SACRED HEART COLLEGE

LUCENA CITY
Higher Education Department

Physical Education 4

Invention of the game

The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in
December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months.
Naismith was a physical education instructor at YMCA International Training School (now
known as Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. Upon the request of his boss,
Naismith was tasked to create an indoor sports game to help athletes keep in shape in cold
weather. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new
game. He divided his class of eighteen into two teams of nine players each and set about to
teach them the basics of his new game. The objective of the game was to throw the basketball
into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was
scored, the game was halted so the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a
while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was
played in Springfield, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.
Naismith's original rules

An illustration of a basketball game that accompanied Naismith's article from The Triangle in

1892 listing his 13 rules.
There were only thirteen rules of "basketball":
1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball, the player must throw it from the spot on which he
catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at good
speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands, the arms or body must not be used for
holding it.
 5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an
opponent shall be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count
as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there was
evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute.
6. A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such as described in
rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents.
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the basket
and stays there. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves the basket it shall
count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by the
person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the
field. The "thrower-in" is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer it shall go to the
opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
10.The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls, and notify the referee
when three consecutive fouls have been made.
11.The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in-
bounds, and to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a
goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are
usually performed by a referee.
12.The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
13.The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In the case of
a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is
made.
The first basketball game

The first basketball court: Springfield College

On December 21, 1891, Naismith published rules for a new game using five basic ideas and
thirteen rules. That day, he asked his class to play a match in the Armory Street court: 9 versus
9, using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. Frank Mahan, one of his students, wasn't so
happy. He just said: "Harrumph. Another new game". However, Naismith was the inventor of
the new game. Someone proposed to call it "Naismith Game", but he suggested "We have a ball
and a basket: why don’t we call it basketball?" [7] The eighteen players were John G. Thompson,
Eugene S. Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T. Duncan Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay G.
MacDonald, William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald, who defeated George Weller, Wilbert
Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro Ishikawa, Benjamin S. French, Franklin
Barnes, George Day and Henry Gelan 1–0. The goal was scored by Chase. There were other
differences between Naismith's first idea and the game played today. The peach baskets were
closed, and balls had to be retrieved manually, until a small hole was put in the bottom of the
peach basket to poke the ball out using a stick. Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and
backboards introduced. Moreover, earlier the soccer ball was replaced by a Spalding ball,
similar to the one used today.

Women's basketball
In 1891, the University of California and Miss Head's School played the first women's
internationalgame. Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson,
a physical education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after she was hired
at Smith, she went to Naismith to learn more about the game. Fascinated by the new sport and
the values it could teach, she organized the first women's collegiate basketball game on March
21, 1893, when her Smith freshmen and sophomores played against one another. Her rules
were first published in 1899 and two years later Berenson became the editor of A.G. Spalding's
first Women's Basketball Guide.
Berenson's freshmen played the sophomore class in the first women's intercollegiate
basketball game at Smith College, March 21, 1893. The same year, Mount Holyoke and Sophie
Newcomb. College (coached by Clara Gregory Baer) women began playing basketball. By 1895,
the game had spread to colleges across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar, and Bryn
Mawr. The first intercollegiate women's game was on April 4, 1896. Stanford women played
Berkeley, 9-on-9, ending in a 2-1 Stanford victory.
Women's basketball development was more structured than that for men in the early
years. In 1905, the Executive Committee on Basket Ball Rules (National Women's Basketball
Committee) was created by the American Physical Education Association. These rules called for
six to nine players per team and 11 officials. The International Women's Sports Federation
(1924) included a women's basketball competition. 37 women's high school varsity basketball
or state tournaments were held by 1925. And in 1926, the Amateur Athletic Union backed the
first national women's basketball championship, complete with men's rules. The Edmonton
Grads, a touring Canadian women's team based in Edmonton, Alberta, operated between 1915
and 1940. The Grads toured all over North America, and were exceptionally successful. They
posted a record of 522 wins and only 20 losses over that span, as they met any team which
wanted to challenge them, funding their tours from gate receipts. The Grads also shone on
several exhibition trips to Europe, and won four consecutive exhibition Olympics tournaments,
in 1924, 1928, 1932, and 1936; however, women's basketball was not an official Olympic sport
until 1976 The Grads' players were unpaid, and had to remain single. The Grads' style focused
on team play, without overly emphasizing skills of individual players. The first
women's AAU All-America team was chosen in 1929. Women's industrial leagues sprang up
throughout the United States, producing famous athletes, including Babe Didrikson of the
Golden Cyclones, and the All American Red Heads Team, which competed against men's teams,
using men's rules. By 1938, the women's national championship changed from a three-court
game to two-court game with six players per team. The NBA-backed Women's National
Basketball Association (WNBA) began in 1997. Though it had shaky attendance figures, several
marquee players (Lisa Leslie, Diana Taurasi, and Candace Parker among others) have helped the
league's popularity and level of competition. Other professional women's basketball leagues in
the United States, such as the American Basketball League (1996-1998), have folded in part
because of the popularity of the WNBA. The WNBA has been looked at by many as a niche
league. However, the league has recently taken steps forward. In June 2007, the WNBA signed
a contract extension with ESPN. The new television deal runs from 2009 to 2016. Along with
this deal, came the first ever rights fees to be paid to a women's professional sports league.
Over the eight years
of the contract, "millions and millions of dollars" will be "dispersed to the league's teams." The
WNBA gets more viewers on national television broadcasts (413,000) than both Major League
Soccer (253,000) and the NHL (310,732). In a March 12, 2009 article, NBA commissioner David
Stern said that in the bad economy, "the NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA. We're losing
a lot of money amongst a large number of teams. We're budgeting the WNBA to break even
this year."

