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Business Valuation Management
Business Valuation Management
GROUP - IV
Q1. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’. No reasons or justifications
need be given.
(i) The book value of an asset is the historical cost less depreciation.
(ii) Brands do not influence customers’ demand.
(iii) Possession of complimentary resources is one of the reasons for Merger negotiations.
(iv) The provisions of Accounting Standards do not impact Mergers of companies.
(v) Divestitures represent the sale of a part of the total undertaking.
(vi) It is important to cross-check the financial statement information by studying financial
statement.
(vii) Valuing a firm using discounted cash flow method is conceptually different from valuing a
capital project using present value method.
(viii) Under DCF Method, in general, higher the risk level, higher will be the discount rate.
(ix) Market value per share is expected to be lower than the book value per share in case of
profitable and growing firms.
(x) Land & Building is an example of financial asset.
(xi) A lower discount rate would be applied to the cash flows of the Government Bond.
(xii) Variable dividend feature makes the calculation of share value difficult.
(xiii) Firms tend to be more profitable when there is higher real growth in the underlying market
than when there is lower real growth.
(xiv) Stock dividends and stock splits may increase the stock price but not the value of business.
(xv) Intrinsic value and market price of equity shares are always equal.
(xvi) In contrast growth model, the value of equity share is sensitive to growth rates.
(xvii) Diversification is an important strategic alternative to growth.
(xviii) For companies, which are not expected to pay dividends, equity shares can not be valued.
(xix) A stock with low price-earnings ratio shows that it is undervalued and may earn excess
return.
(xx) A brand is nothing but a glorified product name, hence it has no value.
(xxi) If the investor’s required rate of return is greater than the annual interest on the bond, the
value of the bond is greater than its par value.
(xxii) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) assumes reinvestment at the cost of capital.
158 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
(xxiii) Value drivers for a business are the drivers of cash flow.
(xxiv) Economic Value Added (EVA) is a measure to determine whether an investment contributes
positively to the owner’s wealth.
(xxv) Yield capitalization method is an example of market approach of valuation.
(xxvi) Under Walter’s valuation model, the share price reflects only the present value of expected
dividends in the long run.
(xxvii) The value of a firm’s equity is equal to the value of the firm less the value of non-equity
claims.
(xxviii) Corporate brands and service brands are often perceived to be interchangeable.
(xxix) The opportunity cost of capital cannot be measured by price-earnings ratio.
(xxx) Book value concept of valuation is based on accounting information.
Answer 1.
(i) True.
(ii) False.
(iii) True.
(iv) False.
(v) True.
(vi) True.
(vii) False.
(viii) True.
(ix) False.
(x) False.
(xi) True.
(xii) True.
(xiii) True.
(xiv) True.
(xv) False.
(xvi) True.
(xvii) True.
(xviii) False.
(xix) True.
(xx) False.
(xxi) False.
(xxii) False.
(xxiii) True.
(xxiv) True.
(xxv) False.
(xxvi) True.
(xxvii) True.
(xxviii) True.
(xxix) False.
(xxx) True.
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 159
Q2. Discuss the different methods of Brand Valuation. Explain cost-based approach of Brand
Valuation. In valuing, a firm should you use the marginal or effective tax rate?
Answer 2.
Brand, being an intangible asset, does not have a unique valuation. Following brand valuation
methods are used :
It is difficult to isolate and quantify all historic expenditures incurred in building the brand but it is
often possible to identify external marketing costs, including media and promotion spending.
The next step is to adjust these expenditures for inflation.
The approach is often a highly conservative estimate of the brand value because the cost
approach does not factor all costs incurred in building the brand.
Labour costs and other overheads may not be identifiable with any brand creation or maintenance.
However, it is possible to value a brand on the basis of what it actually costs to create or what it
might theoretically cost to re-create.
Difficulty in valuing as per cost incurred is that many a times when creating a brand, a large part
of long-term investments cannot be traced from advertisement expenditures. It lies on steps like
Quality Control, accumulated know-how, specific expertiese, involvement of personnel, etc.
The most widely reported tax rate in financial statements is the effective tax rate. It is computed
as under :
(Taxes due) / (Taxable inocme)
The second choice on tax rate is the marginal tax rate, which is the tax rate the firm faces on its
last rupee of income. The reason for the choice of marginal tax rate lies in the fact that marginal
tax rate for most firms remains fairly similar, but wide differences in effective tax rates are noted
across firms. In valuing a firm, if the same tax rate has to be applied to earnings of every period,
the safer choice is the marginal tax rate.
Answer 3.
(i) Brand Valuation : A Brand is an intangible asset. Some see it as a name or a symbol or a logo.
It’s associated tangible and emotional attributes is intended to identify the goods/services of
one seller in order to differentiate them from those of competitors.
A Brand designates a product, as being different from competitors’ products by signaling
certain key values specific to a particular brand. It is the associations, which consumers
make with the brand that establish an emotional and a rational pact between the supplier and
the customer.
A Brand is the medium through which consumers identify their experiences with the product
offerings of the company. The name of the company is often forgotten but the name remains
in the mind of the consumers.
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 161
(ii) Valuation of unlisted companies : For companies which are not quoted and are closely held,
we cannot calculate the P/E ratio as the market price of the shares of such a company is not
available. Hence, a representative P/E ratio of a group of comparable quoted companies can
be taken after suitable adjustment. Generally, a discount is applied for valuation to the P/E
ratio of comparable listed company so found out.
The other factors that may be taken into considereation while making earnings approach to
valuation of an unlisted company are :
(a) Company analysis — shareholding pattern, voting powers, rights and obligations of shareholders
in addition to other relevant factors.
(b) Industry analysis — whether it is a high or low growth industry, nature of industry and
influence on it of seasonal, volatile or cyclical business fluctuations, major competitors and
their market share, etc.
(iii) Valuation of Preference Shares : In a going concern, preference shares are valued on yield
basis.
