CHAPTER ONE

BASIC FORMULAS

Pressure Gradient

Pressure gradient, psi/ft, using mud weight, ppg

psi/ft = mud weight, ppg x 0.052

Example: 12.0 ppg fluid

psi/ft = 12.0ppg x 0.052
psi/ft = 0.624

Pressure gradient, psi/ft, using mud weight, lb/ft3

psi/ft = mud weight, lb/ft3 x 0.006944

Example: 100 lb/ft3 fluid

psi/ft = 1001b/ft3 x 0.006944
psi/ft = 0.6944

OR

psi/ft = mud weight, lb/ft3 -s- 144

Example: 100 lb/ft3 fluid

psi/ft = 1001b/ft3 + 144
psi/ft = 0.6944

Pressure gradient, psi/ft, using mud weight, specific gravity (SG)

psi/ft = mud weight, SG x 0.433

Example: 1.0 SG fluid

psi/ft = 1.0SG x 0.433
psi/ft = 0.433
Metric calculations

Pressure gradient, bar/m = drilling fluid density kg/1 x 0.0981

Pressure gradient, bar/1 Om = drilling fluid density kg/1 x 0.981

S.I. units calculations

Pressure gradient, kPa/m = drilling fluid density, kg/m3 -5-102

Convert pressure gradient, psi/ft, to mud weight, ppg

ppg = pressure gradient, psi/ft + 0.052

Example: 0.4992 psi/ft

ppg = 0.4992psi/ft -s- 0.052
ppg = 9.6

Convert pressure gradient, psi/ft, to mud weight, lb/ft3

lb/ft3 = pressure gradient, psi/ft + 0.006944

Example: 0.6944psi/ft
lb/ft3 = 0.6944psi/ft + 0.006944
lb/ft3 = 100

Convert pressure gradient, psi/ft, to mud weight, SG

SG = pressure gradient, psi/ft -s- 0.433

Example: 0.433 psi/ft

SG = 0.433psi/ft + 0.433
SG = 1.0

Metric calculations

Drilling fluid density, kgA = pressure gradient, bar/m -s- 0.0981

Drilling fluid density, kg/1 = pressure gradient, bar/lOm •*- 0.981
S.I. units calculations

Drilling fluid density, kg/m3 = pressure gradient, kPa/m x 102

Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)

Hydrostatic pressure using ppg and feet as the units of measure

HP = mud weight, ppg x 0.052 x true vertical depth (TVD), ft

Example: mud weight = 13.5ppg

true vertical depth = 12,000 ft
HP = 13.5ppg x 0.052 x 12,000ft
HP = 8424psi

Hydrostatic pressure, psi, using pressure gradient, psi/ft

HP = psi/ft x true vertical depth, ft

Example: pressure gradient = 0.624 psi/ft

true vertical depth = 8500ft
HP = 0.624psi/ft x 8500ft
HP = 5304psi

Hydrostatic pressure, psi, using mud weight, Ib/ft3

HP = mud weight, lb/ft3 x 0.006944 x TVD, ft

Example: mud weight = 90 lb/ft3

true vertical depth = 7500 ft
HP = 901b/ft3 x 0.006944 x 7500ft
HP = 4687psi

Hydrostatic pressure, psi, using meters as unit of depth

HP = mud weight, ppg x 0.052 x TVD, m x 3.281

Example: mud weight = 12.2 ppg

true vertical depth = 3700 meters
 HP = 12.2ppg x 0.052 x 3700 x 3.281
HP = 7701psi

Metric calculations

Hydrostatic _ drilling fluid w nno01 ^ true vertical

pressure, bar density, kg/I depth, m

S.I. units calculations

Hydrostatic _ drilling fluid density, kg/m3

X true vertical depth m
pressure, kPa " m '

Converting Pressure into Mud Weight

Convert pressure, psi, into mud weight, ppg, using feet as

the unit of measure

Mud weight, ppg = pressure, psi -s- 0.052 -s- TVD, ft

Example: pressure = 2600 psi

true vertical depth = 5000 ft
Mud, ppg = 2600psi - 0.052 - 5000ft
Mud = lO.Oppg

Convert pressure, psi, into mud weight, ppg, using meters as the unit
of measure

Mud weight, ppg = pressure, psi -s- 0.052 + TVD, m -s- 3.281

Example: pressure = 3583 psi

true vertical depth = 2000 meters
Mud wt, ppg = 3583psi - 0.052 -*• 2000 m - 3.281
Mud wt = 10.5 ppg
Metric calculations