James Naismith devised a set of thirteen rules of basketball:

1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.
3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he
catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or body must not be used for
holding
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. The frst
Ihingement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until
the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the
game. No substitution shall be allowed.
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in
Rule
7. It either side make three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents
(consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).
8. Goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground into the basket and
stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests
on the edge and the opponents move the basket, it shall count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first
person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The
thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side
persists in
delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
10. The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when
three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according
to Rule
11. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and decide when it is in play in bounds, to which
side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep
account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves with five minutes' rest between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winners.

Basketball (commonly nicknamed "B-ball" or "hoops") is a team sport in which two

teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a
basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Basketball is one of the world's most popular
and widely viewed sports. A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches in diameter
and 10 feet high mounted to a backboard. A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball
through the hoop during regular play. A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a
player is touching or closer to the hoop than the three-point line, and three points (a "3
pointer") if the player is "outside" the three-point line. The team with more points at the end of
the game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a tie.
The bail can be advanced on the court by bouncing it while waiking or running (dribbling) or
passing it to a teammate. It is a violation (traveling) to walk with the ball, carry it, or to double
dribble (to hold the ball and then resume dribbling). Various violations are generally called
"fouls". Disruptive physical contact (a personal foul) is penalized, and a free throw is usually
awarded to an offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball. A technical foul may also
be issued when certain infractions occur, most commonly for unsportsmanlike conduct on the
part of a player or coach.
A technical foul gives the opposing team a free throw.

Basketball has evolved many commonly used techniques of shooting, passing, and
dribbling, as
well as specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures (player positioning)
and techniques. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play "center", "small forward", or
"power forward" positions, while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling
skills and speed play "point guard" or "shooting guard". While competitive basketball is
carefully regulated, numerous variations of basketball have developed for casual play.
Competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport played on carefully marked and maintained
basketball courts, but less regulated variations are often played outdoors in both inner city and
rural areas.

Rules and regulations

The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the
opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own.

1. The Basketball ball

The basketball is an inflated sphere made of leather. Leather basketball are those which
are recommended for indoor professional competitions, The rubber covered basketballs are
theones which are used for daily practices and play. A basketball usually weighs 600 to 650
grams and is 75 to 78 cm in circumference.
The size and weight of the basketball ball depends on who plays the game, If women are
playing, the official size of the basketball is 28.5" in circumference (which is size 6) and weighs
20 or, as opposed to 29.5" circumference and 22 oz weight ball used for men's games, Prior to
the commencement of a match, the referee will test the ball for suitability.
2. The Basket
The Basket is the Goal in the game, and is made up of a horizontal, circular metal rim
with a net attached to it. This rim is mounted 10 feet (3.05 m) above the court and 4 feet (1.2
m) inside the baseline.
3. The Ring and Backboard
The ring is made up of solid iron with 45 cm. diameter attached to the board lying on a
horizontal place 3.05 m. above the floor. Backboard is the firm rectangular board behind the
rim. You would be able to see backboards made of glass, steel, aluminum and acrylic (clear and
tinted). The heavier and thicker the backboards are, the better the rebound effect will be. The
size of a backboard would usually be 1800mm horizontally and 1050mm vertically.