2TGHGTGPEG FKXKFGPF TCVG
The formula is : ×
/CTMGV GZRGEVCVKQ P TCVG
With fluctuations in the normal rate of return in respect of preference shares, the value of
preference shares of a company will fluctuate inversely. The yield-based valuation of
preference shares hold good if (i) the company has paid preference dividends regularly and is
expected to pay in future years as well and (ii) the total asset backing is equal to 4 to 5 times
the preference capital.
If dividends on ‘cumulative preference shares’ are in arrear but there is the possibility of their
payment, the present value of such arrears should be taken into account while valuing the
preference shares.
Additional right as and where attached to preference shares to get additional share of profits
or the right to get the shares converted into equity shares at a certain rate will probably
increase the market value of the existing preference shares.
(v) Models of maximizing shareholder value : Basically three models are used for the maximisation
of shareholder value. They are :
(a) Marakon Model — It is based on the fact that a firm’s value is measured by the ratio of
its book value to its market value. An increase in this ratio depicts an increase in the
firm’s value. It can be maximized by using financial factors, strategic forces, strategy
formulation and internal structures.
(b) Alcar Model—It uses discounted cash flow analysis to identify value-adding strategies.
This model uses seven value drivers that affect a firm’s value e.g. the rate of growth of
sales, operating profit margin, incremental investment in working capital and fixed assets,
value growth duration, Income tax and cost of capital.
162 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
(c) Mckinsey Models—It focuses on the identification of key value divers at various levels of
the organization and places emphasis on these value drivers in all the areas.
(b) Relief from Royalty method —It applies for evaluating an intangible asset by using an
appropriate market derived capitalization rate.
(c) Comparable Income Differential method—Income generated by two similar operations;
one using the intangible asset and one without—are compared.
(d) Market replacement cost method—It considers the estimates of the cost by knowledgeable
outsiders.
These methods are used to arrive at an estimate of the market value by using appropriate
capitalization factor where necessary.
Q4. (a) The price of a company’s share is Rs. 80 and the value of growth opportunities is Rs. 20.
If the company’s capitalization rate is 15 percent, what is the earnings-price ratio? How
much is earning per share?
(b) How would you value a real estate? What are the different levels of market efficiency?
(c) A company’s current price of share is Rs. 60 and dividend per share is Rs. 4. If its
capitalization rate is 12%, what is the dividend growth rate?
Answer 4.
(a) Earning price ratio = 0.15 [1– 20/80] = 0.15 (1– .25) = .1125 = 11.25%
Earning per share = EPS = 80 × .1125 = Rs. 9.00
(b) For evaluation of a real estate, one can use the cash flow technique. Of course, in order to
use the Discounted cash flow technique the valuer should consider cash inflows like rent,
reimbursement of rates and utility expenses, terminal value as well as cash outflows like
property taxes, insurance, repairs and maintenance, advertising and utility expenses.
Other simpler methods like Standardized Value Measures (e.g. price per square meter) and
Comparable Asset Values (gross income multiplier) are also used.
It should be noted the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) and the APM (Arbitrage Pricing
Model) cannot be used easily in valuing a real estate because of some inherent fetures in real
estates e.g., lack of regular trading in real estates, dissimilar nature of any two real estates,
terminal values often differing between two real estates, and the like.
Investors determine stock prices on the basis of the expected cash flows to be received from
a stock and the risk involved. Rational investors should use all the information they have
available or can reasonably obtain. The information set includes beliefs about the future (ie,
information that can reasonably be inferred). A markets is efficient relative to any information
set if investors are unable to earn abnormal profits (returns beyond those warranted by the
amount of risk) by using that information set in their investing decisions.
An efficient market is defined as one in which all information is reflected in stock prices
quickly and fully. If some types of information are not fully reflected in prices and there is
some lag in the information being reflected in prices, the market is not perfectly efficient,
though it is certainly not inefficient. According to the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the
market is classified as weak-form efficient, semistrong efficient and strong-form efficient. E.
Fama describe these three levels of efficiency as follows :
Weak Form : This part of the efficient market hypothesis states that prices reflect all price
and volume data which are all past. As a result, it gives no idea of future price changes.
Technical analysis on the basis of past data is thus of little or no value.
164 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
Semistrong Form : It involves not only past known market data, but all publicly known and
available data, such as earnings, dividends, stock split announcemnts, new product
developments, financing difficulties, and accounting changes. If any lags exist in the adjustment
of stock prices to certain announcements, smart investors can exploit these lags and earn
abnormal returns.
Strong Form : This is the most stringent form of market efficiency. It assets that stock prices
fully reflect all information, public and nonpublic. The strong form focuses not only on the
speed of reflection of the information into stock prices (as the semistrong form does), but
considers the value of the information as well. In a strong form efficient market no group of
investors should be able to earn, over a reasonable period of time, abnormal rates of return
by using information in a superior manner.
+ I
(c) 60=
− I
7.2–60g =4+4g
– 64g = – 3.2
−
g=
−
= .05
= 5%
Dividend growth rate is 5%.
Q5. The following are the details of the two merged firms, Nylo Ltd. And Xylo Ltd :
(Rs in Lakhs)
Nylo Ltd. Xylo Ltd.
Revenues 4,400 3,125
Cost of Goods Sold 87.5% 89.0%
(excluding depreciation)
Depreciation 200 74
Tax rate 35% 35%
Working capital 10% of Revenue 10% of Revenue
Market value of Equity 2000 1300
Outstanding Debt 160 250
Both firms are expected to grow 5% a year in perpetuity. Capital spending is expected to be
offset by depreciation. The beta for both firms are rated BBB, with an interest rate on their debt
of 8.5% (the risk-free rate is 7%)
As a result of the merger, the combined firm is expected to have a cost of goods sold of only 86%
of total revenue. The combined firm does not plan to borrow additional; debt.
(a) You are required to estimate the value of the combined firm, with no synergy,
(b) Estimate the value of the combined firm, with synergy.
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 165
Answer 5.
(Rs in Lakhs)
Nylo Ltd. Xylo Ltd.
