The following cases are considered some of the most high-profile extrajudicial executions on

the pretext of Duterte’s Anti-Drug Campaign, namely, the slay of Kian delos Santos, Jee Ick-Joo,
and Rolando Espinosa. This write-up provides an update to these cases as well as serves as a
refresher on how the Philippine National Police handled them in the past.

KIAN DELOS SANTOS

CASE BACKGROUND

A neighborhood was startled when a troop from Caloocan Police Community Precinct 7
conducted an anti-criminality and illegal drug raid at Block 7, Riverside, in Barangay 160 at
around 8:45 pm on 16th August 2017. Included in the 11-man team deployed were PO3 Arnel
Oares, PO1 Jerwin Cruz, and PO1 Jeremias Pareda who then formed a group with a civilian
informant, Renato Perez Loveras. On the height of the operation, they chased several
suspicious men scurrying their way through dark and winding alleys to retreat. These four men
turned out to be the last people Kian will see.

Kian Delos Santos was murdered that night. He was 17.

According to the Caloocan police’s initial investigation, the responding cops were only forced to
retaliate during the raid. Oares said that as they go after the retreating men, later reaching the
end of the path, shots were fired at them “from their left side.” Leading him to chase the
gunman and to return fire to prevent further aggression, ending up killing him—Kian.
Recovered from the scene were four cartridge cases, a caliber .45 pistol, and two transparent
plastic sachets containing suspected shabu.i For them, this is but another familiar story filed in
the “nanlaban” cases.

However, CCTV footage and eyewitness accounts revealed an alternative narrative. They show
that Kian was dragged to a dark alley where he was shot by the said cops and was eventually
found dead. He was unarmed, they said. He neither resisted nor fought back. His cries, “Tama
na po! Tama na po! May test pa ako bukas!” were answered with three gun shots execution
style.ii His dream of becoming a policeman was cut short by policemen themselves. iii

CASE BUILD-UP

Kian’s case ignited a warranted uproar against President Rodrigo Duterte’s virulent War on
Drugs.iv This resulted to it being included in urgent agenda of different government agencies,
organizations, and politicians. On 18th August 2017, the Department of Justice (DOJ) signed the
Department Order Number 546 ordering the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) to probe
the raid and create a case-build up to ‘file appropriate charges.’ v

Other notable efforts followed such as: Senator Risa Hontiveros extended protection to some of
the alleged eyewitnesses of the killing;vi the CHR-NCR also launched an independent
investigation;vii the Senate majority bloc, adopted a resolution calling for a probe into the spate
of killings in the Drug War;viii the office of the former Ombudsman Conchita Carpio Morales also
started its own probe and sent out subpoenas for documents and witnesses;ix and the
Integrated Bar of the Philippines filed administrative and criminal complaints against the cops
using eyewitness accounts as basis.x

Investigations supported the alternative narrative belying the claims of the Caloocan police. The
findings of the Public Attorney’s Office and PNP,xi NBI, PNP Internal Affairs Service,xii and the
DOJxiii all implicate the erring cops to the grim murder. The cops lied; Kian was helplessly killed.

CASE UPDATE

The year 2018 started with a glimmer of hope for the bereaved Delos Santos family as the
prosecution panel at the DOJ indicted for murder the three cops and the civilian informant on
the 29th of January.xiv Then on the 7th of February, Caloocan Regional Trial Court 125 ordered
their arrest. They will face trial for murder as well as violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act for
planting evidence at the crime scene.xv

More than a year later Kian’s death, on 29th of November 2018, the said RTC branch found the
accused guilty of murdering Kian.xvi This is the first conviction of abusive cops in Duterte’s War
on Drugs. Judge Rodolfo Azucena Jr. ordered the sentence of reclusion perpetua, or
imprisonment for 20 to 40 years, without eligibility for parole. The three cops, also, were to pay
Kian’s family P100,000 in civil indemnity, P100,000 in moral damages, P45,000 in actual
damages, and P100,000 in exemplary damages. However, they were found not guilty of
planting firearms and drugs for the failure of the prosecution to prove it. xvii

The court has yet to release the commitment order, but by rules convicts are generally
committed to the New Bilibid Prison.xviii

JEE ICK-JOO
CASE BACKGROUND

Jee Ick-Joo, a South Korean businessman, and his house helper, Marisa Morquicho, were
kidnapped on 18th October 2016 in his residence in Friendship Plaza Subdivision, Angeles,
Pampanga. The suspects—operatives of the Philippine National Police; The guise—drug raid.