Equivalent drilling _ pressure, ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ true vertical

fluid density, kg/1 bar ' depth, m

S.I. units calculations

Equivalent drilling _ pressure, ™ ^ t r u e vertical

fluid density, kg/m3 ~ kPa ' depth, m

Specific Gravity (SG)

Specific gravity using mud weight, ppg

SG = mud weight, ppg H- 8.33

Example: 15.0ppg fluid

SG = 15.0ppg H- 8.33
SG = 1.8

Specific gravity using pressure gradient, psi/ft

SG = pressure gradient, psi/ft •*• 0.433

Example: pressure gradient = 0.624 psi/ft

SG = 0.624psi/ft + 0.433
SG = 1.44

Specific gravity using mud weight, Ib/ft3

SG = mud weight, lb/ft3 + 62.4

Example: mud weight = 120 lb/ft3

SG = 1201b/ft3 H- 62.4
SG = 1.92
Convert specific gravity to mud weight, ppg

Mud weight, ppg = specific gravity x 8.33

Example: specific gravity = 1.80

Mud wt, ppg = 1.80 x 8.33
Mud wt = 15.0ppg

Convert specific gravity to pressure gradient, psi/ft

psi/ft = specific gravity x 0.433

Example: specific gravity = 1.44

psi/ft = 1.44 x 0.433
psi/ft = 0.624

Convert specific gravity to mud weight, lb/ft3

lb/ft3 = specific gravity x 62.4

Example: specific gravity = 1.92

lb/ft3 = 1.92 x 62.4
lb/ft3 = 120

Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD), ppg

(annular "\ , * . - >.

ECD, ppg = pressure + 0.052 + TVD, ft + fmud w e i g h M
f vVm use, Fppg
F & yJ
Uoss, psij

Example: annular pressure loss = 200 psi

true vertical depth = 10,000 ft
mud weight = 9.6ppg
ECD, ppg = 200psi + 0.052 + 10,000ft + 9.6ppg
ECD = lO.Oppg
Metric calculation

Equivalent drilling = annular pressure + + m + mud

fluid density, kg/1 loss, bar

S.I. units calculations

Equivalent circulating annular pressure loss, kPa x 102 . ,

+ m u d denSlty
density, kg/1 = TVD^ ' ^

Maximum Allowable Mud Weight from Leak-off Test Data

_ Heak-off ^ _ n n<-~ _ leasing shoe^i f mud weight,^

PPg
" ^pressure, psij * " ^ ' 1,TVD, ft J + Lppg J

Example: leak-off test pressure = 1140psi

casing shoe TVD = 4000 ft
mud weight = lO.Oppg
ppg = 1140psi -s- 0.052 + 4000ft + lO.Oppg
ppg = 15.48

Pump Output (PO)

Triplex Pump

Formula 1

PO, bbl/stk = 0.000243 x {!iner . f x (f0^ . )

^diameter, m.J vlength, m.J

Example: Determine the pump output, bbl/stk, at 100% efficiency for a

7-in. by 12-in. triplex pump:
PO @ 100% = 0.000243 x 72 x 12
PO @ 100% = 0.142884 bbl/stk

Adjust the pump output for 95% efficiency:

 Decimal equivalent = 95 - 100 = 0.95

PO@95% = 0.142884bbl/stk x 0.95

PO@95% = 0.13574bbl/stk

Formula 2

PO, gpm = [3(D 2 x 0.7854) S] 0.00411 x SPM

where D = liner diameter, in.

S = stroke length, in.
SPM = strokes per minute

Example: Determine the pump output, gpm, for a 7-in. by 12-in. triplex
pump at 80 strokes per minute:

PO, gpm = [3(72 x 0.7854) 12] 0.00411 x 80

PO, gpm = 1385.4456 x 0.00411 x 80
PO = 455.5 gpm

Duplex Pump

Formula 1

0.000324 x {!!ner t . f x (f°\t . )= bbl/stk

^diameter, m.J v length, m.J
-0.000162 x f r ° d t . f xff 0^ . ) = bbl/stk
V diameter, m.J [length, m.J
pump output @ 100% eff = bbl/stk

Example: Determine the output, bbl/stk, of a 5-1/2 in. by 14-in. duplex

pump at 100% efficiency. Rod diameter = 2.0in.:

0.000324 x 5.52 x 14 = 0.137214bbl/stk

-0.000162 x 2.02 x 14 = 0.009072bbl/stk
Pump output® 100% eff = 0.128142 bbl/stk

Adjust pump output for 85% efficiency:

Decimal equivalent = 85 + 100 = 0.85

 PO@85% = 0.128142bbl/stk x 0.85
PO@85% = 0.10892 bbl/stk

Formula 2

PO, bbl/stk = 0.000162 x S [2(D)2 - d 2 ]

where S = stroke length, in.