(a) Expected revenue (105% of current revenue) 4,620 3,281
Less- Cost of Goods Sold (87.5% / 89%) (4,043) (2,920)
Less- Depreciation (200) (74)
EBIT 377 287
Less- Interest (14) (21)
EBT 363 266
Less-Tax (127) (93)
EAT (earnings to equity) 236 173
Cost of equity (236/2000/173/1300) 0.118 0.133
WACC
(2000 × 0.118 + 160 × 0.055)/2160 0.113
(1300 × 0.133 + 250 × 0.055)/1.550 0.120
FCFF (free cash flow to firm)
[EBIT (1-Tax rate)-Addl. Working capital]
For Nylo Ltd: 377 (1-0.35)-22 223
For Xylo Ltd: 287 (1-0.35)-16 171
Firm value: 223/ (0.113-0.05) 3540
171/ (0.120-0.05) 2443
The value of combined firm, with no synergy= Rs 3,540 + 2,443 = Rs. 5,983.
(b)
(Rs in Lakhs)
Nylo Ltd & Xylo Ltd. with synergy
Expected revenue 7,901
Less- Cost of goods sold (6795)
Less- Depreciation (274)
EBIT 832
Less- Interest (35)
EBT 797
Less –Tax 279
EAT 518
Cost of equity 409* / (2000 + 1300) =0.124
WACC : (3300 X 0.157 + 410 × .055) / 3710 =14.5
FCFF : 832 (0.65)–38 =503
The value of combined firm with synergy : Rs. 503/(0.1164-0.05)= Rs. 7,575
With no change in capital structure, return expected by equity-holders remain as before, i.e.
(Rs. 236 + 173 = Rs. 409).
166 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
Q6. Hira Ltd. wants to acquire Feri Ltd. and has offerd a swap ratio of 1:2 (0.5 shares of Hira Ltd.
for every one share of Feri Ltd.). Following information is provided :
Required :
(i) the number of equity shares to be issued by Hira Ltd. for acquisition of Feri Ltd.
(ii) what is the EPS of Hira Ltd. after acquisition?
(iii) what is the expected market price per share of Hira Ltd. after the acquisition, assuming its
P/E multiple remains unchanged?
(iv) Determine the market value of the merged firm.
Answer 6.
(i) The number of shares to be issued by Hira Ltd.
1,80,000 × 0.5=90,000 shares
(ii) EPS of Hira Ltd. after acquisition
Total earnings (18,00,000 + 3,60,000) = Rs. 21,60,000
No. of shares (600,000+ 90,000)=6,90,000
'25 = = 4U
(iii) New market price of Hira Ltd. (P/E remaining unchanged)
Present P/E Ratio of Hira Ltd. 10 times
Expected EPS after merger Rs. 3.13
Expected market price (3.13×10) =Rs. 31.30
Q7. Explain the various methods of payment in case of mergers and amalgamations.
Answer 7.
Methods of payment in Mergers and Amalgamations :
(i) Cash : Where one company purchases the shares or assets of another for cash the
shareholders of the latter company cease to have any interest in the combined business.
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 167
Answer 8.
(a) Financial Synergy : It refers to (i) better use of excess cash (ii) a greater tax benefit from
accumulated losses (ii) tax deductions and (iv) an increase in debt equity and finally, therefore,
firm’s value.
Financial synergy occurs as a result of the lower costs of internal financing versus external
financing. A combination of firms with different cash flow positions and investment
opportunities may produce a financial synergy effect and achieve lower cost of capital. Tax
saving is another considerations. When the two firms merge, their combined debt capacity
may be greater than the sum of their individual capacities before the merger.
The financial synergy theory also states that when the cash flow rate of the acquirer is
greater than that of the acquired firm, capital is relocated to the acquired firm and its
investment opportunities improve.
In a cross-border M&A framework, the question and measurement of financial synergy can
be important in the analysis of the transaction and consideration needs to be given to whether
the specific cross-border financial risks outweigh operational synergies.
(b) Operational Synergy : Operating synergies are those synergies that allow firms to increase
their operating income, increase growth or both. Operating synergies can be categorized
into four types:
168 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
(i) Economies of scale that may arise from the merger, allowing the combined firm to become
more cost-efficient and profitable.
(ii) Greater pricing power from reduced competition and higher market share, which should
result in higher margins and operating income.
(iii) Combination of different functional strengths, as would be the case when a firm with strong
marketing skills acquires a firm with a good product line
(iv) Higher growth in new or existing markets, arising from the combination of the two firms.
This would be case when a US consumer products firm acquires an emerging market firm,
with an established distribution network and brand name recognition, and uses these strengths
to increase sales of its products.
Operating synergies can affect margins and growth, and through these the value of the firms
involved in the merger or acquisition.
(c) Assumptions of Modigliani and Millar regarding dividend policy :
The dividends are decided by the firm’s board of directors and paid to the shareholders who
are registered on the “record date”. If investors have to pay higher taxes on dividends than
in capital gains, then firms that pay dividends should have a higher cost of equity than firms
that do not pay dividends. It is important to remember that the value of the firm is equal to
future cash flows discounted at the appropriate discount rate. There is no reason to think
that the future cash flows will change with the dividend policy, and under the M&M
assumptions, there is no reason to believe that the payment of dividends will change the
discount rate.
Assumptions of Modigliani Millar Model are :
(i) there are no stock floatation or transaction costs.
(ii) dividend policy has not effect on the firm’s cost of equity.
(iii) The firm’s capital investment policy is independent of its dividend policy.
(iv) investors and managers have the same set of information (symmetric information)
regarding future opportunities.
However, before implementing an expansion, the company should consider the operational
details of marketing the enlarged volume. It should review it existing marketing capabilities
to take on the additional load. Otherwise, it must plan for augmenting and training its market
force in advance i.e. before the product comes off the production line. If this is not feasable,
company should diversity into other product lines which can provide synergy and also have
an existing/ready unfulfilled market demand.
While considering expansion a company must also consider the image that customers carry
with regard to its product lines. If the brand image is low, the company should be careful in
expanding further and must check whether enough customers exist for its products.
