinued
ATITUDE
ONGITUDE
(Continued
STATES
)UNITED
&
.
Station .
Latitude (Glevation
.,m)ELongitude
eters
reenwich
on /sec2
.cm
,Pa 39 06 75 11 40 16 .195
980
lpes.Philadelphia
'sPolo
eak 50 105 4293 .953
978
vaelle.,CPike ,Utah
Junction
Valley
.Pleasant 47 111 00 2191 979
.511
s Princeton
,N.J 40 57 74 39 64 .177
980
i.Salth
,Uatah
City
Lake 40 04 111 53 1322 .802
979
Francisco
San
,C
. al 00 124 46 114 .965
979
Louis
St
.,M o 03 90 12 154 980
.0 00
Terre
Haute
,.Ind . . . . . . . . 42 87 151 .071
980
.,K
Waanllsace . . . . . . . . . 44 101 1005 979
.7 54
,C.&GSWashington 77 14 .111
980
Wa
.,S mish
thin
sogt
nion
an 38 77 01 10 .113
980
Wo
.,M as
rcsester 42 71 48 170 .323
980
CITIES
FOREIGN
191
.
Station .
Latitude (Paris
).Longitude Elevatio
m
., eters n /sec2
cm
Ber
. lin +11 38 .2981
87
.,ICal
ndicut
a ta +86 6 .822
978
Cap
Goo
of
.,AHop
frieca
d
e 56 + 16 11 .659
979
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND
Hon
H olu
., awa iilu -160 978
.9 66
Mad
. rid -6 656 .981
979
AMel
., ustbou rne
ralia +142 27 .985
979
PHY
P. aris
: . . . . . . . . 0 60 .943
980
Rio
de : razil
.Janeiro
,BB... razil -45 45 .801
978
Rome
.. 54 1+ 0 .350
980
NON
+ + it + 1 + 1 +
St
P
.. etersburg +59 56 +27 .938
981
Shanghai
C
., hina +31 12 +119 .443
979
Stockholm +59 .843
981
do
. 21 1+ 5
,Japan
.Tokio 3# 5 43 +137 .801
979
-73
36 o to
,Chili
.Valparaiso -33 979
.6 30
Valparaiso
.
,UN IL . . . . .
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BODIES
FOR
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192
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,ra adiure diameter
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Any
diameter
r2 adius
internal
radius
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r,shell
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115
MOME
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diameter
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circular
r,length
radius
of
1Right The
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axis
longitudinal
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the
HANDBOOK
Right
cylinder
circular
radius
of
r,l1 ength Through
perpendic
center ular
to
of
axis
,the
figure r2 12
(transverse
)diameter 12
4
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OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Ellipsoid
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2a (02
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY AND LENGTH OF

· THE SECONDS PENDULUM
FOR SEA LEVEL AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES
Latitude . cm . / sec. 2 ft. / sec. 2 Length in cm . Length in ins.

977 . 989 32 . 0862 99 . 0910 39 .0121
8 .029 . 0875 . . 0950 .0137
. 147 . 0916 . 1079 . 0184
. 339 . 0977 . 1265 .0261
. 600 . 1062 . 1529 . 0365
25 32 . 1168
978 .922 99 . 1855 39 . 0493
30 9 . 295 . 1290 . 2234 . 0642
. 374 . 1316
. 456 . 1343
.538 . 1370
34 979 .622 32. 1398

5
707 .. 1425 . 2651 . 0806

36 . 793 . 1454
. 880 . 1490
. 963 . 1511
39 980 . 057 32 . 1540
40 . 117 . 1570 . 3096 . 0982
41 . 237 . 1607
42 . 327 . 1630
43 418 . 1659
OOT
980 . 509 32 . 1688

600 . 1719 . 3555 . 1163
. 691 . 1748
. 782 . 1778
. 873 . 1808
980 . 963 32 . 1838
1 .053 . 1867 99 . 4014 39 . 1344
. 113 . 1896
. 231 . 1924
. 318 . 1951
981 . 407 32 . 1983

193 . 2011 .4459 . 1520
..578 . 2039
.662 . 2007
. 744 . 2094
981 . 825 32 . 2121

. 905 . 2147 . 4876 . 1683
05 2 . 278 . 2276 . 5255 . 1832
. 600 . 2375 . 5581 . 1960
. 861 . 2460 99 . 5815 39 . 2065
80 983 . 053 32 . 2523 .6040 . 2141
CIN
85 . 171 25 .6160 . 2188

90 . 210 . 6200 . 2204
194
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTANTS
Mean radius of the earth , 6 . 371 X 108 cm . = 6371 kilometers .
1 degree of latitude at 40° = 69 miles.
1 knot or nautical mile = 1 ' of arc on the earth' s surface at
the equator.
Mean density of the earth , 5 .52 grams per cu . cm .
Constant of gravitation , K = 6 .667 X10 – 8 = the attraction in
dynes between two gram masses one centimeter apart.
Acceleration due to gravity at sea level, lat. 45º = 980.60 cm .
per sec. per sec . = 32 .172 feet per sec . per sec .
Length of seconds pendulum at sea level, lat. 45º = 99.356
cm . = 39.116 in .
Density of mercury at 0° C . = 13.5955 g . per c .Co
Density of water, maximum at 3 .98° C . = 0 .999973 g . per c .c .
Density of dry air at 0° C . and 760 mm . = .001293 g. per c .c .
Velocity of sound in dry air at 0° C ., 33 ,136 cm . per sec. = 1089
feet per sec.
Velocity of light in a vacuum = 2 .9989 X 1010 cm . per sec. =
984 X106 feet per sec.
Heat equivalent of fusion of water 79 .24 cal. per gram .
Heat equivalent of vaporization of water, 535 .9 cal. per gram .
Coefficient of expansion of gases, .003665 .
Specific heat of air, at constant pressure, 0 .238 ,
Electrochemical equivalent of silver, 0 .001118 g . per sec . per
ampere.
Mean wave length of sodium light, .00005893 cm . or 5893.
ångström units.
Absolute wave length of red cadmium line in air , 760 mm .
tabtax
pressure , 15° C ., ångström units: 6438 .4722 (Michelson ) ;

6438.4696 ( Fabry and Perot) .
GREEK ALPHABET
Greek Greek English Greek Greek English
200
letter name equivalent letter name equivalent

aus*3o
Alpha Nu
BB Beta Xi
Iy Gamma Omicron
AS Delta Pi
EE Epsilon Rho
ZE Zeta Sigma
Η η Eta Tau
ⓇO Theta Upsilon
Ιι Iota Phi
К к Kappa Chi
Λλ Lambda Psi
Mv Mu Omega
DEFINITIONS AND FORMULÆ
FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL LAWS
Scientific laws are statements of facts which have been estab
lished by direct experiment.
Boyle's Law for Gases. - At a constant temperature the vol
ume of a given quantity of any gas varies inversely as the pressure
to which the gas is subjected . This idea is expressed in the fol
lowing formulæ :
PV = a constant, or P = 1 / V , or V = 1 / P , or PV = P Vi
The Law of Combining Weights. - If the weights of elements
which combine with each other be called their “ combining
weights," then elements always combine either in the ratio of
their combining weights or of simple multiples of these weights.
Law of Definite Proportions. - In every sample of each com
pound substance the proportions by weight of the constituent
elements are always the same.
Dalton ' s Law of Partial Pressures. — The pressure exerted by
a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the separate pressures
which each gaswould exert if it alone occupied the whole volume.
This fact is expressed in the following formula :
PV = V (pı + p: + ps, etc.)
Faraday 's Law . — The amounts of decomposition effected by
the passage of equal quantities of electricity through them are,
for the same electrolyte , equal, and for different electrolytes are
proportional to the combining weights of the elements or radicles
which are deposited .
Gay -Lussac' s Law forGases (or Charles ' Law ) . – At a constant
pressure, the volume of a given quantity of any gas increases
about 1 / 273 of its volume at 0° C . for each rise of 1º-C . and at
constant volume the pressure of a given quantity of any gas
increases about 1 / 273 of the pressure at 0° C . for each rise of
Gay -Lussac' s Law of Combining Volumes. - If gases interact
and form a gaseous product , the volumes of the reacting gases
and the volumes of the gaseous products are to each other in .
very simple proportions, which can be expressed by small whole
numbers .
Hess' Law of Constant Heat Summation . The amount of
heat generated by a chemical reaction is the same whether
reaction takes place in one step or in several steps, or all chemical
reactions which start with the same original substances, and end
with the same final substances, liberate the same amounts of
heat, irrespective of the process by which the final state is
reached .
Henry's Law . — The amount of gas which a liquid will dissolve
is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas. This holds
for all gases which do not unite chemically with the solvent.
196
The Law of Mass Action . – At a constant temperature the
product of the active masses on one side of a chemical equation
when divided by the product of the active masses on the other
side of the chemical equation is a constant, regardless of the
amounts of each substance present at the beginning of the action .
Law of Multiple Proportions. — Two elements may combine
in more than one proportion by weight, but if so , the weights of
one element which combine with a fixed weight of the other
element, are always in a simple ratio to each other.
The Periodic Law . – The physical and chemical properties of
the elements are functions of their atomic weights , and most
of these properties are periodic functions of the atomic weights.
FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL THEORIES

A scientific hypothesis is an endeavor to form a rational
mental picture of the causes which lead to a group of observed
facts even though these causes may not be subject to direct
proof.
A scientific theory is an hypothesis whose consequences have
been so thoroughly tested by experiment that it has become
generally accepted as the correct explanation for a group of facts.
The Atomic Theory . — All elementary formsofmatter are com
posed of very small unit quantities called atoms. The atoms
of a given element all have the same size and weight. The
atoms of different elements have different size and weight.
Atoms of the same or different elements unite with each other
to form very small unit quantities of compound substances
called molecules .
Avogadro' s Theory . Equal volumes of all gases under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal
numbers of molecules.
The Electrolytic Dissociation or Ionization Theory. — When an
acid , base or salt is dissolved in water or any other dissociating
solvent, a part or all of the molecules of the dissolved substance
are broken up into parts called ions, some of which are charged
with positive electricity and are called cations, and an equivalent
number of which are charged with negative electricity and are
called anions.
Electrolytic Solution Tension Theory (or the Helmholtz Double
Layer Theory ). - When a metal, or any other substance capable
of existing in solution as ion is placed in water or any other dis
sociating solvent, a part of the metal or other substance passes
into solution in the form of ions, thus leaving the remainder of
the metal or substance charged with an equivalent amount of
electricity of opposite sign from that carried by the ions. This
establishes a difference in potential between the metal and the
solvent in which it is immersed .
The Electron Theory . - An atom of any element consists of a
definite number of unit negative charges of electricity moving
in orbits inside the atom with velocities which approach the
velocity of light.
197
DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL TERMS
An Acid is any substance which yields hydrogen ions.
The Active Mass of a substance is the number of gram -molec
ular -weights per liter in solution , or in gaseous form .
Adsorption . The ability of a solid to condense gases, liquids,
or dissolved substances on their surfaces is called adsorption .
It is a manifestation of the force of adhesion .
An Atom is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is
capable of entering into chemical combination .
A Base is any substance which yields hydroxyl ions.
A Balanced or Reversible Action is one which can be caused
to proceed in either direction by suitable variation in the con
ditions of temperature, volume, pressure or of the quantities
of reacting substances.
A Catalytic Agent is a substance which by its mere presende
alters the velocity of a reaction , and may be recovered unaltered
in nature or amount at the end of the reaction .
A Colligative Property is a property numerically the same for
a group of substances, independent of their chemical nature .
A Constitutive Property is a property which depends on the
constitution or structure of the molecule .
A Cryohydrate is the solid which separates when a saturated
solution freezes. It contains the solvent and the solute in the
same proportions as they were in the saturated solution .
The Combining Weight of an element or radicle is its atomic
weight divided by its valence .
A Eutectic is that alloy of two or more metals which has the
lowest melting point.
The Hydrogen Equivalent of a substance is the number of
replaceable hydrogen atoms in 1 molecule or the number of atoms
of hydrogen with which 1 molecule could react.
The Heat of Combustion of a substance is the amount of heat
evolved by the combustion of 1 gram of the substance.
An Ion is a charged atom or group of atoms in solution . Solu
tions always contain equivalent numbers of positive and negative
ions.
A Moleculeisthesmallestunitquantity ofmatterwhich can exist
by itself and retain all the properties of the original substance.
A Molar Solution contains 1 gram molecular weight of dis
solved substance per liter of solution .
A Normal Solution contains 1 gram molecular weight of dis
solved substance divided by the hydrogen equivalent of the sub
stance per liter of solution .
Oxidation is any process which increases the proportion of
oxygen or acid -forming element or radicle in a compound .
Reduction is any process which increases the proportion of
hydrogen or base - forming elements or radicle in a compound .
A Salt is any substance which yields ions, other than hydrogen
or hydroxyl ions.
The Solubility Product or precipitation value is the product
of the concentrations of the ions of a substance in a saturated
solution of the substance.
198
ONE HUNDRED COMPLETED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1. H , PtCl6 + 2KCl = 2HCl + K PtClo :
2. K PtClo + heat = 2KCI + Pt + 2Cl2
3 . KHC2H406 + NaOH = KNaC _ H ,06 + H2O
4 . Na2O2 + 2H20 = 2NaOH + H202
5 . 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 + 5H202 = 2KHSO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H20
+ 50
6 . 2KI + H202 = 2KOH + 12
7 . 2AuCl2 + 3H2O2 + 6NaOH = 6NaCl + 6H2O + 302 + 2Au
8 . MnCl2 + 2KOH + H2O2 = 2KCl + H2O + MnO . (OH )2
(brown )
9. 2NiCl2 + 4KOH + H2O2 = 4KCI + 2Ni (OH ) 3 (black )
10 , 2CoCl2 + 4KOH + H2O2 = 4KCI + 2Co (OH ) 3 (black )
11. MgCl2 + Na2HPO4 + NH3 = 2NaCl + MgNHAP04
12. 2BaCl2 + K2Cr207 + , 0 = 2BaCroa + 2 + CI + 2KCI
13. AICI, + 3KOH = 3KCI + Al(OH )
14 . Al (OH ) 2 + 3KOH = 3H2O + Al(OK )
15 . 2AlCl3 + 3Na2S2O3 + 3H2O = 6NaCl + 3S + 3502 + 2A1
(OH )3
16 . 2CrCl3 + 3 (NH4)2S + 6H2O = 6NH4Cl + 3H2S + 2Cr (OH ).
17 . CrCl2 + 8NaC2H302 + 4H20 + 3Cl = 6NaCl + 8HC2H30 ,
+ Na2Cr04
18 . 2CrClz + 3MnO2 + 2H2O = 3MnCl2 + 2H2Cr04
19 . K ,Cr,07 + 2KOH = H2O + 2K Cr04
20 . K2Cr207 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4 = 71 ,0 + K ,SO , + 3Fe,
(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4) 3
21. K2Cr207 + 6HI + 4H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4) 3 + 7H20 + 61
22. K ,Cr, 0 , + 14HC1 = 2KCI + 2CrCl3 + 7H , 0 + 3Cl2
23. FeCl2 + 2KCN = 2KCl + Fe (CN ) 2
24 . FeCN2 + 4KCN = K [Fe (CN ) . ]
25. FeCl3 + 3NaC2H30 , = 3NaCl + Fe (C2H302) 3
26 . Fe (C2H302)3 + 2H2O = 2HC2H30 , + Fe (OH )2 (C2H30 ,)
27. K , Fe (CN ) ) + 6H2SO4 + 6H20 = 2K2SO4 + FeSO4 +
3 ( NH4)2SO4 + 6CÓ
28 . 2MnO2 + 8HCI = 41 , 0 + 2MnCl2 + 2Cl2
29. 2MnSO4 + 5PbO2 + 6HNO3 = 2PbSO4 + 3Pb (NO3) 2 + 2H2O
+ 2HMn04
30 . 2HMnO4 + 14HCI = 81 , 0 + 2MnCl, + 5C12
31. MnSO4 + 2Na2CO3 + 02 = 200 , + Na2SO4 + Na.MnO ,
32. 2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 = K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2
(SOX), + 8H2O
33 . 2KMnO4 + 3MnSO4 + 2H ,0 = K2SO4 + 5Mn0 , + 2H2SO4
34 . NiCl2 + 6NH3 = Ni(NH3)6C12
35 . NiCl2 + 2KCN = 2KCI + Ni(CN ) 2
36 . Ni(CN ) 2 + 2KCN = K2Ni(CN ) .
37 . CoCl2 + 2KNO2 = Co (NO2) 2 + 2KCI
38 . Co (NO2) 2 + 2HNO , = H2O + NO + CO (NO2) ;
39. CO (NO2)3 + 3KNO2 = K3CO (NO2) 6
40 . 3Zn + 8HNO3 = 3Zn (NO3) 2 + 4H2O + 2NO
41. Zn + 2KOH = K ZnO2 + H2
42. Zn (OH ) 2 + 2NH4Cl + 4NH3 = Zn (NH3) .Cl2 + 2H2O
43. ZnCl2 + 2KCN = 2KCl + Zn (CN )2
199
44, Zn (CN ) 2 + 2KCN = K2Zn (CN ) .
45. 3Hg + 8HNO3 = 3Hg(NO3) 2 + 4H2O + 2NO
46 . HgCl2 + 2NH3 = NH4Cl + HgNH ,CI
47. 3HgCl2 + 2H2S = 4HCI + Hg3Cl2S2 (white )
13 . Hg3C12S2 + H2S = 2HCl + 3HgS
49. 3Hg(NO3) 2 + 6FeSO4 = 2Fe(NO3)3 + 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Hg
50. 2HgCl + 2NH3 = NH4Cl + HgNH2Cl + Hg
51. Hg2(NO3)2 + H2S = 2HNO3 + HgS + Hg
52 . Hg2(NO3)2 + 2KCN = 2KNO3 + Hg (CN ) 2 + Hg
53. Pb (NO3)2 + 2KOH = Pb (OH ) 2 + 2KNO ;
54. Pb (OH )2 + 2KOH = K2PbO2 + 2H ,0
55 . 2PbCl2 + H2S = 2HCl + PbCl2.PbS (orange)
56 . PbCl2 . PbS + H2S = 2PbS + 2HCI
57. 3PbS + 8HNO3 = 3Pb (NO3) 2 + 4H2O + 2NO + 3S
58 . BiCl3 + H2O = 2HCl + BioCi
59. SnCl2 + 2KOH = 2KCI + Sn (OH ) , (white ppt. )
60 . Sn (OH ) 2 + 2KOH = K2SnO2 + 2H2O (soluble )
61. Bičlz + 6KOH = 2Bi(OH ) 2 + 6KCI
62 . 2Bi(OH )3 + 3K2SnO2 = 3H20 + 3K2Sn03 + Biz (black )
63. 3Cu + SHNO3 = 4H20 + 3Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO
64 . Cu + H2SO4 = H2O + SO2 + CuO
65 . CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O
66 , 2CuSO4 + 2NH OH = (NH4)2SO4 + Cu2S04. (OH ) 2
67. Cu2SO4(OH ) 2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6NH3 = 2 [Cu(NH3) 4]
(80 ) . H2O (soluble, blue )
08. 2Cu (NII3) S04 . H2O + 9KCN = Cu2(CN ) NH4 . Kot
2K2SO4 + ONH3 + H2O + NILACNO
69. CA (NO3)2 + 2KCN = 2KNO3 + CD (CN ) 2
70 . CH (CN )2 + 2KCN = K2CH (CN ) 4
71. K Čd (CN ) 4 + H2S = 2KCN + 2HCN + CDS
72. H3ASO4 + H2S = H2O + S + H3As03
73, H3A503 + 3112S = 6H2O + As2S3
74. As2S3 + 3 (NH4)2S = 2 (NH4)3ASS :
75 , 2 (NH4)3AsSz + 6HCl = 6NH4Cl + As2S3 + 3H2S
76 . As2S ; + 3 (NH4)2S = 2 (NH4)3AsS4.
77 . 2 (NH4)3AsS4 + 6HCl = As2S3 + 3H2S + 4NH4Cl. Anti
mony reactions same as arsenic
78 . 3Sn + 4HNO3 = H2O + 3H2Sn03 + 4NO
79 . SnCl2 + H2S = SnS + 2HCI
80 . SnS + (NH4) 2S2 = (NH4)2SnSz
81. (NH4)2SnS3 + 2HCI = 2NH4Cl + H2S + SnS2
82. SnCl2 + 2H2S = SnS2 + 4HCI
83. SnS2 + (NH4). S = (NH4)2SnS;
84 . SnO2 + 2KCN = 2KCNO + Sn (fusion )
85. 2Au + 2HNO3 + 6HCl = 41 , 0 + 2NO + 2AuClz
86 . 2AgNO3 + 2KOH = 2KNO3 + H2O + Ag20
87. Ag20 + 2NIIOII = 2 (AgNH3)OH + H2O
88 . AgCl + 2NHOH = 2Ag (NH3)2C1
89. AgCl + 2KCV = KAG(CN )2 + KCI
90 . 6NHOH + 2NII: + 3Cl2 = 611,0 + ONH4Cl + N2
91. 6NaOll + 3Cl2 = 5NaCl + NaC103 + 31120
92. II2SO4 + 2H1 = H2O + H SO3 + 12
200
93 . H2SO4 + 8HI = 4H2O + H2S + 412
94 . 2Na2S2O3 + 12 = 2NaI + Na2S406
95 . H3PO4 + 12 (NH4)2M004 + 21HNO3 = (NH4)3PO4.12M002 -
+ 21 (NH4)NO3 + 12H20
96 . (NH4)3PO4 . 12M003 + 24NH4OH = (NH4)3PO4 + 12(NH4)2
M003 + 12H20
97 . 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 = 3Fe2 (SO4) 3 + 4H2O + 2NO
98 . Fe(NO3)2 + NO = Fe(NO3).NO
99. KCIO3 + 3H2SO4 + 6FeSO4= 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H20 + KCI
100 . Na2SiO3 + 2NH4C1 + 2H2O = 2Nači + 2NH ,OH + H2SiOz
PHYSICAL TERMS, QUANTITIES AND UNITS

Mechanics
Unit of Time. — The second , 1 / 86400 of a mean solar day .
One of the three fundamental units of the C . G . S . system .
Unit of Length . — The centimeter, 1 / 100 the length of the
International Prototype Meter , at Paris, at zero degrees centi
grade. One of the three fundamental units of the C . G . S . sys
tem . The standard in the British system is the yard , the proto
type of which is kept by the British government. The United
States standard yard is defined as 3600 / 3937 meter.
Unit of Area . — The square centimeter. The area of a square
whose sides are one centimeter in length . Other units of area
are similarly derived .
Unit of Volume. — The cubic centimeter, the volume of a cube
whose edges are one centimeter in length . Other units of volume
are derived in a similar manner.
Mass. — Quantity of matter.
Units of Mass. — The gram is 1 / 1000 the quantity of matter
in the International Prototype Kilogram ; one of the three
fundamental units of the C . G . S . system . The British standard
of mass is the pound , of which a standard is preserved by the
government. The United States standard mass is the avoir
dupois pound defined as 1 / 2 . 20462 kilogram .
Inertia . — The resistance offered by a body to a change of its
state of rest or motion . A particular aspect of a mass ; the
terms are practically synonymous.
Density . — Concentration of matter, measured by the mass
per unit volume, expressed as grams per cubic centimeter.
Specific Gravity . - The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass
of an equal volume of water at 4° C .
Angle. - The ratio between the arc and the radius of the arc.
Units of Angle. — The radium , the angle subtended by an arc
equal to the radius ; the degree, 1 / 360 part of a circumference .
Solid Angle. — Measured by the ratio of the surface of the
portion of a sphere enclosed by the conical surface forming the
angle, to the square of the radius of the sphere.
Unit of Solid Angle. -- The steradian, the solid angle which
encloses a surface on the sphere equivalent to the square of the
radius.
201
Speed . — Time rate of motion measured by the distance moved
over in unit time. Unit - one centimeter per second .
Velocity .- Time rate of motion in a fixed direction . Unit
one centimeter per second .
Angular Velocity. - Time rate of angular motion about a
center. Unit - one radian per second .
Acceleration . — The time rate of change of velocity either in
speed or direction measured by the change in unit time. Unit
one centimeter per second per second .
Angular Acceleration . - The time rate of change of angular
velocity . Unit -- one radian per second per second.
Momentum . — Quantity of motion measured by the product
of mass and velocity . Unit - one gram -centimeter per second .
Angular Momentum or Moment of Momentum . — Quantity
of angular motion measured by the product of the angular
velocity and the moment of inertia . Unit - unnamed , its
nature is expressed by g .cm²/ sec.
Force. — That which changes the state of rest or motion in
matter, measured by the rate of change of momentum . Unit
the dyne, the force which will produce the change of velocity of
one centimeter per second in a gram mass in one second .
Moment of Force or Torque. — The effectiveness of a force
to produce rotation about a center, measured by the product
of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of
action of the force to the center. Unit - the dyne-centimeter.
Gravitation. — The universal attraction existing between all
material bodies.
Acceleration Due to Gravity . — The acceleration of a body
freely falling in a vacuum . Unit - one centimeter per second
per second .
Weight. - The force with which a body is attracted toward
the center of the earth . The weight of any fixed mass varies
according to its geographical position .
Unit of Weight. - The dyne.
Moment of Inertia . - A measure of the effectiveness of mass
in rotation . In the rotation of a rigid body not only the body' s
mass, but the distribution of the mass about the axis of rotation
determines the change in the angular velocity resulting from
the action of a given torque for a given time. Moment of
inertia in rotation is analogous to mass (inertia ) in simple trans
lation . The unit is g . cm .2
Period in uniform circular motion is the time of one com
plete revolution .
Centripetal Force . -- The force required to keep a moving mass
in a circular path . Centrifugal force is the name given to the
outward force of a mass in rotation .
Simple Harmonic Motion . - If a point move uniformly in a
circle, the motion of its projection on the diameter (or any
straight line in the same plane) is simple harmonic motion .
Displacement at any instant. The distance of a vibrating
or oscillating particle from its position equilibrium or the center
of the circle of reference .
Amplitude. — The maximum value of the displacement.
202
Phase. The fraction of a whole period which has elapsed
since the moving particle last passed through its middle position
in a positive direction .
Work . - When a force acts against resistance to produce
motion in a body the force is said to do work , Work is meas
ured by the product of the force acting and the distance moved
through against the resistance.
Units of Work . - The erg , a force of one dyne acting through
one centimeter. The joule is 107 ergs.
Power. — The time rate at which work is done.
Units of Power. - The watt, one joule (one million ergs) per
second; the kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts; the horse -power ,
33,000 foot-pounds per minute , is equal to 746 watts.
Energy. — The capability of doing work . Units of energy
the same as of work .
Potential Energy. - Energy due to position of one body with
respect to another or to the relative parts of the samebody .
Kinetic Energy . - Energy due to motion .
Simple Machine. - - A contrivance for the transfer of energy
and for increased convenience in the performance of work .
Mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the distance
through which force is applied to the distance through which
resistance is overcome, also called the velocity ratio .
Efficiency is the ratio of the work done by a machine to the
work done upon it .
Elasticity . The property by virtue of which a body recovers
from deformation produced by force .
Stress. — The force producing or tending to produce deforma
tion in the body measured by the force applied per unit area .
Unit - one dyne per square centimeter.
Strain . - The deformation resulting from a stress measured
by the ratio of the change to the total value of the dimension in
which the change occurred .
Modulus of Elasticity . — The stress required to produce unit
strain , which may be a change of length (Young's modulus ) ;
a twist or shear (modulus of rigidity) or of volume (bulk mod
ulus ) .
Limit of Elasticity . — The smallest value of the stress pro
ducing permanent alteration . .
Coefficient of Restitution of two bodies on impact, the ratio
of the difference in velocity before impact to the difference
after impact .
Viscosity . - All liquids possess a definite resistance to change
of form and many solids show a gradual yielding to forces tend
ing to change their form . This property is called viscosity.
Pressure. - Force applied to , or distributed , over a surface ;
measured as force per unit area. Unit - the bayre, one dyne
per square ,centimeter. The mega -bayre is equal to 100 dynes
per square centimeter . Pressure is also measured by the height
of the column of mercury or water which it supports .
Surface Tension . — The tension exhibited by the free surface
of liquids measured in dynes per centimeter.
203
Heat
Temperature. — The condition of a body which determines
the transfer of heat to or from other bodies. The unit of tem
perature is the Centigrade degree, 1 / 100 the difference in tem
perature between that of melting ice and boiling water at 76
centimeters pressure . The degree Fahrenheit is 1 / 180 and the
degree Reaumur is 1 / 80 the above-mentioned difference of
temperature . .
· Heat Quantity is measured by the change of temperature
produced . The unit of heat is the calorie , the quantity of heat
necessary to change the temperature of one gram of water from
3 .5° C . to 4 .5° C . (called a small calorie ). If the temperature
changed involved is from 14 . 5 to 15 . 5° C . the unit is the normal
calorie . Themean calorie is 1 / 100 the quantity of heat necessary
to raise one gram of water from 0° C . to 100° C . The large
calorie is equal to 1000 small calories. The British thermal unit
is the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of
water at its maximum density, 1° F . It is equal to 252 calories.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion . — The coefficient of linear
expansion is the ratio of the change in length per degree to the
length at 0° C . The coefficient of surface expansion is two
times the linear coefficient. The coefficient of volume expan
sion (for solids) is three times the linear coefficient. The co
efficient of volume expansion for liquids is the ratio of the change
in volume per degree to the volume at 0° C . The value of the
coefficient varies with temperature . The coefficient of volume
expansion for a gas under constant pressure is nearly the same
for all gases and temperatures and is equal to 0 .00367 for 1° C .
Absolute Zero. — The temperature at which a gas would show
no pressure if the general law for gases should hold for all tem
peratures . It is equalto – 273° C . or – 459. 4° F .
Specific Heat. - The quantity of heat necessary to cause a
unit change of temperature in unit mass measured in C . G . S .
units as calories per gram per degree centigrade.
Thermal Capacity or Water Equivalent. — The total quantity
of heat necessary to raise any body or system unit temperature ,
measured as calories per degree centigrade in the C . G . S . system .
Heat Equivalent, or Latent Heat, of Fusion . - - The quantity
of heat necessary to change one gram of solid to a liquid with
no temperature change .
Latent Heat of Vaporization . — The quantity of heat necessary
to change one gram of liquid to vapor without change of tem
perature. Both the above quantities are measured as calories
per gram .
Thermal Conductivity . - Time rate of transfer of heat by
conduction , through unit thickness, across unit area for unit
difference of temperature. It is measured as calories per
second per square centimeter for a thickness of one centimeter
and a difference of temperature of 1° C .
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat is the quantity of energy
204
ILANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PIIYSICS
which , when transformed into heat, is equivalent to unit quan
tity of heat, 4 . 18 X 107 ergs = 1 calorie (20° C .) .
Isothermal. — When a gas passes through a series of pressure
and volume variations without change of temperature the
changes are called iosthermal. A line on a pressure -volume
diagram representing these changes is called an isothermal line .
Adiabatic. - A body is said to undergo an adiabatic change
when its condition is altered without gain or loss of heat. The
line on the pressure -volume diagram representing the above
change is called an adibatic line.
Entropy . - A quantity depending on the quantity of heat
in a body and on its temperature, which , when multiplied by
any lower temperature (minimum available ) , gives the unavail
able energy or unavoidable waste when mechanical work is
derived from the heat energy of the body .
Absolute Humidity . - Mass of water vapor present in the
atmosphere measured as grams per cubic meter .
Relative Humidity . — The ratio of the quantity of water vapor
present in the atmosphere to the quantity which would saturate
at the existing temperature.
Wave Motion and Sound
Wave Motion . -- A progressive disturbance propagated in a
medium by the periodic vibration of the particles of the medium .
Transverse wave motion is that in which the vibration of the
particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation . Longi
tudinal wave motion is that in which the vibration of the parti
cles is parallel to the direction of propagation .
Pitch of sound is determined by the frequency or number
of vibrations per second.
Intensity or loudness of a sound increases or diminishes with
the amplitude of the vibrating air particles at the ear.
Quality or timbre of a sound depends on the coexistence
with the fundamental of other vibrations of various frequencies
and amplitudes.
Lissajou' s Figures. — The path described by a particle which
is simultaneously displaced by two simple harmonic motions
at right angles, when the periods of the two motions are in the
ratio of two small whole numbers, shows a variety of character
istic curves called Lissajou 's figures.
Beats . - Two tones of slightly different frequencies sounded
together interfere to give a sound of regularly varying intensity .
The number of beats per second is the difference in frequency
of the two tones.
Static Electricity
Unit Quantity of electricity or charge is the quantity which ,
when concentrated at a point and placed at unit distance from
an equal and similarly concentrated quantity, is repelled with
unit force. If the distance is one centimeter and the force
of repulsion one dyne and the surrounding medium a vacuum ,
205
we have the electrostatic unit of quantity . The coulomb =
3X10 ' electrostatic units .
Line of Force. - A line such that its direction at every point
is the same as the direction of the force which would act on a
small positive charge placed at that point. A line of force is
supposed to start from a positive charge and end on a negative
charge .
Conductors. - A class of bodies which are incapable of support
ing electric strain . A charge given to a conductor spreads to
all parts of the body.
Dielectrics or Insulators or Non -Conductors. -- A class of
bodies supporting an electric strain . A charge on one part
of a non -conductor is not communicated to any other part .
Electric Surface Density. - --Quantity of electricity per unit area .
Intensity of Electric Field is measured by the force exerted
on unit charge. Unit field intensity is the field which exerts
the force of one dyne on unit positive charge .
Electric Potential at any point is measured by the work
necessary to bring unit positive charge from an infinite distance .
Difference of potential between two points is measured by the
work necessary to carry unit positive charge from one to the
other. If the work involved is one C . G . S . unit of work we
have the electrostatic unit of potential.
Electromotive Force. - The same as difference of potential,
a term commonly used in current electricity . The volt is the
electromotive force which performs work at the rate of one
joule per second (one watt) in producing a current of one ampere.
À watt hour is the work equivalent to a current of one ampere
at a pressure of one vodt flowing for one hour. A kilowatt hour
equals 1000 watt hours. A volt equals 108 electrostatic units
of potential.
Capacity is measured by the charge which must be communi
cated to a body to raise its potential one unit. Electrostatic
unit capacity is that which requires one electrostatic unit
of charge to raise its potential one electrostatic unit. The
farad = 9X1011 electrostatic units.
Specific Inductive Capacity. — The ratio of the capacity of a
condensor with a given substance as dielectric to the capacity
of the same condensor with air or a vacuum as dielectric is called
the specific inductive capacity .
Magnetism
Unit Magnetic Pole or Quantity of Magnetism . - Two unit
quantities of magnetism concentrated at points unit distance
apart in a vacuum repel each other with unit force. If the dis
tance involved is one centimeter and the force one dyne the
quantity of magnetism at cach point is one C . G . S . unit of
magnetism .
Surface Density of Magnetism .---Quantity of magnetism
per unit area .
Magnetic Line of Force is a line which at every point has the
direction of the magnetic force at that point.
206
Magnetic Field Intensity is measured by the force acting
on unit magnetic pole . The unit of magnetic field intensity,
the gauss, is that field which exerts a force of one dyne on unit
magnetic pole .
Magnetic Moment of a magnet is given by the product of
the quantity of magnetism in each pole by the distance between
the poles.
Intensity of Magnetization is given by the quotient ofmagnetic
moment of a magnet by its volume or it is magnetic moment
per unit volume.
Declination . - The angle between the vertical plane contain
ing the direction of the earth 's field at any point and a plane
containing the geographic north and south meridian .
Dip. -- The angle measured in a vertical plane between the
direction of the earth 's magnetic field and the horizontal.
Paramagnetic bodies are those which tend to set the longest
dimension parallel to the magnetic field , e.g ., iron , cobalt , nickel.
Diamagnetic bodies tend to set the longest dimension across
the magnetic field , e . g ., bismuth .
Hysteresis . — The magnetization of a sample of iron or steel
due to a magnetic field which is made to vary through a cycle
of values, lags behind the field . This phenomenon is called
hysteresis.
Current Electricity
Electric Current. — The rate of transfer of electricity . The
transfer at the rate of one electrostatic unit of electricity in one
second is the electrostatic unit of current. The electromagnetic
unit of current is a current of such strength that one centimeter
of the wire in which it flows is pushed sideways with a force
of one dyne when the wire is at right angles to a magnetic field
of unit intensity . The practical unit of current is the ampere,
a transfer of one coulomb per second .
Conductivity . - A property of electric conductors depending
on their dimensions, material and temperature which deter
mines the current produced by a given electromotive force.
The practical unit of conductivity is the mho, the reciprocal of
the ohm .
Resistance. The reciprocal of conductivity . The unit of
resistance, the legal ohm is defined as the resistance to an
unvarying current of a column of mercury at 0° C ., 14 . 4521
grams in mass , of a constant cross-section , and 106 . 3 centi
meters long. The cross-section is nearly one square millimeter.
Specific Resistance. — The resistance at 0° C . of a portion of .
substance of unit length and cross-section .
Temperature Resistance Coefficient. — The ratio of the change
of resistance in a wire due to a change of temperature of 1° C .
to its resistance at 0° C .
Induction . - Any change in the intensity or direction of a
magnetic field causes an electromotive force in any conductor
in the field . The induced electromotive force generates an
induced current if the conductor forms a closed circuit.
207
· HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Self - Induction . - The change in magnetic field due to the
variation of a current in a conducting circuit causes an induced
electromotive force in the circuit itself. This phenomenon is
-
--
known as self- induction . It is measured as electromotive force
-
produced in a conductor by unit rate of variation of the current
--
through it. Units of self- induction are the centimeter (electro
static ) and the henry , which is equal to 109 centimeters of in
ductance .
Mutual Induction . - A change of current in a conductor is
accompanied by a change of magnetic field which induces an
electromotive force in a neighboring circuit . The mutual
induction is measured by the electromotive force induced in
one circuit by unit rate of variation of current in the other .
Units, as of self - induction .
Light
Index of Refraction for any substance is the ratio of the
velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance .
It is also the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine of the angle of refraction . In general, the index of re
fraction for any substance varies with the wave length of the
refracted light .
Minimum Deviation . — The deviation or change of direction
of light passing through a prism is a minimum when the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence .
Principal Focus of a lens or spherical mirror is the point of
convergence of light coming from a source at an infinite distance.
Conjugate Foci. — Under proper conditions light divergent
from a point on or near the axis of a lens or spherical mirror is
focused at another point. The point of convergence and the
position of the source are conjugate foci.
Spherical Aberration . — When large surfaces of spherical
mirrors or lenses are used the light divergent from a point
source cannot be exactly focused at a point. The phenomenon is
known as spherical aberration .
Chromatic Aberration . - Due to the difference in the index
of refraction for different wave lengths, light of various wave
lengths from the same source cannot be focused in a point by
a simple lens. This is called chromatic aberration .
Acromatic . - A term applied to lenses signifying their more
or less complete correction for chromatic aberration .
Magnifying Power of an optical instrument is the ratio of
the angle subtended by the image of the object seen through
the instrument to the angle subtended by the object when seen
by the unaided eye at a distance of 25 cms. (10 ins.)
Resolving Power of a telescope or microscope is indicated
by the minimum separation of two objects for which they appear
distinct and separate when viewed through the instrument.
Angular Aperture of an objective is the largest angular extent
of wave surface which it can transmit .
Numerical Aperture is the sine of half the angular aperture ,
used as a measure of the optical power of the objective.
208
Dispersion . The difference between the index of refraction
of any substance for any two wave lengths is a measure of the
dispersion for these wave lengths, called the coefficient of dis
persion .
Diffraction . - If the light source were a point the shadow of
any object would have its maximum sharpness ; a certain amount
of illumination, however, would be found within the geometrical
shadow due to the diffraction of the light at the edge of the
object.
Polarized Light. — Light which exhibits different properties
in different directions at right angles to the line of propagation
is said to be polarized . Specific rotation is the power of liquids
to rotate the plane of polarization . It is stated in terms of
specific rotation or the rotation in degrees per decimeter per
unit density .
PHYSICAL FORMULÆ
Mechanics
Composition of Vectors. - If the angle between two vectors is
A , and their magnitudes a and b, their sum ,
( = Vap + bº + 2ab cos A .
Velocity . - If s is space passed over in time t, the velocity,
Uniformly Accelerated Motion . If io is the initial velocity ,