4. The Uniform
This is one important part in the game. Every team will have their own uniform, which
includes a
shirt (jersey) and a pair of shorts, which will be numbered on both the front and back sides (and
sometimes with names printed on it) for quick and easy identification.
5. Shoes
The shoes worn by basketball players are high-topped shoes made to facilitate higher
ankle
support than normal running shoes for extra comfort during play.
6. The Shot Clock
 This is the clock that counts down the maximum 24 seconds the offence is allowed to
have the
ball in hand before shooting. If they fail to attempt a shoot that hits the rim within this time
limit, they will lose possession of the ball.

7. Game Clock
The game clock is used for timing periods of play and the intervals between them.
8. Time-Out Watch
A stopwatch used for timing time-outs.
7. The Floor / Court
The Floor / Court is a playing surface made of wooden floorboard. In international
games, the regulation basketball court is 28m x 15m (approximately 92 ft x 49 ft), whereas it is
29m x 15m (approximately 94 ft x 50 ft) in the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Other Equipment
Other important equipment includes Scoreboards, Score-sheets, Whistle-operated stop-
clock systems, Alternate Possession Arrows / Indicators and Lighting.
A regulation basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet long and 49.2 feet wide. In the
NBA and NCAA the court is 94 feet by 50 feet. Most courts have wood flooring, usually
constructed from maple planks running in the same direction as the longer court dimension."
The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.

Score m this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if
it is taken mom beyond the three-point arc which is 6.25 metres (20 ft 6 in) from the basket in
international games and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-point shot can be
earned when shooting from the
foul line after a foul is made.
A. Playing regulations Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA) or 12 minutes (NBA).
College games use two 20-minute halves, while high school varsity games use 8 minute
quarters. 15 minutes are allowed for a half- time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules and 10
minutes in high school. Overtime periods are five minutes in length except for high school
which is four minutes in length. Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed
is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active.
Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically
about two hours.
Five players from each team may be on the court at one time. Substitutions are
unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees
the development and strategies of the team, and other team personnel such as assistant
coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and trainers. For both men's and women's teams, a
standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and a jersey with a clearly visible number, unique
within the team, printed on both the front and back. Players wear high-top sneakers that
provide extra ankle support. Typically, team names, players' names and, outside of North
America, sponsors are printed on the uniforms. A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages
requested by a coach (or sometimes mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting with the
players, are allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in the NBA)
unless, for televised games, a commercial break is needed. The game is controlled by the
officials consisting of the referee (referred to as crew chief in the NBA),
one or two umpires (referred to as referees in the NBA) and the table officials. For college, the
NBA, and many high schools, there are a total of three referees on the court. The table officials
are responsible for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping, individual and team fouls,
player substitutions, team possession arrow, and the shot clock.

Most Commonly Used Basketball Equipment and Facilities

The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the basketball and the court: a flat,
rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more
equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and
whistle-operated stop-clock systems.
Main articles: Basketball (ball), Basketball court, and Backboard (basketbali) Traditional eight-
panel basketball
There are quite a few important basketball equipment of interest, which are listed and
explained below:

BASIC SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

1. SHOOTING is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the
basket. Methods can vary with players and situations.
KINDS OF SHOOTING
1.a. Set shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor,
typically used for free throws.
1.b. Jump shot is taken while in mid-air, when the ball is released near the top of the
jump.
1.c. Layup this shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to lay the
ball up and into the basket, typically off the backboard free, underhand version is called
(a finger roll)
1.d. Slam Dunk the most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot
in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward, straight through the
hoop.
1. e. Circus Shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped or flung
toward the the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or
facing away from the basket.
1. f. A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an
air ball, A Particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is called a brick.
 KINDS OF PASS
2. PASSING the ball is quickest and the most effective way to get the ball from player to
player.
1. Chest Pass is a staple pass. The ball is passed directly from the passer's chest to the
receiver's chest A proper chest pass involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add
velocity and leaves the defense little time to react.
2. Bounce Pass the passer bounces the ball crisply about two thirds of the way from his
own chest to the receiver. The ball strikes the court and bounces up toward the receiver.
The bounce pass takes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is also harder for the
opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a violation), Thus, players often
use the bounce pass in crowded moments, or to pass around a defender.
3. The overhead Pass used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is released while over
the passer’s head.
4. The Outlet Pass occurs after a beam gets a defensive rebound, The next pass after the
rebound is the outlet pass.
5. No look Pass the crucial aspect of any good pass is I being difficult to interpret. Good
passers pass the ball with great accuracy and they know exactly where each of their other
teammates prefers to receive the ball. A special way of doing this s passing the ball without
looking at the receiving teammate.
6. The behind-the-back pass-another advanced style of passing as the description implies,
involves throwing the ball behind the passer’s back to a teammate.