Hours after the abduction, Jee was brought to Camp Crame and was strangled to death,
allegedly, by police assigned to the Anti-Illegal Drugs Group (AIDG). xix His remains were
cremated and his ashes were flushed down the toilet.xx

Unaware of his husband’s demise, Choi Kyung-jin details how one of the kidnapers demanded a
ransom of P5 million, which she paid weeks after the incident. Then they asked for another P4.5
million.xxi “TokHang-for-ransom,” a grisly headline befitting a rouge law enforcement in the
pretext of a War on Drugs.

Morquicho, on the other hand, was freed a day after the abduction by the principal suspect,
Senior Police Officer 3 Ricky Sta. Isabel.xxii

Senior Police Officer 4 Roy Villegas, also among the accused, implicated Sta. Isabel in his
affidavit by claiming that the latter was the one who brought packaging tape and surgical gloves
and ordered them to cover the head of Jee. He also recalls seeing Sta. Isabel strangling Jee to
death. Afterwards he allegedly offered an alias “Ding” (who was later identified as Gerardo
Santiago, a retired officer from Northern Police District turned barangay chairman in Caloocan
and who worked with SPO3 Sta. Isabel before) P30,000 and Jee’s golf bag in exchange for the
disposal of his corpse. xxiii

CASE BUILD-UP

The high-profile nature of Jee’s case was compounded by even more infamy brought by ensuing
confusion as clashing narratives from the NBI and PNP surface.

In January 2017, the Department of Justice (DOJ) released a resolution indicting the suspected
operatives for kidnap for ransom and homicide charges. According to DOJ, the respondents,
namely, SPO3 Ricky Sta Isabel, SPO4 Roy Villegas, Ramon Yalung, and several men failed to
provide evidence disproving their participation in the crime.xxiv Then weeks after, as SPO4
Villegas satisfied the requirements to become a state witness by pinning down SPO3 Sta.
Isabel,xxv the DOJ finally charged Sta. Isabel, Superintendent Rafael Dumlao III, and Jerry Omlang
with the crime mentioned earlier. They were then detained in Angeles City jail. xxvi

On 26th January 2017, the Senate conducted a hearing to probe the killing of Jee. xxvii This
brought to fore the tension between the two law enforcing and investigating agencies
regarding the conflicting preliminary results of their separate investigations. A clash of theories
that implicate different suspects.

On one hand, PNP is convinced that SPO3 Sta. Isabel is the primary suspect of the crime. xxviii PNP
investigated the affidavits of SPO4 Villegas, PO2 Baldovino, and Morquicho. They all pin it to
SPO3 Sta. Isabel. PNP supported the claim that SPO4 Villegas and PO2 Baldovino were involved
in the abduction, however, Villegas thought what they conducted was a legitimate police
operation. And that it was Sta. Isabel who strangled Jee to death. xxix

On the other hand, NBI is considering that SPO3 Sta. Isabel might just be a fall guy. xxx NBI
believed Sta. Isabel’s claims in his affidavit that he was not involved in the killing of Jee, albeit
he admitted seeing him inside Camp Crame. He accused former AIDG chief Supt. Dumlao of
being the prime mover of the crime stating that he was promised by the latter an eventual
release if he takes the blame for the mess.xxxi

Aside from the clashing testimonies of the suspects, there is also a disagreement over the
evidence. The NBI claims that on 17th January 2017, when they went with Caloocan police to the
funeral parlor where Jee’s body was supposedly cremated, it did not find his golf bag. xxxii
Meanwhile, a day after the NBI visited the funeral parlor, PNP also went there and said it found
the bag.xxxiii

After several tangled webs and smokes and mirrors, On 30th January 2017, Angeles City
Regional Trial Court Branch 58 Judge Irineo Pangilinan, Jr. ordered the DOJ to pursue a
reinvestigation and was given 60 days to complete it.xxxiv