ve the velocity after time t, the acceleration ,
a = "7 - 10
t .
The velocity after time t,
10 = lotat.
Space passed over in timet,

s = vot + hat .
Velocity after passing over space s,
is = V10 + 2as.
Space over in the nth second,
s = v0 + a (2n - 1).
Falling Bodies . - Symbols as for uniformly accelerated motion
except that Vo = 0 and g is the acceleration due to gravity .
The above formulæ become,
l'i = gt, s = 2gt , vg = V2gs.
209
Bodies Projected Vertically Upward . — If v is the velocity of
projection , the time to reach greatest height,
1= ;
Greatest height,
29
Projectiles. For bodies projected with velocity v at an angle
. a with the horizontal, the time to highest point of flight,
tavsin a
9
Total time of flight,
T - 2v sin a
9
Maximum height,
h = 12 sinº a
h= 29
Horizontal range,
R = v2 sin 2a
9
Angular Velocity . - If the angle described in time t is 0, the
angular velocity ,
Angular Acceleration . - If the initial angular velocity is wo,

and the velocity after time t is = wi, the angular acceleration ,
A = 91 - 00
The angular velocity after time t,

we = wo + At.
The angle swept out in time t,
0 = wot + 1A12
The angular velocity after movement through the arc 0 ,
w = Vw,” + 2A0,
Momentum . - A mass m moving with velocity v has a
momentum
M = mv.
Angular momentum of a mass whose moment of inertia
is 1, rotating with angular velocity w , is
Iw .
210
Force. - For a .nass m and an acceleration a ,
F = ma.
Moment of Force or Torque. - If a force Facts to produce
rotation about a center at a distance d from the line in which
the force acts , the force has a torque,
T = Fd.
Gravitation . - The force of attraction between two masses,
m and m ', separated by a distance r , k being the constant of
gravitation ,
F = kum '
(If m amd m ' are given in grams, and r in centimeters , F
will be in dynes if h = 6 .658 X 10 - 8.)
Weight of mass m , where y is the acceleration due to gravity ,
W = mg.
Acceleration Due to Gravity at any Latitude and Elevation .
If • is the latitude and I the elevation in centimeters the
acceleration in C . G . S . units is ,
g = 980 .616 – 2 .5928 cos 20 + 0 .0069 cos? 20 - 3 .086 X10 - 6H .
(Helmert's equation .) .
Uniform Circular Motion . If r is the radius of a circle , s the
linear speed in the arc, w the angular velocity and T the period
or time of one revolution , the angular velocity is,
The acceleration toward the center is
The centrifugal force for a mass m ,

_ ms? = mw?r = * 2
Application to the Solar System . - If M is the mass of the sun ,
G the constant of gravitation , P the period of the planet and
p the distance of the planet from the sun , then the mass of
the sun
M _ 4724 ( G = 6 .657 for C . G . S . units.)
M = Gp2
· If P is the period and r the distance of a satellite revolving
around the planet, the above expression for M gives the mass
of the planet. The formula is written on the assumption
that the orbit of the planet or satellite is circular, which is
only approximately true.
211
ILANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PILYSICS
Simple Harmonic Motion . - If r is the radius of the reference
circle , w the angular velocity of the point in the circle, o the
angular displacement at the time ( after the particle passes
the mid - point of its path , the linear displacement,
x = r sin 0 = r sin wt.
The velocity atthe same instant,

v = rw cos 0 =0V :2 – x2
The acceleration ,
a = - w -x.
The force for a mass m ,
41 ?mr
F = - mo ?x = 72
The period
The Pendulum . -- For a simple pendulum of length 1, for a

small amplitude, the period ,
T= 2rV7, or g= 17?
For a sphere suspended by a wire of negligible mass where
d is the distance from the knife edge to the bottom of the sphere
whose radius is r, the length of the equivalent simple pendulum ,
1 - 1 , 2, 2
1 = dt hd
If the period is P for an arc O , the time of vibration in an

infinitely small arc is approximately,
T= _ P
1 + ı sin ’
Foucault' s Pendulum . - The rate of rotation in degrees per
hour of a line on the surface of the earth relative to the plane
of a Foucault 's pendulum at latitude o is ,
w = 15 sin o.
Work . - If a force F act through a space s, the work done is
W = F's .
Power. - If an amount of work I is done in time t the power
or rate of doing work is ,
II' Es
P = - = ī :
212
Energy. - The potential energy of a mass m , raised through
a distance h , where g is the acceleration due to gravity , is
PE = mgh .
The kinetic energy of mass m , moving with a velocity v, is
KE = žmu?
Simple Machines. - If a force P applied through a distance
p results in a force F through a distance f, neglecting friction ,
Pp = F /.
Mechanical advantage in the case stated above is -
If the force applied to overcome friction alone is x , the
efficiency is,
E = P + x )P
Mass by Weighing on a Balance with Unequal Arms. - If

W , is the value for one side, W , the value for the other, the
true mass ,
W = VW W2.
Sensitiveness of a Balance. If w is the weight of the beam ,
h the distance of the center of gravity below the knife edge ,
a the length of the balance arms and x a small mass added to
one pan , the deflection 0 produced is given by
tan 0 = 25X .
Elastic Coefficients
Young's modulus by stretching. - If an elongations is pro
duced by the weight of the mass m , in a wire of length l, and
radius r , the modulus,
NI - mg]
aris '
Young 's modulus by bending, bar supported at both ends.
If a flexure s is produced by the weight of mass m , added midway
between the supports separated by a distance l, for a rectangular
bar with vertical dimensions of cross-section a and horizontal
dimension b , the modulus is ,
Mmg/3
M = Asub:
For a cylindrical bar of radius r,
M = mg/3
127145
213
For a bar supported at one end . In the case of a rectangular
bar as described above,
M = 4msag1
3
3
For a round bar supported at one end ,
: - M = 4mg/3
* 3arts
Modulus of Rigidity. - If a couple C ( = mgx ) produces a
twist of e radians in a bar of length I and radius r, the modulus is
M = 2C1
Tr40
Coefficient of Restitution . — Two bodies moving in the same
straight line with velocities vi and v2 respectively, collide and
after impact move with velocities V3 and V4. The coefficient
of restitution is
C = V4 —V3
V2 - vi
Viscosity . - Flow of liquids through a tube; where l is the
length of the tube, r its radius, t the difference of pressure at
the ends, n the coefficient of viscosity, the volume escaping
per second,
pre
Vv = Bln (Poiseuille.)
Rate of Fall of a Small Sphere in a Fluid . — Where V is the

maximum velocity, r the radius of the sphere , M , the mass of
the sphere, M , the mass of the same volume of liquid , g the
acceleration due to gravity and n the coefficient of viscosity,
v _ (Ms - Mig
6arn
Diffusion . -- If the concentration (mass of solid per unit
volume of solution ) at one surface of a layer of liquid is di,
and at the other surface de, the thickness of the layer h and the
area under consideration A , then the mass of the substance
which diffuses through the cross- section A in time t is,
m = KA (d , - dı) ,
where K is the coefficient of diffusion .

Surface Tension . - The total force along a line of length 1
on the surface of a liquid whose surface tension is T ,
F = IT .
214
Capillary Tubes. - If a liquid of density Drises a height
h in a tube of internal radius r the surface tension is,
T = "hD !
Pressure . — The pressure due to a force F distributed over
an area A ,
PA
Hydrostatic pressure on an area A at a distance h from
the surface of a liquid of density D is,
F = PA (total pressure ) = AhDg.
Archimedes' Principle. — A body of volume V immersed in
a liquid of density D is buoyed up by a force
F = DgV.
Velocity of Efflux of a Liquid . - If h is the distance from the
opening to the free surface of the liquid , the velocity of
efflux is
V = V2gh .
Diminution of Pressure at the Side of a Moving Stream .
If a fluid of density d moves with a velocity v the diminution
of pressure due to the motion is (neglecting viscosity) ,
p = hdg = dv2.
Boyle's Law . -- For a perfect gas, changing from pressure p
and volume v to pressure p ' and volume u without change of
temperature,
purp'v'.
Altitudes with the Barometer . - If b , and b2 denote the cor
rected barometer readings at two stations , t the mean of the
temperatures ti and t2 of the air at the two stations, e , and (2,
the tension of water vapor at the two stations, h the mean height
above sea level, o the latitude, then the difference in elevation
in centimeters is
H = 1,843,000 (log ba – log b2) (1 + 0.00367t) (1 + 0.0026 cos 20
+ 0 .00002h + 3k ),
where
An approximate formula , sufficient for differences not over

1000 meters is
H = 1,600,000. IT (1+ 0.004t).
215
Heat
Thermal Expansion . If lo is the length at 0° C ., a the
the coefficient of linear expansion, the length at t° C . is,
le = l. (1 tat).
General Formula for Thermal Expansion . — The rate of
thermal expansion varies with the temperature . The general
equation giving the magnitude mt (length or volume) at a
temperature t, where mo is the magnitude at 0° C ., is
me= mo(1 + at + ßt? + yt3 . . .) :
where a , b , y , etc., are empirically determined coefficients.
Volume expansion . If V represents volume and B the coeffi
cient of expansion,
Ve = V /( 1 + Bi).
For solids, B = 3a (approximately ).
Expansion of Gases. - For an original volume V , at 0° C .
the volume at t° C . (at constant pressure) is
Ve = V (1 + 0.003671).
General Law for Gases:
pur=prov'o(1+ 273)
Reduction of a Gas Volume to 0°C ., 760 mm . Pressure. If
V is the original volume of a gas at temperature t and pressure
p the volume at 0° C . and 760 mm . pressure will be,
V H
Vo = (1 +al) 760
If d is the original density the density at 0° C . and 760 mm .
pressure will be,
. do = d(1 + at) '.
a = 0.00367 approximately .
Gas Thermometer. - Where Po, Ps, and Px represent the total
pressures with the bulb at 0° C ., at the boiling -point of water
and at the unknown temperature respectively , ts the tem
perature of steam and tx the unknown temperature ,
, Pr - P ,
to = lsPs - P .
(approximately ). The total pressure on the gas in the bulb
is the sum of barometric pressure at the time and that measured
by the manometer.
216
Specific Heat. - If a quantity of heat H calories is necessary
to raise the temperature of a grams of a substance from ti
to t2° C ., the specific heat,
H
m (t2 — 41)
Specific Heat by the Method of Mixtures. Where a mass
mi of the substance is heated to a temperature ti, then placed
in a mass of water m2 at a temperature to contained in a cal
orimeter with stirrer (of same material) of mass m3, specific
heat of the calorimeter c , v the volume of the immersed portion
of the thermometer, tz the final temperature, the specific heat
of the substance ,
_ (m2 + mzc + 0 .46v) (t3 - ta)
s =
mi(t1 – 13)
Black 's Ice Calorimeter. - If a body of mass m and tem
perature t melts a mass m ' of ice , its temperature being reduced
to 0° C ., the specific heat of the substance is,
80. lan ”
s =
mt
Bunsen 's Ice Calorimeter. — A body of mass m at temperature

t causes a motion of the mercury column of 1 centimeters in
a tube whose volumeper unit length is v . The specific heat is
Sm8841V
t
Conduction of Heat. - If the two opposite faces of a cube :

of a substance are maintained at temperatures t, and 12, the
heat conducted across the cube of section a and thickness d
in a time T will be,
Q = K (t2 - 1 )aT
K is a constant depending on the nature of the substance,
designated as the specific heat conductivity.
Wave Motion and Sound
Velocity of a Wave.---The velocity of propagation in terms
of wave length , and period T or frequency n is,
V = ^ =n .
Velocity of a transverse wave in a stretched cord . If T is
the tension of the cord and m the mass per unit length ,
V = mi
217
Velocity of Sound. — In terms of elasticity (bulk modulus)
E and density d ,
V= V
Frequency of Vibrating Strings. - For a string of length 1,
tension T , density d , and radius r, the frequency is,
m _ 1 IT
n = rin ad
Organ Pipes. — The frequency of vibration in a closed organ

pipe of length , where V is the velocity of sound in air, is
.n = (fundamental.)
In an open pipe,
n = ž (approximate.)
Velocity of sound in air at a temperature t,
V = 33,136 +60.7 cm . per sec.
Static Electricity
Force between Two Charges. --If two charges q and q' are
at a distance r in a vacuum , the force between them is,
Field Intensity , or force exerted on unit charge at a point

distant r from a charge q in a vacuum ,
HD
If the dielectric in the above cases is not a vacuum the
dielectric constant K must be introduced . The formulæ
become,
The value of K is frequently considered unity for air. If

the dielectric constant of a vacuum is considered unity the
value for air at 0° C . and 760 mm . pressure is 1 .000576 .
Potential at a point due to a charge q at a distance r,
V = KY
218
HANDBOOK OF C HEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Capacity in terms of charge and potential. A conductor
charged with a quantity q to a potential V has a capacity,
C= .
Capacity of a spherical conductor of radius r ,
C = Kr.
Capacity of two concentric spheres of radii r and pl,
Capacity of a parallel plate condenser, the area of whose

plates is A and the distance between them d ,
C - KA
41d
Magnetism
Force between Two Magnetic Poles. - If two poles of strength
m and m ' are separated by a distance r in a medium whose
permeability is u (unity for a vacuum ) ,the force between them is
+ - mm '
ur ?
The strength of a magnetic field at a point distant r from

an isolated pole of strength m is ,
H= m
Magnetic Moment.-- If the poles are separated by a distance
which is great compared with the dimensions of the magnet,
the magnetic moment of a magnet of length 1 whose poles have
values of + m and – m is ,'
M = ml.
Couple acting on a magnet of magnetic moment ml in a
field of strength H . If the magnet is perpendicular to the
direction of the field ,
C = Hml =HM .
If the angle between the magnet and the field is 0,
C = IIml sin 0 .
219
i Action of One Magneton Another. — The turning moment
experienced by a magnet of pole strength m ' and length 21
placed at a distance r from another magnet of length 21 and
pole strength m , where the center of the first magnet is on the
axis (extended ) of the second and the axis of the first is per
pendicular to the axis of the second ,
C' — mm 'll' 2MM
- 3 p3
If the firstmagnet is deflected through an angle o, the expres

sion becomes,
r _ 2MM ' s
73 Co 0 .
Period of vibration of a magnet of magnetic moment NI

and moment of inertia 1 vibrating in a field of strength II ,
K
T = 27VIM H
Magnetic Induction . If a substance of permeability u is
placed in a magnetic field H the magnetic induction in the
substance ,
B = ull.
If I is themagnetic moment for unit volume,
The susceptibility ,
B = 7I + 411.
A = N = 1 + 47K .
Tractive Force of a Magnet. - If a magnet with induction

B has a pole face of area A the force is ,
B2A
F =
STT
If B and A are in C . G . S. units, A will be in dynes.

Current Electricity
Ohm 's Law . — Current in terms of electromotive force E
and resistance R ,
R
Current in a Simple Circuit. The current in a circuit including
an external resistance R and a cell of electromotive force E ,
and internal reistance i ,
E
i= Rti
220
For two cells in parallel,
i=
R+
For two cells in series ,
2E
i = R + 27
Resistance of a conductor at 0° C ., of length 1, cross -section
s and specific resistance p , .
Ro = ps
Resistance of a conductor at a temperature t whose resistance
at 0° C . is R , and whose temperature resistance coefficient is a ,
Re = Ro(1 + at).
Resistance of Conductors in Series and Parallel. -- The total
resistance of any number of resistances joined in series is the
sum of the separate resistances. The total resistance of con
ductors in parallel whose separate resistances are ri, r2, 13,
. . . rn is given by the formula
1 = 1- + 1- + 1- . . 1
R 11 . 12 13 T
R is the total resistance .

For two terms this becomes,
lira
R =
ritra
" Wheatstone' s Bridge. - If the resistances ri, r2, r3, and r4
form the arms of a Wheatstone 's bridge in order as the circuit
(omitting cell and galvanometer connections) is traced , when
thebridge is balanced ,
12
" or "1=
13
"?
14 1'3
Heat Effect. — The heat in calories developed in a circuit

by an electric current i flowing through a resistance r for
a time t is ,
ri Eit
54.184. 18
Electromagnetic Field . — The intensity of the magnetic field .
at the center of a circular conductor of radius r in which a
current i flowing is,
H = 21
221
If the circular coil has n turns, the magnetic intensity at the
center is ,
H = 2ani
Tangent Galvanometer. - A tangent galvanometer with n
turns, of radius r, in the earth 's field H , has a deflection 0 .
The current flowing is ,
iz Hr tan .
2n
= G (the galvanometer constant),

i= tan 0.
Electrolysis. - If a current i flows for a time t and deposits
a metal whose electrochemical equivalent is e, themass deposited
m = cit.
Light
Spherical Mirrors . - If R is the radius of curvature, F
principal focus, and fi and f2 any two conjugate focal distances,
1 , 1 _12
Fif2F - R
Lenses. - For a single thin lens whose surfaces have radii
of curvature rı and r2, whose principal focus is F , the index
of the fraction n and conjugate focal distances fi and fa,
1 - fitfai
1 + 1 =(n - 1) (4 + )
Radius of Curvature from Spherometer Readings. - If I is the
mean length of the sides of the triangle formed by the points
of the three legs, d the spherometer reading, the radius of cur
vature of the surface is
R = 6d +
Index of Refraction . If i is the angle of incidence, r the
angle of refraction, v the velocity of light in the first medium ,
' the velocity in the second medium , the index of refraction ng
sin i v
" * sin r =
For a prism of angle A where light passes at the angle of
minimum deviation D , the index of refraction ,
sin } ( A + D )
n =
sin A
222
Reflection of Light by a Transparent Medium in Air . (Fresnel's
Formula ) . - If i is the angle of incidence, r the angle of refrac
tion , ni the index of refraction for air (nearly equal to unity ) ,
Na index of refraction for a medium , then the ratio of the reflected
light to the incident light is, '
R - 1 sin ? (i – r ) tan ? (i - r) 7
* 2 ( sin ” (i + r) * tan (i + r) ]
If i = 0 (normal incidence), and ni = ] (approximate for
air ),
R = 07371)"
Diffraction Grating. - If s is the distance between the rulings,
d the angle of diffraction , then the wave length where the
angle of incidence is 90° is (for the nth order spectrum ),
ssin d
п
If i is the angle of incidence, d the angle of diffraction , s the
distance between the rulings, n the order of the spectrum ,
the wave length is,
1 = (sin i + sin d ).
Specific Rotation . If there are n grams of active substance
in v cubic centimeters of solution and the light passes through
1 centimeters, r being the observed rotation in degrees, the
specific rotation (for 1 centimeter),
[a] = ?
223
LABORATORY ARTS AND RECIPES
ACID PROOF WOOD STAIN
SOLUTION No. 1
125 grams of copper sulphate
125 grams of potassium chlorate
1000 grams of water
SOLUTION No. 2
150 grams of good fresh anilin oil
180 grams of concentrated hydrochloric acid
1000 grams of water
Wood must be free from paint, varnish , grease or chemicals .
Apply two coats of solution No. 1 boiling hot with a paint brush ,
allowing each coat to dry thoroughly before the next coat is
applied . Then apply two coats of solution No. 2 in the same
way . When the wood is completely dried wash off excess chem
icals with hot soapsuds. Finish with raw linseed oil. Polish
comes from rubbing the oil down well with a cloth or sponge .
Whenever the tables get dingy again go over them with a coat
of linseed oil and rub smooth .
CEMENTS
Glues of all kinds are useful for wood , leather, paper and
glass, where the joints are not required to be waterproof. .
For waterproof joints of nearly all substances, including
metals , shellac may be used . Flakes of solid shellac may be
used with heat or it may be used as a solution in alcohol.
Kotinsky cement, Chatterton 's compound and other resinous
cements are used for similar purposes and in the same way as
solid shellac. Glass cells made up with compounds of this nature
may be made impervious to alcohol by painting over the joints
with a rubber cement made by melting up small pieces of rubber
tubing and adding carbon disulphide to make a thin syrup .
For celluloid a cement made by dissolving celluloid shavings
in acetone is recommended .
Brass fittings are usually cemented on glass tubing with
sealing wax. The glass tube should be wound with thread or
twine to secure a close fit. The glass and the brass fitting
should be warmed slightly above the melting-point of wax.
( Thick , or pressed glass should be warmed slowly .) Wax may
be applied to both parts and the thread well saturated with the
melted wax . Enough should be used to insure filling the space
224
HANDBOOK OF CIIEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
completely . Join the parts while the wax is very soft and clamp
in position until it is thoroughly cold .
For optical purposes, cementing glass , etc., Canada balsam
is universally employed , and makes a permanent and nearly
invisible joint.
CLEANING MERCURY
Mercury may be cleaned sufficiently for many laboratory
purposes without distilling . Allow the mercury to fall in a fine
spray into a quantity of dilute nitric acid , 25 parts of acid to
75 parts distilled water. After being passed through the acid
one or more times it should be passed through distilled water
and dried . Most of the water may be removed with a clean
filter, and the mercury heated in a porcelain dish to about
110° C . To produce the spray the stem of a glass funnel may
be drawn down so as to leave only a small opening for the escape
of mercury or a glass tube with a capillary point attached to a
funnel with a tightly fitting rubber tube.
A three- to four-foot length of one -inch glass tube closed at
one end and supported in a vertical position may be used to
contain the acid solution . If a small glass tube be fused into
the Jower closed end of the large tube, and bent so as to stand
up for a distance a little greater than 1 / 13 . 6 , the column of acid
solution in the large tube, a U -tube is formed in which a short
column of mercury supports the long column of acid solution .
The end of the small tube should be bent over at the top
so as to facilitate the delivery of the mercury and a short piece
of clean rubber tubing with a pinch -cock put on at the start;
as soon as mercury enough has collected in the bottom of the
tube the pinch -cock may be opened . The mercury will rise
nearly or quite to the top of the small tube, and as the quantity
increases will be delivered from the small tube as fast as it falls
in the spray .
The reversed end of the small tube should be short to avoid
forming a siphon , which would completely empty the apparatus.
An efficient procedure , especially if the mercury is greasy ,
consists in spraying the mercury by means of the above appa
ratus, first, through a dilute solution ( 10 % ) of potassium hy .
droxide, then through dilute nitric acid (10 - 15 % ) and finally
through distilled water.
CLEANING OPTICAL SURFACES FOR SILVERING
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co ., publishers ,by permission .)
Probably the most important part of the silvering process is
the proper cleaning of the surface to be silvered .
The surface is thoroughly cleaned of grease or other organic
matter by the usual methods, using alcohol or chromic acid .
Then it should be carefully cleaned with strong nitric acid ,
the whole surface being firmly rubbed with pure cotton tied to
a rod of wood or glass. Care should be taken not to injure the
surface . Rinse with water, and then wash the surface thor
oughly with a strong solution of caustic potash , rubbing with a
225
cotton brush as before. Finally , rinse with distilled water,
and keep the surface wet until it is placed in the silvering solu
tion . If the distilled water wets the whole surface uniformly
the cleaning may be sufficient; if it does not wet uniformly , the
operations must be repeated . The fingers should not touch
the edges of the glass during the latter cleaning operations,
as a layer of organic matter is apt to spread over the surface
and render the silvering uneven .
Dr. Brashear recommends that the surface, after the washings
described above, be rubbed with prepared chalk on a cotton
wad until it is thoroughly dry and clean . It may then be put
into the silvering solution at one's convenience.
COLORED LIQUIDS
For rendering columns of water easily visible , add a few
drops of one per cent alcoholic solution of fluorescein to a liter
of water. The dilute solution of fluorescein is bright green by
reason of its fluorescence, although colorless by transmitted
light.
A small quantity of an aqueous ( 1 % ) solution of uranine
(the sodium salt of fluorescein ) may be used in place of the
alcoholic solution mentioned above .
If solutions showing color by transmission are desired , dilute
aqueous may be made with any of the following dyes :
Dye Color
Erythrosine Pink
Eosine Pink (green fluorescence )
Rhodamine B Pink (red fluorescence )
Ponceau 2R Scarlet
Naphthol green Green
Methylene green Bluish green
Methylene blue Blue
Methyl violet Purple
CROSS HAIRS
The spider lines which serve as an index in reading telescopes
may be quickly replaced in an emergency by single silk fibers
(from ordinary sewing silk ) attached by soft wax. Single fibers
may easily be removed from an untwisted strand .
Spider web should be used in permanent work . The fibers
of the egg nest of certain species are employed and may be ob
tained of most dealers in scientific apparatus. In mounting
them the following suggestions may be useful: The cross hair
diaphragm of the telescope should be removed and clamped in
a horizontal position . A bow of brass wire, about No. 28 ,
should be employed to stretch the fiber. A background of black
velvet makes the fibers more easily visible . With soft wax
or other convenient adhesive ready on both tips of the bow ,
a fiber of the required length is to be disentangled with tweezers
and wrapped several times about the ends of the bow under
tension sufficient to straighten the fiber . The fiber, now con
226
veniently handled by the wire bow , should be cautiously lowered
onto the diaphragm in the proper position , the wire left hanging.
A small drop of shellac varnish applied at each side will hold
the fiber in position as soon as it is thoroughly dry, after which
the ends of the fiber should be cut away .
FLUORESCENT SCREENS )
For observations of the ultra-violet spectrum , moisten a small
quantity of anthracene with water and brush a thin layer over
a ground -glass surface. On drying most of the anthracene will
adhere to the glass. The prepared surface should be placed
so as to receive the radiation directly , glass being comparatively
opaque to the shorter wave lengths.
GLASS -GRINDING FLUID
Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 c.cm .
Ether (ethyl oxide). . . . . . 22. 5 c.cm .
Camphor gum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 grams
To be used with powdered emery for grinding glass.
For smoothing edges a sheet of emery cloth moistened with
the above solution may be used . .
Plane surfaces should be ground on thick plate glass.
For grinding glass stoppers use coarse emery, turn in one
direction , finish with fine emery .
LABELS FOR BOTTLES
Ordinary gummed labels written upon , preferably , with India
ink ,may be protected after being gummed to the bottle by a coat
of lacquer or varnish . A more complete protection is obtained
by painting the label, after it is in place , with melted paraflin .
MIRRORS FOR SPECTROMETER ADJUSTMENT
A small square of thick plate glass with edges ground smooth
and silvered on one surface affords a means of accurate adjust
ment.
To avoid the necessity of frequently resilvering , which arises
where the mirrors are in constant use , the following course is
suggested :
From selected German plate mirror 2 to 3 mm . thick , cut
two pieces of the same size , say 4 X5 cm . Remove the pro
tective layer of varnish or paint from both pieces by soaking
in alcohol and rubbing with cotton , being careful not to injure
the silver surface. From one piece remove every trace of varnish
by repeated rinsing, dry and polish the silver surface thus exposed
by stroking lightly with a chamois rouge pad . From the other
piece remove the silver by nitric acid , wash thoroughly in dis
tilled water and dry. Cement the clear piece on the silver face
of the other with Canada balsam . This is accomplished by
placing two or three drops of Canada balsam in xylol (ob
tained in collapsible tubes) on the center of the silver face, and
227
ILANDBOOK OF CHIEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
evenly lowering upon it the clear glass . The balsam should
spread rapidly to the edges of the plates. Minute bubbles of
air in the balsam film are harmless; if large bubbles are present
the plates should be slipped apart, cleaned with alcohol and the
process repeated .
The balsam will be sufficiently hard in a few days to allow
the excess to be scraped from the edges and the plates bound
together with lantern slide binding strip . Gentle heat may be
used to harden the balsam more rapidly .
POLARITY TEST PAPER

Dissolve one gram of phenolphthalein in a small quantity
of alcohol. Add the solution of phenolphthalein to 100 c .cm .
of a 10 per cent solution of potassium chloride in distilled water.
Filter paper should be soaked in the solution and dried . A
strip of paper moistened with water and placed in contact with
the two terminals will show a bright red stain at the negative
terminal.
SILVERING GLASS
BRASHEAR'S PROCESS
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics , Ginn & Co., publishers , by permission.)
Two solutions are required , one, the reducing solution , should
be prepared at least a week before it is used , and it may be
made in large quantity and kept in stock with advantage ; the
other solution is to be prepared when used .
REDUCING SOLUTION
Distilled water . . . . . . . 700 c .cm .
Pure sugar (loaf, granulated or rock candy). 80 g.
When dissolved add
Alcohol. . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . 175 c .cm .
Strong nitric acid (sp . gr. 1 . 42 ). . . . . 3 c .cm .
Add water to make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 c .cm .
í For silvering , the mirror may rest face up on the bottom of
a suitable dish ; it may stand on edge, or be supported in any
manner, face downward, dipping into the upper part of the
solution . In the latter case, the mirror may be fastened with
wax to a stick laid across the dish , or it may be supported on
glass feet or on paraffined wood wedges. Dr. Brashear recom
mends that the mirror, if round , form the bottom of the silvering
dish , which is completed by wrapping a strip of paraffined paper
around the edge of the mirror, this being held in place by rubber
bands or fastened with several wrappings of cord .
Having selected a dish and support for the mirror, measure
with water the quantity of solution that will be required to
make a layer a centimeter or two thick over the surface to
be silvered . For each 150 c.cm . of final solution , 1 g . of
silver nitrate and 0 . 5 g . of caustic potash (purified by alcohol)
will be required . Dissolve the silver and potash separately ,
using quantities of water of the proportion of 100 c. cm . to 1 g.
228
of the solid . Ordinary graduates or flasks are the most con
venient form of vessel in which to mix the solutions. Into the
silver nitrate solution pour a few drops of dilute aqua ammonia .
The solution will turn to a dark brown color ; add ammonia
little by little till the precipitate is nearly but not quite re
dissolved . Now add the potash solution , when a precipitate
will again be formed . This is to be nearly, but not entirely , re
dissolved by the addition of more ammonia, a few drops being
sufficient this time. After the ammonia has been added shake
or stir the solution well and wait a minute or two to be certain
that it does not entirely clear. If by chance too much ammonia
has been used , a little silver nitrate is to be dissolved and added ,
a few drops at a time, till a permanent precipitate is formed .
This excess of silver must be present, the solution showing a
decided brown tint. The solution may be filtered , though
usually this is not necessary .
A quantity of reducing solution equal to about a twenty - fifth
part of the solution just prepared is measured out. The mirror,
having been properly cleaned and rinsed with distilled water, is
placed in position . The reducing solution is poured into the
silver and potash solution , and mixed by a quick shaking of
the graduate or stirring with a glass rod ; the whole is then
poured into the dish . If the mirror is immersed face down,
care is necessary to remove air bubbles ; the mirror may well be
immersed aſter the solution is in , being dipped in at one side
first . If the mirror is at the bottom of the dish , after cleaning
it is covered with a thin layer of water, and the prepared solu
. tions are poured into the dish without further trouble . In
the latter case the dish must be rocked during the time of de
position .
The solution soon turns to a black color, which in a few minutes
will turn to a brown; and when it becomes a light gray and the
precipitate is flocculent, which may be in ten or fifteen minutes,
the operation is at an end . If the mirror is allowed to remain
in the solution too long, the surface will have a bleached appear
ance, which polishing will hardly remove. Remove the mirror,
rinse with water, and carefully wipe off the sediment with a
tuft of absorbent cotton . It is then set on edge to dry ; a rins
ing with alcohol will facilitate the drying, or all water may be
safely taken up by pressing clean blotting paper over the surface.
When dry, the surface may be polished , if necessary, with a
small pad of chamois leather stuffed with cotton , on which is
spread a little rouge. Small, círcular strokes of the pad, with
light pressure, will soon bring out the deep luster of the silver.
A uniform temperature of the bath and the glass, of about
20° is essential to success.
Since fulminating silver is liable to be produced by the action
of ammonia on silver oxide, especially in a warm room , all solu
tions should be thrown away as soon as the silvering operation
is completed . The used solutions may be poured into a large
jar, in which is thrown some common salt ; this causes the silver
to be precipitated as the chloride, and about 90 per cent of the
original silver may be recovered .
229
ROCHELLE Salts PROCESS