Diversification into product lines that will improve the brand image would be a option in such
case. The possibility of the customers using the product more frequently or in higher quantities
should also be explored.
Q9. You have been provided the financial data of two companies:
Lava Ltd. Kusha Ltd.
Earnings after taxes Rs 7,00,000 Rs 10,00,000
Equity shares outstanding Rs 2,00,000 Rs 4,00,000
Earnings per share 3.5 2.5
Price-earning ratio 10 times 14 times
Market price per share Rs. 35 Rs. 35
Company Kusha Ltd. is acquiring the company Lava Ltd., exchanging its shares on a one-to-
one basis foe company Lava’s shares. The exchange ratio is based on the market prices of the
shares of two companies.
Answer 9.
Exchange ratio 1:1
New shares to be issued 2,00,000
Total shares of Lava Ltd. (400,000 + 2,00,000) 6,00,000
Total earnings 17,00,000
New EPS (17,00,000 / 600,000) Rs. 2.83
Existing EPS of Kusha Ltd Rs. 2.50
Increase in EPS ( 2.83-2.50) of Kusha Ltd. Rs. 0.33
Existing EPS of Lava Ltd. Rs. 3.50
Decrease in EPS (3.50-2.83)of Lava Ltd. Rs. 0.67
P/E ratio of new co. 14 times
New Market Price (14×2.83) Rs 39.62
Total No. of shares 6,00,000
Total market capitalization (600,000 × 39.62) 2,37,72,000
Existing market capitalization (70,00,000 +1,40,00,000) 2,10,00,000
Total Gain 27,72,000
Q10. What drives M & A activity? What are its key facilitators in India? What are its benefits?
Answer 10.
The important drives of Mergers and Acquisitions include economics of scale, complementary
resources, utilization of surplus funds, tax shields, strategic benefits, and managerial effectiveness.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in its report on ‘Mergers
and Competition Policy’ has listed the following twelve most cited motives :
Category Motives
A. Economies of Scale-related reasons 1. Obtain Real Economies of scale
2. Acquire capacity at reduced prices
B. B. Market share reasons 3. Increase market power.
4. Expand production without price reduction.
5. Build an empire
6. Rationalize production
C. Financial synergy-related reasons 7. Obtain tax advantages.
8. Obtain monetary economics of scale.
9. Use of complementary resources.
10. Gain promotional profits.
D. Diversification of risk-related reasons 11. Spread risk by diversification.
12. Avoid firm’s failure.
Key facilitators of M & A activity in India : M & A activities are expected to witness a sharp rise
in both number and size of transactions. Some of the key facilitators for M & A are :
— Conducive regulatory framework through increased deregulation
i. MRTP/FERA dilution
ii. Industry delicensing
iii. Enaction of take over code : Buy back regulations.
Mergers in India are to abide by the Companies Act, Listing agreements (Stock exchanges), and
SEBI code – the basic objective being to ensure a fair play between the related concerns and a
good deal for the economy.
Benefits of M & A :
Benefits of M & A can be considered int wo parts : The visible benefits and the invisible benefits.
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 173
Invisible benefits :
— Improved Organization skills
— Acquisition of Market knowledge
— Better Supplier chain
— Improvement of process skills
— Enhancement of R & D Capacity
— Acquisition to people assets and their knowledge base.
Q11. Sun Ltd. is studying the possible acquisition of Moon Ltd. and the following information is
available :
Sun Ltd. Moon Ltd.
Profit after tax Rs 3,00,000 Rs 75,000
Equity shares outstanding Rs 50,000 Rs 10,000
P /E multiple 3 2
If the merger takes place by exchange of equity shares based on market price, what is the EPS of
the new firm?
Answer 11.
Exchange of shares on the basis of market price:
Market price of shares of Sun Ltd. = Rs. 3,00,000 / 50,000 × 3 = Rs. 18
Market price of shares of Moon Ltd. = Rs. 75,000 / 10,000 × 2 = Rs. 15
Exchange Ratio = Rs. 15 / Rs 18 = 0.833
Number of shares to be issued by Sun Ltd. = 10,000 × 0.833 = 8330 shares
Total earnings of Sun Ltd. = Rs. 3,75,000
Earnings per share = Rs. 3,75,000 / 58,330 = Rs. 6,429 [ say, Rs. 6.43 per share].
174 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
Q12. What are the possible causes of Horizontal and Vertical Mergers? What factors are considered
for selecting a target in a business acquisition strategy?
Answer 12.
The causes of mergers of two firms in the same industry (horizontal/vertical mergers) :
Horizontal Mergers :
(i) Economies of scale,
(ii) Increase monopoly and bargaining power,
(iii) Product & services complementaries,
(iv) Management opportunity (i.e. weed out poor management),
(v) Acquisition of new products and brands.
Vertical Mergrs :
(i) Value chain management,
(ii) Technological and other economies (thorugh avoiding duplication),
(iii) Tax benefits,
(iv) Better control on the supply side.
Q13. Toyo Ltd., a toy manufacturing company has aggressive plans for expanding its market
share. To get faster market access the management of the company has decided in favour
of takeover. The research wing of Toyo Ltd. has undertaken a detailed study of prospective
takeover targets and finally identified Giggle Ltd., a company based in Baroda. Toyo Ltd.
has already collected the following relevant information about Giggle Ltd. It is now to assess
the value of Giggle’s to start negotiation for the takeover.
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 175
Capital Expenditure of Rs 86 lakhs will be incurred in 2003 and Rs. 280 lakhs in 2004.
Other information :
The tax rate for the company is 30%. There is no charge on deferred taxes. The stock is currently
trading at Rs. 25 per share. The cost of equity is 20%.
Bank finance carries an interest rate of 20%. Based on the information given use the discounted
cash flow approach to value Giggle Ltd.
Answer 13.