But just when the tide of confusion starts to settle, another wave of revelation comes fast
approaching. In February 2017, the Philippine National Police’s Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-
AKG) filed before the DOJ criminal complaints against NBI officials, namely, former NBI Deputy
Director Jose Yap, former NCR Director Ricardo Diaz, and former Task Force Illegal Drugs head
Roel Bolivar, for kidnap for ransom and serious illegal detention charges. Kidnapping for ransom
with homicide charges was also filed against SPO3 Sta. Isabel, SPO4 Villegas, PO2 Baldovino,
Supt. Dumlao, SPO4 Ramon Yalung, NBI striker Jerry Omlang, Jee’s house helper Morquicho,
Gerardo Santiago (owner of the Gream Funeral Parlor where Jee’s body was cremated) and
Christopher Alan Gruenberg (owner of the car that was allegedly trailing behind the vehicles
used in abducting Jee). PNP-AKG included Gream Funeral Parlor employees Epephany Gotera,
Teodolito Macato Tarepe, Kevin Enriquez, Robert John Tobias, and Bernardo Maraya as
respondents to the filed criminal complaints. Aside from kidnapping for ransom, serious illegal
detention with homicide, the PNP-AKG also filed robbery, carnapping, falsification of public
document and obstruction of justice.xxxv
After this, several counter-affidavits were filed before the DOJ by Sta. Isabel, xxxvi Gruenberg,
Yalung,xxxvii Dumlao,xxxviii the three NBI officials,xxxix and Gream Funeral Parlor employees.xl

And finally as the probe ended, the DOJ filed kidnapping and homicide charges against Dumlao
and tagged him as the principal suspect in the case.xli Moreover, Dumlao, as well as SPO4
Villegas, Omlang, and Santiago all entered not guilty pleas before Judge Irineo Pangilinan Jr. at
the Regional Trial Court Branch 58 on 31st May 2017. And in January 2018, DOJ’s petition to
drop Villegas from the case and to take him as a prosecution witness to the investigation was
approved (by Angeles City Regional Trial Court Branch 58). Meanwhile, Dumlao and Sta. Isabel
filed separate motions for reconsideration.xlii

CASE UPDATE

On January 30, 2019, SPO4 Roy Villegas was discharged as one of the accused in the killing of
Jee Ick Joo after he fulfilled his duty as a state witness to testify against the other accused. xliii It
was Angeles City Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 56 Judge Irin Zenaida Buan who granted the
motion to release Villegas from the custody of PNP-AKG. He was later turned into a state
witness on 11th January 2018 after Angeles City RTC Branch 58 Judge Irineo Pangilinan Jr.
granted this request of DOJ.xliv PNP says Villegas’ testimony has been helpful in the case build-
up and the prosecution of his other co-accused.

Meanwhile, Supt. Dumlao was issued a hold-departure order by RTC Branch 56 Judge Buan on
8th May 2019,xlv although he was initially granted to post P300,000 bail for each of the three
charges against him on 24th April 2019.xlvi DOJ filed the first motion for inhibition against Judge
Buan on 8th May 2019 to which Buan later rejected on 31st July 2019. DOJ thinks Judge Buan was
not impartial to the other accused after she only granted Supt. Dumlao’s request to post bail
while she denied the same plea of the other accused.xlvii This is on top of the fact that Dumlao
was positively identified as one of the conspirators in the killing of Jee as stated in the
testimony of SPO4 Villegas.

Finally, on 2nd of September, Angeles City Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 56 Judge Buan
voluntarily inhibited herself from trying the case of Jee Ick Joo after the DOJ prosecutors and
co-accused SPO3 Ricky Sta. Isabel and former NBI agent Jerry Omlang filed for second motions
for her inhibition.xlviii
ROLANDO ESPINOSA

CASE BACKGROUND

Fearing for his life, Albuera Mayor Rolando Espinosa submitted himself at Camp Crame to the
former PNP Chief Ronald Dela Rosa on 2nd August 2016, a day after the ultimatum of President
Duterte to either surrender within 24 hours or face being shot on sight if they resisted arrest. xlix
He, as well as his son, Kerwin, was included on Duterte’s list of local government officials
identified as drug traffickers and coddlers.l A ploy all-too-familiar meant to fish for high-value
targets (HVTs).