(From Miller 's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers, by permission .)
For depositing the uniform thin film of silver required on the
half- silvered glass of the interferometer, the following method
is more suitable than the one described above, as the silver is
deposited more slowly. If a thick film is desired, two or more
successive deposits may be made, each of which may require an
hour' s time.
Dissolve 5 g . of silver nitrate in 300 c .cm . of distilled water,
and add. dilute aqua ammonia until the precipitate formed is
nearly, but not entirely , redissolved in the manner explained in
the preceding method . Filter the solution and add water to
make 500 c .cm .
Dissolve one g . of silver nitrate in a small quantity of water
and pour into about half a liter of boiling water ; dissolve 0 . 83 g .
of Rochelle salts in a small quantity of water, and add to the
boiling solution . Continue the boiling for half an hour, till the
gray precipitate collects as a powder in the bottom of the flask .
Filter hot, and add water to make 500 c .cm .
These solutions may be kept in the dark for a month or two.
For silvering , equal volumes of the two solutions are mixed ,
and the glass is supported in the mixture in whatever fashion
is convenient. Various methods are mentioned in the preceding
article. The thickest possible deposit may require an hour's
time. A second deposit may be made upon the first if necessary
to secure the desired thickness . The drying and polishing may
be carried out as described above.
A half-silvered film will be produced in about a minute; only
experience can determine when the proper thickness has been
secured . The glass appears as though it were very lightly
- smoked . A film that reflects a little more than half the light
incident at 45° is desirable for interferometer use. A simple
method of testing is to look at two similar gas flames , one seen
through the film and the other seen reflected by it. It is well
to silver at once all four surfaces of the two plane-parallel plates
of the interferometer and to select for use that film which is of
the proper and most uniform thickness .
SOAP SOLUTION FOR SOAP FILM EXPERIMENTS

Pure castile or palm -oil soap . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz.
Distilled water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pure glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 oz .
Cut the soap in thin shavings and dissolve in the water.
When the solution is complete, add the glycerine and mix very
thoroughly. On standing the liquid becomes clear at the bot
tom . The clear portion may conveniently be removed by a
siphon and preserved indefinitely .
230
SODIUM LIGHT
Paper is to be soaked in a saturated solution of common salt,
borax or other salt of sodium , and dried . When wrapped around
a Bunsen burner, secured by a twist of wire and pushed up into
the edge of the flame, a sodium flame of considerable intensity
is obtained . As the ash of the paper breaks away it must be
occasionally raised . Lithium chloride may be used in place of
or with sodium salt to give the lithium line for spectrometric
measurement. Sheet asbestos (thin ) may replace the paper if
convenient.
SOLDERS
Composition by weight.
Tem Metals for Flux com
perature which it is
Cop - Zinc. Sil - Goola
ld . of used . monly used .
9 fusion .
Lead . Tin per. ver .
188° C . Lead Tallow

. 176 Zinc Zinc chloride
with 25 %
HCI
Copper Zinc chloride
brass (neutral) or
resin
Iron Zinc chloride
or ammo
nium chloride
2 1 .. . Iron or cop - Borax
per
880 Iron , copper Borax
or brass
4.5 0 . 5 15. 0 . .. 1005 Iron , copper Borax
or gold
6 .5 2. 0 11 .0 . .. 983 Iron , copper Borax
or gold
4 | ... | 6 | 10 Gold
STOPCOCK GREASE
Vaseline . . . . . . . . . 16 parts
Pure gum rubber . . . . . 8 parts
Paro
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 part
Melt all together. More paraffin may be added if the com
pound is not stiff enough .
UNIVERSAL WAX
( 1) A soft wax useful in the laboratory may be made by
melting together paraffin , vaseline and paraffin oil in various
proportions according to the pliability desired .
( 2 ) Another authority recommends equal quantities of bees
wax and turpentine (by weight ). It is customary to color the
wax by adding finely-powdered Venetian red .
(3 ) Melt together 1 part of Venice turpentine and 5 parts of
beeswax. Color with vermilion .
231
MEASURES AND UNITS
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
U . S . System
LENGTH
Inches. Feet. Yards. Rods. Miles.
12
36 3
198 16 ;
. . . . . . . 5280 1760 320
1 fathom = 6 feet
1 furlong = 40 rods = 660 feet
1 knot or nautical mile = 1 . 15 statute miles = 1' of arc on the
earth 's surface at the equator
1 surveyor's chain = 66 feet = 100 links (each link = 7 . 92 inches)
1 engineer's chain = 100 feet = 100 links
1 mil = .001 inch
AREA
Square Square Square Square Acres.

inches. feet. yards. rods.
114
1296 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2721 301
43560 : 4840 160
1 square mile = 610 acres

1 acre = 10 square chains (surveyor's)
1 sq . mil = . 000001 sq .in .
1 circularmil = .000000785 sq. in . (area of a circle whose diameter
is one mil)
VOLUJE
1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard
232
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Continued )
U . S . System (Continued) .
LIQUID MEASURE
Gills. Pints . Quarts. Gallons. Cubic inches.
28 . 38
57 . 75
4
231 . .
1 hogshead = 63 gallons
1 tun = 252 gallons
1 British imperial gallon = 277. 3 cu.in . = 1 . 2 U . S. gallons
APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASURE
Minims. Fluid drams. Fluid Ounces. Pints. Gallons.
60
480
7680 128 16
128
DRY MEASURE
Pints . Quarts . Pecks. Bushels. Cubic inches.
67 . 2
537 . 6
2150 . 4
1 British imperial bushel = 2218 . 2 cu. in . = 1 .03 U . S . bushels

1 cord = 128 cu .ft.
Mass
Note . - Three systems are in use - avoirdupois, troy and apothecaries'.
The grain is the same in all.
AVOIRDUPOIS - COMMERCIAL
Grains. Drams. Ounces. Pounds. Tons.
27 . 34
437 . 5
7000 . 256
2000
1 long ton = 2240 lbs. = 20 hundred weight (long )
1 hundred weight (short measure ) = 100 lbs.
1 pound avoirdupois = the mass of 27 . 70 cu . in . of water weighed
in air at 35 . 85° F . barometer pressure 30 of mercury
233
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Continued )
U . S . System (Continued )
Troy Weight
Grains. Pennyweight. Ounces. Pounds.
24
480 20
5760 240 12
1 pound troy = . 823 pound avoirdupois

1 carat = 3 . 2 grains
APOTHECARIES ' WEIGHT

The grain , ounce and pound are the sameas in troy weight.
Grams. Scruples. Drams. Ounces. Pounds.
20
60
480 24
5760 288
TIME
- - - -- - -- -
Seconds. Minutes . Hours . Days . Years .

-
60
3600 60
21
86400 2010
365 . 24 1 (common )
365 . 256 1 ( sidereal)
ANGLE
Seconds. Minutes. Degrees . Circumference.
60
3600 60
...... 360
1 radian = 57 . 02958 = 206265 "

21 radians = 1 circumference.
234
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Continued)
Metric System
LENGTH
1 millimeter = .001meter
1 centimeter = .01 meter
1 decimeter = meter
1 meter
1 dekameter = 10 . meters
1 hektometer = 100 . meters
1 kilometer = 1000 . meters
1 myriameter = 10000 . meters
1 micron = .001 mm . (symbol u )
1 ångström unit = . 0000001 mm .
1 micromillimeter = . 000001 mm .
AREA
1 square millimeter = .0000001 square meter
1 square centimeter = . 00001 square meter
1 square decimeter = . 001 square meter
1 centare = 1 square meter
1 are = 100 square meters
1 hectare = 10,000 square meters
VOLUME AND CAPACITY

1 milliliter = . 001 liter = 1 cubic centimeter
1 centiliter = .01 liter
1 deciliter = .1 liter
1 liter = 1 cubic decimeter, 1000 cubic centimeters
1 dekaliter = 10 liters
1 hektoliter = 100 liters
1 kiloliter = 1000 liters = 1 cubic meter = 1 ,000 ,000 cu .cm ,
Mass
1 milligram = . 001 gram
1 centigram = .01 gram
1 decigram = gram
1 gram
1 dekagram = 10 grams
1 hektogram = 100 grams
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 myriagram = 10000 grams
1 quintol = 100000 grams
1 millier or tonneau = 1000000 grams
1 cubic centimeter of water at ordinary temperature weighs
about 1 gram
235
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PILYSIC'S .
MISCELLANEOUS REDUCTION FACTORS
i radians = 180 degrees
1 degree = 0 .017453 radian
1 radian = 57° . 2958 = 3437' . 75 206205 " .
1 sidereal second = 0) . 99727 mean solar second
1 pound per cubic foot = .01602 gram per cubic centimeter
1 foot per second per second = 30 . 4796 cm . per second per second
1 poundal = 13825 dynes
76 cm . of mercury at 0° C . (g . = 980 ) = 1 . 012630 dynes per
sq .cm . or 14 .697 pounds per sq .in .
1 foot-pound (g . = 980 ) = 13 .55 X 106 ergs
1 foot-poundal = 421 . 390 ergs
1 horse power ( g . = 980 ) = 745 . 2 watts
1 mean calorie = 4 . 184 X107 ergs (mechanicalequivalent of heat)
1 B . T . U . = 251. 99 calories.
1 calorie = 0 . 003968 B . T . U .
1 B . T . U . per pound = 0 . 5556 calorie per gram
1 calorie per gram = 1 . 800 B . T . U . per pound
RELATIONS OF ELECTRICAL UNITS

1 ohm = 10 electromagnetic units = 1/9X10 – 11 electrostatic
units,
1 volt = 108 electromagnetic units = 1 /3x10 -"? clectrostatic
urits
1 ampere = 10 - 1electromagnetic units = 3X109 electrostatic
units
1 coulomb = 10 - 1electromagnetic units = 3X109 electrostatic
units
1 farad = 10 - Selectromagnetic units = 9X1011 electrostatic
units
1 microfarad = 1,000,000 farads
VALUE OF THE GAS CONSTANT R FOR VARIOUS UNITS
Units of pressure. Units of volume. R per gram molecule .
Atmospheres. . . . Volumeat 0° C . 0 . 003662

Atmospheres. . . . c . cm . 82 . 7
Atmospheres.. . . . . . liters 0 . 08207
Atmospheres. . . . . . . . cubic meters
Dynes per sq .cm . (barye ) . . c .cm . 8 . 3156 X 107
Kilograms per sq .m . (g . =
980 . 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . cm . 8 . 48X105
R per lb . molecule.
Pounds per sg.in . . . . . . . . 18510 .
Pounds per sq . in ... . . . . . . . cu . ft . 10 . 71
Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . 1260 .
Atmospheres. . . . . . . . . . . . . cu . ft . 0 . 729
236
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METRIC
OF
UNITS
CUSTOMARY
1Tontinued
—CFROM
10O
Area
SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE
BQUARE SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE
MILLI INCHES CENTI KILO
INCHES FEET METERS YARDS METERS MILES
METERS METERS METERS
.00 0155 .10 550 =0.09290 =0.8361 .03861

0.00310 0.3100 = 8581
0.1 =1
960 0.7722
0.00465 =0.4650 =0.27871 =1.6723 1
=0.00620 =0.6200 =0.37161 =22.3920 1.1583
Hocio
AWNH
Ora
0.0075 0.7750 =0.46452 52.= 084 1.5444
19
0.00930 =0.9300 = 5742
0.5 80 =3 .91 305
1085 452 =0.65032 =3.3445 2 = .5
A Coco
=0.01240 =1.0850 =0.74323 4= 2=.3166 6
=0.01395 =1.2400 =0.83613 cinco # =4.1807 2=.7027 7
coop voor HWNH

coco voor
01
6.1645 =1.3950 .764
=110 =5.9799 = 7.
3.,21= 390 928
.5=12
221 031 =5.0168 03. 888
4 9
.,91= 35 19
.3=332
255 92 =5.8529 3.4749
voor
Fam
6.,52= 580 4307
.0=82555 =6 .3=10600
Hirincisi ooo oo *
5000
.83,2125 .2=3258 853

5=. 19 6.= .9=12500
= .93,8870 7.=3810 .5
664
= 83 8=7.3719 5=1.5400
= .1416
4,5 .1=4561 =775
.347 =7. .1= 8300
= .35,1061 =513
.6 1 =886
.111 =89.5679 =20200
.7
0000
00 00
= 45,8. 606 .0=565
8 =996
.875 9.7639
=10 .3=23100
Locorro
COMPARISON
AND
METRIC
FROM
UNITS
CUSTOMARY
1Tontinued
–COF
10
O
Volume -Continued
AREA
CUBIC CUBIC
CUBIC CUBIC CUBIC CUBIC CUBIC CUBIC
MILLI CENTI ACRES HECTARES
INCHES INCHES FEET METERS YARDS METERS
METERS METERS
=0.000061 0.0610 ,=0.02832 =0.7646 =0.4047
-
=0.000122 .10 220 0.0= 5663 =1.3079 0.8094
=0.000183 0.1831 =0.08495 =1.5291 1
0.0= 00244 =10.2441 =0.11327 |=2 2.1 141
Hanim
A4
HAWN
=0.000305 .3051
=10 0.1= 4159 2. 937 1.6187
0.000366
=49 .30 661 =0.16990 =3
=0.000427 0.4= 272 =0.19822 =3.0582 =2.0234
0.0= 00488 =0.4882 =0.22654 3.8= 228 4
2. 281
tir
=0.000549 =0.5492 2.8328
0 0 30 g
Coco VO
coop voor HWNH
ooooo
.16
,387 12 = .316872 .314
=135 5.4= 874
32
.3i2774 = .7743
32 .629
=270
= 5,161
.49 = .1615
49 .943
=3105 =5.3519
= 48
5.6,65 = .5486
65 .258
=4141
mica
9.884
Hoo #
Winoco
Noooo
HWF
.8,9= 135 9=8. 1358 .572
176 16.= 165 .355
12
0,3.=9823 .3=98230 .887

=6211 =6.8810 .826
=14
CO
.1,7= 14
10 .7=114
101 .2= 01
7247 =9.71556 .297
=717
.3,0=131 97 0=1. 31
973 .516
=8282 .4635
8=10 .768
=819
Ovo
47
.=15,484 .4=147 845 8317
9=. 30 .97715
=11 .239
=922
COMPARISON
AND
METRIC
OF
UNITS
CUSTOMARY
1TO
FROM
Continuou
10
+ ,323
.038 11
7
. 101
11
como
COM
MET
OF
AND
CUS
CTFRO
—1UNI
10 RIC
TOM
MPAR
O TS
onti ARYN
nuedISO
Capacity
U.S U.S U.s
MILLI U.S MILLI MILLI U.S
APOTHE APOTHE LITERS
LITERS LIQUID LITERS
'
LIQUID LITERS LIQUID LITERS
'
CARIES CARI ES
.)(cc OUNCES .)(cc ).(cc QUARTS GALLONS
DRAMS SCRUPLES
=0.03381 0.2= 705 =.20 6417

0=0. 6763 5=0. 410 =1.05668 5.0 2834
0.1= 0144 80.= 115 = 2 = 8
19 272 0.79251
=0.13526 =13.6967 = 2.
ostria
opria
AWNH
wamo
=0.16907 =1. 0820 1.05668

908
=0.20288 3525
=1. =31.32085
Cow
och
=0.23670 =1.6231 = 4 :1.5378543
8502
cinc
241
=0.27051 =1.8936 13
=4
cinco
= 4. =1.84919
=0.30432 =7.3934
= 2 5 |2=4.73179 57.7087
000 VOT
VOTA -Cowo
.52974 2.1641 1. 1336
-
o
er
.147
59 =937753
N
.721
=388 011 .3=15630
1
000 VNDUA
=. 901
cicios
.295
=118 14
.7869 6
.6= 2451 .1= 54174
-
VND
Tinoco
cicim * W
co co t
.869
=5147 .418836 .9=182717
177
4=6. 42 122. 803 = 8.6257 =221261
.7
.016
=7207 .8770
=25 =8
15 =269801
.4
.5= 90
8236 .5737
=29 =9.8579 9 2=3. 08348
10000
=8.6
.163
=9266 .2704
=33 .0=11901 =9
14 .0=346891
OOD
ricos
1Tontinued
FROM
UNITS
CUSTOMARY
AND
METRIC
OF
—CCOMPARISON
10O
U.S .SU HECTO
U.SDRY DEKA SU. U.S HECTO
1 QUARTS LITERS LITERS BUSHELS PER
LITERS
PECKS LITERS .PECKS BUSHELS LITERS
ACRE
PER HECTARE
0.9081 1=.0 1351 0.8810 0.3= 5239 =0.87078

=1.11012 =0.70479
114840
2=.0 2702 1.1351
=21.8162 .30 4053 1.7620 83774
=1 = 1.74156
2 =2.2025 0.45404 2
.2 702 =1.05718 2.29 = 2
Hain
" N
A WNW
Hrvai
.50 6755 6=. 429 =1.40957 62.= 1233
= 3.3037 0.68106 4053 =1.76196 3.4451
= 93
Haam
= 4 0.79457 =2
67548 4.3= 8311
= 4.4049 0.90808 5404 1.2= 1436 =4.59359
44- 049
O voor
AICCO
242
HA HA cow
= = 88. 0982 4=2. 66755 =4.35389
Hoon
aiman * *
*
citing
= 55. 061 = 57
9021 5.6755 =2.81914 74199 =5
00
5.26=17859
1964 8.51323
= 3 =5.22467
=6.6074 6.4=262946 6.8106 1.3= 7154 8903=9 6
low co
6.12=35669
3928 11
.35097 =4 =6.09545
WNE
con
voer
49107
=7.944
0457 .1= 8871
514 =6.96622
8-7.08=52479 5892 .02645
=617 0
=78. 3879
88.= 098 =97.96288
16874 .86420
=719 9 =7.83700
=91727 =9.08478080
7856 .70194 -
=822 =89.18719
0000
=9.9110 9.2=7108838
9159 .53968
=925 .33558
=910
coco voo
tricocos
1Tontinued
FROM
UNITS
CUSTOMARY
AND
METRIC
OF
—CCOMPARISON
10O
(or
)Weight
Mass
AVOIRDU AVOIRDU
TROY KILO TROY KILO
GRAINS GRAMS POIS GRAMS GRAMS POIS
OUNCES GRAMS POUNDS GRAMS
OUNCES POUNDS
0.0= 6480 0.03527 0=.0 3215 =0.45359 =0.37324

=0.12960 .00 7055 =0.06430 =0.90718 =0.74648
=0.19440 0.10582 .0
0= 9645 =1
20162 =12.67923
=0.25920 =0.14110 =0.12860 =1.36078 =1.11973
CNN
3.0= 2399 0.17637 0.16075 81. 1437 =1.49297
3.0= 8879 =0.21164 0.1= 9290 4.40924 =1.86621
=0.45359 =0.24692 =0.22506 2.26796 35846
=0.51839 =0.28219 =0.25721 =2.72155 =2.23945
243
co voo HWNN
6. 1387
OOTORIA
=0.58319 =90.31747 0 =.28936 =2.61269
000 voor
415
1=. 324 321.= 8495 .1=30348
1 7 3.1| 7515 2.98593
=230
.8647 .6991
256 .2=60696
2 8 =3.62874 8.03769
=46
.2971 80.3= 5486 3=9. 31044 8.81849
35918
.761
294 4.3=1981 13 =124
.4 1392
9 .7!1=4008233
1691
WNH
cima
How
OOO OOO
AWNE
.1618
77 5.7=1476
41 11 2311
1740
5=.0155 39614
.13
.592941 972
06.=170 .26=11386 2088
2773 .07537
16
.0265
108 7.4=198
467 47=.15
23236 2437
17 .75460
=18
OOT
= 589
.4
123 =226
8.7 962 8248
.6 3698
2785
=817 = 3383
.4
821
O voo
1111111
.8912
=138 9.1=255
457 .89=279
919 3133
4160 .11306
=924
coop voor
OOO
COO VOO
WIRE TABLES
COMPARISON OF WIRE GAUGES
Birmingham
Washburn
Imperial
DIAMETER OF WIRE IN INCHES
Music
.'s teel
Gauge
SStub
.&Moen
Stub
Sharpe
wire
Brit
.Std
or
or
n
No
's.
.USStd
Brow
plate
.
.
.
& !
00000000 .0083
.
. 500 . 0087
: : :
0000000
.
000000 . 461 16875 . 0095

00000 . 432 4375 . 0100
.
0000 . 1600 454 3938 . 400 10625 . 0110

000 . 4096 125 3625 . 372 1. 375 .0120
00 . 3618 . 350 . 3310 . 315 34375 .0133
0 . 3219 . 310 1 . 3065 . 321 3125 .0114
1 . 2893 300 . 2830 . 300 1 . 227 . 28125 0156
2 . 2576 . 281 1 . 2625 . 276 1 . 219 . 265025 .0166
3 . 2.291 259 1 . 2437 . 252 . 212 . 25 .0178
4 . 2013 . 238 . 2253 , 232 1 . 207 . 231375 .0138
5 . 1819 . 220 . 2070 . 212 . 204 . 21875 .0202
6 . 1620 203 1 . 1920 . 192 . 201 . 203125 .0215
7 . 1413 . 180 1. 1770 . 176 1. 199 . 1875 .0230
8 . 1285 . 165 1. 1620 . 160 . 197 . 171575 . ( 213
9 . 1141 . 148 . 1183 . 111 . 194 . 15625 .0250
10 . 1019 . 131 1350 . 128 . 191 . 140625 0270
11 . 03071 120 1 . 1205 . 110 . 188 . 125 .0281
12 .03031 . 103 1055 . 101 1. 185 . 109375 .0296
13 .07196 .095 1. 0915 .092 1 . 182 . 09375 .0314
14 .06108 .083 0800 .OSO 1 . 180 .078125 . 0326
15 . 05707 . 072 . 0720 . 072 1. 178 . 0703125 .0315

16 .05082 ..065 . 0025 . 061 1. 175 , 0525 . 0360
17 .01526 . 058 1. 0510 .056 1. 172 . 05625 . 0377
181. 04030 .049 1.0175 .018 1 . 168 .05 .0395
19 .03589 . 012 1 . 0410 . 010 1. 164 .01375 .0414
20 .03196 .035 1.0348 .036 1. 1611. 0375 .0134
21 .02816 . 032 0318 . 032 1. 157 031375 .0460
22 .02535 028 0286 . 028 1 . 155 '. 03125 0183
23 .02257 .025 0258 . 021 . 153 .028125 .0515
24 .02010 .022 0230 .022 . 151 . 025 . 0550
244
COMPARISON OF WIRE GAUGES (Continued )
Birmingham
DIAMETER OF WIRE IN INCHES
Washburn
Imperial
Stubs
Music
Stub
Gauge
's teel
Sharpe
Moen
Brit
wire
.Std
or
or
No
Brown
.USStd
.plate
.
.
.
.
.
&
1 .01790 .020 1 .0201 .020 1 . 118 . 021875 .0586

26 .01591 .018 1.0181 .015 1. 116 . 01875 . 0626
27 .01419 . 016 .0173 . 0161 . 113 . 0171875 .00158
28 01264 .014 .0162 .0149 . 139 .015625 . 0720
29 . 01126 .013 . 0150 . 01.36 . 134 .0140625 .0760
30 . 01003 2012 .0140 .01:21 . 127 .0125 0800

31 . 008925 010) 1 .0132 .0110 . 120 . 0109375 .0820
32 . 007950 009 1 . 01.28 .010S . 115 .01015625 0800
33 . 007080 . 008 .01S . 01001. 113 .009375 , 0000
34 006304 .007 0101 .0092 . 110 .00859375 0950
0095 . OOS 1 . 108 .0078125

36 . 005000 .. 004 0090 . 0070 ). 100 .00703125
371. 004453 . 0063 . 103 . 006040625
38 . 003965 .0060 . 101 . 00625
39 .003531 .00.52 .099
40 . 003145 0015 .097
TWIST DRILL AND STEEL WIRE GAUGE

INCHES
No . Size No. ize . No . Size. No. Size No. Size. No. Size .
2280 | 1 . 19101 21 1. 1590 || 31 . 12001141 1 .0960 || 51 | 0670

2210 || 12 . 1990 -22 . 1570 || 32 . 1160 42 . 0935 || 52 .06:35
. 21301 1850 23 1. 1510 33 . 1130 || 43 .0890 53 0 .595
4 . 2090 || 14 | 1820 | 24 | 152011 34 1 . 1110 || 14 . 08601 54 0550
5 . 2055 || 15 . 1800 || 251. 1495 / 35 . 1100 45 . 0820 55 1. 0520
6 1. 2040 || 161. 17701. 201. 147011361. 1065|| 46 1.0810 || 56 1 .0465
71. 2010 || 17 . 17:30 27 . 1410 37 . 1040 47 . 078.5 | 57 1. 0130 .
8 1. 1990 || 181. 1695 || 28 1. 140.5 | 381. 1015 || 18 1.0760 || 58 1.0120 .
9 1. 1960 || 19 1. 1660 || :29 1. 1360 || 39 . 0995 | 49 | 07:30 || 59 1 .0410
1 . 1935 | 20 . 1610 || 30 . 1285 40 1 .0980 | 50 1.0700 60 . 0400
245
DIMENSIONS OF WIRE
Stub's GAUGE
Giving the diameter and cross -section in English and metric system
for the Birmingham or Stub 's gauge.
Diameter Section Diameter Section

Gauge No. in ins. in sq . ins. in cms. in sq .cms.
0000 0 . 454 0 . 16188 1 . 1532 1 . 0444

000 .425 . 14186 .0795 0 . 9152
00 . 380 . 11341 0 . 9652 . 7317
. 340 . 09079 . 8636 . 5858
0 . 300 0 . 07069 0 . 7620 0 . 4560

. 284 . 06335 . 7214 . 4087
259 . 05269 - .6579 . 3399
. 238 . 04449 . 6045 . 2870
. 220 .03801 . 5588 . 2452
0 . 203 0 . 03237 0 . 5156 0 . 20881

180 . 02545 . 4572 . 16147
. 165 .02138 . 4191 . 13795
. 148 . 01720 . 3759 . 11099
. 134 .01410 . 3404 . 09098
0 . 120 0 .011310 0 . 3048 0 . 07297

12 . 109 . 009331 . 2769 . 06160
13
14
. 095 . 007088 . 2413 . 04573
. 083 . 005411 . 2108 .03491
15 . 072 . 004072 . 1829 .02627
16 0 . 065 0 . 0033183 0 . 16510 0 . 021409

17 . 058 . 0026421 14732 . 017016
18 .049 . 0018857 . 12446 . 012166
. 042 . 0013851 . 10668 . 008938
. 035 . 0009621 . 08890 . 006207
CON
0 . 032 0 . 0008012 0 . 08128 0 . 005189

. 028 0006158 . 07112 . 003973
os
.025 . 0004909 . 06350 . 003167

. 022 . 0003801 . 05568 . 002452
. 020 . 0003142 . 05050 . 002027
0 .018 0 . 0002545 0 . 04572 0 .0016417
N
. 016 . 0002011 . 04061 . 0012972

28 .014 0001539 03556 . 0009932
. 013 . 0001327 . 03302 . 0008563
.012 . 0001181 . 03018 . 0007297
0 .010 0 . 00007854 0 . 02540 0 . 0005067

. 009 . 00006362 . 02286 . 0001104
. 008 . 00005027 ,02032 . 0003243
.007 . 00003848 . 01778 . 0002483
. 00.5 . 00001963 .01270 . 0001267
36 0 004 0 . 00001257 0 .01016 0 . 0000811
246
AANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND POYSICS
DIMENSIONS OF WIRE (Continued )
British STANDARD GAUGE
Giving the diameter and cross-section in English and metric system
for the British Standard Gauge.
Diameter Section Diameter Section
(Gauge No. in ins. in sq .ins. in cms. in sq .ems.
7 -0 0 . 500 0 . 1963 1 . 2700 1 . 267

6 -0 . 464 . 1691 . 1786 . 091
5 -0 0 .432 0 . 1466 1 . 0973 0 . 9456
4 -0 . 400 . 1257 . 0160 . 8107
. 372 . 1087 0 . 9449 . 7012
. 348 . 0951 . 8839 . 6136
. 324 . 0825 . 8230 . 5319
0 . 300 0 . 07069 0 . 7620 0 . 4560
. 276 . 05983 . 7010 . 3858
. 252 .04988 . 6401 . 3218
. 232 . 04227 . 5893 . 2727
. 212 . 03530 . 5385 . 2277
0 . 192 0 . 02895 0 .4877 0 . 18679
. 176 .02433 .4470 . 15696
.. 160 . 02010 . 4064 . 12973
.. 144 . 01629 . 3658 . 10507
. 128 . 01287 . 3251 . 08302
11 0 . 116 0 . 010568 0 . 2946 0 . 06818
12 . 104 . 008495 . 2642 . 05480
13 . 092 . 006648 . 2337 . 04289
14 . 080 . 005027 . 2032 .03243
15 .072 . 004071 . 1829 . 02627
16 0 . 064 ) 0 . 003217 0 . 16256 0 020755
17 . 056 . 002463 . 14224 .015890
18 . 048 . 001810 . 12192 .011675
19 . 040 . 001257 . 10160 .008107
. 036 . 001018 . 09144 . 006567
0 . 032 0 . 0008042 0 . 08128 0 .005189
. 028 .0006158 ,07112 . 003973
23 . 024 . 0004524 , 06096 . 002922
.022 . 0003801 . 05588 . 002452
25 .020 . 0003142 .05080 . 002027
0 .0180 0 0002515 0 . 04572 0 . 0016417
. 0164 .0002112 . 01166 . 0013628
.0148 . 0001728 .037.59 . 0011099
. 0136 . 0001453 . 03454 . 0009363
. 0124 0001208 . 03150 . 0007791
31 0 . 0116 0 . 00010568 0 . 02946 0 . 0006818
3 Z . 0108 00009161 .02743 .0005910
33 .0100 . 00007854 .02540 . 0005067
34 . 0092 . 00006648 .02337 . 0004289
35 . 0084 . 00005542 .02134 . 0003575
36 0 . 0076 0 . 00004536 0 . 01930 0 . 0002927
37 . 0068 . 00003632 . 01727 . 0002343
38 . . 0060 . 00002827 .01524 . 0001824
39 . 0052 00002124 . 01321 . 0001370
. 0018 . 00001810 .01219 . 0001167
0 . 0044 0 . 00001521 0 . 01118 0 . 0000982
. 0010 . 00001257 . 01016 . 0000811
. 0036 00001018 . 00914 . 0000656
. 0032 . 00000801 .00813 , 0000519
. 0028 . 00000616 . 00711 . 0000397
45
46 0 . 0024 0 . 00000452 0 . 00610 0 . 0000212
47 . 0020 .00000314 .00508 . 0000203
48 . 0016 . 00000201 , 00406 . 0000129
49 . 0012 . 00000113 . 00305 . 0000073
50 .0010 . 00000079 . 00254 . 0000051
247
DIMENSIONS OF WIRE , B. & S. GAUGE,

U . S.
Diameter and cross-section of wires, Brown & Sharpe Gauge, mass
of pure hard drawn copper wire at 32° F . (density 8 .90 ) .
& Gauge Diam . in Cross-section Pounds per ft. Feet per lb .

le number. ins. in sq .in .
0000 0 . 4600 0 . 1662 0 . 6412 1 . 560

000 . 1096 . 1318 . 5085 1 . 967
OVOCIA
00 . 3618 . 1015 . 4033 2 . 480

. 3219 . 0829 . 3198 3 . 127
0 . 2893 0 . 06573 0 . 2536 3 . 943
CON
. 2576 05213 . 2011 4 . 972

. 2291 . 04134 . 1595 6 . 270
. 2013 . 03278 . 1265 7 . 905
. 1919 . 02600 . 1003 9 . 969
0 . 1620 0 .02062 0 . 07955 12 . 57

. 1113 . 01635 .06309 15 . 85
. 1255 . 01297 . 05003 19 . 99
. 1111 .01028 .03968 25 . 20
. 1019 .00S15 . 03146 31 . 78
11 0 . 09071 0 . 006467 0 .02495 40 . 08
12 . OSOS1 . 005129 .01979 50 . 54
13 .07196 . 00 1067 .01569 63 . 72
. 0610S . 003225 . 01241 80 . 35
13 .05707 . 002558 . 00987 101 . 32
0 . 03082 0 . 002028 0 . 007827 127 . 8
01525 .001009 . 006207 161. 1
18 . 01030 .001276 .001922 203 . 2
19 . 03.589 . 001012 . 003901 250 . 2
20 .03196 . 000SO2 . 003096 323 . 1
OCIO
0 . 02816 0 . 0006363 0 . 002155 408 . 2

.02535 . 0005016 . 001917 513 . 6
. 02257 . 000 1001 , 001514 647 . 7
.02010 . 0003173 . 001221 816 . 7
.01790 . 0002517 . 000971 1029 . 9
0 .01591 0 .0001996 0 . 0007700 1298 .
. 01119 .0001583 . 0006107 1638 .
. 01261 0001255 .0001843 2065 .
.01126 . 0000995 . 0003841 2604 .
30 . 01003 . 0000789 . 0003016 3283 .
31 0 . 008928 0 . 00006260 0 . 0002115 4140 .
32 . 0079.50 00001961 0001915 5221 .
33 . 0070SO . 00003937 . 0001519 6583.
34 .006301 , 00003122 . 0001205 8301.
35 .005611 . 00002476 . 0000955 10468 .
0 . 00 .5000 0 . 00001963 0 . 00007576 13200 .
. 00 1153 . 000015 .77 . 00006008 16644 .
, 003965 .00001235 . 00001765 20988 .
39 003531 , 00000979 . 00003778 26465 .
.003113 . 00000777 . 00002996 33372.
219
· HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
MASS AND RESISTANCE FOR COPPER

Measure
Electrical resistance of pure hard -drawn copper wire at 32° F . (density
8 . 90 .)
Gauge
number . Ohms per ft. Ft. per ohm . Ohms per lb . Lbs. per ohm .
0000 0 . 00004629 21601. 0 . 00007219 13852 .