( Rs in lakhs)
Particulars 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Net Sales 1100 1160 1600 2100 2400 2500
Less- Expenses
Raw Mat Cost 480 500 600 880 940 960
Power 20 23 32 43 44 48
Administrative Exp 21 24 32 37 39 41
Employer related Cost 56 61 80 88 100 110
Total expenses 577 608 804 1048 1123 1159
EBDIT 523 552 796 1052 1277 1341
Depreciation 10 14 41 42 42.4 42.8
NOPLAT 513 538 755 1010 1234.6 1298.2
[EBIT (1-t)] 359.1 376.6 528.5 707 864.2 908.7
Gross CF 369.1 390.6 569.5 749 906.6 951.5
Gross investment — 86 280 — — —
Free cash flow 369.10 304.60 289.50 749 906.6 951.50
4U + 4U
Number of equity share = = Lakhs.
Market value of equity 34 × Rs. 25 = Rs. 850 Lakhs
Market value of debt Rs. 100 + Rs. 20 + Rs. 220 = Rs. 340 Lakhs
Cost of equity = 20%
Cost of debt = 20% × 0.70 =14%
WACC = 20% x 850 / 1190 + 14% x 340 / 1190 = 18.285%
Computation of Terminal value:
CV6 = 951.5 × 1.16 / (0.1828–0.16) = Rs. 48,409.65 lakh
Value of company +Present value of cash flows + Non-operating assets – Debt
= 369.10 / (1.1828) + 304.6 / (1.1828)2 + 289.5 / ( 1.1828)3 + 749 / (1.1828) 4 + 906
(1.1828)5 + 951.5 / (1.1828)6 + 48,409.65 / (1,1828)6 – 340
= Rs. 19,495-340
= Rs. 19,155.75 lakh.
Q14. (a) A firm had paid dividend at Rs. 2 per share last year. The estimated growth of the
dividends from the company is estimated to be 5% p.a. Determine the estimated market
price of the equity share if the estimated growth rate of dividends—
(i) rises to 8% and
(ii) falls to 3%.
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 177
Also, find out the present market price of the share given that the required rate of return
of the equity investors is 15.5%.
(b) Simplex Ltd. is trying to estimate its debt ratio. It has 1 million equity shares outstanding,
trading at Rs. 50 per share. Simplex has Rs. 250 million in straight debt outstanding (with
a market interest rate of 9%). It has two other securities outstanding:
a. 10,000 convertible bonds, with a coupon rate of 6% and 10 years to maturity.
b. 2,00,000 warrants outstanding, conferring on its holders the right to buy stock in the
Simplex Ltd. At Rs. 65 per share
These warrants are trading at Rs. 12 each. You are required to calculate the debt ratio in
market value terms.
Q15. (a) Explain Tobin’s Q. State the circumstances when it is most useful.
(b) Explain the concept of Human Resource Accounting (HRA) and outline the basic models
for HRA.
(iii) Staff replacement costs describing the financial situation in connection with recruitment,
reeduction and redeployment of employees. This model focuses on replacement costs related
to the expenses connected with staff acquisition, training and separation. Acquisition covers
expenses for recruitment, advertising etc., Training covers education, on-the-job training etc.,
Separateion costs covers lost production when a person leaves a job. This model can be used
to describe the development of costs in connection with replacements. In many firms, such
replacement costs are included in accounts as an expression of staff value to the company.
(iv) HR accounting and balancing as complete accounts for HR area. This model concentrates on
cost-control, capitalization and depreciation of the historic expenses for HR. One effect of
such a system is the visualization of the impacts of HR management—through revealing the
consequences of inexpedient HR management routines.
The basic aims of HRA are very many.
First, HRA improves the management of HR from an organizational perspective-through increasing
the transparency of HR costs, investments and outcomes in traditional financial statements.
Second, HRA attempts to improve the bases for investors and company valuation.
Unfortunately, for several reasons, the accuracy of HRA is often called into suspicion.
Q16. Sunfood Ltd., is considering to supply products- a special range of namkeens to a departmental
store. The contract will last for 50 weeks and the details are given below :
Material Rs.
X (in stock- at original price) 1,50,000
Y (on order- on contract) 1,80,000
Z (to be ordered) 3,00,000
Labour
Skilled 5,40,000
Non-skilled 300,000
Supervisory 1,00,000
General Overheads 10,80,000
Total cost 26,50,000
Price offered by departmental store 18,00,000
(vi) Overheads are charged at 200% of skilled labour. Only Rs. 1,25,000 would be avoidable, if
the contract is not accepted.
Answer 16.
Statement of Relevant Cost of Sunfood Ltd. :
Cash Outflow
Material X substitute
Material X :
adaptation cost
if used for other product — 27
Material Z 300 —
Semi-skilled labour :
As will be replaced
By skilled labour 570 —
Non-skilled labour 300 —
Supervisory staff (100 + 35 × 2) 170
Overheads: as avoidable 125 —
Total Cash Outflow 1465 27
Net Cash Inflow 335 183
Recommendation : The contract may be accepted as it will yield a net increment cash inflow of
Rs. 1,52,000 [3,35,000 –1,83,000].
Q17. Hindustan Lever Ltd., is run and managed by an efficient team that insists on reinvesting
60% of its earnings in projects that provide an ROE (Return of Equity) of 10%, despite the
fact that the firm’s capitalization rate (K) is 15%. The firm’s current year’s earnings is Rs
10 per share.
c. At what price will the stock of HLL sell?
d. What is the present value of growth opportunities?
e. Why should such a firm be a takeover target?
Answer 17.
Given current management’s investment policy, the dividend growth rate will be
G = ROE*b, where b = 1-Payout ratio, g = 10%*0.60 =6%
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 181
Negative PVGO implies that the net present value of the firm’s project is negative; the rate of
return on those assets is less than the opportunity cost of capital. Such a firm would be subject to
takeover target because another firm could buy the firm for the market price of Rs. 44.44 per
share and increase the value of the firm by changing its investment policy. For example, if the new
management simply paid out all earning as dividend, the value of the firm would increase up to its
no growth value of Rs. 66.66.
Q18. Discuss various aspects of computation of Economic Value Added and its application in
business planning and valuation. When the EVA will increase?