While in police custody, the father joined the authorities in urging his son to follow suit. He
admitted Kerwin’s involvement in illegal drug activities in Eastern Visayas obtaining supplies
from the detained drug lord Peter Co and from a local prison in Abuyog, Leyte. li Kerwin has a
standing warrant of arrest; he has none. That is why he was permitted to return to Leyte with
his daughter and wife on the 6th of August.lii

Weeks later, a second surrender turned out to have a sting in the tail for elder Espinosa’s fate.
According to Dela Rosa, he has sought the custody of Albuera Police due to threats to his life. liii
This developed after he promised to reveal his son’s connections and submitted a sworn
affidavit implicating other officials with alleged involvement in illegal drug trade in Eastern
Visayas.liv As Kerwin remained at large, at least three people who could corroborate the
statement of his father were also taken under police custody. lv

And on 5th of October, Mayor Espinosa was arrested for alleged illegal possession of drugs and
firearms confiscated during a raid of his home in Albuerra in August. He was taken for
processing to Regional Trial Court Branch 12 in Baybay City under Judge Carlos Arguelles who
ordered his detention at Leyte Sub Provincial Jail in Baybay City. lvi

A month later, at around 4:00 a.m. on 5th of November, Rolando Espinosa was killed inside his
cell, along with another drug inmate, Raul Yap. lvii

Straight out of the playbook, the operatives from Criminal Investigation and Detection (CIDG) of
Region 8 invoked the presumption of regularity. They were just about to serve Espinosa and
Yap search warrants that morning, they said, when the two fired the first shots. There was a
shootout.lviii

CASE BUILD-UP

The aftermath of the killing was commenced by various organizations expressing their concerns
for the highly questionable operation. The Bagong Alyansang Makabayan, Commision of Human
Rights, and Karapatan, strongly condemned what appeared to be a “cold-blooded murder” and
a “premediated rubout” carried out by men in uniform.lix According to Cristina Palabay, the
Karapatan secretary general, direct witnesses like jail guards and inmates, time stamps, and the
missing CCTV footage of the incident all belie the narrative of the CIDG-8 and instead point to
their implication. They also urged Duterte to investigate and hold the perpetrators accountable
lest to “fuel impunity.”lx Further, Senator Panfilo Lacson also raised concerns tagging the deaths
as “a clear case of EJK (extrajudicial killing).”lxi

Consequently, different investigations were launched by the following: a panel constituted by

the Regional Director PRO8 Chief Superintendent Baltejar;lxii Regional Internal Affairs Service
(RIAS8);lxiii and the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI).lxiv Later, the autopsy results by SOCO
Regional Office 7 were released which revealed Espinosa was shot four times and a possibility
that he may have been executed lying down.lxv And more, the NBI, in December 2016,
recommended murder and perjury charges be filed against the police involved. Among those
the NBI named is Supt. Marvin Marcos who led the operation and was also the head of CIDG
Region 8.lxvi

However, these efforts proved to be futile as the administration has since granted credence and
legitimacy to the narrative of the CIDG operatives. Despite facing homicide charges (as
downgraded from murder),lxvii Duterte said in July 2017 that he wanted Marcos to be reinstated
instead.lxviii And as an exoneration of sorts, Marcos, as the new chief of PNP-CIDG Region 12,
was back to active duty in accordance to the president’s order.lxix

CASE UPDATE

Information available on the whereabouts of the officers embroiled in the killing of Espinosa
and Yap has been sparse since the controversial reinstatement. For one, Marcos was back to
CIDG Region 8 (Eastern Visayas) and was among those shortlisted to head the Cebu City Police
Office, along with Central Visayas Chief Lito Patay and Siquijor Provincial Director Angela
Rejano.lxx But not everyone gets the same privilege as Police Lt. Colonel Jovie Espenido, the
chief of Albuera PNP at the time of Espinosa’s killing, was relieved from his post as deputy chief
for operations of the Bacolod City PNP on 8th February 2020. The grounds for the relief were for
a different case. After his stint in Albuera, he was transferred to Ozamiz City where, under his
watch, Mayor Reynaldo Parojinog and his relatives were killed in an another police operation. lxxi

