Professional Documents
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Kitwe District Education Board: Social Studies (Grade 8-9) Pamphlet
Kitwe District Education Board: Social Studies (Grade 8-9) Pamphlet
BOARD
PREPARED BY
MONICA MAGORIMBO-MITANTO SECONDARY
SUSAN MWENYA-WUSAKILE-SECONDARY
CHIPETA-LIMA SECONDARY
2017
TOPIC: MAN THE SOCIAL BEING
Written records comprise all recorded information. They may either be primary or
secondary. Primary records consist of reports compiled from first hand experiences
such as interviews, observations, oral traditions or archaeology. Secondary records
on the other hand, consist of derived information. Written records are the most
reliable methods of learning about the past. Examples of written records include;
books, encyclopedias, journals, inscriptions, lists, diaries, autobiographies,
biographies, newspapers and magazines.
Anthropology is the study of human life and culture. It examines such topics as how
people live, what they think, what they produce and how they interact with their
environments. Anthropologists try to understand the differences among groups of
people as well as what they have in common.
Archaeology is the scientific study of remains of the past human cultures and
behaviour through the examination of material remains of previous human societies.
These remains include the fossils, which are preserved bones of humans, food
remains, the ruins of buildings and human artIfacts.
Linguistics is the scientific study of languages. It also seeks to analyse the
relationship between various language groups. Linguistics deals with the structure
and development of language and can therefore be said to be the study of languages
as it changes in the course of time.
Genetics refers to the scientific study of hereditary and passing on of characteristics
from parents to offsprings. Genetics helps historians to trace the origin of plants and
animals and can therefore be used to explain the spread of plants and animals.
3. Describe measurement of time in history
Before Christ (BC) – the birth of Jesus Christ is used as a starting point to count years
that came before he was born.
Anno Domini (AD) is used to count the years that came after Jesus Christ was born,
Anno Domini is sometimes referred to as the Common Era, Christian Era or Current
Era
Decade is a period of ten years. The word is derived from a Greek word dekas which
means ten. For example the period from 1990 to 2000.
Generation is an interval of time between the birth of parents and the birth of their
offspring. This is usually taken to be about 30 years.
Century is a period of a hundred years in a dating system, from a year numbered 1
or 00.
Millennium is a period of 1,000 years. The word millennium comes from the Latin
mill which means thousands
4. Describe different versions of the origins of man
Scientific theory of creation states that life began in the sea. It is believed that there
were small one-celled organisms which formed about four billion years ago.
Scientists believe that mammals came for reptiles and then man developed from
mammals through evolution. Evolution is a process of change by which man
originated from ape-like creatures.
Biblical version gives an account of how man was created by God in the book of
Genesis on the sixth day. This account of creation is held as the origin of man by
Christians, Muslims and the Jews.
The Bantu speakers came from West Africa around the Cameroon Highlands. The
Niger basin is the possible original land of the Bantu people. The two main groups of
the Bantu speaking people are the Eastern and Western Bantu. The Bantu migrated
from their original homeland due to the following reasons
They had acquired iron-working knowledge and had made strong farm implements
which led to increased food production. As a result there was increased population
which forced them to migrate.
They had developed better weapons through iron-working and therefore, found it
easier to find other groups in areas they migrated to.
They experienced internal disputes that were brought about by family and clan
quarrels. These made some groups of people to break off from their families and
clans and migrate to other areas.
They encountered calamities such as famine, drought and diseases.
They were crop farmers and thus were looking for fertile landsthat they could
cultivate.
They were invaded by hostile neighbours.
Northern: Bemba,Mambwe
Muchinga: Namwanga,Bisa
Luapula: Lunda
North-Western: Luvale,Lunda,Kaonde
Western: Aluyi
Central: Lenje,Swaka
Lusaka-Soli
Copperbelt: Lamba
Southern: Tonga,lla,Toka-Leya
Eastern: Chewa,Nsenga,Tumbuka
From Fertile Crescent in the Middle East, farming spread to other parts of the world.
It reached Egypt around 650 BC. Here it was started in the Nile River Valley, along
the banks of the river Nile. The farmers learnt to keep animals such as goats, cattle,
donkeys and sheep. For irrigation they invented a number of methods. Among the
early devices for lifting water from streams and water channels was the Egyptian
Shadoof. The Shadoof is a bucket set on one end of a weighted pole. The pole rests
on a lever and is used to lift water manually to higher lying fields. From Egypt,
civilization and farming spread to Ethiopia (Axum) and Sudan (Kush). I Kush, an iron
centre was established at Meroe. From Kush and Axum, the spread of farming
southwards into Central Africa was slow because of thick forests and jungles along
the equator, rivers and dangerous animals as well as bad climate.