Answer 18.
The EVA presents the analysis of the Economic Value Added, an advanced evaluation method that
measures the performance and the profitability of the business, taking in account the cost of
capital that the business employs.
This method, invented by Stern Stewart & Co. is used today by more and more companies as a
framework for their financial management and their incentive compensation system for the managers
and the employees.
Where :
NP = Net Operating Profit after Tax
TC = Total Capital Employed = Total Equity and Liabilities of the Company
WACC = Weighted Average Cost of Capital
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is calculated as follows:
WACC=(E*CE+SL*CS+LL*CL)/TC
Where :
E = Owners Equity
CE = Average cost of Owners Equity
SL = Short Term Liabilities
CS = Average cost of Short Term Liabilities
LL = Long Term Liabilities
CL = Average cost of Long Term Liabilities
182 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
EVA will rise if operating efficiency is improved, if value adding investments are made, if uneconomic
activities are curtailed, and if the cost of capital is lowered. In more specific terms, EVA rises
when :
• The rate of return on existing capital increases because of improvement in operating
performance. This means that operating profit increases without infusion of additional capital
in the business,
• Additional capital is invested in projects that earn a rate of return greater than the cost of
capital,
• Capital is withdrawn from activities which earn inadequate returns,
• The cost of capital is lowered by altering the financing strategy.
The EVA financial management system is based on the premise that EVA provides a single,
unified, and accurate measure of value as well as performance. It links well forward looking
valuation and capital budgeting analysis with actual performance measurement. For these reasons
and more, EVA is considered as the right measure for goal setting and business planning, performance
evaluation, bonus determination, investor communication, capital budgeting and valuation.
Q19. Why might discounted cash flow valuation be difficult to do for the following types of firms
viz; (a) Private firms, (b) Firms with patent or product options (c) Cyclical firms during
recession (d) Firms in trouble (e) Firms in process of restructuring (f) Firms with unutilized
assets.
Answer 19.
(a) Private Firms : The biggest problem in using discounted cash flow valuation models to value
private firms is the measurement of risk (to use in estimating discount rates), since most
risk return models require that risk parameters be estimated from historical prices of the
asset being anslyzed. Since securities in private firms are not traded, this is not possible.
One solution is to look at the riskiness of comparable firms that are publicly traded. The
other is to relate the measure of risk to accounting variables, which are available for the
private firm.
(b) Firms with Patents or Product options : Firms often have untilized patents or licenses that
do not produce any current cash flows and are not expected to produce cash flows in the
near future, but nevertheless are valuable. If this is the case, the value obtained from
discounting expected cash flows to the firm will understate the true value of the firm.
Again, the problem can be overcome, in this case by valuing these assets in the open
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 183
market or by using option pricing models, and then adding the value obtained from discounted
cash flow valuation.
(c) Cyclical Firms during recession : The earnings and cash flows of cyclical items tend to
follow the economy using during economic booms and falling during recesions. If discounted
cash flow valuation is used on these firms, expected future cash flows are usually smoothed
out, unless the analyst wants to undertake the onerous task of predicting the timing and
duration of economic recession and recoveries. In the depths of a recession many cyclical
firms look like troubld firms, with negative earnings and cash flows. Estimating future cash
flows then becomes entangled with analyst predictions about when the economy will turn
and how strong the upturn will be, with more optimistic analysts arriving at higher estimates
of value. This is unavoidable, but the economic biases of the analysts have to be taken into
account before using these valuations.
(d) Firms in trouble : A distressed firm generally has negative earnngs and cash flows and
expects to lose money for some time in the future. For these firms, estimating future cash
flows is difficult to do, since there is a strong probability of bankruptcy. For firms that are
expect to fail, discounted cash flow valuation does not work very well, since the method
values the firm as a going concern providing positive cash flows to its investors. Even for
firms that are expected to survive, cash flows will have to be estimated until they turn
positive, since obtaining a present value of negative cash flows will yield a negative value
for equity or for the firm.
(e) Firms in the Process of Restructuring : Firms in the process of restructuring often sell some
of their assets, acquire other assets, and change their capital structure and dividend policy.
Some of them also change their ownership structure (going from publicity traded to private
status and vice versa) and management compensation schemes. Each of these changes
makes estimating future cash flows more difficult and affects the riskness of the firm.
Using historical data for such firms can give a misleading picture of the firm’s value. However,
these firms can be valued, even in the light of the major changes in investment and financing
policy, if future cash flows reflect the expected effects of these changes and the discount
rate is adjusted to reflect the new business and financial risk in the firm.
(f) Firms with Unutilized Assets : Discounted cash flow valuation reflects the value of all assets
that an unutilized (and hence do not produce any cash flows), the value of these assets will
not be reflected in the value obtained from discounting expected future cash flows. The
same caveat applies, in lesser degree, to underutilized assets, since their value will be
understated in discounted cash flow valuation. While this is a problem, it is not
insurmountable. The value of these assets can always be obtained externally and added to
the value obtained from discounted cash flow valuation. Alternatively, the assets can be
valued as though they are used optimally.
Q20. Calculate the value of equity share from the following information:
Equity share capital (Rs. 20.00 each) 50,00,000
Reserve & surplus 5,00,000
15% secured loans 25,00,000
12.5% Unsecured loans 10,00,000
184 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
Answer 20.
Value of the share = EPS X P /E Ratio
Rs.
EBIT 25,00,000
Less- Interest on 15% secured loans 3,75,000
Less- Interest on 12.5% unsecured loans 1,25,000
PBT 20,00,000
Less- Tax @ 50% 10,00,000
PAT 10,00,000
Answer 21.
(a) Inventories are valud at a lower of the cost ad net realisable value. This principle is based on
the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realized
from their sale.
Cost of inventories may not be recoverable for various reasons like :
(i) inventories bieng damaged,
(ii) inventories becoming obsolete,
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 185
advantages of familiarity with the technology and equipment required, higher marginal
productivity of labour and capital, and the availability of the existing infrastructure. Often,
there are possibilities of gaining additional production capacities by debottlenecking the
manufacturing processes and adding balancing equipments.