And as the tragedy continues, Kerwin Espinosa is still being detained and currently facing drug-
related charges.lxxii
i
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179400-how-kian-delos-santos-was-killed-according-to-police
ii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179212-kian-loyd-delos-santos-kalookan-bishop-pablo-david-drug-war ;
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179552-kian-delos-santos-death-pao-autopsy-forensics
iii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179921-kian-delos-santos-parents-confront-killers-senate-hearing
iv
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/217663-timeline-justice-trial-kian-delos-santos
v
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179283-doj-aguirre-nbi-investigation-kian-delos-santos-killing-caloocan-city
vi
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/217663-timeline-justice-trial-kian-delos-santos
vii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179370-chr-investigation-kian-delos-santos-death-drug-war
viii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179401-senate-majority-bloc-resolution-kian-loyd-delos-santos-drug-war-killings
ix
https://www.rappler.com/nation/180462-ombudsman-fact-finding-investigation-kian-loyd-delos-santos-death
x
https://www.rappler.com/nation/181120-ibp-complaint-caloocan-cops-kian-delos-santos-slay
xi
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179943-pnp-pao-autopsy-agree-kian-delos-santos-kneeling-killed-senate-probe ;
https://www.rappler.com/nation/179552-kian-delos-santos-death-pao-autopsy-forensics
xii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/181103-pnp-probe-irregularities-kian-delos-santos-raid
xiii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/194749-doj-murder-charges-cops-kian-delos-santos-slay
xiv
Ibid.
xv
https://www.rappler.com/nation/195501-court-orders-arrest-caloocan-police-informant-kian-delos-santos-killing
xvi
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/217663-timeline-justice-trial-kian-delos-santos
xvii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/217770-caloocan-policemen-convicted-murder-kian-delos-santos-killing
xviii
Ibid.
xix
https://www.rappler.com/nation/158902-pnp-dela-rosa-abducted-korean-businessman-killed-camp-crame
xx
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/597671/gierran-says-no-one-in-nbi-involved-in-jee-ick-joo-kidnap-
slay/story/; https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/23/17/who-ordered-jees-ashes-flushed-funeral-director-wont-say;
https://globalnation.inquirer.net/167549/went-jee-ick-joo-slaying
xxi
https://www.rappler.com/nation/158902-pnp-dela-rosa-abducted-korean-businessman-killed-camp-crame
xxii
https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/02/23/senate-uncovers-marissa-dawis-mystery-in-jee-case/;
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/596114/nbi-says-kidnapped-south-korean-businessman-is-dead/story/
xxiii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/158872-doj-indicts-policemen-kidnap-death-korean-businessman
xxiv
Ibid.
xxv
https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/01/10/1776216/cop-koreans-kidnap-slay-turns-state-witness
xxvi
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/12/1893095/court-orders-release-cop-witness-jee-ick-joo-slay-case
xxvii
https://www.rappler.com/nation/159527-senate-hearing-korean-businessman-kill
xxviii
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/159777-senate-hearing-jee-ick-joo-police-crime-drug-war
xxix
Ibid.
xxx
Ibid.
xxxi
Ibid.
xxxii
https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/227851
xxxiii
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/159777-senate-hearing-jee-ick-joo-police-crime-drug-war
xxxiv
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/602711/doj-sets-final-hearing-on-jee-ick-joo-kidnap-slay-
case/story/?related
xxxv
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/874210/pnp-akg-files-raps-vs-nbi-execs-over-jee-ick-joos-death;
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/129024; https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/02/01/doj-summons-5-cops-4-others/;
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/879628/3-nbi-officials-implicated-in-jee-kidnap-slay-seek-case-dismissal
xxxvi
https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/03/10/doj-terminates-reinvestigation-of-kidnap-slay-case-of-korean-jee-ick-joo/
xxxvii
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/129024