In Zambia, the most well -known Iron Age people lived in the present Southern
Province in an area that extended from Gwembe Valley, through Kalomo. The
remains of their way of life have been found in the following sites which are located
around or near Kalomo; Ndonde, Kalundu, Isamu Pati and Gundu.
It led to farming for food security. The Bantu who migrated into Zambia introduced
cultivation of grains and cattle rearing.
With increased agriculture, came the opportunity for villages and town centres to
develop, as people were typically drawn to the new agricultural areas.
The use of was expaned into new regions as the cultivation of grain was spread as the
Bantu speakers migrated to new areas. This new technology led to increased
improvements in iron smelting thereby resulting in social, economic and cultural
changes.
Tonga
Lla
Lenje
Soli
Political- they did not have a well-defined political structure or system of government.
Originally they did not have a king or paramount chief. They were organized into
matrilineal clans which were subdivided into family lineages and these lineages
administered justice during disputes, distributed land and controlled property
belonging to their members.
Social organization – they believed in the extended family structure. The number of
wives and children a man had, determined his status in the society. For example the
Tonga practiced polygamy meaning that a man was allowed to marry many wives.
They were also highly religious people. They practiced ancestral worship, offering
sacrifices before planting seeds and also soon after harvest, to thank their ancestors.
Girls were kept away from society for a number of months, only to appear during the
initiation ceremony.
Economic- they depended on farming. They also kept large herds of cattle because
there was plenty of grazing land. Their main crops were maize, millet and sorghum.
Trade was also done at Ing’ombe Ilede, which means sleeping cow.
13. Identify the major centralized societies in Zambia.
Bemba
Luyi
Lunda
Chewa
Ngoni
Sense of belonging and helps the member to gain positive concept about the family, the
nation and Government
Enables group life linked and related as a large unit
A tool through which people pass knowledge
Gives a vision to its people
Provides rules and norms by which people must live
Encourages unity among its members
Gives opportunity to members to understand each other as interpret their interaction
and communication according to their culture.
The Key to show the name for the list of symbols and the description of what
each symbol means.
Direction indicate position of a place in relation to another,
Grid systems describe the position of any point within the grid pattern
elevation refer to height of places in the landscape
C 43 NORTHINGS
B 42
A 41
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
EASTINGS
Using Co-ordinates
All places on earth are located at specific degrees of latitude north or south of the equator,
specific degrees west or east of the Greenwich Meridian
•Contour lines
Each contour line joins places of the same height above sea level
Sport heights
They are points on ordinance survey maps whose heights have been measured by
land surveyors. Sport height are marked by a dot with the height in metres written
beside the dot.
Trigonometrical station
These are stations are places, usually on hill summits ,whose altitude ,latitude
and longitude have been measured.
Dendritic patterns
It looks like tree with many branches
Trellis pattern
It has many right (900) angles and looks like framework of crossed seams alternate.
Radial pattern
It looks like spokes of a bicycle wheel.
Settlements
Where permanent buildings have been built
transport networks
Mode of movement of goods and service from one place to another.
land-use,
The utilization of land through agriculture, mining and conservation
communication networks
Links between settlements
This relief level is called low veld. It is the lowest relief consists of river valleys like
Drainage refer to rivers, streams and water bodies such as Lakes and swamps.
Major rivers are: the Zambezi, Chambeshi- Luapula, Kafue and Luangwa
Lakes include kariba, Tanganyika, Lake Mweru, Lake Bangweulu.
Bangweulu swamps
Busanga swamps
Lukanga swamps
Elements of weather:
Seasons:
The Rotation of the earth causes day and night
One Revolution of the earth around the sun takes 3651/4
Distance from the sea
Global air movement due to different in temperature between parts of the world
at different latitudes create a movement of air and water in great swirling
currents.
prevailing winds
Three winds which meet over Zambia in Summer cause much of rainfall that is
received:South east tradewinds,North west trade winds or Congo air and north
east monsoons
Latitude
Refer to the distance from the Equator
Altitude
Altitude is how high or low place is above sea level
• Zambia lies in the tropical areas near the Equator. It has a tropical climate
Indigenous trees are local trees which are found in their natural environment
Exotic tree s are those that are not found in their natural environment
Mambwe system or Fundika agriculture that involves the making of moulds or heaps
Chitemene system: Chitemene means a cut-over area. It is also known as slash and burn
or shifting cultivation
soil erosion due to exposing the soil to the soil agents of soil erosion such as water and
wind.