However, before implementing an expansion, the company should consider the operational
details of marketing the enlarged volume. It should review the existing marketing capabilities
to take on the additional load. Otherwise, it must plan for augmenting and training its market
force in advance i.e. before the product comes off the production line. If this is not feasable,
company should diversity into other product lines which can provide synergy and also have
an existing/ready unfulfilled market demand.
While considering expansion a company must also consider the image that customers carry
with regard to its product lines. If the brand image is low, the company should be careful in
expanding further and must check whether enough customers exist for its products.
Diversification into product lines that will improve the brand image would be a option in such
case. The possibility of the customers using the product more frequently or in higher quantities
should also be explored.
(h) In order to incorporate volatility and the probabilities of option prices into the model, the
following assumptions are needed :
(a) Returns are normally distributed,
(b) Share price changes are log normally distributed,
(c) Potential price changes follow a random model,
(d) Volatility is constant over the life of the option.
The Black-Scholes formula is also based on the following other important assumptions :
(aa) Traders can trade continously,
(bb) Financial markets are perfectly liquid,
(cc) Borrowing is possible at the risk-free rate,
(dd) There is no transaction costs,
(ee) Investors are risk-neutral.
188 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
(j) Although EPS is believed to have a real influence on the market price of shares, it has
several important limitations as a performance measure :
(a) It does not take account of inflation. Apparent growth in earnings may not be real growth,
(b) It is based on historic information and therefore it does not necessarily provide predictive
value. High earnings and growth in earnings may not be achieved at the expense of
investment which may generate increased earnings in the future,
(c) An entity’s earnings are affected by the choice of its accounting policies and by its
capital structure. Therefore it is not appropriate to compare EPS of different companies,
though their rate of growth of EPS may be validly compared.
The P/E multiple of the shares of Sun Pharma is 7. The company has taken up an expansion project
at Ghaziabad. The cost of the project is Rs. 200 lakhs. It proposes to fund it within a term loan of
Rs. 100 lakhs from ICICI and balance by a rights issue. The rights will be priced at Rs. 25 per share
(Rs. 15 premium).
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 189
Answer 22.
(i) Amount needed by rights issue= Rs. 200 – Rs. 100 = Rs. 100 lakhs
Subscription price / right share = Rs. 25
Number of rights share on offer = Rs. 100,00,000 / 25 = 4,00,000 shares
Hence ratio of rights is 1 share for every share held.
P/E multiple =7
Market price = Rs. 8 × 7 = Rs. 56 per share
Value of the rights, R = P0- S / N + 1 [ where P0 = cum-rights market price per share
S = subscription price of a rights share;
N = number existing shares required for
a rights issue]
Or, R = 56 – 25 / 1+1
= Rs. 15.50
Market value after the rights issue : NP0 + S / N + 1 = 1× 56 + 25 / 2 = Rs. 40.50
Number of shares outstanding after rights issue = 4 + 4 = 8 lakhs
Market capitalisation = Ex- rights price x Number of outstanding shares
= Rs. 40.5 × 8
= Rs. 324 lakhs
(ii) Net Asset Value (NAV) per share after the rights issue: ( Rs. in lakh)
Paid-up Capital 80
Reserve & Surplus :
Existing 180
Premium on right issue 60 240
Net worth of the company 320
Number of shares outstanding = 8 lakh shares
NAV per share = Rs. 320 lakh / 8 lakh =Rs. 40 per share.
Q23. Explain what is “Calculated Intangible Value (CIV)”. What are the limitations of this method.
Answer 23.
“Calculated Intangible Value (CIV)” : is a medhod of valuing a company’s intangible values.
Developed by NCI Research, “Calculated Intangible Value (CIV)” allows us to place a monetary
value on intangible assets. This method allows us to calculate the fair value of the intangible
assets. CIV computes the value of intangible assets by comparing the firm’s performance with an
average competitor that has similar tangible assets. An advantage of the CIV approach is that it
allows firm-to firm comparisons using audited financial data and as such, CIV can be used as a tool
for benchmarking.
190 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
Step-1 : Calculate the average pre-tax earnings for the past three years,
Step-2 : Calculate the average year-end tangible assets for the past three years,
Step-3 : Calculate the company’s return on assets (ROA),
Step-4 : Calculate the Industry average ROA for the same three year period as in step-2 above,
Step-5 : Calculate excess ROA by multiplying the industry average ROA by the average tangible
assets calculated in step 2. Subtract the excess return from the pre-tax earnings from
step 1,
Step-6 : Calculate the three-year averge corporate tax rate and multipy by the excess return.
Deduct the result from the excess return,
Step-7 : Calculate the net present value of the after-tax excess return. Use the company’s cost of
capital as a discount rate. This final figure will represent the calculated intangible value.
Q24. The chief executive of a company thinks that shareholders always look for the earnings per
share. Therefore, he considers maximization of the earning per share (EPS) as his company’s
objective. His company’s current net profits are Rs. 80 lakh and EPS is Rs. 4. The current
market price is Rs. 42. He wants to buy another firm which has current income of Rs. 15.75
lakh, EPS of Rs. 10.50 and the market price per share of Rs. 85.
(i) What is the maximum exchange ratio which the chief executive should offer so that he
could keep EPS at the current level?
(ii) If the chief executive borrows funds at 15 per cent rate of interest and buys out the other
company by paying cash, how much should he offer to maintain his EPS? (Assuming the Tax
rate of 52%)
Answer 24.
(i) Combined net profit / No. of shares = 4.00
(80+15.75) / (20+ x) = 4; 95.75 = 80 + 4x; x = 3.9375 lakh
Share exchange ratio = 3.9375 / 1.5 = 2.625
Group-IV : Paper-18 : Business Valuation Management 191
For 1 share of the target company the acquiring company should at the maximum offer 2.625
shares.