000 . 00005837 17131 . 00011479 8712 .
00 . 00007361 13586 . . 00018253 5479 .
. 00009282 10774 . . 00029023 3445 .
0 . 0001170 8544 . 0 . 0004615 2166 . 8

. 0001476 6775 . . 0007338 1362 . 8
. 0001861 5373 . . 0011668 857 . 0
. 0002347 4261. . 0018552 539 . 0
. 0002959 3379 . .0029499 339 . 0
0 . 0003731 2680 . 0 . 004690 213 . 22

. 0004705 2125 . . 007458 134 . 08
. 0005933 1685 . . 011859 84 . 32
. 0007482 1337 . . 018857 53 . 03
.0009434 1060 . . 029984 33 . 35
0 . 001190 840 . 6 0 . 04768 20 . 973
. 001500 666 . 6 07581 13 . 191
. 001892 528 . 7 12054 8 . 296
. 002385 419 . 2 . 19166 5 . 218
. 003008 332 . 5 . 30176 3 . 281
0 . 003793 263. 7 0 . 4846 2 . 0636

. 004783 209 . 1 . 7705 1 . 2979
.006031 165 . 8 1 . 2252 0 . 8162
. 007604 131. 5 1 . 9481 .5133
. 009589 104 . 3 3 .0976 . 3228
0 .01209 82 . 70 4 . 925 0 . 20305
. 01525 65 . 59 7 . 832 . 12768
..01923 52 . 01 12 . 453 . 08030
. 02424 41 . 25 19 . 801 . 05051
. 03057 32 . 71 31 . 484 .03176
0 . 03855 25 . 94 50 . 06 0 . 019976
. 04861 20 . 57 79 . 60 .012563
. 06130 16 . 31 126 . 57 . C07901
. 07729 12 . 94 201. 26 . 004969
. 09746 10 . 26 320 . 01 .003125
0 . 1229 8 . 137 508 . 8 0 . 0019654
.. 1550 6 . 452 809 . 1 . 0012359
. 1954 5 . 117 1286 . 5 . 0007773
. 2464 4 . 0 .58 2015 . 6 . 0004889
. 3107 3 . 218 3252 . 6 . 0003074
0 . 3918 2 . 552 5172 . 0 . 0001934
. 4941 2 . 024 8224 . . 0001216
. 6230 1 . 605 13076 . . 0000765
. 7856 1 . 273 20792 . 1 . 0000481
. 9906 1 . 009 33060 . . 0000303
249
DIMENSIONS OF WIRE B. & S. GAUGE ,

Metric
Diameter , cross - section of wires , Brown & Sharpe gauge , mass of pure
hard-drawn copper wire at 0° C . (density 8 .90 ).
Gaug Cross - section Grams per Meters per

Diam . in cm .
numbr. in sq .cm . meter . gram .
0000 1 . 1684 1 . 0722 954 . 3 0 . 001048

000 . 0405 0 . 8503 756 . 8 . 001322
00 0 . 9266 . 7643 600 . 1 . 001666
. 8251 . 5343 475 . 9 . 002101
VOOR
0 . 7348 0 .4241 377 . 4 0 . 002649

ON
. 6544 . 3363 299 . 3 . 003341

. 5827 . 2667 237 . 4 , 004213
. 5189 . 2115 188 . 2 . 005312
. 4021 . 1677 149 . 3 . 006699
0 . 4115 0 . 13302 118 . 39 0 . 00845

1 . 3665 . 10549 93 . 88 . 01065
. 3264 . 08366 74 . 45 . 01343
. 2906 . 06634 59 . 04 . 01694
. 2588 05261 46 . 82 . 02136
11 0 . 2305 0 . 04172 37 . 13 0 . 02693
12 . 2053 . 03309 29 . 45 .03396
13 . 1828 . 02624 23 . 35 . 04282
14 . 1628 . 02081 18 . 52 . 05400
. 1450 .01650 14 . 69 . 06809
OSOS
0 . 12908 0 . 013087 11 .648 0 . 0859

11495 . 010378 9 . 237 . 1083
. 10237 , 00 * 231 7 . 325 . 1363
OOON
. 09116 . 006527 5 . 809 . 1721

.08118 005176 4 . 607 . 2171
0 .07229 0 . 004105 3 . 653 0 . 2737

OOO
. 06438 . 003255 2 . 898 . 3450

. 05733 . 002582 2 . 298 . 4352
. 05100 . 002047 1 . 822 . 5488
. 04545 . 001624 1 . 115 . 6920
0 . 04049 0 . 0012876 1 . 1459 0 . 873
. 03606 . 0010211 . 9088 1 . 100
. 03211 . 0008098 . 7207 1 . 388
.02859 . 0006422 . 5715 1 . 750
30 .02546 . 0005093 . 4532 2 . 206
TON
0 .02268 0 . 0004039 0 . 3594 2 . 782

. 02019 . 0003203 . 2850 3 . 508
. 01798 . 0002540 . 2261 4 . 424
.01601 . 0002014 . 1793 5 . 578
.01426 . 0001597 . 1422 7 . 034
0 .01270 0 . 0001267 0 . 1127 8 . 87
. 01131 . 0001005 . 0894 11 . 18
. 01007 . 0000797 . 0709 14 . 10
. 00897 . 0000032 0562 17 . 78
. 00799 . 0000501 . 0440 22 43
250
ILANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PILYSICS
MASS AND RESISTANCE FOR COPPER (Continued)

System
Electrical resistance of pure hard -drawn copper wire at 0° C . (density .
8 . 90 ) .
Gauge Ohms per Meters per Ohms per Grams per

number . meter. ohm . gram . ohm .
0000 0 . 0001519 6584 . 0 . 0000001592 6283000 .

000 . 0001915 5221 . . .0000002531 3951000 .
00 . 0002415 4141 . . 0000001024 2485000 .
. 0003045 3284 . . 0000006398 1.563000 .
0 . 0003840 2604 . 0 . 000001017 928900 .
. 0004842 2065 . . 000001618 618200 .
.0006106 1638 . . 000002572 388800 .
. 0007699 1299 . . 000004090 241500 .
.0009709 1030 . . 000006504 153800 .
0 . 001224 816 . 9 0 . 00001034 96700 .

. 001544 647 . 8 . 00001641 60820 ,
. 001947 513 . 7 . 00002615 38250 .
. 002455 407 . 4 00001157 21050 .
. 003095 323 . 1 . 00006610 15130 .
11 0 . 003903 256 . 2 0 . 00010511 9514 .

12 . 004922 203 . 2 . 00016712 5984 .
13 . 006206 161 . 1 . 00026574 3763 .
14 .007826 127 . 8 . 00042254 2367 .
15 .009808 101. 3 . 00067187 1488 .
10 0 .01241 80 . 37 0 . 0010683 936 . 1
17 . 01569 63. 73 . 0016987 588 . 7
18 . 01979 50 . 51 . 0027010 370 . 2
19 .02495 40 . 08 . 0012918 2 32 . 8
20 . 03146 31 . 79 . 0068290 146 . 4
21 003967 25 . 21 0 .010859 92 . 09
. 05002 19 . 99 . 017266 57 . 92
23 . 06305 15 . 85 027154 36 . 42
24 . 07954 12 . 57 043653 22. 91
25 . 10030 9 . 97 . 069411 11. 88
26 0 . 12647 7 . 907 0 . 11037 9 . 060

27 . 15948 6 . 270) . 17519 5 . 698
28 . 20110 4 . 973 . 27904 3 . 584
. 25358 3 . 913 . 44369 2 . 254
. 31976 3 . 127 . 70550 1 . 417
0 . 4032 2 .480 1 . 1218 0 . 8914

5081 1 . 967 1 . 7837 . 5606
.6411 1 . 560 2 . 8362 . 3526
. 8085 1 . 237 4 . 5097 . 2217
35 1 .0194 0 . 981 7 . 1708 . 1394
36 1 . 2855 0 . 7779 11 . 376 0 . 08790

37 1 . 6210 .6169 18 . 130 . 05516
38 2 . 0440 . 4892 28 . 828 .03469
39 2 .5775 . 3880 45 . 838 .02182
3 . 2501 . 3076 72. 885 . 01372
251
CROSS -SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES

U . S. Measure
Diameters are given in mils ( 1 mil = .001 in .) , and area in square mils
( 1 sq . mil = .000001 sq .in .) . For sections and masses for one- tenth the
diameters given , divide by 100 and for sections and masses for ten times
the diameter multiply by 100.
Pounds per foot .

Diam . in Cross-sec.
mils. in sq. mils. Copper, Iron , Brass , Aluminum ,
density density density density
8 .90 . 7 . 80 . 8 . 56 . 2 .67 .
10 78 . 54 0 . 000303 0 . 0002656 0 . 00029151 0 . 0000909

11 95 . 03 0367 03214 03527 01100
12 113 . 10 0436 03825 01197 01309
13 132 . 73 0512 04488 04926 01536
153 . 94 0594 05206 05713 01782
15 176 . 71 0 . 000682 0 . 0005976 1 0 . 0006558 1 0 . 0002045
16 201. 06 0776 06799 07461 02327
226 . 98 0876 07675 08423 02627
254 . 47 0982 08605 09443 02946
283 . 53 1094 09588 10522 03282
314 . 16 0 . 001212 0 . 001062 0 . 001166 | 0 . 0003636
21 346 . 36 1336 1171 1285 04009
22 380 . 13 1167 1286 1411 04400
415 . 48 1603 1405 1512 04809
452 . 39 1716 1530 1679 05237
490 . 87 0 . 001894 0 . 001660 1 0 . 001822 | 0 . 0005682
530 . 93 2016 1795 1970 06147
572 . 56 2209 1936 2125 06628
615 . 75 2376 2082 2285 07127
660 . 52 2549 2234 2451 07646
30 706 . 86 0 . 002727 0 . 002390 1 0 . 002623 | 0 . 0008182
31 754 . 77 2912 2552 2801 08737
CONO CON
804 . 25 3103 2720 2985 09309

owo
wo
00001
855 . 30 3300 2892 3174 09900

907 . 92 3503 3070 3369 10509
962 . 11 | 0 . 003712 . 003253 | 0 . 003570 0 . 001114
1017 . 88 3927 3112 3777 1178
1075 . 21 4149 3636 3990 1245
1134. 11 4376 3814 4218 1316
1194 . 59 4009 4010 4133 1383
e
1256 .64 0 . 004849 0 . 004249 0 . 004664 0 . 001455

1320 . 25 5094 4165 4900 1528
1385 . 11 5316 4085 5141 1604
1152 . 20 5003 4911 5389 1681
1520 . 53 5867 5142 5643 1760
45 1.590 . 43 0 . 006137 0 . 005378 0 . 003902 0 . 001841

1601. 90 6412 5620 6167 1924
17 :31 . 91 6694 5867 6138 2008
1809 . 56 0982 6119 671.5 2095
188.7 . 74 7276 0377 6998 2183
07
1963. 50 0 . 007576 0 . 006610 0 . 007287 0 . 002273

2012 . 82 7882 6908 7581 2365
52 2123 . 72 8194 7181 7881 2458
5 .3 2206 . 18 85
. 12 7160 8187 2554
2290 . 22 8837 7711 8199 2651
252
CROSS-SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES (Continued )

U . S .Measure (Continued )
Diameters are given in mils ( 1 mil = .001 in .), and area in square mils
( 1 sq . mil = .000001 sq . in . ). For sections and masses for one- tenth the
diameters given , divide by 100 and for sections and masses for ten times
the diameter multiply by 100.
Pounds per foot .

Diam . in Cross-sec.
mils. in sq . mils . Copper, Iron , Brass , Aluminum ,
density density density density
8 . 90 . 7 .80 . 8 . 56 . 2 .67 .
55 2375 . 83 0 . 009167 0 . 008034 0 . 008817 0 . 002750

56 2463. 01 09504 083297 09140 2851
57 2551. 76 09846 08629 09470 2951
2642 . 08 10195 08934 09805 3058
2733 . 97 10549 09245 10146 3165
2827 . 43 0 . 01091 0 . 00956 0 . 01049 0 . 003273
2922 . 47 1128 0988 1085 3383
3019 . 07 1165 1021 1120 3495
3117 . 25 1203 1054 1157 3608
64 3216 . 99 1241 1088 1194 3724
65 3318 . 31 0 . 01280 0 . 01122 | 0 . 01231 0 . 003841
6
3421 . 19 1320 1157 1270 3960
3525 . 65 1360 1192 1308 4081
3631 . 6 1401 1228 1348 4204
3739 . 2 1443 1264 1388 4328
3848 . 45 0 . 01485 0 . 01302 0 . 01429 0 . 004456

3959 . 19 1528 1339 1469 4583
72 4071 . 50 1571 1377 1511 4713
4185 . 39 1615 1415 1553 4845
4300 . 84 1660 1454 1596 4978
75
4417 . 8 0 . 01705 0 .01494 0 . 01639 0 . 005114
4536 . 4 1751 1531 1684 5251
4656 . 6 1797 1575 1728 5390
4778 . 3 1814 1616 1773 5531
4901 . 67 1892 1658 1819 5674
5026 . 55 0 .01939 0 . 01700 0 . 01865 0 . 005818
5153 . 00 1988 1743 1912 5965
5281 . 02 2038 1786 1960 6113
5410 .61 2088 1830 2008 6263
5541 . 77 2138 1874 2057 6415
5674 . 5 0 . 02189 0 . 01919 0 . 02106 0 . 006568

0 0
5808 . 8 2241 1964 2156 6724

0
5944 . 68 2294 2010 2206 6881

6082 , 12 2347 2057 2257 7040
6221. 14 2400 2104 2309 7201
6361. 7 0 . 02455 0 .02151 0 .02360 0 . 007364
6503 . 8 2509 2199 2414 7528
6647 . 6 2565 2248 2467 7695
93 6792 . 91 2621 2297 2521 7863
94 6939 . 78 2678 2347 2575 8033
95 7088 . 22 0 . 02735 0 . 02397 0 . 02630 0 . 008205
96 7238 . 23 2793 2448 2686 8378
97 7389 .81 2851 2499 2742 8554
98 7542 . 96 2910 2551 2799 8731
99 7697 .69 2970 2603 2857 8910
100 7853 . 98 0 . 03030 10. 02656 10. 02915 0 . 009091
253
CROSS -SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES (Continued)

Metric Measure
Diameters are given in thousandths of a centimeter and area of section
in square thousandths of a centimeter. 1 ( cm . / 1000 ) 2 = . 000001 sq . cm .
For sections and masses for diameters 1 / 10 or 10 times those of the table .
divide or multiply by 100.
Grams per meter.

Diam . in Cross - section
thousandths in square
thousandths Copper, Iron , Brass , Aluminum ,
of a cm . density
of a cm . density density density
8 . 90 . 7 . 80 . 8 . 55 . 2 . 67 .
10 78 . 54 0 . 06990 0 . 06126 0 . 06723 0 .02097

11 95 . 03 . 08458 . 07412 . 08135 . 02537
12 113 . 10 . 10065 1 .08822 .. 09681 . 03020
195
132 .73 . 11813 . 10353 . 11362 . 03544
11 153 . 94 . 13701 12008 .. 13177 . 04110
176 . 71 0 . 1573 0 . 1378 0 . 1513 0 . 04718
16 . 201 . 06 . 1789 . 1568 . 1721 . 05368
226 . 98 . 2020 . 1770 . 1943 . 06060
254 . 47 . 2265 . 1985 . 2178 . 06794
283 . 53 . 2523 . 2212 . 2427 . 07570
314 . 16 0 . 2796 0 . 2450 0 . 2689 0 . 08388
21 316 . 36 . 3083 . 2702 . 2965 . 09248
22 380 . 13 . 3383 . 2965 . 3254 . 10149
415 . 48 . 3698 . 3241 . 3557 . 11093
452 . 39 . 4026 . 3529 . 3872 . 12079
en
490 . 87 0 . 4369 0 . 3829 0 . 4202 0 . 1311

530 . 93 4725 .4141 . 4545 . 1418
27 572 . 56 .. 5096 . 4466 . 4901 . 1529
28 615 . 75 . 5480 . 4803 . 5271 . 1644
29 660 . 52 . 5879 . 5152 . 5654 . 1764
30 706 . 86 0 . 6291 0 . 5514 0 . 6051 0 . 1887
754 . 77 .6717 5887 6461 . 2015
804 . 25 . 7158 .6273 . 6884 . 2147
33 855 . 30 . 7612 . 6671 . 7321 . 2284
34 907 . 92 . 8081 . 7082 . 7772 . 2424
2
952 . 11 0 . 856 0 . 7504 0 . 8236 0 . 2569
1017 . 88 . 906 . 7939 . 8713 . 2718
3
1075 . 21 . 957 . 8387 . 9204 . 2871

COOCOO
1131 . 11 1 . 012 . 9730

ONO
. 8866 . 3035
1194 . 39 . 063 . 9318 1 . 0230 . 3190
1236 .61 1 . 118 0 . 980 1 . 076 0 . 3355
1320 . 23 175 1 . 030 . 130 . 3525
1385 . 41 . 233 . 081 . 186 . 3693
1152 . 20 . 292 . 133 . 243 . 3877
1520 . 53 . 353 . 186 . 302 . 4060
1590 . 43 1. 413 1 . 241 1 . 361 0 . 4246
1661 . 90 . 479 . 296 . 423 . 4437
1731 . 94 . 544 . 353 . 485 . 4632
1809 . 56 .611 . 411 . 549 . 4832
1885 . 74 .678 . 471 .614 . 5035
50 1963. 50 1 .748 1 . 532 1 . 681 . 5243
51 2042 . 82 . 818 .. 593 . 753 . 5454
52 2123 . 72 . 890 . 657 . 818 . 5670
53 2206 . 18 . 964 . 721 . 888 . 5891
2290 . 22 2 . 038 . 786 . 960 .6115
254
CROSS -SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES (Continued)

Metric Measure (Continued )
Diameters are given in thousandths of a centimeter and area of section
in square thousandths of a centimeter . 1 ( cm . / 1000 ) 2 = . 000001 sg . cm .
For sections and masses for diameters 1 / 10 or 10 times those of the table ,
divide or multiply by 100 .
Grams per meter.

Diam . in Cross -section
in square
thousandths thousandths Iron , Brass, Aluminum ,
of a cm . Copper,
of a cm . density density density density
8 . 90 . 7 . 80 . 8 . 56 . [ 2 . 67 .
2375 . 83 2 . 114 1 . 853 2 .034 0 .6343

2463 . 01 . 192 . 921 . 108 . 6576
2551 . 76 . 271 . 990 . 184 . 6813
2642. 08 . 351 2 . 061 . 262 . 7054
2733 . 97 .433 . 132 . 340 . 7300
2827 . 43 2 .516 2 . 205 2 .420 0 . 7549
2922 . 47 . 601 . ? 80 . 502 . 7803
3019 . 07 .687 . 355 . 584 . 8061
3117 . 25 . 774 .431 .668 . 8323
3216 . 99 . 863 . 509 . 760 . 8589
6 .5 3318 . 31 2 . 953 · 2 . 588 2 . 840 0 . 8860
3421 . 19 3 . 045 . 669 . 929 . 9135
67 3525 . 65 . 138 . 750 3 . 018 . 9413
3631. 68 . 232 . 833 . 109 . 9697
69 3739 . 28 . 328 . 917 . 201 . 9984
3848 . 45 3 . 426 3 . 003 3 . 295 1 . 028
3959 . 19 .524 . 088 . 389 . 057
4071 . 50 .624 .. 176 . 485 . 087
4185 . 39 .725 . 265 . 583 . 117
4300 . 84 . 828 . 355 .682 . 148
4417 . 86 3 . 932 3 . 446 3 . 782 1 . 180
4536 .46 4 . 037 .538 . 883 . 211
4656 .63 .. 144 .632 . 986 . 243
4778 . 36 . 253 . 727 4 . 090 . 276
4901. 67 . 362 . 823 .. 177 . 309
5026 . 55 4 . 474 3 . 921 4 . 303 1 . 342
5153 . 00 . 586 4 . 019 · 411 . 376
5281. 02 . 700 . 119 . 521 . 410
83 5410 . 61 . 815 . 220 .631 . 445
84 5541. 77 . 932 . 323 . 744 . 480
85 5674 . 50 5 . 050 4 . 426 4 . 857 1 . 515

86 5808 . 80 . 170 . 531 . 972 .551
5944 . 68 . 291 .637 5 . 089 . 587
6082 . 12 .413 . 744 . 206 .624
6221 . 14 .537 . 852 . 325 .661
90 6361. 73 5 .662 4 . 962 5 . 446 1 .699
91 6503 . 88 . 788 5 . 073 . 567 . 737
92 6647 . 61 . 916 . 185 . 690 . 775
93 6792 . 91 6 . 046 . 298 . 815 . 814
94 6939 . 78 . 176 .413 . 940 . 853
95 7088 . 22 6 . 309 5 . 529 6 . 068 1 . 893
96 7238 . 23 . 442 .646 . 196 . 933
97 7389 . 81 .577 . 764 . 326 . 973
98 7542 . 96 .713 . 884 .457 2 . 014
99 7697 .69 . 851 6 . 004 . 589 . 055
100 ' 7853. 98 6 . 990 6 . 126 6 . 723 2 .097
255
PLATINUM WIRE TABLE, BROWN & SHARPE GAUGE

Giving DIAMETER AND APPROXIMATE Mass
Gauge No. 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16
Diameter in dec. in.. . . 0 . 106 0 .091 0 .081 0 .072 0 .064 0 .057 0 . 051
Approximate mass in
grams, per foot. . . . . 137 . 5 28 . 0 22 . 0 17 . 5 14 . 0 11.0 9.0
Gauge No . 17 18 19 | 20 | 21 | 22
Diameter in dec. in . . . 0 .045 0 . 041 0 .036 0 .032 0 . 029 0 . 026
Approximate mass in
grams, per foot. . . . . 20 | 5 . 7 4 .4 3. 4 | 2. 9 2.3
GAUGE No. | 23 24 25 26 27 28
Diameter in dec. in . . . 0 . 023 0 .020 0 .018 0 . 016 0 .014 0 .013
Approximate mass in
in grams, per foot . . . 1.8 1.4 1. 1 0.9 0.7 0.6
GAUGE No. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Diameter in dec. in . . . 0 .0115 0 . 010 0 . 009 0.008 0 .007 0.0063 0 .0056
Approximate mass in
in grams, per foot. . . 0 . 45 0 . 35 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 22 0 . 17 | 0 . 15 0 . 11
RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM WIRE

GIVING THE RESISTANCE OF HARD DRAWN ALUMINUM WIRE AT 20° C .
(From the Bureau of Standards.)
Gauge Ohms per Ohms per Gauge Ohms per Ohms per
number . 1000 ft. kilometer . number . 1000 ft . kilometer .
0000 0 .0804 0 . 264 20 16 . 7 54 . 6

10000
OCO . 101 . 333 21 . 0 68 . 9

WC
. 128 . 419 26 . 5 86 . 9
NNNNN
OCH
WCOW
OOOOOO CONO
33 . 4 110 .
. 161 . 529 42 . 1 138 .
. 203 . 667
10
. 256 1 . 841 53. 1 174 .

1 . 323 1 .06 67 . 0 220 .
.408 1 . 34 84 . 4 277 .
. 514 1 . 69 106 . 349 .
2 . 13 134 . 440 .
19
. 648
. 817 2 .68 169 . 555 .
1 . 03 3 . 38 213 . 700 .
1 . 30 4 . 26 269 . 883 .
1 . 64 5 . 38 339 . 1110 .
2 . 07 6 . 78 428 . 1400 .
OO
OOOO
2 .61 8 . 55 540 . 1770 .

3 . 29 10 . 8 681 . 2230 .
2820 .
Voer
4 , 14 13 . 6 858 .
5 . 22 17 . 1 1080 . 3550 .
OU
6 . 59 21. 6 1360 . 4480 .

8 . 31 27 . 3 1720 . 5640 ,
10 . 5 31 . 4
13 . 2 43 . 3
250
MATHEMATICAL TABLES
MENSURATION FORMULÆ
Plain Figures Bounded by Straight Lines
The area of a triangle whose base is b and altitude h
hb
= 2:
The area of a triangle with angles A , B , and C and sides
opposite a , b , and c, respectively
= 1 /2ab sin C .
or = V s(s - a) (s - b) (s — c ),
where s = 1 / 2 (a + b + c ).
A rectangle with sides a and b has an area = ab .
The area of a parallelogram with side b and the perpendicular
distance to the parallel side h
= bh.
The area of a parallelogram with sides a and b and the included
angle 8
= ab sin 0 .
The area of a rhombus with diagonals c and i ,
= 3c11.
The area of any quadrilateral with diagonals a and b and
the angle between them 0
= ab sin 0.
The area of a regular polygon with n sides, each of length 1,
= {nl cot 180
For a regular polygon of n sides, each side of length 1, the
radius of the inscribed circle,
ISO
The radius of the circumscribed circle,

- 180
5 cosec .
n
257
Area , Radius of Inscribed and Circumscribed Circles for
Regular Polygons
1 = length of one side.
Number Radius of Radius of
Name. of sides. Area . inscribed .
circle .
circumscribed
circle .
o
invoor
ooo
Triangle, equilateral 0 .4330112 0 . 288671 | 0 . 577351
co
Square . . . . . . 1 . 0000012 0 . 500001 0 . 707101
Pentagon . . . . . . . . . 1 . 7204812 0 .688191 | 0 . 850651
Hexagon . . . . 2 . 5980812 | 0 . 866021 | 1 . 00002
Heptagon . . . . 3 .6339112 1 . 03831 1 . 15231
Octagon . . . . . . 4 . 8284312 1 . 20711 1 . 30651
Nonagon . . . . . 6 . 1818212 1 . 37371 1 . 46192
Decagon . . . . . 7 .6942112 | 1 . 53881 1 .61802
Undecagon . . . 11 9 . 3656412 1 . 70281 1 .77471
Dodecagon . . . . . . . . 12 11 . 1961522 1 . 86601 1 . 93181
Radius of circle inscribed in any triangle , whose sides are

a , b , and c , where s = (a + b + c)
Vs(s - a )(s - b )(s — c ).

S
The radius of the circumscribed circle

abc
4V s(s - a )(s — b ) (s — c )
The perimeter of a polygon inscribed in a circle of radius r,
where n is the number of sides ,
= 2nr sin -
The area of the inscribed polygon,
= jur? sin 21.

The perimeter of a polygon circumscribed about a circle
of radius r', number of sides i
= 2nr tan
The area of the circumscribed polygon
= nratan .
258
Plane Figures Bounded by Curved Lines

The circumference of a circle whose radius is r and diameter
did = 2r)
= 2tr = ud.
The area of a circle
= ar2 = jada = .7851d .
The length of an arc of a circle for an arc of a degrees
arA
= 180°
Note . - In this and following similar formula y denotes

the radius of the circle , (OC, Fig . 1).
For an arc of a radians the length
= ro.
Fig . 1.
The length of a chord subtending an angle o

= 2r sin żo .
The area of a sector where 0 is the angle between the radii
in degrees
# r2
360
If s is the length of the arc, the area of the sector
The area of a segment where 0 is the angle between the

two radii in degrees
_ # r20 p2 sin e
360 2 .
259
ILLYDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PIIYSICS
If 0 is in radians the area

= !r2(0 - sin 0 ) .
The area of the ring between two circles of radius rı and ra,
one of which encloses the other,
= = (ri + r2)(r1 — r.).
The two cricles are not necessarily concentric .
Area of the sector of an annulus. (Fig . 2 .) - If angle
GOII = 0 and the lines GO and JO = rı and r2 respectively , the
area GHIJ
= ! 0 (r1 + re)(r1 – r.).
si
Fig . 2.
If sı = the length of the arc GH and sa = the arc JI and h = HI=

91 - 72, the area GHIJ
= {h (si + sa).
The circumference of an ellipse whose semiaxes are a and b
la ? + 62
= 27V " , approximately.
The area of an ellipse
= aab .
The length of the arc of a parabola, as arc SPQ in Fig. 3, !
where x = PR, and y = QR
· =2V 424 4.r?
The area of the section of the parabola PQRS,
200
Solids Bounded by Planes
The lateral area of a regular prism = perimeter of a right section
x the length .
The volume of a regular prism = area of base x the altitude.
The lateral area of a regular pyramid , slant height l and length
of one side of base a,
= {nal.
The volume of a pyramid = { area of base X altitude. .
-
Fig . 3 .
Surface and Volume of Regular Polyhedra
Surface and volume of regular polyhedra in terms of the
length of one edge l.
Name. Nature of surface . Surface. Volume.
Tetrahedron . . . 4 equilateral triangles 1 . 7320522 0 . 1178513

Hexahedron or
cube . . . . . . . . 6 squares . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 0000022 1 . 0000013
Octahedron . . . . 8 equilateraltriangles 3 .4641012 0 . 4714013
Dodecahedron . 10 pentagons . . . . . . . 20 .6457812 7 .6631213
Icosahedron . . . 20 equilat.-triangles . 8 .6602512 2 . 1817013
Solids Bounded by Curved Surfaces

The surface of a sphere of radius r and diameter d ( = 2r )
= 4772 = 7d2 = 12 .57r2.
The volume of a sphere
= ar3 = ánd3 = 4 . 189r3.
261
The area of a lune on the surface of a sphere of radius r ,
included between two great circles whose inclination is o radians
= 2r20.
The area of a spherical triangle whose angles are A , B , and
C (radians) on a sphere of radius r
= (A + B + C – + )r?
The area of a spherical polygon of n sides where 0 is the
sum of its angles in radians
= [0 – (n — 2)7 ]rº.
The area of the curved surface of a spherical segment of
height h , radius of sphere r .
= 2arh .
The volume of a spherical segment, data as above
= jah? (3r – h ).
If a = radius of the base of the segment, the volume
= ởnh(h2 + 3a2).
The curved surface of a right cylinder where r = the radius
of the base and h , the altitude,
= 2nrh.
The volume of a cylinder, data as above,
= mrah .
The curved surface of a right cone whose altitude is h and
radius of base r
= ar V12 + h2.
The volume of a cone, data as above,
= r2h = 1.047r2h.
The curved surface of the frustum of a right cone, radius of
base r , of top p2 and altitude h ,
= f (ritra) Vha +r2.
The volume of the frustum of a cone, data as above,
= ( + r22 h
= ( 2 )3
The oblate spheroid is formed by the rotation of an ellipse
about its minor axis. If a and b are the major and minor semi
axes respectively , and c the eccentricity, the surface
.. , 121 +e
= 21a² +1 loge i ne
1 and volume .. . = gma26 .
262
The prolate spheroid is formed by the rotation of an ellipse
about its major axis (2a ), data as above.
Surface = 2162 + 27 " sin -le,

volume = 4 / 3maba.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN A RIGHT-ANGLED

TRIANGLE
If A , B , and C are the vertices (C the right angle ), and a , b ,
and h the sides opposite respectively,
on san
=
in up d
sin A cos A
tan A = cot A =
secant A = cosec A =
.
Fig . 4.
SIGNS AND LIMITS OF VALUE ASSUMED BY

THE FUNCTIONS
| Quadrant I. | Quadrant II. | Quadrant III. Quadrant IV.

Funtion .
Sign Value . Sign . Value. Sign . Value. Sign. Value.
III+
sin . . . . .. 0 to 1 + 1 to 0 0 to 1 1 to 0
| 1 to 0 - 1 to 0) 0 to 1
+ + + + + +
COS . . . . . 0 to 1
tan . . . . | 0 to os o to 0 + O to oo to 0
cot . . to 0) O to oc 2 to 0 O to os
I
sec . . . | 1 to o oto 1 1 to 0 to 1
cosec. . . oto 1 1 to of o to 1 11 to
+1.
263 -
VALUE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ANGLES
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°
sin...... O 1/2 vo V3 1 0 -1
cos...... 1 \V3 0 -1 0
tan ..... O 1/V3 1 13 0 0 0
cot...... v 1 1 0 0 0
RELATIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS
cosec X =
cosec z sin x
COS X = sec X = s
sec co x
1 _ sin c
cot x cos x
cot x = - 1 _= cos- r
t tan x sin x
sin x = V1 -- cos? x . cos x = V1 - sin 2x .
tan x = V sec? - 1. sec x = vtan? + 1.
cot x = V cosec? x - 1. cosec x = V cot x + 1 .
sin x = cos (90 — x ) = (sin 180 ---x ).
cos x = sin ( 90 — x ) = - cos ( 180 — x ).
tan x = cot ( 90 —- x ) = - tan ( 180 — x ).
cot x = tan (90 — x ) = – cot ( 180 — x ).
FUNCTIONS OF SUMS OF ANGLES

sin (x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x cos y .
sin (x - y) = sin x cos y - cos x cos y .
cos x + y = cos x cos y - sin x sin y.
cos x - y = cos x cos y + sin x sin y .
tan x + tan y
tan x + y =" 11 tan tan
- x y .
tan x - tan y
tan X – Y = 1 + tan x tan y
264
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PUYSICS
FUNCTIONS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES

sin 2x = 2 sin I cos I .
cos 2x = cos? < - sin x = 2 cos? x - 1 = 1 – 2 sin ? x .
sin 3x = 3 sin x - 4 siu r .
cos 3x = 4 cos: 2 – 3 cos x .
tan 21 = 2 tan r
1 - tan ” r
3 tan x - tan3 x
1 - 3 tan ” x
1 - COS C
sin ir = EV 2
1 + cos x
cos 13 = V 2
1 - ( OS X
tan iII Vi + cos X
RELATIONS BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGLES OF ANY

TRIANGLE
In a triangle with angles A , B , and C and sides opposite a ,
b , and c respectively ,
siu A sin B _ sin C
abc.
a ? = b2 + (2 – 2bc cos A .
a = b cos C + c cos B .
12 + ? – a2
cos A = 2bc .
tan 47B - Fécote
s(s – a )(s — b )(3 - 0 ),
where s = { (a + b + c ).
( $ - b) ( $ - c )
tan
tan
= V - $( — a )
26€ .
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS - AUXILIARY TABLE

Logarithms of Numbers from 1000 to 1999
13
NO 8 9
100 0000 0001 0009 0013 0017 0022 0026 0030 0035 0039
101 0043 0048 0052 0056 0060 0065 0069 0073 0077 0082
102 0086 0090 0095 0099 0103 0107 0111 0116 0120 0124
103 0128 0133 0137 0141 0145 0149 0154 0158 0162 0166
104 0170 0175 0179 0183 0187 0191 0195 0199 0204 0208
105 0212 0216 0220 0224 0228 0233 0237 0245 0249
106 0253 0257 0261 0265 0269 0273 0278 0282 0286 0290
107 0294 0298 0302 0306 0310 0314 0318 03322 0326 0330
108 0334 0338 0342 0346 0350 0354 | 0358 0362 0366 0370
109 0374 0378 0382 0386 0390 0394 0398 0402 0406 0110
110 0414 1 0118 0122 0426 0430 0434 0438 0441 0445 0449
111 0453 0457 0461 0465 0469 0473 0477 0481 0484 0488
112 0492 0496 0500 0504 0508 0512 0515 0519 0523 0527
113 0531 0535 | 0538 0542 0546 0550 0554 0558 0561 0565
114 0569 0573 0577 0580 0584 0588 0592 0596 0599 0603
115 0607 0611 0615 0618 0622 0626 0630 0633 0637 0641
116 0645 0618 0652 0656 0560 0663 0667 0671 0674 0678
117 0682 0686 0689 0693 0697 0700 0704 0708 0711 0715
118 0719 0722 0726 0730 0734 0737 | 0741 0745 0748 0752
119 0755 0759 0763 0766 0770 0774 0777 0781/ 0785 0788
120 0792 0795 | 0799 0803 0806 0810 0813 0817 0821 0824
121 0828 0831 10835 0839 0842 0846 0849 0853 0856 0860
122 0864 0867 0871 0874 0878 0881 0885 0888 0892 0896
123 0899 0903 0906 0910 0913 0917 09200924 0927 0931
124 0934 0938 0941 0915 0918 0952 0955 0959 0962 0966
125 0969 0973 0976 | 0980 0983 | 0986 0990 0993 0997 1000
126 1004 1007 1011 1014 1017 1021 1024 1028 1031 1035
127 1038 1041 1045 1048 1052 1055 1059 1062 1065 1069
128 1072 1075 1079 1082 1086 1089 1092 1096 1099 1103
129 1106 1109 1113 1116 1119 1123 1126 1129 1133 1136
130 1139 1143 1116 1149 1153 1156 1159 1163 1166 1169
131 1173 1176 1179 1183 1186 | 1189 1193 1196 1199 1202
132 1206 1209 1212 1216 1219 | 1222 1225 1229 1232 1235
133 1239 | 1212 1245 1248 1252 1255 1258 1261 1265 1268
134 1271 | 1274 1278 1281 1284 1287 1290 1294 1297 1300
135 1303 1307 1310 1313 1316 1319 13231 1326 1329 1332
136 | 1335 1339 1312 1345 1318 1351 1355 1358 1361 1361
137 | 1367 1370 1374 1377 1380 1383 1386 1389 1392 1396
138 1399 1402 1405 1408 1411 1414 1418 1421 1424 1427
139 1430 1433 1436 1440 1443 1446 1449 1452 1455 1458
140 1461 1464 1467 1471 1474 1477 1480 1483 1486 1489
141 | 1492 1495 1498 1501 1504 1508 1511 1514 1517 1520
142 1523 1526 1529 1532 1535 1538 1541 1544 1547 1550
1556 1559 1562 1565 1569 1572157
143 1553 1572 1575 1578 1581
144 1584 1587 1590 1593 1596 1599 1602 1605 1608 1611
145 1614 | 1617 1620 1623 1626 | 1629 1632 1635 1638 ' 1641
146 1644 1617 1619 1652 1655 1658 1661 1664 1567 1670
147 1673 1676 1679 1682 1685 | 1688 1691 1694 1697 1700
148 1703 1706 | 1708 1711 1714 1717 1720 1723 1726 1729
149 1732 | 1735 1738 1741 1744 11746 1749 1752 1755 1758
266
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS - AUXILIARY TABLE (Cont.)