xxxviii
https://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=alleged-brains-behind-kidnap-killing-of-korean-
asserts-innocence&id=141845; http://tempo.com.ph/2017/03/08/dumlao-insists-innocence-in-koreans-kidnap-slay/
xxxix
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/879628/3-nbi-officials-implicated-in-jee-kidnap-slay-seek-case-dismissal;
https://manilastandard.net/news/national/231479/jee-slay-probe-ends-march-17.html
xl
https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/03/10/doj-terminates-reinvestigation-of-kidnap-slay-case-of-korean-jee-ick-joo/
xli
https://www.rappler.com/nation/167268-doj-dumlao-mastermind-jee-slay
xlii
https://globalnation.inquirer.net/167549/went-jee-ick-joo-slaying
xliii
https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/02/13/pnp-defends-release-of-state-witness/
xliv
https://www.rappler.com/nation/193438-pampanga-rtc-pnp-akg-roy-villegas-custody
xlv
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/08/19/look-hold-departure-order-issued-vs-mastermind-in-jee-ick-joo-kidnap-slay
xlvi
https://www.rappler.com/nation/229921-court-grants-bail-alleged-mastermind-jee-ick-joo-killing
xlvii
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/08/19/look-hold-departure-order-issued-vs-mastermind-in-jee-ick-joo-kidnap-slay
xlviii
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/16/19/judge-who-granted-bail-to-jee-ick-joo-kidnap-slay-prime-suspect-inhibits
xlix
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/01/16/duterte-orders-drug-accused-mayor-to-surrender-within-24-hours
l
https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/08/02/albuera-leyte-mayor-espinosa-surrenders-pnp-dela-rosa-war-against-
drugs.html
li
https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/08/02/albuera-leyte-mayor-espinosa-surrenders-pnp-dela-rosa-war-against-
drugs.html
lii
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/576594/espinosas-leave-pnp-s-white-house/story/
liii
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/579171/pnp-takes-custody-of-albuera-mayor-rolando-
espinosa/story/
liv
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/579171/pnp-takes-custody-of-albuera-mayor-rolando-
espinosa/story/; https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/579506/rolando-espinosa-names-cops-lawmakers-as-
kerwin-s-drug-cohorts/story/
lv
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/579685/3-people-who-could-corroborate-espinosa-s-claim-now-
under-police-custody/story/
lvi
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/583840/drug-suspect-albuera-town-mayor-rolando-espinosa-
arrested/story/
lvii
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/587609/albuera-mayor-espinosa-shot-dead-in-jail-cell/story/
lviii
Ibid.
lix
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/841796/mayor-espinosas-killing-sets-back-dutertes-drug-war-bayan
lx
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/588503/duterte-urged-to-hold-persons-behind-espinosa-death-
accountable-nbsp/story/
lxi
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/841321/lacson-mayor-espinosa-extrajudicial-killing
lxii
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/587609/albuera-mayor-espinosa-shot-dead-in-jail-cell/story/
lxiii
Ibid.
lxiv
https://manilastandard.net/news/-main-stories/top-stories/223417/murder-raps-eyed-vs-espinosa-cops-.html
lxv
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/06/16/slain-mayor-espinosa-shot-4-times-autopsy-results-show
lxvi
https://manilastandard.net/news/-main-stories/top-stories/223417/murder-raps-eyed-vs-espinosa-cops-.html
lxvii
https://ptvnews.ph/doj-on-downgraded-raps-vs-supt-marcos-same-evidence-different-appreciation/
lxviii
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/913307/duterte-wants-reinstatement-of-supt-marvin-marcos
lxix
https://www.untvweb.com/news/psupt-marvin-marcos-reinstated-cidg-region-12-chief/
lxx
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1811402/Cebu/Local-News/2-choices-for-CCPO-chief-linked-to-EJK;
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/241257/labellas-choice-not-in-pnps-cebu-city-police-chief-candidates-shortlist
; An entry in the CIDG website, posted on November 21, 2019, lists PCOL Marvin Marcos as Regional Chief of CIDG RFU 12.
lxxi
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/08/20/controversial-drug-war-cop-espenido-relieved-called-back-to-crame
lxxii
https://www.manilastandard.net/news/national/315054/nbi-files-more-raps-against-espinosa.html