Working Notes :
Total shares of acquiring company are 80 / 4 = 20 lakh
Total shares of target company are 15.75 / 10.50 = 1.5 lakh.
+ −
FGDV
−
(ii) =
−
FGDV
or,
=
× −
debt =
debt = 218.75.
Note : The earnings would be reduced by 15% of the debt amount. Since the entire payment for
shares is to be out of debt, the net earnings of the merged company after providing interest
on debt should yield an EPS of Rs. 4.00 per share.
Q25. X and Y are two fast growing companies in the engineering industry. They are close
competitors and their asset composition, capital structure and profitability records have
been very similar for several years. The primary difference between the companies from a
financial management perspective is their dividend policy. Company X tries to maintain a
non-decreasing dividend per share while company Y maintains a constant dividend payment
ratio. Their recent earnings per share (EPS) , dividend per share (DPS) and share price (P)
history are as follows:
The Management of Company ‘Y’ is puzzled as to why their share prices are lower than those of
Company X in spite of the fact that profitability record of the company ‘Y’ is slightly better
(particularly of past three years)
As a financial consultant, how would you explain the situation?
192 Revisionary Test Paper (Revised Syllabus-2008)
Answer 25.
Company X Company Y
Company X is following the stable dividend policy whereas company Y is following the stable
dividend payment ratio policy, sporadic dividend payment occur which make its owners very
uncertain about the returns they can expect from their investment in the firm and therefore
generally depress the share prices. It is probably for this reason that company X is average
price per share exhibited a stable increasing behaviour vis-à-vis that of company Y. Volatile
pattern of earnings of both companies (during the last three years), notwithstanding, company
Y is advised to follow a stable dividend policy, which will result in an improvement in its share
prices.
Q26. Maruti Enterprise is to acquire a personal computer complete with multi-media kit and a
printer, Its price is Rs. 60,000. Maruti can borrow Rs. 60,000 from Canara Bank at 12%
interest p.a. to finance the purchase. The principal sum is to be repaid in 5 equal yearly
instalments. Maruti Enterprise can also have the computer on lease for 5 years and seeks
your advice to know the maximum lease rent per year payable at the end of each year.
Answer 26.
Workings :
f. Annual loan repayment = Rs. 60,000 / 5 = Rs. 12,000
g. Residual sale value at the end of year 5 = Rs. 1,500
Less- Commission @ 8% = Rs 120
1,380
Less- Tax @30% = 414
Rs 966
h. Net Cash Outflow under loan option:
Year 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
Principal 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 60000
Repayment
Payment of Interest 7200 5760 4320 2880 1440 21600
19200 17760 16320 14880 13440 81600
Less-Tax
savings :
(i) on Depn. 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 18000
(ii) on Intt. 2160 1728 1296 864 432 6480
Net Outflow 13440 12432 11424 10416 9408 57120
PV of post-tax annual lease rentals in 5 years should not exceed Rs. 42,425
PV of post-tax lease rental for one year should not exceed Rs. 42,425/ 3.696 = Rs. 11,480
PV of pre-tax rental per year = Rs. 11,480/ (1-t)= Rs. 11,480/ (1-0.3) = Rs. 16,400
Q27. The following information is given for Oxfam Ltd., a leading pharmaceutical company :
Year After Tax Earning Dividends Issued Shares Price per share
(Rs in lakhs) (Rs in Lakhs) (Rs in Lakhs) (In paise)
Answer 27.
The company is following a stable dividend policy with moderate growth, although the growth
itself is not fixed. Oxfam’s share price has increased over the four years period by an annual
compound rate of 5.6%, much better than the annual fall of 5.5% suffered by all-share index. This
does not prove that the dividend policy has been successful. The share price might be influenced
by many other factors, especially the potential long-term cash flow expectations of the
shareholders. Admittedly, comparison with the all-share index does not measure the performance
of Oxfam Ltd. relative to companies in its own industry / sector.
The actual share price of 615 paise as at the end of 2001 in the context of Dividend Growth
Model (Gordon’s) is obviously overvalued.
Q28. A company invested in a 5 year bond issue of another company in 2000 carrying a coupon
rate of 10% per annum. The interest payable at half-yearly rates and the principal repayable
after 5 years in 2004 end. The current market yield has fallen to 9% during 2001. The
investor company wanted to take advantage of the fall in market yiel;d by selling the bond
to any willing buyer. Compute the value of the bond at the end of 2001.
Answer 28.
Par value of each bond is Rs. 1,000
Coupon rate (%) 10 per annum
Value of the bond as at the end of 2001 is equivalent to presaent value of future cash flow
streams from the bond till its maturity discounted at the prevailing market yield (9%) . The
bond holder will receive half-yearly interests for 2002, 2003 and 2004 and the principal at
the end of 2004. Given the market yield in 2001 at 9%.
Value of the bond of Rs. 1000 with a half-yearly interests of Rs. 50 each and repayment of
principal of Rs. 1000 at year end 6
Q.29. Estimate the brand value of the following information technology firm :
(Rs in crores)
Answer 29.
The computation of Brand value for the IT firm is as follows:
Note : The earnings would be reduced by 15% of the debt amount. Since the entire payment for
shares is to be out of debt the net earnings of the merged company after providing interest
should yield an EPS of Rs. 4 per share.
Q30. (a) A company is considering, raising Rs. 100 lakh by one of the two alternative methods viz;
14 per cent institutional term loan and 13% non-convertible debentures. The term loan
portion would attract no major incidental cost. The debentures would have to be issued
at a discount of 25% and would involve Rs. 1,00,000 as cost of issue. Advise the company
as to the better option based on the effective cost of capital in each case. Assume a tax
rate of 35%.
Q30. (b) The managing director of a company decides that his company will not pay any dividends
till he survives. His current life expectancy is 20 years. After that time it is expected that
the company could pay dividends of Rs. 30 per share indefinitely. At present the firm
could afford to pay Rs. 5 per share forever. Rhe required rate of return of this company’s
shareholders is 10%.
i. What is the current value of the share?
ii. What is the cost to each shareholder of the managing director’s policy?