N 10 11 12 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
150 | 1761 1 176 + 1767 1770 1772 1775 1778 1881 1784 1787
151 1790 1793 1796 1798 1801 1801 1807 IS10 1813 1816
152 1818 1821 1824 | 1827 | 1530 1833 1836 1839 1841 1844
153 1847 1850 18.53 1855 | 1858 1861 1864 1867 1870 1872
154 | .1875 1878 1851 1854 1856 1889 1892 1893 1898 1901
155 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1917 1920 1923 1926 1928
156 1931 1934 1937 1 1940 1942 1915 1948 1951 1953 1956
157 1959 1962 1965 | 1967 1970 1973 1976 1978 1981 1984
158 1987 1939 1992 1995 1998 2000 2003 2006 2009 2011
159 2014 2017 2019 2022 2025 2028 2030 2033 2036 2038
160 2041 2014 2017 2019 2052 2055 2057 2060 2063 2066
161 2008 2071 2074 2076 2079 2082 2081 2017 2090 2092
162 2095 2093 2101 2103 2106 2109 2111 2114 2117 2119
163 2122 2125 2127 2130 2133 2135 2138 2146
164 2148 2151 2154 2156 2159 2162 2161 2167 2170 2172
165 2175 2177 2180 2183 2185 2188 2191 2193 2196 2198
166 2201 2204 2206 2209 2212 2214 2217 2219 2222 2225
167 2227 2230 2232 2235 2238 22 10 2213 22151 2218 2251
168 2253 2256 2258 2261 2263 2266 2269 2271 2274 2276
2279 2281 2284 2287 2289 2292 2291 2297 2299 2302
169
170 2304 2307 2310 2312 2315 2317 ! 2320 2322 2325 2327
171 2330 2333 2335 2338 2310 2313 2318 2350
2315 2353
172 2355 2358 2360 2363 2365 2368 ' 2370 2373 2375 2378
173 2380 2383 2385 2388 2390 2393 23951 23981 2400 2403
174 2405 2408 2410 2413 2415 2418 2420 2423 2425 2128
175 2430 2433 2135 2438 2440 2413 2445 2448 2450 2453
176 2455 . 2458 2160 2463 2465 2167 - 2470 2172 2475 2477
177 2480 2482 2185 2187 2490 2492 2494 2497 2499 2502
178 2504 2507 2509 2512 2514 2516 2519 2521 2524 2526
179 2529 2531 2533 2536 2538 2541 2543 2545 2548 2550
180 2553 2555 2538 2560 2562 2565 2567 2570 2572 2574
181 2577 2579 2 : 82 2554 2586 2589 2591 2594 2596 2598
182 2001 2003 2605 2608 2010 2613 2615 2617 2620 2622
183 2625 2627 2629 2632 2634 2636 2639 2641 2643 2646
181 2648 2051 2653 2655 2653 2000 2662 2665 2667 2669
185 2672 2671 2676 2679 2681 2683 2686 2688 2690 2693
186 2695 2697 2700 2702 2704 2707 2709 2711 2714 2716
187 2718 2721 2723 2725 2728 2730 2732 2735 2737 2739
188 2742 2711 2716 2749 2751 2753 2755 2759 2760 2762
2772 2774 2776
2778 2781 2783 2785
189 2765 2767 2769
190 2788 2790 2792 2794 2797 2799 2801 2804 2806 2808
2810 2813 2815 2817 2819 2822 2821 2826 2828 2831
191
192 2833 2835 2833 2810 2812 2814 2817 2849 2851 2853
193 2856 2858 2860 2862 2865 2867 2869 2871 2874 2876
194 2878 2880 2582 2885 2887 2899 2891 2894 2896 2898
195 2900 2903 2905 2907 2909 2911 2914 2916 2918 2920
196 2923 2925 2927 2929 2931 2934 2936 2938 2910 2942
2945 2017 29 :19 2951 29 .53 2950 2958 2960 2962 2904
197 2982 2981 2980
2969 2971 2973 2975 2978 2850
193 2967
2999 3002
2989 2991 2993 2995 2997 3001 3000 3003
199
207
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS
PROPORTIONAL
PARTS
N o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1 2 3 4 5
10 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 4 8 12 17 21
11 0414 0453 0492 0531 0 .569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 4 8 11 15 19
12 0792 0828 0864 C899 0934 0969 0104 1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17
13 1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 13 16
14 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15
Anore
15 1761 1790 1818 1817 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 11 14
16 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 11 13
17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12
18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5 7 9 12
19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2 4 7 9 11
wwwwwHALA
| ovelvoo
20 3010 3032 3051 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 3201 2 4 6 8 11
21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 34011 2 4 6 8 10
13424 3144 3164 3183 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598
DOM
8 10
3617 3636 3655 3674 36923711 3729 3747 3766 3784 7 9
OXOCO
3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 7 9
c
25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 41331 2 3 5
26 1150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4219 4265 4281 4298 2 3 5 7
27 4314 4330 4316 4362 4378 4393 4109 4125 4440 4156 2
28 4472 1487 4502 4518 4533 4518 4564 4579 4594 4609 2 3
29 4624 4639 4651 4669 4683 1698 4713 4728 4742 4757 1 3
30 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 1813 4857 4871 4886 4900 1 3 erre
31 4914 4928 4912 4955 4969 1983 4997 5011 5024 5038 1 3
32 5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172 1 3 4
33 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4
34 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5103 5416 5428 ! 1
19
www !
35 5111 5153 5165 5178 5190 5502 5511 5527 5539 5551 1
36 5563 5575 5587 5599 5611 5623 56.35 50 17 5058 5670 1 2
37 5682 5691 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 5786 1 2
5798 5803 5821 5532 5813 5855 5566 5877 5888 5899 1 2
39 5911 5922 5933 5914 5955 5966 5977 5958 5999 6010 1 2
atot
40 6021 6031 6012 6053 60616075 6085 6090 6107 6117 1 2 3

has
6128 6138 6119 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 62221
42 6232 6213 6253 6203 6274 6284 6294 6301 6314 6325 1
wwwww
6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6105 6415 0425 1
‫واانن‬
‫ܠ‬
6135 6441 6454 6101 6174 6181 6493 6503 6513 6522 1 2
‫ܩ‬
6352 6512 6551 6561 6371 6550 6590 0599 6609 6018 1 2
‫ܩ‬
6028 6637 6616 6656 6665 6675 6081 60193 6702 6712 1 2
47 6721 6730 0739 67.19 6755 6767 6776 ( 785 6794 6303 1 2 4
‫ܛ‬
48 6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 68.57 6866 6875 6884 6893 1 2
It
6902 6911 6920 6928 6937 6916 6955 6964 6972 6981 1
ww
t
50 6990 0998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2
CSC
NION
51 7076 7081 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152 1 2
the
52 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235 ) 1 2
ithe
of
7213 7251 7259 7267 7275 7254 7292 7300 7308 7316 1 2
17324 7332 7340 7348 7350 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396 1
N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5
Avoid interpolation for numbers between 1000 and 1999 by using the
preceding auxiliary table ,
268
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued )

PROPORTIONAL
PARTS
N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5
55 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474 1 2 2 3 4
56 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551 1 2 2 3 4
57 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 7619 7627 1 2 2 3 4
58 7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701 1 1 2 3 4
9 17709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774 1 1 2 3
CCC
7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846 1 1 2 3
HA
7903
HA
61 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7910 7917 1 1 2 3
62 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987 1 1 2 3
63 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055 1 1 2 3
64 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122 1 1 2 3
65 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189 1 1 2 3 3
66 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254 1 1 2 3 3
67 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319 1 1 2 3 3
68 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382 1 1 2 3 3
69 8388 8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445 1 1 2 2 3
70 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 1 1 2 2 3
71 8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8513 8549 8555 8561 8567 1 1 2 2 3
72 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 1 1 2 2 3
73 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686 1 1 2 2 3
74 18692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 3745
ಲ
1 1 2
75 8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 1 1 2 2
76 8808 8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 8812 8848 8854 8859 1 1 2 2 3
77 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915 / 1 1 2 2 3 wwww
8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971 1 1 2 2
79 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9001 9009 9015 9020 9025 1 1 2
80 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079 1 1 2 2
81 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 1 2 2
82 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 ..9175 9180 9186 1 1 2 2
83 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2
84 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289 1 1 2
NNNW
85 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340 1 1 2
86 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 1 1 2 2 3
87 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9125 9430 9435 9410 0 1 1 2 2
9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489 0 1 1
89 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 0 1 1 2 2
90 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 95766 9581
9581 536
99586 0 1 1 2 2
91 9590 9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 9619 9624 9628 9633 0 1 1 2 2
92 9638 G9643
643 9647
9647 09652
650 9657
609 9661
99703 9614 9666
9610 9671 9675 9680 0 1 1 2 2
93 9685 9689 9694 9699 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 1 1 2 2
94 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763 9768 9773 0 1 1 2 2
95 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 0 1 1 2 2
9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850 98,54 9859 9863 0 1 1 2
9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899 9903 9908 0 1 1 2
98 9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9334 9939 9943 9948 9952 0 1 1 2 2
99 9956 9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 9996 0 1 1 2 2
N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5
269
NATURAL SINES, COSINES, TANGENTS AND
COTANGENTS
Degrees. Sin . Cos. Tan . Cot. Degrees.
0° 00 ' 0 . 0000 1 . 0000 0 . 0000 90° 00 '
10 . 0029 1 . 0000 . 0029 343 . 77 50
20 . 0058 1 . 0000 . 0058 171 . 89 40
. 0087 30
. 0087 1 .0000 114 . 59
20
****** ****** * ** ******* ************ ****** ****** * ****
. 0116 . 9999 . 0116 85 . 940
. 0145 . 9999 .0145 68 . 750 10
10 00 0 .0175 0 . 9998 0 . 0175 57 . 290

10 .. 0204 . 9998 . 0204 49 . 104
20
. 0233 . 9997 . 0233 42 . 964
.0262 . 9997 . 0262 38 . 188
. 0291 . 9996 . 0291 34 . 368
. 0320 . 9995 . 0320 31. 242
20 00 0 . 0349 0 . 9994 0 . 0349 28 .636
10 . 0378 . 9993 . 0378 26 . 432
20 .0407 . 9992 ..0407 24 . 542
30
. 0436 . 9990 .0137 22 . 904
. 0465 . 9989 .0166 21 . 470
50 . 0494 . 9988 .0495 20 . 206
3° 00 ' 0 . 0523 0 . 9986 1. 0524 19 . 081
10 . 0552 . 9985 : 0553 18 . 075
20 . 0581 . 9983 . 0582 17 . 169
30 . 0610 . 9981 . 0612 16 . 350
. 0640 . 9980 . 0641 15 . 605
50 . 0669 . 0670 14 . 924
. 9978
40 00 ' 0 . 0698 0 . 9976 0 . 0699 14 . 301
. 0727 9974 . 0729 13 . 727
20 . 0756 . 9971 . 0758 13 . 197
30 .0785 . 9969 . 0787 12 . 706
40 . 0814 . 9967 . 0816 12 . 251
50 . 0843 . 9964 . 0846 11 . 826
5° 00 ' 0 . 0872 0 . 9962 0 . 0875 11 . 430
. 0901 . 9959 .0904 11 . 059
. 0929 . 9957 . 0934 10 . 712
30 . 0958 . 9954 . 0963 10 . 385
. 0987 . 9951 . 0992 10 . 078
. 1016 . 9948 . 1022 9 . 7882
6° 00 ' 0 . 1045 0 . 9945 0 . 1051 9 . 5144
. 1074 . 9942 . 1080 9 . 2553 50
. 1103 . 9939 . 1110 9 . 0098
. 1132 . 9936 . 1139 8 . 7769 30
. 1161 . 9932 . 1169 8 . 5555 20
. 1190 . 9929 . 1198 8 . 3450 10
7° 00 ' 0 . 1219 0 . 9925 0 . 1228 8 . 1443
. 1243 . 9922 . 1257 7 . 9530
. 1276 . 9918 . 1287 7 . 7704
. 1305 . 9914 . 1317 7 . 5958 30
. 1334 . 9911 . 1346 20
7 .4287
. 1363 . 9907 . 1376 7 . 2687 10
80 00 0 . 1392 0 . 9903 0 . 1405 7 . 1154

. 1421 . 9899 . 1435 6 . 9682 50
. 1449 . 9894 . 1465 6 . 8269
. 1478 . 9890 . 1495 6 .6912
. 1507 . 9886 . 1524 6 . 5606
. 1536 . 9881 . 1554 6 . 4348 10
9° 00 ' 0 . 1564 0 . 9877 0 . 1584 6 . 3138 81° 00 '

Degrees. Cos. Sin . Cot . Tan . Degrees.
270
NATURAL SINES , COSINES, TANGENTS AND
COTANGENTS ( Continued )
Degrees. ' Sin . 1 Cos. . . Tan. Cot. | Degrees.
0 . 1564 0 . 9877 0 . 1584 - 6 . 3138 81° 00
. 1593 . 9872 .. 1614 6 . 1970
. 1622 . 9868 . 1644 6 . 0844 TL
. 1650 . 9863 . 1673 5 . 9758 30

. 1679 . 9858 . 1703 5 . 8708
. 1708 . 9853 . 1733 5 . 7694
10° OO 0 . 1736 0 . 9848 0 . 1763 5 . 6713 80° 0
. 1765 . 9843 . 1793 5 . 5764
. 1794 . 9838 . 1823 5 .4845
. 1822 . 9833 . 1853 5 . 3955
. 1851 . 9827 . 1883 5 . 3093
. 1880 . 9822 . 1914 5 . 2257
790 00
0 . 1908 0 . 9816 0 . 1944 5 . 1446
. 1937 . 9811 . 1974 5 . 0658
. 1965 . 9805 . 2004 4 . 9894
. 1994 . 9799 . 2035 4 . 9152
, 2022 . 9793 . 2065 4 . 8430
. 2051 . 9787 . 2095 . 7729
12° 0 0 . 2079 0 . 9781 0 . 2126 4 . 7046
. 2108 . 9775 . 2156 4 . 6382
. 2136 . 9769 . 2186 4 . 5736
. 2164 . 9763 . 2217 4 . 5107
. 2193 . 9757 . 2247 4 . 4494
. 2221 . 9750 . 2278 4 . 3897
0 . 2250 0 . 9744 0 . 2309 4 . 3315 ° 00 '
. 2278 . 9737 . 2339 4 . 2747 50
. 2306 . 9730 . 2370 4 . 2193 40
. 2334 . 9724 . 2401 4 . 1653 30
. 2363 . 9717 . 2432 4 . 1126 20
. 2391 . 9710 . 2462 4 . 0611 10
0 . 2419 0 . 9703 0 . 2493 4 . 0108 00

. 2447 . 9696 2524 3 . 9617 50
. 2476 . 9689 . 2555 3 . 9136 40
. 2504 . 9681 . 2586 3 . 8667 3 )
. 2532 . 9674 . 2617 3 . 8208 20
. 2560 . 9667 . 2648 3 . 7760 10
0 . 2588 0 . 9659 0 . 2679 3 .7321 750 001
. 2616 . 9652 2711 3 .6891
. 2644 . 9641 . 2742 3 .6470 40
. 2672 . 9636 . 2773 3 .6059 30

. 2700 . 9628 . 2805 3 . 5656 20
. 2728 . 9621 . 2836 3 .5261 10
0 . 2756 0 . 9613 0 . 2867 3 . 4874 74°

. 2784 . 9605 2899 3 . 4495
. 2812 1 . 9596 . 2931 3 . 4124
. 2810 . 9588 . 2962 3 . 3759 30
. 2868 . 9 .580 . 2991 3 . 3102
. 2896 . 9572 . 3026 3 . 3052
0 . 2924 0 . 9563 0 . 3057 3 . 2709
. 2952 . 9555 . 3089 3 . 2371
. 2979 . 9516 . 3121 3 . 2041
. 3007 . 9537 . 3153 3 . 1716 30
. 3035 . 9528 . 3185 3 . 1397 20
. 3062 . 9520 . 3217 3 . 1084 10
18° 00' 0 . 3090 0 . 9511 0 . 3249 3 . 0777 72° 00 '
Degrees. Cos. Sin . Cot. Tan . Degrees .
271
NATURAL SINES , COSINES , TANGENTS AND
COTANGENTS (Continued )
Degrees. Sin . Cos. Tan . Cot. Degrees.
18° 00 ' 0 . 3090 0 . 9511 0 . 3249 3 . 0777 72° 00 '

10 . 3118 . 9502 . 3281 3 . 0475 50
3145 . 9492 . 3314 3 . 0178 40
30 . 3173 . 9483 . 3346 2 . 9887 30
40 . 3201 . 9474 . 3378 2 . 9600 20
. 3228 . 9465 . 3411 2 . 9319 10
19° 0 . 3256 0 . 9455 0 . 3443 2 . 9042 710 001

. 3283 . 9446 . 3476 2 . 8770
. 3311 . 9436 . 3508 2 . 8502
. 3338 . 9426 . 3541 2 . 8239
. 3365 . 9417 . 3574 2 . 7980 20
. 3393 . 9407 . 3607 2 . 7725 10
20° 00 ' 0 . 3420 0 . 9397 0 . 3640 2 .7175
10 . 3448 . 9387 . 3673 2 . 7228
. 3175 . 9377 . 3706 2 .6985
30 . 3502 . 9367 . 3739 2 .6746
. 3529 . 9356 . 3772 2 .6511
. 3557 . 9346 . 3805 2 . 6279 10
21° 00 ' 0 . 3584 0 . 9336 0 . 3839 2 . 6051

10 . 3611 . 9325 . 3872 2 . 5826
20 . 3638 . 9315 . 3906 2 . 5605
30 . 3665 . 9304 . 3939 2 .5386
. 3092 . 9293 . 3973 2 .5172
. 3719 . 9283 . 4006 2 . 4960 10
200 007 0 . 3746 0 . 9272 0 . 4040 2 . 4751 00 '

10 . 3773 . 9261 . 4074 2 . 4545
20 . 3800 . 9250 . 4108 2 . 4342
30 . 3827 . 9239 .4142 2 .4142 30
. 3854 . 9228 . 4176 2 . 3945
50 . 3881 . 9216 .4210 2 . 3750
230 00 0 . 3307 0 . 9205 0 .4245 2 . 3559
10 . 3931 . 9194 . 4279 2 . 3369
20 . 3961 9182 .4314 2 . 3183
30 . 3 .157 . 9171 . 4318 2 . 2998
1011 . 9153 . 1353 2 . 2817
. 1011 . 9117 1117 2 . 2637
21° 00 ' 0 1067 0 . 9135 0 . 4152 2 . 2460
10 . 1091 . 9121 4157 2 . 2286 50
20 1130 . 9112 . 4522 2 . 2113
30 . 1117 .9100 . 4557 2 . 1943
. 4173 . 9988 . 4592 2 . 1775
. 1200 . 9075 . 1628 2 . 1609 I
25° 00 0 . 4226 0 . 9063 0 . 4663 2 . 1415 00

10 12:53 9051 1699 2 . 1283
20 . 4279 . 9038 . 4734 2 . 1123
30 . 4305 . 9026 . 4770 2 . 0965
40 . 4331 . 9013 . 4806 2 . 0809
50 . 4358 . 9001 . 4841 2 . 0655
26° 00
1
'
0
0 . 4384 0 . 8988 0 . 4877 2 . 0503 640
. 4110 8975 . 4913 2 .0353 50
20 . 4436 8962 . 4950 2 . 0201 40
30 . 4162 . 8919 . 4956 2 . 0057 20
40 . 1188 8936 . 3022 1 . 9912 20

50 . 1511 . 8923 . 5059 1 . 9768 10
27° 00 0 . 4510 0 . 8910 0 . 5095 1 . 9626 63° 00 '

Degrees. Cos. Sin . Cot . Tan . Degrees.
272
COTANGENTS (Continued )
Degrees. Sin . Cos. Tap . Cot. Degrees.
27° 00 0 . 4540 0 . 8910 0 . 5095 1 . 9626 63° 00 '

. 4566 . 8897 .5132 1 . 9486 50
. 4592 . 8884 . 5169 1 . 9347 40
. 4617 . 8870 . 5206 1 . 9210
. 4643 . 8857 .5243 1 . 9074
. 4669 . 8813 . 5280 1 . 8910
28° 0 . 4695 0 . 8829 0 . 5317 1 . 8807 620
. 4720 . 8816 5354 1 . 8676
. 4746 . 8802 . 5392 1 . 8546
. 8788 1 . 8418 30
. 4772 . 5430
. 4797 . 8774 . 5467 1 . 8291
50 . 4823 . 8760 . 5505 1 . 8165
0
29° 00 ' 0 . 4818 0 . 8746 0 . 5543 1 . 8040 61° 00
10 . 4874 . 8732 . 5581 1 . 7917 50
20 .4899 . 8718 . 5619 1 . 7796
.4924 . 8704 . 5658 1 . 7675 30
. 4950 . 8689 . 5636 1 . 7556 20
. 4975 . 8675 . 5735 1 . 7437 10
30° 00 ' 0 . 5000 0 . 8660 0 . 5774 1 . 7321 60° 00 :

. 5025 . 8646 . 5812 1 . 7205
. 5050 . 8631 . 5851 1 . 7090
30
. 5075 . 8616 . 5890 1 . 6977
.5100 . 8601 . 5930 1 .6864
. 5125 . 8587 . 5969 1 .6753 10
31° 001 0 .5150 0 . 8572 0 . 6009 1 . 6643 59000

.5175 . 8557 .6048 1 . 6534
. 5200 . 8542 . 6088 1 . 6126
. 5225 . 8526 .6128 1 .6319 30
. 5250 . 8511 . 6168 1 . 6212 20
.5275 . 8196 . 6208 1 .6107 10
O 0
320 0 .5299 0 . 8480 0 .6249 1 . 6003
. 5324 . 8465 . 6289 1 . 5900
. 5318 .8150 .6330 1 . 5798
. 5373 . 8434 . 6371 1 . 5697
.5398 . 8118 . 6112 1 . 5597
.5422 .8103 .6153 1 .5197
33 00 0 . 5446 0 . 8387 0 . 6494 1 . 5399
. 5471 . 8371 . 6536 1 . 5301
20 . 5495 . 8355 . 6577 1 . 5204
30 . 5519 . 8339 . 6619 1 . 5108
. 5544 . 8323 .6661 1 . 5013
50 . 5568 .8307 .6703 1 . 1919
34° 00 0 . 5592 0 . 8290 0 . 6745 1 . 4826 00%
. 5616 . 8274 .6787 1 . 4733 50
. 5640 . 8258 . 6830 1 . 4641 40
. 5664 . 8241 .6873 1 . 4550 30
. 5688 . 8225 . 6916 1 . 1160 20
. 5712 . 8208 .6959 1 . 1370 10
35° 00 ' 0 . 5736 0 . 8192 0 . 7002 1 . 4281 55° 00 '
. 5760 . 8175 . 7046 1 . 4193
. 5783 . 8158 . 7089 1 . 4106 40
. 5807 . 8141 . 7133 1 . 1019 30
. 5831 . 8124 . 7177 1 . 3931 20
. 5854 .8107 . 7221 1 . 3818 10
36° 00 ' 0 . 5878 0 . 8090 0 . 7265 1 . 3764 54° 00 '

Degrees . Cos. Sin . Cot . Tan . Degrees.
273
TANGENTS (Continued )
Degrees . Sin . Cos. Tan . Cot. Degrees.
36° 00 ' 0 . 5878 0 . 8090 0 . 7265 1 . 3764 54° 00 '

. 5901 . 8073 . 7310 1 . 3680 50
. 5925 . 8056 . 7355 1 . 3597 40
. 5948 . 8039 . 7400 1 . 3514 30
. 5972 . 8021 . 7445 1 . 3432 20
.5995 . 8004 . 7490 1 . 3351 10
37° 00 ' . 6018 . 7986 . 7536 1 . 3270 00

. 6041 . 7969 . 7581 1 . 3190 50
. 6065 . 7951 . 7627 1 . 3111 40
.6088 . 7934 . 7673 1 . 3032 30
.6111 . 7916 . 7720 1 . 2954 20
.6134 . 7898 . 7766 1 . 2876

0 . 6157 0 . 7880 0 . 7813 1 . 2799 52° 00 '
.6180 7862 . 7860 1 . 2723
.6202 . 7844 . 7907 1 . 2647
. 6225 .7826 .7954 1 . 2572
.6248 . 7808 . 8002 1 . 2497 20
.6271 . 7790 . 8050 1 . 2423 10
0 . 6293 0 . 7771 0 . 8098 1 . 2349 51° 000

10 . 6316 . 7753 . 8146 1 . 2276
.6338 . 7735 .8195 1 . 2203
.6361 . 7716 . 8243 1 . 2131 30
. 6383 . 7698 . 8292 1 . 2059 20
. 6406 . 7679 . 8342 1 . 1988 10
0 .6428 0 . 7660 0 . 8391 1 . 1918 500 00

. 6450 . 7642 . 8441 1 . 1847
20
.6472 . 7623 . 8491 1 . 1778
.6494 . 7604 . 8541 1 . 1708
.6517 . 7585 . 8591 1 . 1640
. 6539 . 7566 . 8642 1 . 1571
0 . 6561 0 . 7547 0 . 8693 1 . 1504 49° 00 '

. 6583 . 7528 . 8744 1 . 1436 50
. 6604 . 7509 . 8796 1 . 1369

30
. 6626 . 7490 . 8847 1 . 1303 30
. 6648 . 7470 . 8899 1 . 1237 20
.6670 . 7451 . 8952 1 . 1171 10
0 . 6691 0 . 7431 0 . 9004 1 . 1106 48° 00 '

.6713 . 7412 . 9057 1 . 1041 50
20 . 6731 .7392 . 9110 1 .0977

30 . 6756 . 7373 .9163 1 . 0913 30
.6777 . 7353 . 9217 1 . 0850
. 6799 . 7333 . 9271 1 .0786 10
0 . 6820 0 . 7314 0 . 9325 1 . 0724 47° 00 '

. 6841 . 7294 . 9380 1 . 0661 50
. 6862 .7274 . 9435 1 . 0599 40
. 6884 . 7254 . 9490 1 . 0538 30
.6905 .7234 . 9545 1 . 0477 20
.6926 .7214 . 9601 1 . 0416 10
0 . 6947 0 .7193 0 . 9657 1 . 0355 46° 00 '

10 . .6967 .7173 . 9713 1 . 0295 50
20 .6988 .7163 . 9770 1 . 0235 40
. 7009 . 7133 . 9827 1 . 0176 30
. 7030 . 7112 . 9881 1 . 0117 20
50 .7050 . 7092 . 9942 1 . 0058 10
45° 00 ' 0 . 7071 0 . 7071 1 . 0000 1 . 0000 45° 00 '

Degrees. Cos. Sin . Cot. Tan . Degrees.
274
LOGARITHMS OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
Degrees . Log sin Log cos Log tan Log cot Degrees.
0° 00 ' 0 . 0000 90° 00 '
10 7 . 4637 . 0000 7 . 4637 2 . 5363 50
. 7648 . 0000 . 7648 . 2352 40
30 . 9408 . 0000 . 9409 .0591 30
8 . 0658 . 0000 8 . 0658 1 . 9342
. 1627 . 0000 . 1627 . 8373
8 . 2419 9 . 9999 8 . 2419 1 . 7581 890
. 3088 . 9999 . 3089 .6911
. 3668 . 9999 . 3669 . 6331
.4179 . 9999 .4181 . 5819
. 4637 . 9998 . 4638 . 5362
. 5050 . 9998 . 5053 .4947
8 . 5428 9 . 9997 8 . 5431 1. 1 )
.5776 . 9997 . 5779
. 6097 . 9996 .6101 . 3999
.6397 . 9996 . 6401 . 3599
. 6677 . 9995 .6682 . 3318
. 6910 . 9995 .6945 . 3055 10
8 . 7188 9 . 9994 8 . 7194 1 . 2806

. 7423 . 9993 . 7429 . 2571 50
. 7645 . 9993 . 7652 . 2348
. 7857 . 9992 . 7865 . 2135
. 8059 . 9991 . 8067 . 1933
. 8251 . 9990 . . 8261 . 1739
00 8 . 8436 9 . 9989 8 . 8446 1 . 1554
10 . 8613 . 9989 8624 . 1376
. 8783 . 9988 . 8795 . 1205
. 8946 . 9987 . 8960 . 1040 30
. 9104 . 9986 . 9118 . 0882 20
. 9256 . 9985 . 9272 . 0728 10
8 . 9403 9 . 9983 8 . 9420 1 . 0580

. 9545 . 9982 . 9563 . 0437
. 9682 . 9981 . 9701 . 0299
. 9816 .0164 30
. 9980 . 9836
. 9945 . 9979 . 9966 . 0034 20
9 . 0070 . 9977 9 . 0093 0 . 9907

9 . 0192 9 . 9976 9 . 0216 0 . 9784
. 0311 . 0336 50
. 9975 . 9661
. 0426 . 9973 .0453 . 9547
.0539 . 9972 . 0567 . 9433
. 0648 . 9971 . 0678 . 9322
. 0755 . 9969 . 0786 . 9214
9 . 0859 9 . 9968 9 . 0891 0 . 9109 830 00
. 0961 . 9966 . 0995 . 9005
. 1060 . 9964 . 1096 . 8901
. 1157 . 9963 . 1194 . 8806
. 1252 . 9961 . 1291 . 8709
. 1345 . 9959 . 1385 . 8615
sº 9 . 1436 820 00
9 . 9958 9 . 1478 0 . 8522
. 1525 . 9956 . 1569 . 8431
. 1612 . 9954 . 1658 . 8342
. 1697 . 9952 . 1745 . 8255
. 1781 . 9950 . 1831 . 8169
. 1863 . 9948 . 1915 . 8085
9° 00' 9 . 1943 9 . 9946 9 . 1997 0 . 8003 81° 00 '
Degrees. Log cos Log sin | Log cot | Log tan Degrees.
275
ILANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PIIYSICS
(Continued )
Degrees. | Log sin | Log cos Log tan | Log cot | Degrees .
9° 00 ' 9 . 1943 9 . 9946 9 . 1997 0 . 8003 81° 00 '
. 9944 . 2078 .7922 50
10 . 2022
. 2100 . 9942 . 2158 . 7842
. 2176 . 9940 . 2236 . 7764
. 2251 . 9938 . 2313 . 7687
50 . 2324 . 9936 . 2389 . 7611
10° 00 ' 9 . 2397 9 . 9931 9 . 2463 0 . 7537 80° 00 '
. 2468 . 9931 . 2 .736 . 7464 50
10
20 . 2538 . 9929 . 2009 . 7391 40
30 . 2006 . 9927 . 2680 . 7320 30
40 . 2074 . 9921 . 2750 . 7250
. 9922 . 2819 • 7181 10
50 . 2710
11° 00 ' 9 . 2806 9 . 9319 9 . 2887 0 . 7113 79° 00 '
10 . 2870 . 9917 . 2953 . 7047
. 2934 . 9914 . 3020 . 6980
30 . 2997 . 9912 . 3085 .6915
. 3058 . 9909 . 3119 . 6851
. 9907 . 3212 .6788 10
50 . 3119
120 00 9 . 3179 9 . 9901 9 . 3275 0 . 6725 78° 00 '
10 . 3238 . 9901 . 3336 .6664
20 . 3296 . 9899 . 3397 . 6603
30 . 3353 . 9896 . 31.58 . 6512
40 . 3410 .. 9893 . 3517 . 6483
. 3166 . 9890 . 3576 . 6424
13° 00 ' 9 . 3521 9 . 9887 9 . 3631 0 .6366

. 3575 . 9981 . 3091 . 6309
20 . 3629 . 9881 . 3718 . 6252
30 . 3682 . 9878 . 3901 .6196 30
. 3734 . 9875 . 3859 .6141

50 . 3786 . 9872 . 3914 . 6086
9 . 9869 9 . 3968 0 . 6032 76°
14° 9 . 3837
. 3887 . 9866 . 1021 . 5979
. 3937 . 9863 . 4074 . 5926
. 3986 . 9959 . 4127 . 5873
. 4035 . 9556 .4178 . 5822
. 4083 . 9853 . 4230 . 5770
15° 00 ' 9 . 4130 9 . 9819 9 . 4281 0 . 5719 75° 001
. 9816 . 4331 . 5669 50
10 . 4177
. 98 13 . 4381 . 5619 40
20 . 4223
30 . 1269 . 9839 . 4130 . 5570
40 . 4314 . 9836 . 4179 . 5521
. 4359 . 9832 . 1527 . 5473
9 . 1103 9 . 9828 9 . 4575 0 . 5425

. 4117 . 9825 . 4622 .5378
. 1191 . 9821 . 4669 . 5331
. 4533 . 9817 . 4716 . 5284
. 4376 . 9814 . 4762 . 5238
50 . 4618 . 9810 . 4808 . 5192 10
730 00
170 00 9 . 4659 9 9806 9 . 48 .53 0 . 5147
. 4700 . 9802 . 4898 .5102 50
. 4741 . 9793 . 4943 . 5057 40
. 9791 . 4987 . 5013 30