Leaching is the washing away of top soil reducing nutrient in the soil
carbon emission as a result of trees absorbing carbon dioxide during the process of
photosynthesis
rainfall variability is caused as the result of vegetation influence rain formation
Large-scale are farms that are usually large and large pieces of land are required,
use of chemicals to control pest and diseases since the farms are large
use of artificial fertilizers on the farm to make to soil fertile again.
40. Identify the major cash crops grown under commercial farming.
large capital outlay Large capital is required to acquire labour, land, planting machinery or
tools and chemicals
Irrigation The artificial application of water to crops
processing done on site Factories are constructed on the farm
export oriented Plantation agriculture is export oriented
Pollution is the process of making air, water and soil contaminated or dirty. The major
pollutants on the environment due to commercial farming are the chemicals
soil erosion leads to rapid depletion of the soil nutrients, low crop yield
Displacement of human and wildlife due to clearing the vegetation for commercial
farming
Fish farms
sardines (kapenta)
Fishing methods
Gill and seine nets, baskets, fishing lines, motor boats, dugout canoes, spears
Smoking is the method of preserving fish. The smoke from slow burning fire chases
away the germs
sun drying is the putting of fish under sunshine to dry
salting is applying salt on the fish being preserved
Freezing is keeping fish at a very low temperature
caning is the packing of fish in tin or can to prevent germs from entering fish
National parks
water fall
historical sites
traditional ceremonies,
water sports
Advantages:
foreign exchange earnings,
cultural exchange,
infrastructural development
Create employment
Disadvantages:
trafficking in trophies,
It can lead to outbreak of diseases, e.g SIT
Encourages prostitution.
Expose the country to drug trafficking
Income received from tourism is not constant it is seasonal
The British arrived and colonized Zambia in the 1890s, with the help of the
British South Africa Company under Cecil John Rhodes.
They divided up the territories of what is now Zambia, Zimbabwe and Namibia.
Zambia and Zimbabwe become part of colony they called Rhodesia. Zambia
formed Northern Eastern and Northern Western Rhodesia.
Colonization involved administration of the country as a Britain-run colony, and
exploring the country’s minerals for British profits.
Missionaries and administers also settled in Zambia. Churches and schools were
bult. However; education was aimed to teach locals to serve the settlers.
Africans resisted British control. The welfare societies aimed to help organize
Africans in politic resistance.
The national flag. The black colour on the national flag stands for the people of
Zambia. Red represents the struggle for freedom. Orange stands for our mineral
wealth. The green represents the land and those natural resources. The Eagle
symbolizes the freedom that we have in Zambia and ability to serve our own
problems.
The national antherm. The national anthem is a song which is sung on official
occasions, such as public meetings. It is sung at school assemblies and sports
gatherings. The national anthem comes from a song called Nkosisikelele Africa which
means God bless Africa. This song was written in 1897 by a South African called
Enoch sontona. The song was a hymn and prayer of the black people of South Africa.
This song was a symbol of African’s long struggle for freedom.
The coat of aims. The oat of aims is another important symbol of national identity. It
is used on government official paper. The man and the women on the coat of aims
symbolize the important of family life in Zambia. It is also an indication of equality
between men and women. The Black and white wavy lines stand for the Victoria
Falls on the Zambezi River. The hoe and the pick stand for the hard work of the
Zambian people in mining and agriculture. The eagle on the coat of arms stands for
the freedom that we have in Zambia and zebra represent zamia’s resources such as
the fertile land, minerals and wildlife.
The value of the national symbols helps us to identify the heritage and culture of our
country, and give citizens a sense of belonging and pride. They remind us of our values,
ideals, and duties for the benefit of all citizens.
TOPIC: GOVERNANCE
Good governance:
I. Consultation. leaders makes consultation with others.
II. Rule of law: The rule of law is effective, both to protect individuals in the
society, and also to protect individuals in the society, and also to prevent
leaders from abusing their power.
III. Citizen participation: Citizens have the freedom to participate in the process
of choosing their leaders.
IV. Transparency: Transparency means it is possible for citizens to see that their
leaders are running the country according to legal, constitutional processes.
Bad government:
I. No consultation: Leaders make decisions on their own, often in their own
interest.
II. Absence of rule of law: people in power can intimidate and abuse the rights
of citizens, and citizens may protect from unfair or unlawful treatment.
III. No participation: citizens have to accept whatever their leaders do.
IV. No accountability: Leaders may cover up wrongful practices, or may simply
refuse to account for their actions.
