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Pipe Reactor Balance.: June 2004
Pipe Reactor Balance.: June 2004
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Małgorzata Kryłów
Cracow University of Technology
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ABSTRACT
In the report, a mathematical model describing the kinetics of biochemical reactions in a pipe
reactor was formulated. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical models. In
isothermal conditions, the pipe reactor process design and modelling can be based on the
microorganism growth vs. biomass concentration relationship.
KEYWORDS
Kinetic, biochemical reaction, pipe reactor,
INTRODUCTION
About 95% of digestion processes proceeds in batch reactors or pipe reactors. The model of ideal
reactor is the basic model describing the phenomenas taking place in such reactors. The mass
balance equation in the isothermal conditions can be written as:
1 2 3 4
For the ideal pipe reaktor the mass balance can be described by the following equation:
dc i c i ,0 ⋅ v 0 − c i ⋅ v i D i ⋅ A ⋅ dc i / dx
* *
= + + ∑ν i , j ⋅ r j
dt VR VR i
1 2 3 4
69
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
In the ideal pipe reactor the diffusion term is equal zero and the inflow and outflow mass volume
streeams are constant. Hence, the mass balance equation is:
dc i v* v*
= ⋅ (c i ,0 − c i ) + ∑ν i , j ⋅ r j = ⋅ (c i ,0 − c i ) + R i
dt VR i VR
In aerobic processes, the pipe reactor are aerated either with air or pure oxygen. Dissolved oxygen
concentratios in a solution are defined by the mass transport from the gas phase (air buble) through
a boundary layer to a liquid phase. Therefore, the mass balance equations comprises a convection
term, apart from a reaction term:
rwnikanie masy = β O ⋅ (S G ) VR ⋅ (c *O − c O )
where:
(SG )V R
= specific boundary surface in (m2/m3 +m-1),
DO
βO = = degree of penetration,
δ
c*o = oxygen saturation concentration in solution,
co = oxygen concentration in solution
VR
dt
continuousy Aerobic 0 x x x
Anaerobic 0 x x 0
batch Aerobic x 0 x z
Anaerobic x 0 x 0
Semi- Aerobic x x x x
continuous Anaerobic x x x 0
(semi-
batch)
Most reactors employ biomass recycle (without catalyst). A layout of a single pipe reactor with
recycle is shown in Figure 1.
70
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
v* + v*R
cO,0
VR v*, cS, cP, cO
v*R
cX,R
cS,R=cS
cP,R=cP
cO,R=cO
dc X
dt
=
1
VR
( ( ) )
⋅ v * R ⋅ c X ,R − v * + v * R ⋅ c X + R X
or
dc X
dt
=
1
VR
( )
⋅ v * R ⋅ c X ,R − v * ⋅ c X − v * R ⋅ c X + R X
dc X
dt
=
1
VR
( )
⋅ v * R ⋅ c X ,R − v * ⋅ c X − v *R ⋅ C X + R X
v*R
α= *
v
biomass β, defined as:
c
β = X ,R
cX
and dillution rate D, defined as:
1 v*
D= =
τ VR
71
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
0 = −D ⋅ c X + RX
0 = − D ⋅ c X ⋅ [1 + α ⋅ (1 − β )] + R X
The biomass return rate is usually defined as:
v* c X ,R
R= * R * ⋅ where v *R = α ⋅ v *
v + vR cX
α
R= ⋅β
α +1
dc S
dt
=
1
VR
( )
⋅ v * ⋅ c S,0 + v *R ⋅ c S,R − v *R ⋅ c S,R − v * ⋅ c S + R S
If the loss of substrate RS is expressed as a biomass growth rate RX derived from the
stoichiometric relationship and a biomass yield constant Y :
1
RS = − ⋅RX
YX / S
the formula can be written as:
dc S
= D ⋅ (c S,0 − c S ) −
1
⋅ RS
dt YX / S
Substrate loss RS can also be defined as:
1 1
RS = − ⋅RX − ⋅RP
YX / S YP / S
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Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
dc S 1 1 1
= D ⋅ (c S , 0 − c S ) − ⋅ RX − ⋅ ⋅ RX
dt YX / P YP / S Y X / P
dc P
dt
=
1
VR
( ( ) )
⋅ v *R ⋅ c P ,R − v * + v *R ⋅ c P + R P
dc P
= − D ⋅ c P ⋅ [1 + α ⋅ (1 − β )] + R P
dt
1
RP = ⋅ RX
YX / P
dc P
the equation can be written as:
dt
dc P 1
= −D ⋅ c P ⋅ [1 + α ⋅ (1 − β )] + ⋅RX
dt YX / P
4. Oxygen concentration
The mass balance equation can presented as:
dc O
dt
=
1
VR
( ) ( )
⋅ v * ⋅ c O ,0 + v *R ⋅ c O,R − v *R ⋅ c O,R − v * ⋅ c O + R O + β O ⋅ S VR ⋅ c *O − c O
dc
Using O the substrate depletion rate can be written as:
dt
dc O
dt
(
= D ⋅ (c O ,0 − c O ) + R O + β O ⋅ S VR ⋅ c *O − c O )
Defining the oxygen depletion rate RO with the biomass growth rate RX, where RX is defined as:
1
RO = − ⋅RX ,
YX / O
73
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
dc X
= − D ⋅ c X ⋅ [1 + α ⋅ (1 − β )] + R X
dt
dc S 1 1 1
= D ⋅ (c S , 0 − c S ) − ⋅ RX − ⋅ ⋅ RX
dt YX / P YP / S Y X / P
dc P 1
= − D ⋅ c P ⋅ [1 + α ⋅ (1 − β )] + ⋅ RX
dt YX / P
dcO 1 1 1
= D ⋅ (cO , 0 − cO ) − ⋅ RX − ⋅ ⋅ R X + β O ⋅ SVR ⋅ (c' O −cO )
dt YX / O YP / O Y X / P
The above equations include a reaction term, which can be described with a basic biokinetical
equation:
RX = µ ⋅ c X
where:
µ = f(T, pH, cS, cP, cX)
There are different funcional relationships describing the above variables, for example:
74
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
Table 1. Kinetic relationships for µ=f(CS) e.g. qP=f(CS) [Birjukow and Knaterie 1986]
No. Equation Author
1. µ = const
2. µ = K ⋅ CS
3. µ = K ⋅ C Sn
4. µ = µ max ⋅
CS Monod
K S + CS
5. C Sn Moser
µ = µ max ⋅
(K S + C Sn )
6. CS
1+
KI
µ = µ max ⋅
CS
1+
K II
7. µ = µ max ⋅
CS Andrews
C2
K S + CS + S
KI
8. µ = µ max ⋅
CS Edwards
(K S + CS ) ⋅ 1 + C S
KI
9. µ = µ max ⋅
CS
2
C C
K S + C S + 1 + S ⋅ S
K KI
10. CS C Aiba
µ = µ max ⋅ ⋅ exp − S
K S + CS KS
11. CS C
µ = µ max ⋅ exp − − exp − S
KI K S
Table 2 Kinetic relationships for µ=f(CP) e.g. qP=f(CP) [Birjukow and Kanterie, 1988]
No. Equation
1. µ = µ max − k ⋅ C P
2. kP
µ = µ max ⋅
kP + CP
3. K
µ = µ max ⋅ exp −
CP
4. µ = µ max ⋅ (1 − K ⋅ C P )
n
5. C Pn
µ = µ max ⋅
( K P + C Pn )
6. µ max dla C P ≤ C P , KR
C P , KR
1 +
µ = K P
µ
max ⋅ dla C P > C P , KR
CP
1+
KP
7. KP
µ = µ 0 + µ1 ⋅
K P + CP
75
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
Table 3. Kinetic relationships for µ= f(T) e.g. qP= f(T) [Birjukow and Knaterie, 1986]
No. Equation
1. µ = µ0 + K ⋅T
2. T
2
µ = µ max − K ⋅ − 1
T0
3. −
K
µ = µ0 ⋅e T
4. −
K1
−
K2
µ = µ1 ⋅ e T
− µ2 ⋅ e T
K
−
µ = µ'⋅e T
Table.4. Kinetic relationships for µ=f(pH) e.g. qP=f(pH), [Birjukow and Kanterie, 1986]
No. Equation
1. µ = K 0 − K1 ⋅ pH + K 2 ⋅ (pH ) 2
2. KH
µ = µ max ⋅
K H + [H ]
3. K OH
µ = µ max ⋅
K OH + [OH ]
4. µ max
µ=µ+
[OH ] [OH ]
1 + ⋅ 1 +
K H K OH
µ=f(cX)
c X
µ = µ max ⋅ 1 −
c x max
76
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
EXAMPLE:
The process was carried out in isothermal conditions, in a pipe reaktor; the biomass concentrations
were measured every hour.