30 . 4781
. 9790 . 5031 . 4969 20
40 . 4821
. 4861 . 9786 . 5075 4925 10
50
18° 00 ' 9 . 4900 9 . 9782 9 . 5118 0 .4882 72° 00 '
Degrees. | Log cos Log sin | Log cot | Log tan | Degrees .
276
(Continued )
Degrees. Log sin | Log cos | Log tan | Log cot Degrees.
18° 00 ' 9 . 4900 9 . 9782 9 .5118 0 . 4882 72° 00 '
10 .4939 . 9778 .. 5161 . 4839 50
20 . 4977 . 9774 .5203 , 4797 40

30
5015 . 9770 . 5245 . 4755 30
5052 . 9765 . 5287 . 4713 20
. 5090 . 9761 .5329 . 4671
9 . 5126 9 . 9757 9 . 5370 0 . 4630 71° 00 '
. 5163 . 9752 . 5411 . 4589
20 . 5199 . 9748 . 5451 . 4549
30 . 5235 . 9743 .5491 . 4509
. 5270 . 9739 . 5531 . 4469
. 5306 . 9734 . 5571 . 4429
9 . 5341 9 . 9730 9 . 5611 0 . 4389 70° 00 '
10 .5375 . 9725 .. 5650 .4350 50
20 .. 5409 . 9721 . 5689 . 4311 40
. 5413 . 9716 .5727 . 4273 30
. 5477 . 9711 . 5766 . 4231 20
50 . 5510 . 9706 . 5804 . 4196 10
9 . 5543 9 . 9702 9 . 5812 0 . 4158 69° 00 '
. 5576 . 9697 .. 5879 . 4121 50
. 5609 . 9692 . 5917 . 4083 40
. 5641 . 9687 . 5954 . 4046 30
. 5673 . 9682 .. 5991 . 4009
50 . 5704 . 9677 . 6028 . 3972
9 . 5736 9 . 9672 9 . 6064 0 . 3936 680
. 5767 . 9667 6100 . 3900 50
. 5798 . 9661 .6136 . 3864 40
. 5828 . 9656 . 6172 . 3828 30
. 5859 . 9651 .6208 . 3792 20
. 5889 . 9646 .6243 , 3757 10
9 . 5919 9 . 9640 9 . 6279 0 . 3721 670 50

. 5948 . 9635 . 6314 3686
. 5978 . 9629 . 6348 . 3652 40
. 6007 . 9624 . 6383 . 3617 30
. 6036 . 9618 .6417 . 3583 20
.6065 . 9613 .6452 . 3548 10
9 . 6093 9 . 9607 9 . 6486 0 . 3514 66° 001
.6121 . 9602 . 6520 . 3480
.6149 . 9596 . 6553 . 3447
.6177 . 9590 .6587 . 3413 3
.6205 . 9584 . 6620 . 3380
. 6232 . 9579 . 6651 . 3346 10
9 .6259 9 . 9573 9 . 6687 0 . 3313

.6286 . 9567 50
.6720 . 3280
. 6313 1 . 9561 .6752 . 3248
.6340 . 9555 .6785 . 3215
. 6366 . 9549 . 6817 . 3183
.6392 . 9543 . 6850 . 3150
9 . 6418 9 . 9537 9 . 6882 0 . 3118 64°
.6444 . 9530 . 6914 . 3086
. 6470 . 9524 .6946 . 3054
.6495 . 9518 . 6977 . 3023 30
. 6521 . 9512 . 7009 . 2991 20
50) .6546 . 9505 . 7040 . 2960 10
27° 00' 9 .6570 9 . 9499 9 . 7072 0 . 2928 63° 00'

Degrees .
Degrees. į Log cos Log sin | Log cot | Log tan
277
LOGARITHMS OF THE TRONOMIGETRICAL FUNCTIONS
(Continued )
Degrees. Ldg sin Log-cos Log tan Log cot Degrees.
27° 00 ' 9 . 6570 9 . 9499 9 . 7072 0 . 2928 63° 00 '
10 . 6595 . 9492 . 7103 . 2897 50
. 6620 . 9486 . 7134 . 2866
30 . 6644 . 9479 . 7165 . 2835
.6668 . 9473 .7196 . 2804
.6692 . 9466 . 7226 . 2774
28° 00 ' 9 .6716 9 . 9459 9 . 7257 0 . 2743 62° 00 '
10 . 6740 . 8453 . 7287 . 2713 50
20 .6763 . 9446 .7317 . 2683 40
30 . 6787 . 9439 . 7348 . 2652 30
40 . 6810 . 9432 . 7378 . 2622 20
50
. 6833 . 9425 . 7408 . 2592 10
29° 00 ' 9 .6856 9 . 9418 9 . 7438 0 . 2562 10 00
lo .6878 . 9411 . 7467 . 2533 50
20 . 6901 . 9404 .7497 . 2503 40
30 30
.6923 . 9397 .7526 . 2474
. 6946 . 9390 . 7556 . 2444 20
.6968 . 9383 . 7585 . 2415 10
30° 00 ' 9 . 6990 9 . 9375 9 . 7614 0 . 2386 600 00

10 . 7012 . 9368 . 7641 . 2356 50
20 . 7033 . 9361 . 7673 . 2327 40
30 . 7055 . 9353 . 7701 . 2299 30
. 7076 . 9346 . 7730 . 2270 20
50
. 7097 . 9338 . 7759 . 2241
31° 00 ' 9 . 7118 9 . 9331 9 . 7788 0 . 2212 59°
10 . 7139 . 9323 . 7816 . 2184
20 . 7160 . 9315 . 7845 2155
. 7181 . 9308 . 7873 . 2127
40 .7201 . 9300 . 7902 . 2098
. 7222 . 9292 . 7930 . 2070 10
320 9 . 7958 58° 00 '
9 . 7242 9 . 9284 0 . 2042 50
. 7262 . 9276 . 7986 . 2014
.7282 . 9268 . 8014 . 1986 40
. 7302 . 9260 . 8042 . 1958 30
. 7322 . 9252 . 8070 . 1930 20
. 7342 . 9244 .8097 . 1903 10
33° 00 9 . 7361 9 . 9236 9 . 8125 0 . 1875 57° 00 '
. 7380 . 9228 . 8153 . 1847
. 7400 . 9219 . 8180 . 1820
. 7419 . 9211 . 8208 . 1792
. 7438 . 9203 . 8235 . 1765
50
. 7457 . 9194 . 8263 . 1737 10
34° 001 9 . 7476 9 . 9186 9 . 8290 0 . 1710 56° 00 '

. 7494 .9177 . 8317 . 1683 50
20
. 7513 . 9169 . 8344 . 1656 40
. 7531 . 9160 . 8371 . 1629 30
20
. 7550 . 9151 . 8398 . 1602
. 7568 . 9142 . 8425 . 1575 10
350 9 . 9134 9 . 8452 0 . 1548 55°

9 . 7586
. 7604 . 9125 . 8479 . 1521
. 7622 . 9116 . 8506 . 1494
30 . 7640 . 9107 . 8533 . 1467
40
. 7657 . 9098 . 8559 . 1441
50
. 7675 . 9089 . 8586 . 1414
36° 00 ' 9 . 7692 9 . 9080 9 . 8613 0 . 1387 54° 00 '
Degrees. Log cos | Log sin Log cot | Log tan Degrees .
278
(Continued )
Degrees. Log sin Log cos Log tan | Log cot Degrees .
36° 00 ' 9 . 7692 9 . 9080 9 . 8613 0 . 1387 54° 00 '

. 7710 . 9070 . 8639 . 1361 50
. 7727 . 9061 . 8666 . 1334
. 7744 . 9052 . 8692 . 1308 30
. 7761 . 9042 . 8718 . 1282 20
. 7778 . 9033 . 8745 . 1255 10
9 . 7795 9 . 9023 9 . 8771 0 . 1229 53° 001

. 7811 . 9014 . 8797 . 1203 50
. 7828 . 9004 . 8824 . 1176

. 7844 . 8995 . 8850 . 1150 30
.7861 . 8985 . 8876 . 1124
. 7877 . 8975 . 8902 . 1098 10
9 . 7893 9 . 8965 9 . 8928 0 . 1072 52°

. 7910 . 8955 . 8954 1046
. 7926 . 8945 . 8980 . 1020
.7941 . 8935 . 9006 .0994
. 7957 . 8925 . 9032 . 0968 20
. 7973 . 8915 . 9058 . 0942 10
9 . 7989 9 . 8905 9 . 9084 0 . 0916 510 001

. 8004 . 8895 . 9110 . 0890
. 8020 . 8884 . 9135 . 0865
. 8035 . 8871 .9161 .0839
. 8050 . 8864 . 9187 . 0813
. 8066 . 8853 . 9212 . 0788
9 . 8081 9 . 8843 9 . 9238 0 .0762 50°
. 8096 . 8832 . 9264 . 0736
. 8111 . 8821 . 9289 . 0711
. 8125 . 8810 . 9315 . 0685
. 8140 . 8800 . 9341 . 0659
. 8155 . 8789 . 9366 . 0634
9 . 8169 9 . 8778 9 . 9392 0 . 0608 49°

. 8184 . 8767 . 9417 . 0583 50
. 8198 . 8756 . 9443 . 0557 40
. 8213 . 8745 . 9468 . 0532 30
. 8227 . 8733 . 9494 . 0506 20
. 8241 . 8722 . 9519 . 0481 10
9 . 8255 9 . 8711 9 . 9544 0 . 0456

8269 . 8699 . 9570 . 0430 50
. 8283 . 8688 . 9595 . 0405 40
. 8297 . 8676 . 9621 . 0379 30
. 8311 . 8665 . 9646 . 0354 20
, 8324 . 8653 . 9671 .0329 10
9 . 8338 9 . 8641 9 . 9697 0 . 0303 47° 00 '
. 8351 . 8629 . 9722 .0278 50
. 8365 . 8618 . 9747 . 0253 40
. 8378 . 8606 . 9773 . 0228 30
. 8391 . 8594 . 9798 . 0202 20
. 8405 . 8582 . 9823 . 0177 10
9 . 8418 9 .8569 9 . 9848 0 . 0152

. 8431 8557 . 9874 . 0126
. 8444 . 8545 . 9899 . 0101
. 8457 . 8532 . 9927 . 0076
40 . 8469 . 8520 . 9949 . 0051
50 . 8482 . 8507 . 9975 . 0025 10
45° 00 ' 9 .8495 9 . 8495 0 . 0000 0 .0000 45° 00

Degrees. Log cos Log sin Log cot Log tan Degrees .
279
NUMERICAL TABLE
RECIPROCALS, POWERS AND Roots OF NUMBERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND
AREAS OF CIRCLES
Circum . Area of
27 of circle
1 /n circle
in an2
NNNNNNNNNN
11. 11. 3 . 14 0 . 79
. 50000 11. 414 1 . 260 6 . 28 3 . 14
. 33333 27 1 .732 1 . 442 9 . 42 7 . 07
. 25000 61 2 . 000 1 . 587 12 . 57 12 . 6
. 20000 25 125 2 . 236 1 . 710 15 .71 19 . 6
NINUN
NON
. 16667 36 216 2 . 449 1 . 817 18 . 85 28 . 3
. 14286 49 343 2 . 646 1 . 913 21 . 99 38 . 5
. 12500 64 512 2 . 828 2 . 000 25 . 13 50 . 3
ooon
9 . 11111 81 729 3 . 000 2 . 080 28 . 27 63 . 6
10 . 10000 100 1000 3 . 162 2 . 154 31 .42 78 . 5
11 . 09091 121 1331 3 . 317 2 . 224 34 . 56 95 . 0

. 08333 144 1728 3 . 464 2 . 289 37 . 70 113 . 1
. 07692 169 2197 3 . 606 2 . 351 40 . 84 132 . 7
. 07143 196 2744 3 . 742 2 . 410 43 . 98 153 . 9
. 06667 225 3375 3 . 873 2 . 466 47 . 12 176 . 7
. 06250 256 4096 4 . 000 2 . 520 50 . 27 201. 1

. 05882 289 4913 4 . 123 2 . 571 53 . 41 227 . 0
. 05556 324 5832 4 . 243 2 .621 56 .55 254 . 5
. 05263 361 6859 4 . 359 2 . 668 59.69 283 . 5
. 05000 400 8000 4 . 472 2 . 714 314 . 2
N
TO019
. 04762 441 9261 4 . 583 2. 759 65 . 97 346 . 4

NN
. 04545 484 10618 4 . 690 2 . 802 69 . 12 380 . 1

. 04318 529 12167 4 . 796 2 . 841 72. 26 415 . 5
. 04167 576 13824 4 . 899 2 . 884 75 .40 452 . 4
. 01000 625 15625 5 . 000 2 . 924 78 . 54 490 . 9
. 03816 676 17576 5 . 099 2 . 962 81. 68 530 . 9

. 03704 729 19683 5 . 196 3 . 000 84 . 82 572 . 6
. 03571 781 21952 5 . 291 3 . 037 87 . 96 615 . 8
00
..03148 811 21389 5 . 385 3 . 072 91 . 11 660 . 5

.03333 900 27000 5 . 477 3 . 107 94 . 25 706 . 9
. 03226 961 29791 5 . 568 3 . 141 97 . 39 754 . 8

. 03125 1024 32768 5 . 657 3 . 175 100 . 53 804 . 2
. 03030 1089 35937 5 . 745 3 . 208 103 . 67 855 . 3
. 02941 1156 39304 5 . 831 3 . 240 106 .81 907 . 9
. 02857 1225 42875 5 . 916 3 . 271 109 . 96 962 . 0
. 02778 1296 46656 6 . OCO 3 . 302 113 . 10 1018 .

coCOS
.COCO
.02703 1369 50653 6 . 083 3 . 332 116 . 24 1075 .

wo
38 . 02632 1444 54872 6 . 164 3 . 362 119 . 38 1134 .

39 . 02564 1521 59319 6 . 245 3 . 391 122 . 52 1195 .
40 . 02500 1600 64000 6 . 325 3 . 420 125 . 66 1257 .
41 . 02439 1681 68921 6 . 403 3 . 448 128 . 81 1320 .

.02381 1761 74088 6 . 481 3 . 476 131. 95 1385 .
4443 . 02326 1819 79507 6 . 537 3 . 503 135 . 09 1452 .
. 02273 1936 8 .5181 6 .633 3 . 530 138 . 23 1521 .
45 . 02222 2025 91125 6 . 708 3 . 557 141 . 37 1590 .
AG .02174 2116 97336 6 . 782 3 . 583 144 . 51 1662 .
. 02128 2209 103823 6 . 856 3 . 609 147 . 65 1735 .
.02083 2304 110592 6 . 928 3 .634 150 . 80 1810 .
49 . 02011 2401 117649 7 . 000 3 . 659 153 . 91 1886 .
50 . 02000 2500 125000 7 . 071 3 .681 157 . 08 1963 .
280
NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued )
RECIPROCALS, POWERS AND Roots Of NrMHERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND
AREAS OF CIRCLES (Continued )
Circum . Area of
In2 of circle circle ,
an ?
. 01961 2601 132651 7 . 141 | 3 . 70S 160 . 22 2013 .

. 01923 2701 140608 7 . 211 3 . 733 163. 36 2124 .
. 01887 2809 1488777 . 280 3 . 756 166 . 50 2206
. 01852 2916 157 164 7 . 318 3 . 780 169 .65 2290 .
. 01818 3025 166375 , 7 .416 3 . 803 172 . 79 2376 .
. 01786 3136 175616 7 . 483 3 . 826 175 . 93 2463 .

. 01754 3219 185193 7 . 550 3 . 819 179 . 07 25 .12 .
. 01724 3364 195112 7 .616 3 . 871 182 . 21 2612 .
. 01695 3481 205379 7 . 681 3 . 893 185 . 35 2734 .
01667 3600 216000 7 . 746 3 . 915 188 . 50 2827 .
639 3721 226981 7 . 810 3 . 936 191.64 2922 .
. 01613 3814 238328 7 . 871 3 . 958 194 . 78 3019 .
. 01587 3969 250017 7 . 937 3 . 979 197 . 92 3117 .
. 01563 4096 262144 8 . 000 4 . 000 201 . 06 3217 .
. 01538 4225 274625 8 . 062 4 . 021 204 . 20 3318 .
. 01515 4356 287196 8 . 124 4 . 041 207 . 35 3421 .

67 . 01493 4489 300763 | 8 . 185 4 . 062 210 . 49 3526 .
68 .01471 4624 314432 8 . 216 4 . 082 213 . 63 3632 .
69 . 01449 4761 328509 18. 307 4 . 102 216 . 77 3739 .
70 . 01429 4900 343000 8 . 367 4 . 121 219 . 91 3848 .
. 01408 5041 357911 8 .426 4 . 141 223 . 05 3959 .
. 01389 5184 373248 8 . 485 4 . 160 226 . 19 4072 .
. 01370 5329 389017 4 . 179 229 . 34 4185 .
. 01351 5476 405224 | 8 . 602 4 . 198 232 . 48 4301.
.01333 5625 421875 8 . 660 4 . 217 235 .62 4418 .
.01316 5776 438976 8 .718 4 . 236 238 . 76 4536 .

. 01299 5929 456533 8 . 775 4 . 254 241 . 90 4657 .
01282 6081 474552 8 . 832 4 . 273 245 . 04 4778 .
. 01266 6241 493039 8 . 888 4 . 291 248 . 19 4902 .
.01250 6400 512000 8 . 944 4 . 309 251 . 33 5027 .
. 01235 6561 531441 9 . 000 4 . 327 254 . 47 5153 .
. 01220 6724 551368 9 . 055 4 . 344 257 .61 5281.
. 01205 6889 571787 9 . 110 4 . 362 260 . 75 5411 .
.01191 7056 592704 9 . 165 4 . 380 263 . 89 5542 .
. 01177 7225 614125 9 . 220 4 . 397 267 . 04 5675 .
. 01163 7396 636056 9 . 274 4 . 414 270 . 18 5809 .

.01149 7569 658503 9 . 327 4 . 431 273 . 32 5915 .
01136 7744 681472 9 . 381 4 . 448 276 . 46 6082 .
. 01124 7921 704969 9 . 434 4 . 465 279 .60 6221 .
. 01111 8100 729000 9 . 487 4 . 481 282 . 74 6362.
91 . 01099 8281 753571 9 . 539 4 . 498 285 . 88 6504 .

92 .01087 8464 778688 9 . 592 4 . 514 289 .03 6648 .
93 .01075 S649 801357 9 . 644 4 . 531 292 . 17 6793 .
94 . 01064 8836 830584 9 . 695 4 . 547 295 . 31 6940 .
95 .01053 9025 857375 9 . 747 4 . 563 298 . 45 7088 .
96 . 01042 9216 881736 9 . 798 4 . 579 301 . 59 7238 .
97 . 01031 9409 912673 9 . 849 4 . 595 304 . 73 7390 .
98 .01020 9604 941192 9 . 899 4 .610 307 . 88 7543 .
99 .01010 | 9801 970299 | 9 . 950 4 . 626 311. 02 7698 .
100 .01000 10000 1000000 10 . 000) 4 . 6 :12 314 . 16 7854 .
281
NUMERICAL CONSTANTS
= 3. 14159
log r = 0 .497150
41 = 12 . 56637 ] log 41 = 1.099210 ,
= 1.57080 log =0. 196120
too
= 1.04720 logo = 0.020029
4
T = 4 . 18879 log gr =0.622089

h = 0 .78540 9 . 895090 - 10
= = 0 . 31831 log } = 9.502850 – 10

m ? = 9 . 86960 log n2 = 0. 994300
= = 0. 10132 log , = 9.005700 - 10
V = 1.77245 log Vi = 0.248575
= = 0 .56419 log = = 9.751425 – 10
= 1 . 46459 log 0 = 0 . 165717
BASE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS'

c = 2.71828
logio e = 0 .434294
(Natural log of x = loge*x = 2.30259 log10 to
282
APPARATUS LISTS
LIST OF APPARATUS AND MATERIAL FOR EXPERIMENTS

IN CHEMISTRY
Beakers, nest of 5 ( 3 to 20 oz. ) Reagent Bottles, 1 set of 24 .
Blowpipe, plain , 8 inch . Retort, glass, plain , 16 oz .
Bottles, W . M ., two 8 oz . Receiver for Retort, 8 oz.
Bottles, N . M ., two 8 oz. Reduction Tube for reducing
Burette , 25 cc. 1 -10ths. metallic oxides.
Corks, 2 dozen , assorted . Retort Stand , 3 ring .
Cork Borers , set 1 - 3 . Rubber Tubing, 6 feet, i inch .
Corkscrew , wood handle . Sand Bath , 4 inch .
Crucibles, Hessian , 2 nests Spatula , steel, 4 inch .
large 5 's . Stirring Rods, 3 , 5x3-16 .
Crucible Tongs, 9 in . Test Glass, 2 oz .
Deflagrating Spoon , brass , į Test Tubes, 2 dozen , assorted .
inch . Test Tubes, 1 dozen , 6x : .
Dish , Crystallizing , 4 inch . Test Tube Brush , sponge end .
Dish , Evaporating, 2 oz. Test Tube Holder, wire.
Dish , Evaporating , 6 oz . Test Tube Support, 13 tubes
Dish , Lead , 3 inch . with drying pins.
File ,' Triangular, 5 inch . Thermometer Paper Scale ,
File, round , 5 inch. 110° C .
Filter Paper, 1 pkg., 5 inch . Thistle Tubes, two.
Flasks, F . B ., two 4 07 . U Tube, 6 inch .
Flask , F . B ., 8 oz. Watch Glass, 22 inch . "
Flask , F . B ., 16 oz . Watch Springs, for burning in
Funnel, glass , 21 inch . oxygen , i dozen .
Funnel, glass, 4 inch . Wire Gauze, 4x4 .
Gas Bag, with stopcock , 1 gal. Woulff Bottle , 3 neck , pint.
Gas Generating Flask , quart. { lb . Acetic Acid .
Glass Tubing, 1 lb ., 3 -16 - a . i lb . Hydrochloric Acid .
Graduate, conical, 100 cc. 1 lb . Nitric Acid .
Hand Balance, 5 -inch beam , 1 oz. Oxalic Acid .
with weights . 2 lbs. Sulphuric Acid .
Hydrometer, for heavy liquids. 1 oz. Tartaric Acid .
Jar for Hydrometer , 12x22. 1 oz. Ammonium Carbonate .
Jar, Specie, for deflagration , 2 oz. Ammonium Chloride.
two 1- quart size. 1 lb . Ammonium Hydrate.
Lamp, Alcohol, 4 oz. i oz. Ammonium Nitrate .
Mortar, Wedgewood , 31 inch . 1 oz. Ammonium Sulphide.
Pipette , Volumetric, 5 cc. į pt. Alcohol Methyl.
Pipette , Volumetric, 10 cc. 2 oz. Alum .
Pneumatic Trough , student's. 2 oz. Animal Charcoal.
283
1 oz . Antimony . 12 in . Platinum Wire.
1 oz . Arsenic Trioxide. i oz. Phosphorus.
1 oz. Barium Chloride. oz. Potassium (metallic ) .
1 oz. Barium Nitrate. 1 lb . Potassium Bichromate .
1 oz. Borax . oz. Potassium Bromide.
1 lb . Calcium Carbonate oz . Potassium Carbonate .
(marble ) . lb . Potassium Chlorate .
2 oz. Calcium Chloride. oz . Potassium Chromate.
2 oz. Calcium Fluoride. į oz. Potassium Cyanide.
1 lb . Calcium Sulphate. 2 oz. Potassium Ferricyanide.
oz. Carbon Bisulphide. oz . Potassium Ferrocyanide.
oz . Cobalt Nitrate. 1 oz. Potassium Hydrate
4 oz. Copper Sulphate . (sticks ).
2 oz. Ether. i oz. Potassium Iodide.
2 oz. Ferrous Sulphate. 2 oz. Potassium Nitrate.
8 oz. Ferrous Sulphide. 1 oz. Potassium Permanga
i oz. Gall Nuts (powdered ) . nate .
i oz. Gun Cotton . 1 oz. Potassium Sulphate.
À oz . Iodine. i oz . Silver Nitrate.
2 oz. Galena . à oz . Sodium (metallic) .
1 oz. Lead Acetate. oz. Sodium Acetate:
NA
4 oz. Lead Oxide (red ). oz. Sodium Carbonate.

4 oz. Lead Monoside oz. Sodium Hydrate
i oz. Litmus (best cubes) . (sticks) .
12 in . Magnesium Ribbon . 2 oz. Sodium Hyposulphite.
4 oz. Magnesium Sulphate. 2 oz . Sodium Sulphate.
1 lb . Manganese Dioxide 1 oz. Sodium Phosphate .
(powdered ) . 1 oz. Strontium Nitrace.
4 oz. Mercury . 2 lb . Sulphur Roll.
i oz. Mercuric Chloride. 1 lb . Zinc for making Hydro
į oz. Mercuric Oxide. gen .
LIST OF APPARATUS AND MATERIAL FOR

EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSICS
General Equipment
Interchangeable supports, bases, rods, clamps, arms, rings, etc .
Balances, platform scales and enclosed , sensitive balance, with
appropriate weights.
Barometer. Electric Motor, H . P.
Water Still. Bunsen Burners.
Cells , for open and for closed Blast Lamp .
circuit . Foot Blower:
Portable Storage Cells. Drawing Instruments .
Rheostats. Projection Lantern .
284
Supplies
Wire ; brass, iron , steel, copper, of various sizes.
Insulated wire ; heavy, for connections; bell wire ; cotton or silk
covered magnet wire of various sizes.
Rubber Tubing. Soft wax.
Glass Tubing, various sizes. Shellac, flakes and solution .
Asbestos Board and Wire Stop - cock Grease.
Gauze . Emery , various grades.
Corks, Ordinary and Rubber. Powdered Pumice.
Cork Borer . Rouge.
Pinch Cocks. Resin .
Filter Paper . Paraffin .
Absorbent Cotton . Canada Balsam .
Glass Beakers, a variety of Mercury.
sizes and shapes. Acids, C . P ., Sulphuric, Hy
Crystallizing Dishes. drochloric and Nitric .
Evaporating Dishes, Porcelain . Alcohol, Ethyl.
Flasks, Wash Bottles and Dry - Ether.
ing Tubes. Carbon Disulphide.
Watch Glasses. Glycerine.
Graduates. Ammonia .
Bottles, Reagent and Common Potassium Hydroxide.
Stock . Sodium Chloride ( common
Vaseline. salt) .
Watch Oil. . Borax .
Machine Oil. Copper Sulphate.
Sealing Wax, Calcium Chloride.
Tools
Bench Vise . Metal Shears.
Hammers, Ordinary and Wrenches.
Heavy and Light Machine Oil Stone.
Hammers. Soldering Outfit .
Rawhide Mallet. Wood Working Tools - saws,
Drill Press and Drills. planes, chisels, augers and
Screw Drivers. bit brace, etc.
Files . Stock of Machine and Wood
Hack Saw . Screws, Nails , Brads, Rivets,
Pliers, Square, Round Nose etc.
and Wire Cutters, Tweezers. Sand and Emery Paper.
Taps and Dies.
Measurements
Metric Models, Charts, etc . Level.
Meter Scales of wood and Demonstration Balance with
metal. weights.
Vernier Model, Vernier and Clock with arrangement for
Micrometer Calipers . giving time signals.
Micrometer Microscope, Stop Watch .
Spherometer.
285
Properties of Matter
Adhesion Disk . Inertia Apparatus.
Cohesion Plates. Elasticity of Flexure Appa
Prince Rupert Drops. ratus.
Capillary Tubes and Support . Breaking Strength of Wire
Osmose Apparatus. Apparatus.
Mechanics of Solids
Collision Balls . Center of Gravity Apparatus
Composition of Forces. Rotator, Whirling Table .
Models of Simple Machines, Centrifugal Hoop .
Block and Tackle , Differen Gyroscope.
tial Pulley , Wall Crane, In Spring Balances.
clined Plane. Jolly Balance.
Mechanics of Fluids
Equilibrium Tubes . Lift Pump.
Hall' s Pressure Gauge .' Force Pump.
Bottle Imp and Jar. Demonstration Hydrometer,
Hydraulic Press. Hydrometer for heavy liquids.
Boyle's Law Tube. Hydrometer Jar, 12x21.
Siphon . Barometer Tube, Cup and
Archimedes Principle Appa Pipette.
ratus.
Pneumatics
Oil-sealed Air Pump. Hand and Bladder Glass.
Pressure Tubing . Sheet Rubber.
Vacuum Gauge. Mercury Shower.
Bell in Vacuo . Magdeburg Hemispheres.
Bursting Cubes. Bacchus Illustration .
Freezing Apparatus. Water Hammer .
Bell Glass, 1 gallon . Guinea and Feather Tube.
Heat
Copper Boiler. Calorimeter.
Air Thermometer. Tyndall's Specific Heat Appa
Thermometers. ratus.
Heat Conduction Apparatus. Fire Syringe.
Ball and Ring. Convection Apparatus.
Compound Bar. Radiometer.
Palm Glass. Sectional Model of Steam En .
Linear Expansion Apparatus. gine.
286
Sound and Wave Motion

Savart's Wheel . Organ Pipes.
Siren Disk . Chladni Plates and Clamp.
Tuning Fork . Oscillograph .
Tuning Fork on Resonant case. Kundt's Tube.
Helmholtz Resonators . . Crova 's Disk .
Sonometer. Spiral of Brass Wire.
Violoncello Bow .
Magnetism
Lodestone. Electro Magnet.
Bar Magnet, 6 inch . Magnetic Needle.
Horseshoe Magnet, 6 inch . Compass, 40 mm .
Iron Turnings.
Electricity
Friction Rod, wax. Induction Coil.
Friction Rod , vulcanite . Electric Motor, Demonstra
Catskin . tion Model.
Pith Balls , 1 dozen . Decomposition of Water Ap
Pith Images, pair . paratus.
Electrical Pendulum . Galvanometers with reading
Electroscope. telescopes.
Toepler-Holtz Electric Ma Contact Keys.
chine with attachment and Wheatstone Bridges, slide wire
shocking handles. and box form .
Brass Chains with hook and Resistance Boxes.
snap . Ammeters and Voltmeters,
Leyden Jar, quart. various ranges for direct
Discharger. - and alternating current.
Hollow Globe. Normal Cell.
Proof Plane. Condenser.
Geissler Tubes. Telephone and Telegraph Ap- .
X -Ray Tube and Fluorescent paratus.
Screen .
Light
Newton ' s Disk . Optical Bench with lens sur
Concave and Convex Mirrors. ports, slit, biprism , screen ,
Multiple Image Apparatus. eye piece, etc.
Incidence and Reflection Ap - Iceland Spar.
paratus. Newton ' s Rings.
Sextant. Nicol Prisms.
Equilateral Prism . Replica Grating.
Demonstration Lenses of vari- Spectrometer.
ous types and focal lengths. Microscope.
287
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXT-BOOKS, MANUALS AND REFERENCE -BOOKS IN
CHEMISTRY
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Elements of Inorganic Chemistry .
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New Era in Chemistry
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Lee . . . . . . . ...Experimental Chemistry.
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Lewkowitsch . . . . . . . Chemical Technology and Analysis
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El Linebarger . . . . . . . . . Elementary Chemistry .
Lord . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Metallurgical Analysis,
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Analysis .
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General Principles of Physical
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Organic Chemistry .
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Manual of Physical and Chemical
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Principles of Inorganic Chemistry .
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290
Speyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Chemistry .
Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recent Advances in Organic Chem
istry .
Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualitative Analysis.
Stillman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Engineering Chemistry .
Stoddard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to General Chemistry .
Outline of Qualitative Analysis.
Storer and Lindsay.. . . . . . . Elementary Manual of Chemistry .
Sutton . . . . . . . . . Volumetric Analysis.
Tach . . . . . . . . . The Chemistry of Paints.
Talbot. . . . . . . . ... Quantitative Analysis.
Talbot and Blanchard . . . . . Electrolytic Dissociation Theory .
Thompson . . . . Applied Electrochemistry ,
Thomsen . . . . . . . . . . Thermochemistry .
Thorp . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Chemistry,
Inorganic Preparations.
Treadwell-Hall. . . . . . . . . . .Qualitative Analysis .
Quantitative Analysis.
Unger..... Review Questions and Problems in
Chemistry .
Van 't Hoff. ... .. . .. .. .... Lectures on Theoretical and Physical
Chemistry .
Physical Chemistry in the Service of
Science.
Walker . . . . . . . . Introduction to Physical Chemistry .
White . . . . . . . . . Elementary Chemistry.
Williams. , . . . . Chemical Experiments .
Elements of Chemistry .
Introduction to Chemical Science.
Laboratory Manual in General
Chemistry .
Laboratory Manual in Inorganic
Chemistry .
Young . . . . . . . . . . . Elementary Principles of Chemistry.
Fractional Distillation .
Young, Sydney . . . . . . . . . . . Stoichiometry .
Zsigmondy . . . . . . . . . Colloids and the Ultramicroscope
( Trans. by Alexander) .
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHYSICS
The following brief list of works on Physics and allied subjects is offered
for reference:
Elementary Texts
Andrewsand Howland. .Elements of Physics. 1903. 386 pp .
Avery , E . M . . . . . . . . . . School Physics. 1895 . 600 pp.
Elementary Physics. 1897. 315 pp .
Carhart and Chute , . . . . The Elements of Physics . 1895 . 382 pp .
Crew . . . . . . Elements of Physics. 1900 . 350 pp .
Gage , A . P . . . . . . . . . Principles of Physics. 1895 . 630 pp .
Gorton , F . R . . . . . . A High School Course in Physics. 1910 .
480 pp .
Hoadley , G . A . . . . . . . . A Brief Course in Physics. 1900 . 450 pp .
Mann and Twiss . . . . . . Physics. 1905 . 453 pp .
Milliken and Gale . . . . . A First Course in Physics. 1906 . 488 pp .
Mumper, W . N . . . . . . . . A Text- Book in Physics. 1907 . 411 pp .
Nichols , E . L .. . . . . . . . . The Outlines of Physics. 1897 . 450 pp .
291
College Texts
Ames, J . S . . . . . . . . . . . Theory of Physics. 1897 . 513 pp .
Text-Book ofGeneral Physics. 1904 . 768 pp .
Carhart, H . S .. . . . . . . . . University Physics. 1898 . 3 vol.
Crew , Henry . . . . . . . . . . General Physics. 1908 . 515 pp .
Duff , A . W .. . . . . . A Text- Book of Physics. 1912. 3d Ed . 686
Franklin and McNutt . , The Elements of Mechanics and Heat. ] 07
409 pp .
The Elements of Light and Sound. 1909 . 344 pp.
The Elements of Electricity and Magnetism . 1908 .
350 pp .
Ganot- Atkinson . . . . . . . Physics. 1892. 1115 pp . ( Trans.)
Hastings and Beach . . . . General Physics. 1901. 768 pp .
Hurst and Lattey . . . . . . A Text - Book of Physics. 1910 . 638 pp .
Poynting and Thomson . Text-Book of Physics. 1899 . 3 vols .
Watson , W .. . . . . . . . . . . A Text Book of Physics. 1907. 4th Ed. 928 pp .
General Physics. 1912 . 564 pp .
Reference
Frick , J . . . . . . Physikalische Technik . 2d Ed. 1909. 2 vols .
Thomson and Tait. . . . . Treatise on Natural Philosophy . 1903. 2d vol.
Weinhold , A . F . . . . . . . . Physikalische Demonstrationen . 1899. 879 pp .
Winkelmann . . . . . . . . . . Handbuch der Physik . 2d Ed. 1905 . 6 vols .
Laboratory Manuals
Adams, C . F . . . . . . . . . .Physical Laboratory Manual. 1896 . 180 pp .
Ames and Bliss . . . . . . . . A Manual of Experiments in Physics. 1898 .
544 pp .
Austin and Thwing . . . . Physical Measurement . 1896 . 198 pp .
Fer ry , E . S .. . . . . . . . . . . Practical Physics. 1903 . 331 pp .
Gilbert, N . E .. . . . . . . . . Experiments in Physics. 1907 . 155 pp .
Glazebrook and Shaw . . Practical Physics . 1894 . 633 pp .
Hall and Bergen . . . . . . . A Text - Book of Physics. 1897 . 596 pp .
Kohlrausch , F . . . . . . . Lehrbuch der Praktischen Physik . 11th Ed. 1909.
736 pp .
Kohlrausch -Waller and
Proctor. . . . . . . . .. . . .An Introduction to Physical Measurements. 1894 .
476 pp . ( Trans.)
Loudon and McLennan . Experimental Physics. 1895 . 302 pp .
Miller, D . C . . . . . . . . . . . Laboratory Physics . 1903. 403 pp .
Nichols, E . L .. . . . . . . . . A Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied
Electricity . 1894 . 2d vol.
Ostwald , L . . . . . . . . . . . . Physiko - Chemische Messungen . 1902. 2d Ed.
490 pp .
Ostwald -Walker. . . . . . . Manual of Physico-Chemical Measurements. 1894.
254 pp . ( Trans.)
Schuster and Lees . . . . . Exercises in Practical Physics. 1901. 368 pp .
Stewart and Gee. . . . . . . Lessons in Elementary Practical Physics. * 1891.
2 vols .
Whiting, H ... . . . . . . . . . Physical Measurement. 1891. 1226 pp .
Zeleny, A ., and Erikson ,
H . A .. . . . .. .. .. . . A Manual of Physical Measurements. 1912 .
248 pp .
Laboratory Arts
Ebert, H .. . . Anleitung zum Glasblasen . 3d Ed . 1904. 120 pp .
Rowell, H . . . . . Hard Soldering. 1898 . 63 pp.
Threlfall, R . . . . . . . . . . On Laboratory Arts. 1898 .
Woollatt , G . H . . . . . . . . Laboratory Arts. 1908 ,
P .
292
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AVD PHYSICS
Physical Mathematics, Computation and Problems