V. No transparency: People do not have access to the processes by which the
country is government.
Written constitutions. Is in the form of one specific document which describes the basic
principle of how a country is governed.
Unwritten constitutions. Is not written down in the form of a specific document.
Flexible constitution. Is the constitution that can be changed by vote by the majority of
representatives?
Rigid constitution. It is the constitution that requires special processes before the
constitution can be amended.
It is the highest law of the land, and it is the one that constitutes the country and its
laws which governs the country or an organization.
Loyalty: a good constitution is loyal to the country. A citizen is the member of various
social groups such as family, city and the country. A citizen must sacrifice his or her
interest for the sake of wider interest.
Honesty: a good citizen performs their duties sincerely, faithfully and cooperates with
the state officials in the discharge of their duties. A Good citizens are supposed to be
honest in everything. A good citizen:
i. Does not tell lies in a court of law.
ii. Exercise the right to vote honestly.
iii. Does not evade tax.
Patriotic: a good citizen is patriotic. This means that he or she:
i. Will do anything to protect the interest of the nation.
ii. Will not betray the country for the sake of personal gain.
iii. Will report any activities that may put the security of the national at risk.
iv. Does not get involved in the activities that may disrupt peace.
v. Works hard to develop the nation.
Respect for human rights: A good citizen has respect for human rights. Human rights are
entitlements that every human being has by virtue of his or her belonging to the human
race. These are collective rights recognized by every sovereign state and ensure in their
constitutions and international law.
Rights to:
i. Health: Every citizen has the right to enjoy good health.
ii. Life: This is the universal human right which is enshrined in the constitution. No
one has the right to take another person’s life.
iii. Liberty: Liberty is freedom. Every citizen should enjoy freedom as long as he or
she does not commit a crime or do anything that infringes other citizen’s rights.
iv. Speedy and fair trail. No citizen should be detained by the police for a long
period before the court of law.
v. Against forced labour: A citizen should not be forced by any employer to do a
particular kind of work against his or her will.
vi. Freedom of conscience: A citizen has the right to belong to any religious group
or political party of choice.
vii. Freedom of movement: Travelling to any part of the country is not restricted for
citizens. There are no passes needed.
viii. Freedom of assembly and association: A citizen of is free to meet publicity and
discuss views, religious, political or otherwise, with people who hold similar or
divergence views.
ix. Property: A citizen is free to own any property including land and buildings.
x. To vote: Every qualified voter has the right to vote for and elect the leader of his
or her choice.
Duties of a citizen:
pay tax
obey the laws of the country
Report any crime activities to the police.
Responsibilities of a citizen:
A one party political system is the type of governance in which a single political party
forms the government, usually based on the existing constitution. All other parties are
outlawed because it believed that the involvement of other parties would hinder
progress. When Zambia got independence in 1964, there were two political parties that
were prominent. These were united national independence party (UNIP), led by Dr
Kenneth Kaunda, who was the first president of Zambia, and the African national
congress (ANC), led by harry Mwanga Nkumbula. Soon after that, Zambia becomes a
one party state. The only political party in existence by that time was UNIP. When this
was done the group that led spearhead the re-introduction of the multi-party system
formed a political party called movement for multi-party democracy (MMD).Fredrick
Titus Jacob Chiluba was elected the party president. He later became the second
republican president in 1991, when his party won the tripartite.
The multi-party system is a system where more than two parties actively participate in the
country. It is a system in which no one party can be guaranteed an absolute majority.
Zambia moved from being a one party state in the 1980s.They is many parties in Zambia
namely:
Advantages:
i. Citizens are offered a wider freedom of political party.
ii. It promotes competition in terms of good policies to be implemented. This brings
development in the country.
iii. Policies decisions take into account the views and interest of all people.
iv. It provides an effective system of checks and balances on the government and
this promotes political moderation.
v. A multi-party system can lead to a coalition government which produces
reasonably stable government.
Disadvantages:
i. The multi-party system may bring about conflicts among political parties.
ii. Too much time and money is spend on campaigns and politicking instead of
development.
iii. There is lack of sustainable development because the part in power is in a hurry
to produce results. This ends up in shoddy and uncompleted work.
iv. It is costly to manage the system.
v. If inter-party conflicts are not handled well, they may lead to national disunity.
Presidential elections: these are elections that are held to elect the state president.
Parliamentary elections: These are elections held to elect members of parliament(MPs)
Local government elections: These are held to elect ward councilors.
Delimitation: This is refers to the processes of dividing the country into constituencies,
wards and polling districts.
Registration: All citizens wishing to exercise their right to vote are registered as voters.