µ = µ max ⋅ 1 − X ⋅ 1− e i
t
c
x max
In both models concentration variations in time, cX = f(t), were considered:
From model 1,
1 dc x c
µ= ⋅ = µ max ⋅ 1 − X
c X dt c x max
77
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
after rearranging variables and integration, the model equation can be developed:
cX t
dc x
∫c c
= µ max ∫ dt
⋅
c X ⋅ 1 − X
X,0 0
c x ,max
with parameters, which can be determined after fitting the curve to the experimental values.
c X ,0 ⋅ e µ max ⋅t
cX =
c X ,0
1 − ( )
⋅ 1 − e µ max ⋅t
c X ,max
The same procedure can be applied to the model 2:
1 dc X c −
t
µ= ⋅ = µ max ⋅ 1 − X ⋅ 1− e i
t
c X dt c
x max
after rearranging variables and integration, the model equation can be developed:
cX t −
t
dc x ti
∫ c = µ max ⋅ ∫0 1 − e
cX ,0
c X ⋅ 1 − X
c X ,0
c X ,max
cX = −t
t
− µ max t + t i e i
c X ,max
1 + − 1 ⋅ e
c X ,0
The models describe a log growth phase.
Model parameters cX,0, cX,max, µmax, ti were summarized in Table 6 (25 °C ).
78
Tal-Figiel and Kryłów, Pipe reactor balance
2
biomass concetration [g/l]
1,5
0,5
0
0 5 10 15 20
time [h]
Summary:
Based on the experimental results, the quantitative mathematical model of the biochemical reaction
kinetics in a pipe reactor was formulated. This model is based on a mass balance and it comprises a
set of differential equations (four); the equations have taken advantage of the relationships between
microorganism growth and temperature, pH, substrate concentration, product concentration,
biomass concentration [µ = f( T, pH, cS, cP, cX)] .
The pipe reactor process design and modelling can be based on the microorganism growth vs.
biomass concentration relationship [µ = f(cX)], in isothermal conditions.
LITERATURE
Birjukow W.W., Kanterie W.M. (1986) Оптмизация периодических процессов
микробиологических синте”, Moskwa, Nauka.
Schügerl K.S Bellgardt K-H. (2000) Bioreaction Engineering Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Doran P.M. (1995) Bioprocess Engineering Principles Academic Press London
Blanch H.W, Clark D.S. Biochemical Egineering Marcel Dekker New York (1996)
Reuss M., Bajpai R.K (1991) Stirred tank model” In Schügerl K. (ed) “Biotechnology” 2nd edition
vol. 4. VCH Weinhein
Kryłów M., Tal-Figiel (2000) Badania doświadczalne kinetyki beztlenowej biodegradacji ścieków
Zeszyty Naukowych Politechniki Warszawskiej, Seria Inżynieria Chemiczna i Procesowa
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