Goodwin , H . S .. . . . . . . . Precision of Measurements and Graphical Methods.
1913 . 104 pp .
Holman, S . W .. . . . . . . . Computation Rules and Logarithms. 1896 . 73 pp .
Precision of Measurements. 1894. 175 pp .
Jones , D . E . . . . . . . . Exemples in Physics. 20 Ed . 1902 . 350 pp .
Jones , G . W .. . . . . . Logarithmic Tables. 9th Ed. 1902. 160 pp .
Matthews and Shearer. . Problems and Questions in Physics. 1899 247 pp .
Mellor, J . W . . . . . . Higher Mathematics for Students of Chemistry and
Physics . 1905 . 63C pp .
Schrön . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Seven Figure Logarithms. 6th Ed. 1901. 550 pp .
Vega . . . . . . . . . 10 Place Logarithms.
Wrapson and Gee. . . . . . Mathematical and Physical Tables . 1898 . 215 pp .
Tables of Physical Constants

Clarke, F . W .. . . . . . . . .Atomic Weights. 1910. 548 pp . (Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 54 . No. 3 .)
Everett , J . D .. . . . . . . . . C . G . S . System of Units . 1902. 283 pp .
Fowle , F . E . . . . . . . . . . . Smithsonian Physical Tables. 1910 . 318 pp .
Landolt and Börnstein .. Physikalisch Chemische Tabellen .
Physical Society of
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recueil des Constants Physiques. 1913 . 753 pp .
Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

Cordeiro, F . J. B ... . . . . The Gyroscope. 1913. 104 pp .
. . . . . . Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion . 1909.
110 pp .
Ewing . . . . The Strength of Materials. 1899. 245 pp.
Hardin , W . L . The Liquefaction of Gases. 1899 . 250 pp.
Langley . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Memoir on Mechanical Flight. 1911. 315 pp .
( Smithsonian Publication . Vol. 27 . No . 3 . )
Mach -McCormack . . . . . The Science of Mechanics. 1893. 534 pp . ( Trans.)
Morley, Arthur. . . . . . . . Strength of Materials, 1911. 395 pp .
Pierce , B . ( . . . . . . . . . . . Newtonian Potential Function . 1902. 489 pp .
Travers, M . W .. . . . . . . Study of Gases. 1901. 323 pp .
Webster, A . G . . . . . . . . . The Dynamics of Particles and of Kigid , Elastic and
Fluid Bodies. 2d Ed. 1912 . 588 pp .
Williamson , B . . . . . . . . . Treatise on Dynamics. 1900 . 559 pp .
Worthington , . . M . . . . . Dynamics of Rotation . 1906 . 169 pp .
A Study of Splashes, 1908. 129 pp .
Heat and Thermodynamics

Barnes , H . T .. . . . . . . .. Ice Formation . 1906 . 260 pp .
Buckingham , E .. . . . . . . Theory of Thermodynamics. 1900. 205 pp.
Chatelier and
Boudouard -Burgess. . High Temperature Measurements . 1901. 230 pp .
( Trans.)
Edser , E . . . . . . . . . Heat for Advanced Students. 1903. 47 8 pp .
Maxwell, J . C . . . . . . . Theory of Heat. 1897. 348 pp .
Planck -Ogg . . . . . Treatise on Thermodynamics. 1903. 272 pp .
Perkins, H . A .. . . . . . Introduction to General Thermodynamics. 1912 .
247 pp .
Preston , Thomas . . . . . . Theory of Heat. 1894. 719 pp.
Reeve , S . A . . . . . . . . .. . . The
1 Thermodynamics of Heat Engines. 1903 .
358 pp .
Tyndall, John . . . . . . . . . Heat . * 1892. 591 pp .
293
HIVDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Sound Wave Motion

Barton , E . H . . . . . . Text- Book on Sound . 1908 . 687 pp.
Helmholtz - Ellis . . . . . . . . Sensations of Tone. 1895 . 576 pp .
Koenig, Rudolph . . Quelques Expériences D 'Acoustique. 1882. 248 pp .
Lamb, H . . . . The Dynamical Theory of Sound . 1910. 303 pp .
Rayleigh , Lord . . . . . Theory of Sound . 1894 . 2 vols .
Tyndall, John . . . . Sound . 1908. 448 pp .
Zahm , J . H . . . . . . . . . . . Sound and Music . 1892.
Electricity and Magnetism

Carhart and Patterson.. Electrical Measurement. 1895. 344 pp.
Foster, G . C ., and Por
ter , A . W . . . . . .. . .Elementary Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism .
1903. 468 pp .
Gray, A .. . . . . . . A Treatise on Magnetism and Electricity . 1898.
480 pp .
Hertz - Jones . . . . . Electric Waves. 1893 . 278 pp .
Jackson . . . . Electricity and Magnetism . 1904. 482 pp .
Lyons, T . A . A Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena and the
Deviations of the Compass . 1901. 2 vols .
Martin , T . C . . T . . Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola
Tesla . 1894 . 496 pp .
Maxwell, J. C .. . . .. . . A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism . 1892.
2 vols .
Thomson , J. J. Elements of Electricity and Magnetism . 1893.
510 pp .
Conduction of Electricity through Gases . 1903.
566 pp.
Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism .
1893. 578 pp .
• The Discharge of Electricity through Gascs . 1898.
203 pp .
Thompson , S . P .. . . . . . Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism .
1896 . 634 pp .
The Electromagnet. 1892 . 452 pp .
Webster, A . G . . . . . . . . . The Theory of Electricity and Magnetism . 1897 .
576 pp .
Practical or Applied Electricity

Collins, F . A.. . . . . . . . Design and Construction of Induction Coils. 1909.
272 pp .
Hare, A . T. . . . . The Construction of Large Induction Coils. 1900 .
155 pp .
Maver, Wm .. . . . ... . .. .American Telegraphy . 1903. 564 pp.
Wireless Telegraphy. 1904 . 199 pp.
Moissan , H . -Moulipied . The Electric Furnace . 1904 . 307 pp . ( Trans. )
Parr, G . D . A . . . . . . . . . Practical Electrical Testing. 1901. 392 pp .
Treadwell , A . . . . . . . . . . The Storage Battery . 1898 . 257 pp.
Light (General)
Drude-Mann
ken . . . . . .
and Milli
. . . Theory of Optics. 1902. 546 pp . ( Trans.)
Emtage , W . T . A . . . . . . Light. 1896 . 352 pp .
Hastings, C . S . . . . . . . . . Light. 1902. 224 pp .
Mann, C . R . . . . . . . . . . .Manual of Advanced Optics. 1902. 196 pp .
Preston , Thomas . . . . . . Theory of Light. 2d Ed. 1895 . 574 pp .
Schuster , A . . . . . . . . . . . Theory of Optics. 1904 . 340 pp.
Thompson , S . P . . . . . . . . Light, Visible and Invisible . 1897 . 294 pp .
Walker, James . . . . . . . . The Analytical Theory of Light. 1904. 416 pp .
R . W . Wood . . . . . . . . . . Physical Optics . 1911. 705 pp.
294
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY A .VD PHYSICS
Light (Special Subjects )

Dolbear . . . . . . Art of Projection .
Gage, S . H . . . . . . . . The Microscope . ' 1896 . 237 pp .
Hassack and Rosenberg .Die Projektionsapparate . 1907 . 336 pp .
Hovestadt -Everett. . . . . Jena Glass . 1902. 119 pp .
Landauer - Tingle . . . . . . . Spectrum Analysis. 1898 . 239 pp .
Michelson , A . A . . . . . . . Light Waves and their Uses. 1903.
Palaz- Patterson . . . . . . . Industrial Photometry . 1896 . 324 pp .
Rolfe , G . W . . . . . . . . . The Polariscope . 1905 . 320 pp .
Scheimer- Frost . . . . . . . . Astronomical Spectroscopy . 1894. 482 pp .
( Trans.)
Uhler and Wood .. . . . . . Atlas of Absorption Spectra . 1907. 59 pp .
26 Pl. (Carnegie Inst. Pub . No. 71.)
Watts, W . M ... . .. . . . . An Introduction to the Study of Spectrum Analysis.
1904. 325 pp.
Wright, L ... . . . . . . . . . .Optical Projection . 1891. 426 pp .
Photography
Bolas, Tallent and
. . . . . . A Handbook of Photography in Colors. 1900.
Senior. . . . . . . . . . . .
230 pp .
Derr . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Photography for Students of Physics and Chem
istry . 1906 . 243 pp .
König , E .. . . . . . .. . . . . . Die Farben Photographie. 1906 . 96 pp .
Die Autochrom - Photographie . 1908. 60 pp .
Lummer - Thompson . . . . Photographic Optics . 1900 . 135 pp .
Miethe, A .. . . . . . . . . . . . Photographie nach der Natur. 1908 .
82 pp .
Rohr, Moritz von . . . . . . Photographischen Objektivs. 1899. 435 pp .
Spitta , E . . . . . . . . . Photo - Micrography . 1899. 163 pp .
Taylor, J . T ... . . .. . . . . The Optics of Photography . 1892. 242 pp .
Electron Theory, Radioactivity, etc.

Bauer, Blanc, Block. .and
. . . Les Idées Modernes sur la Constitution de la
otheis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Matière. 1913. 370 pp . (Publication of the
lePhysical
ctNew e France.)
owledgof
row KnSociety igce .
Duncan , R . K .... . . EThe
. . .. .. .. .. .. Knowledge.. F1906 .) 263 pp .
Fournier, E . E . . . . . . . . . Electron Theory . 1906 . 311 pp.
ammer: üW . J .. . . . . . . . Radium . 1903. 72 pp .
HHammer,
1 . Bon , Gustav - Legge . The Evolution of Matter. 1907 . 436 pp .
Levy and Willis . . . . . . . Radium . 105 pp .
Lodge , Sir Oliver . . . . . . Electrons. 1907 . 239 pp.
righi, A .- Trowbridge. . . Modern Theory of Physical Phenomena. 1904 .
165 pp .
Rutherford , E . . . . . . . . . Radioactivity. 1905. 580 pp .
Miscellaneous
Brauer-Walters. . . . . . . . The Construction of the Balance. 1909. 314 pp
Cajori, E . . . . . . . . . . . . . A History of Physics. 1899 . 322 pp .
Hiorns, A . H . . . . . . . Mixed Metals. 1901. 445 pp .
Knott, C . G .. . . . The Physics of Earthquake Phenomena . 1908.
283 pp .
Milham . W . I . . . . . . . . Meteorology. 1912 . 550 pr .
Moore , W . L . . . . . . . . . . Descriptive Meteorology . 1911. 341 pp .
Waldo , T . . . . . . . . . . . . Elementary Meteorology. 1896 . - 373 pp .
29.5
PERIODICALS AND PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST TO

PHYSICISTS
American Journal of Science . Morehouse & Taylor Co., 123 Tem

ple Street, New Haven, Connec
ticut, U . S . A .
Annalen der Physik . J. A . Barth, Dörrienstrasse , 16 ,
Leipzig.
Annalen der Physik , Beiblätter. J . Leipz
A . Barth, Dörrienstrasse, 16 ,
ig .
Astrophysical Journal. The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, Ill .
Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards. Government Printing Office, Wash
ington .
The Chemical News and Journal of Newcastle
16 London St., Farrington St.,
, E . C .
Physical Science .
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires 55, Quai des Grands-Augustins
des Séances de l'Académie des Paris .
Sciences .
Journal of the Franklin Institute. 13-15 South Seventh St., Phila
delphia , Pa .
Journal de Physique. 5 , Rue de la Sante , Paris.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry . Cornell University , Ithaca , U . S . A .
Le Radium , la Radioactivité et les 120 Boulevard St. Germain , Paris .
Radiations.
Nature . Macmillan & Co., Ltd ., St. Martin 's
St., London , W . C .
The London , Edinburgh and Dublin Taylor & Francis, Red Lion Court,
Philosophical Magazine and Jour Fleet St. , E . C .
nal of Science.
The Physical Review . 41 North Queen St., Lancaster , Pa.
Proceedings of the Physical Society . The Electrician Printing and Pub
lishing Co ., Ltd ., 1, 2 and 3
Salisbury Court, Fleet St., Lon
don , E . C .
Physikalische Zeitschrift . S . Hirzel, Königstrasse 2 , Leipzig .
Philosophical Transactions of the Harrison & Sons, 45 , St. Martin ' s
Royal Society of London . Lane , London , W . C .
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Harrison & Sons, 45 , St. Martin 's
London . Lane, London , W . C .
Science Abstracts . Section A . Spon & Chamberlain , 123 Liberty
St., New York .
Science . The Science Press, Sub -station 84 ,
New York .
Bulletin des Séances de la Société 44, Rue de Rennes, Paris.
Française de Physique.
Journal of the Washington Academy Williams & Wilkins Co ., 2419- 2421
of Sciences. York Road , Baltimore , Md. Wil
liam Wesley & Son , 28 Essex St.,
Strand , London .
Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkünde. J. Springer, Linkstrasse , 23 - 24 ,
Berlin W ., 9 .
296
PROBLEMS
THE METHOD OF SOLVING CHEMICAL PROBLEMS
(From Talbot's Quantitative Analysis ,by permission.)
Detailed solutions of a few typical problems are given below .
The student should study these carefully , and assure himself that
they are fully understood .
1 . A “ chemical factor” expresses the ratio between a specific
quantity of a chemical compound and the equivalent quantity of
some other body . For example , if it is wished to determine the
weight of sulphur which corresponds to a specific weight of barium
sulphate, the latter is multiplied by the factor, or ratio , repre
S 32.07 = 0 . 1373. It may also
sented by the fraction i on Baso , or 233 .50 –
233.5 32.07
be expressed by the proportion BaSO4 : S = wt. BaSO , : x , from
which it is plain that x = 9. wt. BaSO4.
Again , if the weight of FeO in Fe2O3 is desired, the factor
hormos 2 FeO _ 144 .04
honom
A _= 00
0 . 9000. Similarly, the factor for the
omes Fe2O3 = 160.04 =
· K ,0
94 .22 == 00. 0 . 632
ga The lo
1 ,2 KCİ
conversion of KCl to K20 is - 149.12
rithmic equivalents of these values are called log factors.
In the calculation of these factors, the atomic or molecular
relations of the two substances must be kept clearly in mind ;
thus, it is plainly incorrect
Fe
to express the ratio of ferrous to ferric
l
oxide by the fraction Fe2O3,
o - since each molecule of the higher
oxide must correspond to two molecules of the lower. Careless
ness in this respect is one of themost frequent sources of error.
2 . To calculate the volume of a reagent required for a specific
operation , it is necessary to know the exact reaction which is to
be brought about, and, as with the calculation of factors, to keep
in mind the molecular relations between the reagent and the
substance reacted upon . For example , to estimate the weight of
barium chloride necessary to precipitate the sulphur from 0 . 1 gram
488.70
of pure pyrite (FeS2), the proportion should stand 2BaClg. 2 H20 :
120.16
FeS2 = x : 0 . 1, where x represents the weight of the chloride
* Talbot's " Quantitative Analysis."
297
required . Each of the two atoms of sulphur will form a mole
cule of sulphuric acid upon oxidation , which , in turn , will require
a molecule of the barium chloride for precipitation . To deter
mine the quantity of the barium chloride required , it is necessary
to include in its molecular weight the water of crystallization ,
since this is inseparable from the chloride when it is weighed .
This applies equally to other similar instances.
If the strength of an acid is expressed in percentage by weight,
due regard must be paid to its specific gravity . For example ,
hydrochloric acid (sp . gr. 1.12) contains 23.8 per cent HCl by
weight; i.e ., 0 . 2666 gram .
3 . No rules for universal application to “ indirect gravimetric
analyses” can be laid down . A single example will be explained .
Given a mixture of KCl + NaCl weighing 0 . 15 gram , which
contains 53 per cent chlorine, to calculate the weight of KCI
and NaCl in the mixture.
The weight of chlorine in the mixture is (0 . 15 x 0.53) or 0 .0795
gram . Assuming that this chlorine was all in combination with
potassium , the corresponding weight of KCI would be 0 . 1672
gram (Cl : KCl = 0 .0795 : 0 . 1672 ). This is an excess of 0 .0172
gram over the actual weight of the mixture, and it is plain that
this difference is occasioned by the replacement of certain of the
molecules of potassium chloride, weighing 74. 56 units, by mole
cules of sodium chloride weighing 58.50 units. To express this ,
let it be supposed that the mixture is made up of n molecules
74.56
KCl and n ' molecules NaCl; then it may be said that n KCl +
58.50 74 .56 74.56
n ' NaCl = 0 .15 gram , and n KCl + n ' KCl = 0 . 1672 gram , then
by subtracting the first equation from the second it is shown
74 .56 58. 50
that n ' (KCI - NaCl) = 0 .0172 gram . That is, the difference in
weight is equal to n ' times the difference in themolecular weights
of the two chlorides. The actualweight of NaCl present (x ) is equal
0 .0172 - 0 .0172 -
to 58.50n', or, since n ' = ,74 .56 – 58 50 , 2 = 58.50• \74. 56 - 58.50 )
This may be expressed in the form (74 .56 – 58 .50 ) : 58 .50 =
0 .0172 : x , from which x = 0 .0626 . The weight of NaCl subtracted
from that of the mixture gives the weight of KCI.
The weights of the chlorides may also be calculated algebra
ically by solving the equations x + y = 0 . 15 anda 74.56
93 . 72x% ++ 20:40
58.50 ?
= 0 .0795 , where x is the weight of KCl and y is the weight of
NaCl in the mixture:
4 . It is sometimes desirable to weigh out such a quantity of
substance for analysis , that the number of cubic centimeters of
standard solution entering into the reaction shall represent di
rectly the percentage of the desired constituent. This may be
readily done , by considering the relation of the solution to a
normal solution and the atomic or molecular weight of the desired
component. For example, suppose it is desired to calculate such
a weight for K2CO3 in pearl ash , when a half -normal acid solution
298
is used . Since half -normal acid and alkali solutions are equiva
lent, and since by definition the half -normal K2CO3 solution
contains 34 .55 grams per liter, each cubic centimeter of the acid
solution must be equivalent to 0 .03455 gram K2CO3. Hence,
100 cc. would neutralize 3 .455 grams pure K2CO3and this becomes
the desired weight of the pearl ash . Similarly the required weight
of limonite where the iron (Fe) is to be determined by means of
a deci-normal K ,Cr,07 solution is 0 .5602 gram .
5. One of the most frequently recurring cases in volumetric
analysis is that in which it is wished to express the value of a
specific solution in terms of some substance other than that
against which it has been standardized as for instance, the value
of a permanganate solution which has been standardized against
oxalic acid , in terms of iron . Although such problems appar
ently vary widely , there are common principles which can be
applied to them all. These are stated below , and the student
should assure himself that they are fully understood .
Suppose , for example , it is desired to find the iron value ( Fe ) of
a permanganate solution , of which 1 cc. is equivalent to 0 .006302
gram C2H204 . 2H20 .
From a comparison of the reactions it is seen that 10 molecules
of ferrous sulphate and 5 molecules of oxalic acid each react
with the same amount (2 molecules ) of the permanganate .
These two quantities being, then , equivalent to the same third
quantity, must be equivalent to each other; in other words, 10
molecules of ferrous sulphate and 5 molecules of oxalic acid
have the same reducing power. But, as stated above , the value
is desired in terms of metallic iron (Fe), not FeSO4, but as it is
plain that 10FeSO4 are equivalent to 10Fe, it is proper to make
the proportion
560.2 630.25
10 Fe : 5C2H204. 2H2O = x : 0 .006302
in which x = 0 . 005602 gram . IIere, again , as in example 2 , it is
necessary to include the water of crystallization in the molecular
weight of the oxalic acid , as it is weighed with it .
The same conclusion is arrived at, if we consider the relation of
the solution to the normal. As given , it is deci-normal and must,
therefore, be equivalent to a deci-normal solution of iron . From
the equations cited , it is seen that 10FeSO4, unite with 50 , there
fore each molecule is equivalent to 1 hydrogen atom in reducing
power. The normal solution must, then , contain 1 gram -mole
cule of ferrous sulphate, or 56 .02 grams Fe, and each cubic centi
meter of the deci-normal solution would contain 0 .005602 gram ,
the value obtained above .
Again , suppose the value of the same permanganate solution
were desired in terms of molybdenum (Mo), the reactions with
permanganate being
5M0.2019 + 17110 , 0) , = 60M0O3 + 34MnO , and
5C211.04. 211, 0 + Mn207 = 2MnO + 10CO, + 15H ,0 .
(Mn20 , is the anhydride of HMn04.)
299
It is plain that in these equations as they stand , the molecular
quantities of oxidizing agent are not equal. They can be made
so by simply multiplying the second equation by 17 , and they then
become,
5M012019 + 17Mn20 , = 34MnO + 60M003, and
85C2H204. 2H , 0 + 17Mn20 , = 34MnO + 170 CO2 +
255 H2O .
It is now possible to reason in the same way as before, and to
conclude that 85 molecules of the oxalic acid have the same reduc
ing power as 5 molecules of the oxide M012019, or 60 atoms of
molybdenum . Accordingly,
5758.8 10714 .25
60Mo : 85C2H204.2H20 : : 2 : 0 .006302
in which x 0 . 003387 gram .
Since 5M012019 unite with 850 , a normal solution of the former
as a reducing agent, would contain 1 / 170 . of the 5 gram -molecules
or 33.87 grams Mo, and the deci-normal solution 3.387 grams per
liter. This agrees with the values already obtained .
6 . It is sometimes necessary to calculate the value of solutions
according to the principles just explained , when several succes
sive reactions are involved . Such problemsmay be solved by a
series of proportions, but it is usually possible, after stating these
to eliminate the common factors and solve but a single one.
For example , suppose it is desired to express the value of a
permanganate solution , of which 1 cc. = 0 .008 gram iron ( Fe), in
terms of calcium oxide (CaO ) . The reactions involved in the
volumetric determination of calcium are the following ; CaCl2 +
(NH4)2C204 = CaC204 + 2NH4Cl; CaC204 + H2SO4 + 2H20 =
CaSO4 + C2H ,04. 2H20 ; 5C2H204 . 21 , 0 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4
= K2SO4 + MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 18H20 .
From the considerations stated under 5 , the following propor
tions may be made .
10Fe : 5C , H ,04 . 2H2O = 0 .008 : x
5C2H204. 2H20 : 5CaC204 = x : Y
5CaC204 : 5CaO = y : x
Canceling the common factors, there remains simply
560 .2 280.4
10Fe : 5 Ca0 = 0.008 : 2
Similarly , from the reactions, the equivalent of the iodine liber
ated may be calculated in terms of MnO2 as follows: Supposing
the weight of iodine to be 0 . 5 gram then
21 : 2KI = 0 .5 : x
2KI : 2C1 = x : y
2Cl : 2HCl = y : %
2HCl : MnO2 = 2 : W
Canceling the common factors, there remains
21 :MnO , = 0.5 : w
300
To solve such problems as 5 and 6 , it is necessary to know the
reactions involved , and the way in which the various components
break up ; then to compare the reactions and to search for those
molecular quantities of the compounds in question , which are
equivalent in their action upon a common agent. Having found
these , as shown above, express the molecular ratio between them
253.7 86.99
in the form of a proportion ; as, for example, 2 I : MnO2 = 0.5 : w .
86 .99
Expressed in the form w = 0 , - 0 .5 , it is plain that this ratio is
in no way different in principle from the chemical factor men
tioned in paragraph 1 ; indeed , it is the factor for the conversion
of iodine to manganese dioxide.
PROBLEMS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSICS

1 . A map is drawn to the scale 1 mile to the inch . What area
on the map in square centimeters represents 10 square miles ?
Ans. 64. 5 sq .cm .
2 . Express a velocity of 2500 cm . per second in feet per minute .
Ans. 4921. 2 feet per minute .
3 . A . rectangular tank 15 cm . X163 mm . X6 meters , inside
measurements, is filled with water. Express the mass of the
water in kilograms. One c .cm . of water weighs 1 gram (approxi
mately ) . Ans. 14 .67 kg .
4 . The radius of a circle is 12 cm ., what is the angle in degrees
subtended by an arc of 16 cm . ? Ans. 76 .39°.
5 . The pitch of the screw in a micrometer caliper is 0 .5 mm .;
the rotating head of the instrument carries 50 divisions; the
verzier of the shank over which the head turns has 10 divisions
which occupy the space of 9 smallest divisions on the head .
What is the smallest distance which can be measured without
estimation ? Ans. 0 .001 mm .
6 . How far from the point of observation must a scale be
placed in order that 1 cm . on the scale will subtend an angle of
1 minute ? Ans. 3438 cm .
7 . A river is 1 kilometer in width , and the currenthas a velocity
of 4 km . per hour. What direction must be taken by a launch
moving at 8 km . per hour in order to land directly opposite the
starting point ? What will be the total time for the trip ? Ans.
The launch must steer 30° upstream ; 8 . 7 minutes .
8. A pendulum having a period of 1 second and a pendulum
of nearly the same period are arranged so that it is possible to
observe when the two reach the mid point of their respective
oscillations at the same instant going in the same direction .
The time elapsing between coincidences is 106 seconds. If the
unknown is shorter than the known pendulum , what is its
period ? Ans. 0 .9906 sec.
9 . A body starts from rest and moves for 10 seconds with a
uniform acceleration of 5 cm ./ sec.?, for the next 20 seconds it
moves uniformly at the velocity acquired and is finally brought
to rest with a uniform acceleration of -- 5 . cm ./sec.?, what is
301
ILANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
the total space covered and the time occupied ? Ans. 1500 cm .,
40 sec .
10 . Find the value of a constant force which , acting on a
mass of 500 gramsfor 2 seconds, produces an increase in velocity
of 10 cm . / sec. Ans. 2500 dynes.
11. What is the weight in dynes of a sphere whose mass is
100 grams? If a spherical mass of 1000 kg . is placed vertically
beneath the body so that their centers are separated by a dis
tance of 50 cm ., what is the apparent increase in weight ? (g . =
980 . cm ./ sec.2, the gravitational constant = 6 .66 X 10 - 8, C . G . S .)
Ans. 98 ,000 dynes; .0026 dyne.
12. A uniform bar, 100 cm . long, is supported on a knife
edge 30 cm . from one end . A mass of 500 g . is suspended at a
distance of 5 cm . and a mass of 200 g . at a distance of 60 cm
from the same end . If the system is in equilibrium , what is
the mass of thebar ? Ans. 325 g .
13 . The beam of a balance is 25 cm . long and weighs 50 g .
If the center of gravity is 0 .05 cm . below the central knife edge
through what angle will the beam be deflected by the addition
of 0 .001 gram to one of the pans ? Ans. 0° 17. 2 '.
14. The mean radius of the earth is about 6 , 370,000 meters .
What is the acceleration toward the center of a point on the
equator due to the rotation of the earth ? Ans. 2910. 3 meters
per sec . per sec .
15 . If the period of simple harmonic motion is 10 seconds
and the amplitude 20 cm ., what is the displacement, velocity
and acceleration 2 seconds after the particle has passed its
mid point in a positive direction ? Ans. Displacement 19.02 cm . ,
velocity 3 .88 cm . / sec., acceleration - 7 .51 cm . / sec. 2.
16 . A body of 60 g . mass falls freely from rest for 6 seconds,
what is its momentum and kinetic energy at the end of the
period ? ( g . = 980 cm . /sec. 2.) How far does the body fall ?
How much work would be done in raising it to its original posi
tion ? Ans. Momentum , 352,800 g . cm . / sec. ; kinetic energy ,
1.037 X 109 ergs; space passed over 17,610 cm .; potential energy
(mgh ) 1 .037 X 10 ' ergs.
17 . What power is delivered by a hoisting engine in pulling
a mass of 200 kg., ( 1 ) Upward against gravity, 5 meters per
second ; ( 2 ) along a horizontal plane whose coefficient of friction
with the block is 0 .20 at the rate of 2 meters per second ; ( 3 )
along a perfectly smooth (frictionless) horizontal plane at any
velocity ; ( 4 ) up an incline of 45° with the horizontal with a
coefficient of friction of 0 . 1 at the rate of 1 meter (measured
along the incline ) per second ? ( The hoisting apparatus is to
be considered frictionless .) Ans. ( 1 ) 980 watts. ( 2) 784 watts.
( 3 ) No work is done. ( 4 ) 15 , 240 watts.
18 . A bullet fired from a gun 1 cm . in internal diameter and
75 cm . long has a muzzle velocity of 500 meters per second .
What uniform pressure in the barrel would cause this velocity
if the bullet weighs 25 g . ? Ans. 1 .051 X 10 ' dynes per sq . cm .
19. The pitch of a jack screw is 1 cm ; the power is applied
at the end of a lever 24 cm . long . When force of 30 ,000 dynes
is applied at the lever the lifting force is 1 ,200 ,000 dynes, what
302
portion of the force applied is used to overcome friction ? What
is the efficiency ? Ans. 22,010 dynes; 34. 1 % .
20. It is required to find the density of a cylinder of alloy .
A ballast load is placed on one pan of the balance, which requires
292.560 g . to counterbalance . The sample is added to the pan
containing the weights and the amount to effect equilibrium is
reduced to 88 .480 g . When the sample is suspended below the
pan in water (density 0 .9977) the mass necessary in the pan is
148 .627 g . The density of the brass weights was 8 .45, the
density of air at the temperature and pressure of the experiment
0 .00115 . Find the true density, making correction for buoyancy
of the air. Ans. 3 .383.
21. The cross-section of the stem of an hydrometer has an
area of 0 . 2 sq .cm . The total volume immersed when the in
strument floats in water at 4° C . is 6 . cu .cm . If in another
liquid the hydrometer sinks until 8 cm . additional length of
stem is immersed , what is the specific gravity the liquid ? Ans.
0 . 7894 .
22. The volume of the cylinder of an air pump cleared at each
stroke of the piston is 2000 cc. If the volume of the vessel to
be exhausted with connecting tubes is 4000 cc., what pressure
should be obtained by 10 strokes? Ans. 0 .0173 the original
pressure .
23. Water at a temperature of 20.3° C . rises to a height of
6 . 128 cm . in a tube whose radius is 0 .0247 . Compute the sur
face tension , taking g. = 980 . Ans. 74 . 15 dynes / cm .
24 . A glass tube closed at one end is 100 cm . long. A column
of mercury 91 cm . long is poured into the tube and it is then
inverted with the lower (open ) end in a dish of mercury . The
air now fills 40 cm . at the top of the tube and a column of mer
cury 58 cm . long is supported below . What is the barometric
pressure ? Ans. 74 .84 cm .
25 . A wire 100 cm . long and 0 . 3 mm . in radius is stretched
2 mm , by the addition of a weight of 10 kilos. Compute the
value of Young 's Modulus. Ans. 17 .3X1011 dynes/sq .cm .
26 . The thermal coefficient of linear expansion of brass is
0 .000018. A cylindrical bar is 100 cm . long at 20° C . and has
a density of 8 .450 , what is the length and density at 0°C ?
Ans. Length 99.964 cm ., density 8 .451 g / cm .3.
27. A steel rod is measured with a brass scale at 15° C . The
rod appears to be 200 cm . long. The scale is correct at 0° C .
What is the true length of the rod at 0°? The coefficient of
expansion for steel is .000011. Ans. 200.021 cm .
28 . If the volume of a portion of gas is 1000 ccm . under a
pressure of 30 . 5 cm . of mercury and at a temperature 0° C . ,
what will be the volume under a pressure of 29 .5 cm . and a
temperature of 20° C . ? Ans. 1109 c. cm .
29. The mass of a copper calorimeter is 110 grams. It con
tains 400 grams of water at a temperature of 16° C . A solid
mass of 60 grams at a temperature of 98° C . is placed in the
water. The temperature reaches equilibrium at 21°C . Neg
leeting radiation , find the specific heat of the solid . Ans.
0 .443 cal. / g .
303
30 . Two hollow brass cones fit together and are arranged so that the outer
cone can be rotated while the inner cone may be held stationary by the
application of a force sufficient to overcome the friction between the cones.
A horizontal pulley 30 cm . in diameter is attached to the inner cone and
a cord wrapped around this pulley, and passing over another pulley at
the side supports a weight of 100 grams. The mass of the two cones
is 400 g ., and 25 cc . of water is placed in the inner cone. The outer cone
is rotated rapidly enough to keep the weight suspended and makes 1500
revolutions. What temperature change will occur in the cones, neglecting
radiation ? ( The mechanical equivalent of heat is 4 . 18 X107 ergs.) Ans .
5 . 33° C .
31. A source of sound whose frequency is 2000 per sec. is moving
toward the observer at the rate of 7200 kilometers per hour. The tem
perature of the air is 20° C . What is the apparent pitch ? Ans. 2116 . 4
per sec.
32. What are the relative potentials of two insulated conducting
spheres charged with equal quantities of electricity if their radii are 5
and 10 cm . respectively ? Ans. 2 to 1 .
33 . What is the force acting between two concentrated positive charges
of 6 and 8 units, separated by a distance of 4 cm . in air ? Ans. 3 dynes .
34 . What is the resistance of 48 , 500 cm . of copper wire 1 millimeter
in diameter at 0° C . ? The specific resistance of copper is .0000017 .
Ans. 0 . 26 ohm .
35 . A circuit is composed of 8 cells in two groups. The two groups
are in parallel and each consists of 4 cells in series. The electromotive
force of each cell is 1. 4 volts and the internal resistance 0 . 1 ohm . The
external circuit consists of a series of 5 coils , each having a resistance of
200 ohms. If a galvanometer whose resistance is 1000 ohms is placed in
parallel with one of the coils, what current will flow through the galvan
ometer ? Ans. 0 . 0011 amp.
36 . A cell whose electromotive force is 1 volt and internal resistance
5 ohms is connected in series with a resistance of 2000 ohms and a gal
vanometer whose resistance is 98 ohms. The galvanometer terminals
are connected by a shunt having a resistance of 1 ohm and the scale is
25 cm . from the mirror. The deflection , observed by a telescope, is 0 .55
cm . What is the figure of merit - that is , the current which would cause
a scale deflection of 1 mm . if the scale were 1 meter from the mirror ? Ans.
0 .000000229 amp.
37 . The horizontal intensity of the earth ' s magnetism at a certain
locality is 0 .20 gauss and the dip is 70°; what is the value of the total
intensity ? Ans. 0 .585 gauss .
38. A standard candle and an electric incandescent of unknown inten
sity are 500 cm . a part . A photometer screen shows even illumination
when placed 100 cm . from the candle . The standard candle is found
to have consumed spermaceti at the rate of 124 grains per hour during
the test. If the intensity of the candle is i international candle when
burning 120 grains per hour, what is the horizontal candle power of the
unknown ? Ans. 15 .47 international candles.
39 . An object 43. 6 cm . from a concave spherical mirror gives a sharp
image 66 . 5 cm . from the mirror; find the principal focus and radius of
curvature of the mirror. Ans. Focus 26 . 33 cm . , radius of curvature ,
52.6 cm .
40 . Light divergent from a point source 20 . 5 cm . from a double concave
lens has its divergence increased by the lens so that it appears to come
from a point 113 . 9 cm . from the lens (on the same side as the source) .
The radius of curvature of both faces is 25 . 1 cm ., what is the principal focus
and index of refraction of the lens? Ans. Principal focus - 25 . 0 cm .;
index of refraction 1 .50 .
41. The angle of minimum deviation of a prism is observed and found to
be 60° 2 . 5 '. If the angle of the prism is 59° 54 ', what is the index of
refraction of the material of the prism ? Ans. 1 .734 .
304
INDEX
PAGE
Abberation, chromatic , definition . . . . . 208
" spherical, definition . . . 208
Absolute humidity, definition . . . 205
Absolute zero , definition . . . . . . .. . . . 204
Absorption , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