3. DRIBBLING is the way to progress with the ball by an individual player, in order to get free
from his opponent or to get in a good passing or shooting position. Dribbling is the act of
bouncing the ball continuously with one hand, and is a requirement for a player to take steps
with the ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball down towards the ground with the fingertips
rather than patting it; this ensures greater control.
4. BLOCKING is a block performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds in
altering the shot by touching the bail. In almost all variants of play, it is illegal to touch the ball
after it is in the downward path of its arc; this is known as gooltending, It is also illegal under
NBA and Men's NCAA basketball to block a shot after it has touched the backboard, or when
any part of the ball is directly above the rim. Under international rules it is illegal to block a shot
that is in the downward path of its arc or one that has touched the backboard until the ball has
hit the rim. After hitting the rim the ball it is again legal to touch the ball even though it is no
longer considered as a block performed.
To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a point higher than where the shot is
released.Thus, height can be an advantage in blocking. Players who are taller and playing the
power forward or center positions generally record more blocks than players who are shorter
and playing the guard positions. However, with good timing and a sufficiently high vertical leap,
even shorter players can be effective shot blockers.

Violations
The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players,
thrown,
tapped, rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball while running). The ball must stay within the court;
the last team to touch the ball before travels out of bounds forfeits possession. The ball is out
of bounds if touches or crosses over a boundary line, or touches a player who is out of bounds.
This is in contrast to other sports such as football, volleyball, and tennis (but not rugby or
American football) where the ball (or player) is still considered in if any part of it is touching a
boundary line.

Main articles: Personal foul (basketball) and Technical foul

An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through physical contact is illegal and is called
a foul.These are most commonly committed by defensive players; however, they can be
committed by offensive players as well. Players who are fouled either receive the ball to pass
inbounds again, or receive one or more free throws if they are fouled in the act of shooting,
depending on whether the shot was successful. One point is awarded for making a free throw,
which is attempted from a line 15 feet (4.6m) from the basket.
A Player or coach who shows poor sportsmanship, such as by arguing with a referee or
Penalty involves free throws (where, unlike a personal foul, the other team can choose any
player to a vanes among leagues. Repeated incidents can result in disqualification. Blatant fouls
with by fighting with another player, can be charged with a more serious foul called a technical
foul.

When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not interfere with the shooter, nor
may they try to regain possession until the last or potentially last free throw is in the air.

After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, it is said to be "in the penalty".
On scoreboards, this is usually signified with an indicator light reading "Bonus" or "Penalty"
with an
illuminated directional arrow indicating that team is to receive free throws when fouled by the
opposing team. (Some scoreboards also indicate the number of fouls committed.)
fa team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing team must wait for the
completion of the second shot before attempting to reclaim possession of the ball and
continuing play.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful, the player is
awarded a number of free throws equal to the value of the attempted shot. A player fouled
while attempting a regular two-point shot, then, receives two shots. A player fouled while
attempting a three-point shot, on the other hand, receives three shots.

If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is successful, typically the
player will be
awarded one additional free throw for ane point. In combination with a regular shot, this is
called a "three-point play" or "four-point play" (or more colloquially, an "and one") because of
the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free throw (1 point).
Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever, they have evolved as part of
basketball. During the first five decades of basketball's evolution, one guard, two forwards, and
two center or two guards, two forwards, and one center were used. Since the 1980s, more
specific positons have evolved, namely:
1. Point Guard: usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the team's offense by
controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time
2. Shooting guard: creates a high volume of shots on offense; guards the opponent's best
perimeter player on defense
3. Small forward: often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and
dribble penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more
actively
4. power forward: plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on defense, plays
under the basket (in a zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-to-
man defense)
5. center: uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on
defense), or to rebound,

The above descriptions are flexible. On some occasions, teams will choose to use a three
guard offense, replacing one of the forwards or the center with a third guard. The most
commonly interchanged positions are point guard and shooting guard, especially if both players
have good leadership and ball handling skills.