In Zambia, for one to be registered as voter, he or she should be, 18 years and above
and in position of a green national card.
Nomination: The nomination process starts with each political party taking party in the
elections which are aimed at selecting their candidates for the vacant positions. The
political parties forward the names of the elected candidates to the electoral
commission of Zambia.
To supervise the registration of voters and review the voters registers/roll. This is
usually done before elections are due. It is intended to register all eligible voters,
that is, all who have attained the voting age.
To conduct the presidential and national assembly elections. The ECZ is
mandated by the constitution of Zambia to run and supervise all national
elections.
To review the boundaries of the constituencies. This is done for the purpose of
elections. It is known as the delimination process. It is carried out before
elections.
To conduct voter education. It is the duty of the ECZ to educate voters so that
they do not fall prey to electoral malpractices.
To conduct and supervise the local government elections.
Legislature: The function of the legislature is to make laws of the country. The
legislature is made up of national assembly and the president. The national assembly
consists of 150 elected representatives and up to eight appointed members. These
members serve five year term after being elected by popular vote. Each member
represents one constituency.
Executive: The executive is headed by the president. Other members of the
executive are the vice president and the ministers who are appointed by the
president to fill the ministerial positions.
Judiciary: The judiciary is made up of the supreme court, the high court, the
industrial relations court, subordinate court, local courts and any courts that
parliament may operates independently and subjected only to the constitution and
laws of Zambia.
Rigging; this means manipulating the electoral system so that the system favors a
certain political party or candidate. In most cases, rigging is done by the ruling party.
Intimidation: The people who are not in power can also interfere with elections
through physical force or verbal intimidation, which can result to improper casting of
votes. This can also interfere with campaigns.
Misleading information: The electoral may be poorly informed about issues or
candidates due to:
Lack of freedom of the press due to state control.
Lack of access to news and political media.
Misleading voters on how to vote.
Lack of open political debate.
Governing the whole country: A government must control the people it seeks to
govern and protect. The Zambia central government seeks to maintain internal
peace, that is, peace among individuals and groups within the country. This means
that the central government should ensure that there is law and order.
Maintaining national security: The central government is responsible for preserving
the security of zamia’s society from foreign aggression. The government maintains
armed forces and, when necessary, utilizes them to protect the territory and people
it governs from attack and invasions by foreign powers.
Exercising international: Foreign diplomacy is the process in which a sovereign state
conducts formally peace full relations with another sovereign state, including all
formal relationships and interactions
To provide services such as fire services, garbage, services, libraries, street lights,
and seeing to it that repairs are made to the roads and keeping city parks clean.
They also collect rates and levies in their areas
They are also responsible for registration of all births, deaths and marriages.
The chairman and the vice chairman are elected from amongst the members.
The elected members hold office for a period of three years and may be re-elected
for further period of three years.
They can also resign upon giving one month notice in writing to the chairman.
77. Describe the origins and movements of the Bantu speaking people.
From the Luba and Lunda Empires and the lakes Regions of East Africa into Zambia
78. Identify the Historical locations of different Bantu ethnic groups in Zambia.
Sense of belonging and helps the member to gain positive concept about the family, the
nation and Government
Enables group life linked and related as a large unit
A tool through which people pass knowledge
Gives a vision to its people
Provides rules and norms by which people must live
Encourages unity among its members
Gives opportunity to members to understand each other as interpret their interaction
and communication according to their culture.
Systems of Governance:
democracy (good)
dictatorship ( bad)
Anti-Corruption Commission
Human Rights Commission
Written constitutions
unwritten constitutions
By birth
by naturalization
95. Describe qualities of a good citizen
Loyalty,
Honesty
respect for human rights
Rights to:
health
life
voting
Duties to:
pay tax
obey laws
report crime
Responsibilities to:
Personal
Family
community
Presidential
parliamentary
local government (general or tripartite), by-elections
Delimitation
registration
Election management
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Rigging
cheating
Law making
Implementation of law
Enforcement of law
Collection of levy
Enacting laws
Enforcing by-laws
14. Discuss reasons for and against the Central African Federation
Social,
political,
economic
Failures of the Federation: i. failure to address the social, political and economic
imbalances which existed in the three territories. For example, there was more
infrastructural development in Southern Rhodesia than Northern Rhodesia, ii. Unfairness in
the income earned by the whites as compared to that of the Africans, e.g, the average salary
for a white worker was £2,071 a year while a black worker took home £203 a year, iii.low
employment rate for Africans, iv. Lack of participation in governace by African, v. Growth
of the white population.