198
Accelerated motion , formulæ . . . . . . . . 209

Acceleration, definition . . . . .. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
202
Acceleration due to gravity and length of seconds pendulum , lat. O

to 90°. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Acceleration due to gravity, elevation , latitude and longitude, various
cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Acceleration due to gravity, formulæ . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. 211
" value under normal conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
195
195
Acetic acid , density of aqueous solutions.. . 65
Acid , definition . . . . . . . . 198
Acid proof wood stain . . . 224
Active mass , definition . . . . . 198
Adiabatic , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Air , density of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 83
“ sparking potential or dielectric strength of . . 141
Alcohol , density of, 0 to 39° C . . . . . . . . . 82
" density of aqueous solutions. . . . . . . . 70
Altitudes with the barometer, formulæ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Alloys, composition of. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Aluminum wire , electrical constants of . . . . 256
Ammonium hydroxide, density of aqueous solutions.. . 69
Ampere , definition 207
Amplitude in S . H . M ., definition
finition .. . .. .
. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Analysis, scheme for qualitative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Angle , definition and units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
" table of units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Angular aperture , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Angular momentum , definition . . . . . . . 202
" formula . . . . 210
Angular motion , formulæ . . . . . .. . 210
Angular velocity, definition . . . 202
Antidotes of poisons. . . . . . . . . . 10
Aperture, angular, definition . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
numerical, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
305
INDEX
PAGE
Apothecaries fluid measure .. . . . . . . . . . . 233
.
weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wu
. . . . . . . . . . . . 234 234
Apparatus list for experiments in chemistry . . . . 283
283
.
" " physics . . , 284
.
Archimedes' principle, formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
.
Area of circles, table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
" " various regular figures.. . . . . . . . . . ... . . 257
Area, table of units . . . . . . . . . 235
unit of. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Atmosphere , mass , composition and potential. . . . .. .. . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . 189
Atom , definition . . . . . . 198
Atomic theory .. . . . .. 197
" weights . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 11
Avogadro 's theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. . .. 197
Avoirdupois weight . . .. . . 234
в
Balanced action , definition . . . . . . . 198
Balance , sensitiveness of, formula .. . . . . . . .. . 213
Barometer, altitudes with, formula.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Barometer readings, conversion table for. 129
" reduction to latitude 45°. . . . . . . 134
reduction to sea level. . . . . . . . . 133
temperature corrections for.. . . . . . . . . . 130 , 131, 132
Base, definition .. . .
Base , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
198
Base of natural logarithms. . . . . . 282
Beaumé hydrometer scale, conversion to density . . . . .. 77
Bibliography of chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
" physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Boiling-point for various substances.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
" of
U inorganic CUIIPUUL
ILIUIKUIC compoundsOS .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
" " water, variation with pressure . . . . . . . . 106
Boyle's Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
196
" " formula . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 215
215
Brilliancy , intrinsic . . . . . . . . . . . 162
British standard wire gauge . . . . . . . . . . 247
Brown and Sharpe wire gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Bulk modulus . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Calorie, definition. . . . . . . . 204

Calorimetry, formulæ . . . 217
Candle power of light sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 161
Capacity , definition . 206
" formulæ . . . . . . . .. 219
Capillarity , formula .. . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Capillary depression for mercury in a glass tube . . . 132
Carcel unit . . . . . . . . . 160
Carrying capacity of copper wire . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 150
Catalytic action , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Cells, electromotive force and composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
306
INDEX
PAGE
Cells, internal resistance .. . . 155
Cements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Centrifugal force, definition . .. . . . . 202
" " formula . . . . . . . . 211
Centripetal force, definition . . .. 202
Change of volume due to fusion . . . 115
Charge, unit , definition . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
205
Chemical equations . . . . . . . .. . 199
" laws and definitions. . . . . . 196
" theories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chromatic abberation , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Circles, area of. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" inscribed and circumscribed for regular polygons. . . .
Circular motion, formulæ . . . . . . . . .
Circumference of circles , table. . . . . . . . .
Cleaning mercury . . . . . . . . . . 225
" optical surfaces for silvering . . . . . . 225
Coefficient of friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
" " thermal expansion . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7
" transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 , 178

Colligative property, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colored liquids for demonstration . . . . . . . . . . 226
Color of inorganic
Voor 01 compounds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Color sensations produced by various light sources. . . . . ... . . . 161
Color sensations, relative stimulation . . . . . . . 168
Combining weights, law of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Comparison of wire gauges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Composition of alloys. . . . . .. . . .
Composition of vectors, formula . . . . . .
Compounds. physical constants of inorganic..
Compressibility of liquids. . . . . . . . .
Concentration of laboratory reagents . . . . . . .
Conduction of heat, formula . . . . . . . . 217
Conductivity , definition . . . . . . . . . . 207
Conductivity for heat, tables.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Cone , lateral area , volume, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Conjugate foci, definition . . . . . . . . . 208
Constants for gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Constants of the kinetic theory of gases . . . 123
Constitutive property, definition 198
Contact difference of potential 148
Conversion factors for energy units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
" " English and metric units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
" " pressure units . . . .
of thermometer scales , formulæ and tables. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 96
table for barometric readings. . . .. . 129
table for hydrometer readings. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 77
Correction for capillary depression of mercury in a glass tube . . . . . . 132
Corrections, temperature, for barometer readings . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Coulomb, definition . . . . . . . . · 206
Couple
OUPICCacting on a magnetU .. .. .. .. .. .. ...
INIUL . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . 219
307
INDEX
PAGE
Critical temperature , pressure , and other constants for gases . . . . 111
Cross -hairs . . . . . . . . .. 226
Cross-section and mass of wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Cryohydrate , definition . . . . . 198
Crystalline form of inorganic compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Cube roots , table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ... .. ... 280
Cubes, table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 280
Cubical expansion coefficients. . . . . . . . . . 99, 100 , 101
Current, electric, definition . . . . . . . . . . . 207
" maximum safe for copper wire. . .. . . . . . . . . 150
26 2
Cylinder, area of surface and volume. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
D alton ' s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . 196
190
. .
Date of discovery of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15
. . . . . . . . . .
Declination , magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
" definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Declination of the sun and equation of time. . . . . 187
Definitions of chemical terms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198
198
" physical terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Definite proportions, law of. . . . . . 196
Density . . . . . .. . 76 to 84
definition . . . . . . . . . . 201
of air . . . . . . . ..
“ alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . .
“ aqueous solutions . . . . .
“ gases in solid and liquid m .. .
" mercury . . . . . . . .
“ various liquids.. . . . . . .
" " solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" water , absolute . . . . . . . .
" " maximum . . . . . . .
" " relative . . . . . . . . .
Derivation of the elements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Dew point, relative humidity by. . . . . 135

Diameter of wire , various gauges 244
Dielectric constant. 142
Dielectric strength or sparking potential.. . . . . . . . 141
Diffraction grating, formulæ . . . . . . . . 223
Diffused reflection . . . . 174
Diffusion , formula
UI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 214
14
aqueous solutions into pure water . . . . . . . 94

gases into air . . . . . . . . . 94
Diminution of pressure at the side of a moving stream , formula . . . . . 215
Dip , magnetic , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
" table .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Discovery of the elements . . . . . .
· Dispersion , definition ,. , . . , . n . .. . . .. 209
" of glass . , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Dry measure, table . . , , . 233
Dyne , definition . , , ! , ! , , . . :: : 202
308
INDEX
PAGE
Earth , data in regard to . . . 188

," mean density.. . .. . . . 195
" radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
213
Elastic coefficients, definition . . .. .
constants for gases . . . . . . . . . . . 87
" " solids.. . . . . . .
" limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Elasticity , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Electrical units , relations of. . . . . 236
Electrochemical equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Electrolytes, resistance of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electrolytic solution tension theory . . . . . . . .. .. . 197
Electromotive force and composition of voltaic cells .. . . .. .. . 146
Electromotive force and composition of standard cells . . . . . 146
Electromotive force series of metals. . . . . . .. . . . 72
Electron theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
юст
Elements, derivation of.. . . .. . .
от
е
discoverers of. . . . . .
melting-point of. . . . .
periodic table of.. .. . .
physical constants of. . . .
14
specific gravity of. . . . . .
symbols for. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
‫كه‬
.
valence of . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
‫هارن‬
when and where found . . . . . . . :
Elevation above sea level for various cities. . . .. . . . . . 190

Ellipse , formulæ for circumference and area . . . . . . . . . 260
Energy, definition . . . . . 203
" formula . . . . . . . . . 213
“ units, conversion factors for . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Entropy, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Erg , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Eutectic , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Expansion coefficients, thermal. . . . . . . . . 97 to 103
of gases , formula .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 216
thermal, definition . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 204
formulæ . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . . . . 216
Falling bodies, formulæ . . . . . . . . . . 209

Faraday's law . . . . . . . 196
Field intensity, electric, definition .. . . . . 206
"" " " formula . . . . . . . . . . 218
" W magnetic
H ICU definition
,, UCIN . .. .
IUI ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Fluorescence of gases and vapors. .. .................... 180
" " organic substances in solution . .. . . . . . . . . 180
Fluorescent screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Foci, conjugate , definition
denn on .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
200
Focus, principle, definition..

UU . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
400
309
INDEX
PAGE
Foods, functions and uses.. . . . . . . . . 73
Force between two static charges, formula . . . . 218
“ “ magnetic poles, formula . . . .. . 219
“ definition . . . . .. . 202
“ formula . . . . . . . . . . 211
Formulæ of inorganic compounds. . . . . : 20
" of mens ration .. . . . 257
Formulæ , physical . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Formulæ , trigonometrical. . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Foucault 's pendulum , formula .. . . . . ... 212
Fraunhofer lines, wave length of.. . . . . . . . 163
Freezing mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Friction , coefficient of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Fuels , heat value of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Functions and uses of foods.. . . . . . . . .
Fusion , heat equivalent of. . . . . . . . . . . . 113
temperature of, various substances.. . . . .. . . .... .... .. 110
.. .. . 1155
11
volume change due to.. . . . . . . . . .
Gas constant R , values for various units . . . . . . . . . . 236

Gas density , reduction to standard conditions, formula . . . . 216
Gas thermometer, formula .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .
Gas volume, reduction to standard conditions, formula1 .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . 216
" table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Gases, constants of the kinetic U theory
CUC ICU y of.. .. .. ..
. . .
. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
" expansion coefficients . . . . . . . 102
“ general law for,formula . . . . . . . . . . . 216
" specific gravity of . . . . . . . . 71
Gay-Lussac's law for combining volumes.. . . . . . . · 196
" " " gases. . . . .. 196
Geometrical formulæ . . . . . . .. . .. 257
Glass grinding fluid . . . . . . 227

Gravimetric factors and their logarithms.. . . . . . . .. 52
Gravitation , constant of. . . . 195

form u la .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
formula 211
Gravity, acceleration due to, for various cities.. . . . . . . . . . . 190

" . " " " " " latitudes.. . . . . . . 194
Greek alphabet. . . . . . . . . . 195
H
Hall effect . . . . . . . . . .. 156
Halos, angular radius of . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Hardness, scale and table. . . . . . . . . . . 90
Heat conduction , formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
conductivity of substances. . . . . . . . . 126
definition . . . . . . . . . . 204
effect of electric current, formula . . . . . 221
" equivalent, definition . . . . . . . 204
of fusion , table . . . . . . . . . . . .... 113
of vaporization, table. .. . . . . . . .. .. 114
310
INDEX
PAGE
Heat of combustion , definition . . . ... .. 198
" specific , tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 104 to 109
" " formulæ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . 217
" value of fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Hefner unit . . . . . . . . 160
Henry 's law . . . . . 196
Hess ' s law of heat summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
High and low temperatures attained . . . . . . . .
High temperatures, fixed points for calibration . .
Horizontal intensity of the earth 's magnetism . . .
Humidity , absolute, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
“ relative, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

table . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Hydrochloric acid , density of aqueous solutions.. . . .. . 68
Hydrogen atom , mass of.. . . .. . . .
equivalent, definition . . . . 198
thermometer scale. . . . . . 96
Hydrometer conversion tables. . . . . . 77
Hydrostatic pressure, formula . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Hysteresis, definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Ice , melting-point of, variation with pressure. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 110
Imperial wire gauge , diameters. . . .

Index of refraction , definition . . . . . . . . . . 208
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
n 14 1 tables . . . . . . . . .
Induction , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
magnetic , formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. .. 220
Inductive capacity , specific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Inertia , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Inorganic compounds, physical constants of.. . .. . . . . . . .
Inscribed and circumscribed circles for regular polygons. . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulators, dielectric strength of . . . . . . . . .
" resistance of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Internal resistance of voltaic cells . . . . .
International atomic weights. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 11
Intrinsic brilliancy of light sources . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Ion , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Ionization constants of acids and bases . . . . . . . . . .
" theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isothermal, defini tion .. .. .. .. . .. . .
DIT10n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Joule, definition . . . .. . .
K
Kinetic energy , definition . . . . . . . .. .
Kinetic theory of gases, constants of. . . . . . . . . . . . 123
311
INDEX
PAGE
Labels for bottles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Latent heat of fusion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 113
" " vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Latitude and longitude of various cities. . . . . 190
Length, definition of units. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 201
“ table of units, English . . . . . . . . 232
" " " metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 235
Lenses, formulæ . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Light sources, intrinsic brilliancy of. . . . . . . . . . . . 162
“ mean horizontal candle po ... 161
" " primary color sensations produced by . . . . . . . . .. .. . 161
Light, velocity of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limit of elasticity , table .. . . . . . .
Linear expansion coefficients, table . . . . . . . . . . 97
Line of force , definition .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . 206
Liquid measure, table of units. . . . . . . . . . 233
Liquefied gases, density of. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84
Lissajou 's figures . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 205
Logarithms, four-place table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
" of the trigonometric functions.. . . . . . . 275
Lune, area of.. . . . . . . . . . . 262
MI
Machines, simple formulæ . . . .. . . . . . .

Magnet, tractive force of, formula . . .
Magnetic declination , table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
inclination or dip , table .. . . .. A 157

induction , formula . . . . . . . . . . 220
intensity of the earth 's field . . . . 157
moment, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
formula . . . .. . . . 219
permeability of transformer iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 153
pole , unit, definition .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
properties of iron and steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
susceptibility, formula .. . . . . . . . . . . . 220
" for various substances . . . . 154
Magnetometer formulæ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219
Magneto -optic rotation , tables. . . . . . . . . . . .
Magnifying power, definition . . . . . . . .
222
Mass, table of units , English . . . . . . . . . . 233
" " " 16 m etric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Mass and resistance of copper wire, B . and S . gauge, English units.. . . 248
Mass and resistance of copper wire, B . and S. gauge, metric units.. . . . 250
Mass of water vapor in saturated air.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 131
Mean horizontal candle power of various light sources. . . . . . . . . . .
Mean places of stars . . . .
Mechanical advantage, definition . . . . .
" equivalent of heat, definition . . . . .. .. . 204
Mechanics , definition of terms. . . . . . . . 201
312
INDEX
PAGE
Melting -point of the elements . . . . . . . . . ... 15
“ “ ice, variation with pressure . . . 110
" inorganic compounds. . .. 21
" " various substances . . . . . . . . ... 110
Mensuration formulæ . . . . . . . . .. . . 257
Mercury , density and volume, table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
" to clean . . . . . . . . . . 225
Meteorological data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Metric - English conversion tables . . . . . . . 238

Metric system , weights and measures . . . . 235
Minimum deviation , definition . . . . . . . 208
Mirrors for spectrometer adjustment. . . . . . 227
Miscellane ou s constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Modulus of elasticity, definition . . . . . . . . . . 203
“ rigidity , formula . . 214
" " " table .. . . . . . . 84
" rupture , transverse tests for wood . . . .
Young's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molar solution , definition . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Molecular weight of inorganic compounds .. . .
" weights and their logarithms. . . . . .
Molecule, definition. . . . . . . . 198
Moment of force, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
" " formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
“ “ inertia , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
o . " for regular solids, 192
Momentum , definition .. . . . . . 202
“ formula . . . 210
inn
Multiple proportion, law of. . . 197
Musical scales. . . . . . . . . . . . 140
. . . 208
Mutual induction , definition . . . ..
. . . 282
Natural logarithms, formula for obtaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" trigonometric functions , table . . . . . 270
Nitric acid , density of aqueous solutions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Normal solution , definition .. . . . . . . . . . 198

" solutions of oxidizing and reducing agents . . . . 50
Normal solutions of salts and other reagents. . . . 48
Numerical aperture , definition .. . . . . . . . 208
constants . . . . . . . . 282
SO
table . . . . . . . .
Ohm 's law , formula . . . . . . . 220

Organ pipes, frequency, formula . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Osmotic pressure, table. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Oxidation , definition . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 198
313
INDEX
PAGE
Parabola , length of arc and area. . . . 261

Pendulum , formula . . . . . . . 212
“ seconds, length for various latitudes . . . .. .. 19
Periodic law
Periodic law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
" table of the elements . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 42

Perimeter of geometrical figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Permeability of transformer iron . . . . . .
Phase in S. H . M ., definition . . . . . . 203
Phosphorescence by cathode rays . . . . . . . . . . 179
Photometric standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Physical constants of the elements . . . . . . . . 14
" " inorganic compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pi, ( 7 ), multiples, roots, etc . . . . . . . . . 282
Platinum wire table. . . . . . . . . 256
Poisons, antidotes of . . . . 10
Polarity test paper. . . . . . . . . . . 228
Polygons, areas, etc . . . . . . . . .. . . 25268
Polyhedra , surfaces and volumes. . . . . . 2
Potential at a point, formula . . . . . . . . 218
contact difference of. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
148
electric , definition . . . . . 206

" energy , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Power, formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Problems in chemistry , method of solving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
“ in physics. . . . . . . 301
Projectiles, formulæ . . . . . . . . . . 210
Preparation and proper concentration of laboratory reagents . . . .
Pressure , definition . . .. . .. . 203
formula . . . . . . . . . ... 215
units , conversion factors for . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Principal focus, definition . . . .. . . . . . 208

Psychometric observations, reduction of. . . . .
Qualitative analysis scheme. .. 205

Quantity of electricity, unit.. . . . . . .. .
R , gas constant, values for various units . . . . . . . . . 236

Radioactivity, radiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
constants of radioactive substances 185
Rainbows, angular radius of. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 189
Reagents, preparation and proper concentration . . .. . . 47
Reciprocals, table of. . . . . . . . . 280
Reduction , definition . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
1198
factors, miscellaneous . . . . . 236
of barometer readings to latitude 45° . . 134
" " sea level . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
" " gas volume, table . . . .

314
INDEX
PAGE
Reduction of psychrometric observations, formula . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 137
Reflection at the surface of transparent media.. . . . . . . . . . 223
diff used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
of light by glass for various angles of incidence.. . . . 176

of light by metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Reflection of light by transparent media with various indices
refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... . .. .. .. .. . 176
Refraction , approximate correction for . . . . . .
index of, definition . . . . . . . . . .
“ “ tables. . . . .
Relative density and volume of water. . . . .
" humidity by dew point. . . . . . . . .
" definition . . . . . . . . 205
“ stimulation of the three primary color sensations by different
wave lengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
. . . . . . . . .
Resistance , definition .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
of aluminum wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
“ conductors in parallel, formula.. . . . . . . . . . . . 221
" copper wire . . . . . . . . . 248
electrolytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
“ various substances . . . . . .. .
“ voltaic cells . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 155
specific , for metals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
to crushing , various materials. . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
variation due to a magnetic field . . . . . . . . 155

with temperature for metals . . 149
Resolving power, definition . . 208
Rhombus, area . . . . . . . . . 157
Rigidity , modulus of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 84
. 184
Röntgen rays, scale of hardness .. . . . . . .
Rotation , magneto -optic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
" specific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rupture, modulus of, for wood . . . .
Safe currents for copper wire. . . .. 150

Salt, definition . . . . . . . . 198
Saturation constants for magnetic substances.. . . . . . .. . . . . 153
Scales, musical . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 140
Seconds pendulum , length for various latitudes. . . . .. . . . . .
“ normal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Dector , area 0 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S . 259
Segment of a circle , area of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic waves, velocity of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self induction, definition1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . 208
Sensitiveness of the eye, variation with wave length .. 163
Silvering glass . . . . . . . . . . 228
Simple harmonic motion , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
212
" formulæ . . . . ..
Soap solution for soap film experiments.. . . . . . .
315
INDEX
PAGE
Solar constant.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
189
" system , data concerning the.. . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . 188
Solders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Solubility of inorganic compounds . 21
. . 198
product, definition .. . . .
tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 51
Sound , definition of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . • 205
" velocity in air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
“ of propagation , formula . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
• " table
av e .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Sparking potential or dielectric strength of air .. . . . . . . . . . 141
• for various insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Specific gravity, definition . . . . . . . .
of gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" “ inorganic compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
" the elements . . . . . . . . . . . 14
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
heat, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

formulæ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
of aqueous solutions . . 108
" elements . . . . . . . . . . 106
“ gases . . . . . . . . . . . 109
“ “ liquids.. . . . . . . . . . . 108
“ “ mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
solids. . . . . . . . . .. . 107
" " water . . . . . . . . ... 104
inductive capacity , definition . . . . . .. .. 206
1 tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 142
resistance , definition . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 207
and temperature coefficient for metals . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
rotation , formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
" table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Spectroscopic calibration , table of wave lengths for . . . . 163
Spectrum lines , wave lengths for various elements . . 164
Speed , definition .. . . . . . . . . . 202
Sphere, surface and volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Spherical aberration , definition . . . . . 208
m irrors, formulæ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
polygon , area of. . . . . . . . .. 262
segment, area of curved surface and volume, formulæ . . . . . . 262
triangle , area of, formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Spheroids, surface and volume. . . . . . . . . 262
Spherometer readings, to reduce, formula . . . . . . . . 222
Square roots, table . . . . . . . . . .. 280
Squares, table .. . . . . . . . 280
Standard cells, electromotive force and composition . . . . .
" candles . . . . . . .
Stars, mean places of.. . . . . . . .
Static electricity , definition and units. . . . . . . 205
Steel wire and twist drill gauge, diameters . . . .. . . . . . . . . 245

Stop cock grease . . . . . . . .. .. .. . 231
316
INDEX
PAGE
Stub 's wire gauge. . . . . . . . . 246

Sulphuric acid , density of aqueous solutions. . . . . 63
Surface density , electric, definition. . . . . . . . . 206
“ magnetic , definition . 206
tension, definition . . . . . 203
formulæ . . . . . . 214
tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ... 91
Susceptibility , magnetic , formula . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . 154
Symbols of the elements.. . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Τ
Tangent galvanometer, formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Temperature, definition . . . . . . . . . .. . .
corrections for barometer readings
Temperatures, fixed points for calibration .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 115
" high and low , attained by various means. . . . . . . . 128
Temperature-resistance coefficient, definition . . . . 207
" table .. . . . . . . . .. 149
Tensile strength of metals . . . . . . .. 89
Tension of aqueous vapor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Thermal capacity, definition . . . . . . . . .... 204
conductivity , definition .. . . 204
" expansion , definition . . . . . . . . . .. 204
formulæ . . . . . . . . . . 216
coefficients.. . . . . .
Thermoelectric power . . . . 152
Thermometer scales, conversion of. . . . .. 96
Time, table of units. . . . . 234
" unit of. . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Torque, definition . . . . 202
o formula . . . . . . . . . 211
Tractive force of a magnet, formula . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . 220
220
Transmissibility for radiations, glass . . . 178
Transparency coefficient.. . . . . . . . . . 178
Triangle , area of.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 257
Trigonometrical formulæ . . . . . . . . . . . 263
" functions, tables . . . . 270
Troy weight, table .. . . . . . . . . 234
Twaddell hydrometer scale, conversion to density 78
Twist drell and steel wire gauge. . . . 245
U
Universal
UM Y wax .. .
EIsal Was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ... . 231
Valence of the elements . . . . . . . . . . .. . 14

Van der Waal's constants for gases.. . . . . . . . . . . 111
Vaporization, heat equivalent of . . . . . . . , , , . , . , , 114
317
INDEX
PAGE
Vapor tension , aqueous vapor, - 30 to 0° C . over water . . . 116
" - 40 to 0° C . over ice. . . . . . . . . . 117
" of water, 0 to 100° C . . . . . . 118
" " " 100 to 229° C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
" " " lowering due to salts in solution . . . . . . . . .. 123
pressure of mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122
" various substances. .
Variation of resistance due to a magnetic field .
Vectors , composition of, formula . . . . .
Velocity, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
of effux, formula . . ..
“ sound , formula . . . 218
" " " tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
" " waves , formula . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Verdet's constant, table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Vibrating strings, frequency, formula .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
218
18
Viscosity , definition. . . . .
IV O U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
forme
formula . . . . . . . . . . 214
tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Volt, definition . . .. . . . . 206
Voltaic cells, electromotive force and composition .
" internal resistance
vance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Volume elasticity , modulus of, for liquids. . . . . 86

“ “ “ solids . . . . . . 85
of regular solids. . . . . . . . . .. 262
table of units , English . . . .
uauI ULUITUD U USIIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
.
" " " metric .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

unit 01
metric
of , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water, boiling -point, variation with pressure . . . . .

density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
mass of vapor in saturated air . . .
specific heat. . . . . . . .
surface tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
temperature of maximum density . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . 76

vapor tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . 116 to 122
viscosity
VIOLUSIU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
volume, relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
Wave length of the Fraunhofer lines . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
" lengths for spectroscopic calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" of the principal lines of various elements . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 164
" " the red cadmium line. . . . . . . . . . . 195
" ' various radiations. . . . . . . .
motion , formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Wax, soft (universal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Weighing, double , formula . . . . . . . 213
Weight, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
" formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
Weights and measures , metric system , .. . .. . IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII . . . . 250
318
INDEX
PAGE
Weights and measures, U . S. system . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Wet and dry bulb thermometer readings, table for the reduction of. . . 137
Wire , cross-section and mass . . . . . . . . 252
diameter and cross- section, B . and S . gauge. . .. . . . . . . . . 248
mass and resistance for copper . . . . . . . 248
" for platinum .. . . . . . . .
resistance for aluminum .. . . . . . . . . .
gauge, British Standard .. . . . . . 247
" Brown and Sharpe . . . . . . 248
1 " Stub ' s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
gauges, comparison of. . . . . . . . . . . 244
table , platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Wheatstone's bridge, formula . . . . . . 221
Wood stain , acid proof. . . . . . . . 224
Work , definition .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
" formula . . . . 212
X rays, scale of hardness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Young's modulus, formulæ .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 213
1 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
319
CHEMICAL RUBBER COMPANY
RUBBER TUBING
Rubber tubing suitable for

chemical laboratory work
must be of special compo
sition to withstand the hard
usage and particular require
ments .
Serious difficulty and em
barrassment will result should
it give out unexpectedly in
the midst of an important
experiment.
The various grades oftubing
herein listed are especially
compounded to meet the
demands of the Chemical
Laboratory — a selection
based upon the recommen
dation of Professors in charge
of some of the largest high
schools and colleges through
out the United States.
Several years of successful
use of these tubings in the largest and most important laboratories of the
country has convinced us of their superiority for the work .
The same high standard of quality will be maintained , as we realize
the importance of supplying the trade with such goods as will prove
satisfactory and add to our long list of patrons.
The compounds of our various tubings are carefully made and contain
no foreign substance which might cause rubber to deteriorate .
The various materials are chosen with the object of supplying a product
of low specific gravity . The compound is not adulterated in order to
accomplish this , therefore we are able to give an unusual number of feet
of tubing per pound . All grades of tubing are of the lowest specific gravity
consistent with good quality of stock .
Rubber tubing may be had in five different grades which are especially
adapted to the various laboratory work . We also give a list showing
the approximate number of feet per pound of tubing from which the cost
per foot can be quickly computed for the various sizes and grades.
No. 423 White Wrapped Tubing
No. 435 White Wrapped Pressure Tubing
No. 462 Antimony Tubing
No. 508 Antimony Tubing, hand made
No. 572 Pure Gum Tubing, hand made
Inside ' Approximate Number of Feet per Pound Tubing.

Measurements. -
No. 572. No. 508. No. 462. No. 435. i No. 423.
1 inch . . 150 110 77 64
65 53 39 33
48 36 25 22
32
: 008
25 19 17
22 16 14
2Ors
17 13 8
Pure Gum Tubing carried in stock in and I in . All other sizes not
listed , made to order.
221
CHEMICAL RUBBER COMPANY
RUBBER STOPPERS
The compound used in our rubber Stoppers has

received the same consideration and careful selection
as our Rubber Tubing. The points considered were
to obtain a compound of exceptionalwearing quality ,
at the same time have a maximum flexibility which
would be retained as long as the life of the stopper,
the lasting qualities of the stock being of most
importance .
These stoppers are made in the sizes termed
“ The New Chemists ' Style . " The taper is such
as will make a most suitable and tight joint.
Three styles of stoppers are carried in stock in
all sizes mentioned with one-hole , two -hole and
without holes. In addition three -hole stoppers
can be furnished when ordered in quantities which
permit of special manufacture and can be had in two weeks from date
of order .
The holes are of different size, depending upon size of stopper, grad
uated from " in the No. 00 to a hole in the No. 13 stopper. This
is essential on account of the larger tubing required where large stoppers
are used , also on account of impracticability of a large hole in small stopper.
The approximate number of stoppers per pound is shown on the list.
from which the cost per dozen can be readily computed . You will note
that all prices on rubber material are per pound . This we find most
satisfactory , as it does not burden certain sizes with additional charge
to overcome a lower quotation on other sizes. You can readily realize
the impossibility of figuring the prices accurately and giving a just price
on all the various sizes due to slight fluctuations in weight.
No. 183 Chemists' Stopper' s

: Carried in stock in sizes Nos. 00 to 13 . Solid , One Hole or Two Holes.
Approximate No.
Order by Diameter Diameter
No . of Stoppers at Top . at Bottom . Length .
per Pound .
h
150 per lb . 1 in .
Ic
80
ole
65
50
40
w
: :: :: : :: :
le
hole
ole
2
1
322
WE
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- - - - - - -
32044019 690 874
32044 019 690 874

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CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GODFREY LOWELL CABOT

HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY

CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITATIVE

PRICE, TWO DOLLARS

PRINTED AND BOUND BY

In compliance with the requests of hundreds of our friends for

GENERAL CHEMICAL TABLES

Separation of Aluminum , Chromium , Iron , Manganese, Zinc. . . . . . .

Resistance to Crushing for Various Materials . . . .

Reduction of Mercury in Glass Thermometer Reading to the Hydro

HYGROMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC TABLES

Conversion Table for Barometric Readings . . .. · 129

Temperature Corrections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 , 131

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

MEASURES AND UNITS

Comparison of Wire Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Dimensions of Wire , Stubs Gauge . . . . 246

GENERAL CHEMICAL TABLES

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

Compound . Mol. oll..

Potassium (Cont.) Strontium

COMPOSITION OF SOME TYPICAL ENGINEERING ALLOYS

Bell metal.... 22. 0 78 . 0

Sym At . Specific Principal

11 Aluminum . L . alumen , ΑΙ 27 .11 2 .70 at 20

4 Arsenic . . . . . L . Arsenicum . | 74 . 96 5 . 73 cryst. 3 or 5

27 Hydrogen . .. ! Gr. water H 1 .008 . 0696

Melting Boiling Dis

657 2200 18 . Wohler In many rocks. Most abun

269 1436 1450 Valentine As sulphide and in rare minerals

1803 Berzelius In cerite and rare minerals.

30. 15 ... . .. 1875 Boisbaudran In certain zinc blendes.

1071 2500 | Pre historic Generally free. Rarely com

1550 Pre historic As oxide and sulphide and in

Syn At. Specific Principal

32 Krypton . . . . Kr 82. 9 2 .818

THE ELEMENTS (Continued )

Melting - Boiling - Dis

– 253 - 243 1895 Ramsey and Rare gas in the air.

1760 1741 Wood As native platinum .

1903 Mme. Curie | In pitchblende.

97 . 6 877 . 5 1807 Davy In common salt sea water and,

Sym - At. Specific Principal

63 Tantalum . . . Gr. tantalus. . Ta 181. 0 12 . 79

Thorium . . . . God Thor. . . . 232.0 11 . 2

75 Ytterbium .. Ytterby, town 172. 0

THE ELEMENTS (Continued)

2300 1802 Ekeberg In tantalite and other rare

301. 7 1700 1862 Crookes In pyrites and in flue dust of

800 . . . . . . 1789 Klaproth In pitchblende and other rare

1 Acetic acid . . . H . C2H302. . . 60 . 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

chloride. . . Al2Cl6 ( + 12H20 ) . . . 266 . 9 hexagonal. . . . . . . .

2 .54 93 . 263 . s . al.

14 1 .62 107 . 11. 32 sl. s . al.

16 0 . 597 D - 75 . - 33 . 5 1050 , . . . . . . . . . 19. al.

sublimes 25 . (159) 70 . (659)

301 1 . 71 166 . 200 . 200 . (159) v . s. s . al.

36 3 . 065 0 .67 1 . 25 al. 0 . 05

Abbreviations, ( cont.) : 1., insoluble; s., soluble ; s . a . p ., soluble in all proportions;

45 Antimony hydride. . . SbH3. . . . . 123 .