D = liner diameter, in.
d = rod diameter, in.

Example: Determine the output, bbl/stk, of a 5-1/2-in. by 14-in. duplex

pump @ 100% efficiency. Rod diameter = 2.0in.:

PO @ 100% = 0.000162 x 14 x [2 (5.5)2 - 22]

PO @ 100% = 0.000162 x 14 x 56.5
PO @ 100% = 0.128142bbl/stk

Adjust pump output for 85% efficiency:

PO@85% = 0.128142bbl/stk x 0.85

PO@85% = 0.10892 bbl/stk

Metric calculation

Pump output, liter/min = pump output, liter/stk x pump speed, spm

S.I. units calculation

Pump output, mVmin = pump output, liter/stk x pump speed, spm

Annular Velocity (AV)

Annular velocity (AV), ft/min

Formula 1

AV = pump output, bbl/min •*• annular capacity, bbl/ft

 Example: pump output = 12.6bbl/min
annular capacity = 0.1261 bbl/ft

AV = 12.6bbl/min -s- 0.1261 bbl/ft

AV = 99.92ft/min

Formula 2

where Q = circulation rate, gpm

Dh = inside diameter of casing or hole size, in.
Dp = outside diameter of pipe, tubing or collars, in.

Example: pump output = 530 gpm

hole size = 12-l/4in.
pipe OD = 4-l/2in.

AV = lOOft/min

Formula 3

Example: pump output = 12.6bbl/min

hole size = 12-1/4 in.
pipe OD = 4-l/2in.

AV = 99.92 ft/min
Annular velocity (AV), ft/sec

Example: pump output = 12.6bbl/min

hole size = 12-l/4in.
pipe OD = 4-1/2 in.

AV = 1.6656 ft/sec

Metric calculations

Annular velocity, m/min = pump output, liter/min •*• annular volume, IAn

Annular velocity, m/sec = pump output, liter/min -s- 60 -s- annular volume, 1/m

S.I. units calculations

Annular velocity, m/min = pump output, m3/min -*• annular volume, m3/m

Pump output, gpm, required for a desired annular velocity, ft/min

Pump output, gpm =

where AV = desired annular velocity, ft/min

Dh = inside diameter of casing or hole size, in.
Dp = outside diameter of pipe, tubing or collars, in.

Example: desired annular velocity = 120 ft/min

hole size = 12-1/4 in.
pipe OD = 4-1/2 in.
 PO = 635.8gpm

Strokes per minute (SPM) required for a given annular velocity

_ annular velocity, ft/min x annular capacity, bbl/ft

pump output, bbl/stk

Example: annular velocity = 120 ft/min

annular capacity = 0.1261 bbl/ft
Dh = 12-1/4 in.
Dp =4-1/2 in.
pump output = 0.136 bbl/stk
_ 120ft/min x 0.1261bbl/ft
0.136bbl/stk

SPM = 111.3

Capacity Formulas

Annular capacity between casing or hole and drill pipe, tubing,

or casing

Dh 2 - Dp 2
a) Annular capacity, bbl/ft = —

Example: Hole size (Dh) = 12-l/4in.

Drill pipe OD (Dp) = 5.0in.
12 252 - 5 O2
Annular capacity, bbl/ft = —: '-—

Annular capacity = 0.12149bbl/ft

 1029.4
b) Annular capacity, ft/bbl = - — ^ — " — 2 \

Example: Hole size (Dh) = 12-l/4in.

Drill pipe OD (Dp) = 5.0in.
1029 4
Annular capacity, ft/bbl = ^2 _' 5 02\

Annular capacity = 8.23ft/bbl

c) Annular capacity, gal/ft = —

24.51
Example: Hole size (Dh) = 12-1/4 in.
Drill pipe OD (Dp) = 5.0in.
12 252
A i capacity,
Annular • gal/ft
uft = - - 5-°2
Z*r.J 1

Annular capacity =5.1 gal/ft

24 51
d) Annular capacity, ft/gal = 2 ^ p

Example: Hole size (Dh) = 12-1/4 in.

Drill pipe OD (Dp) = 5.0in.

Annular capacity, ft/gal = ^ 2 '_ 5 Q2X

Annular capacity = 0.19598 ft/gal

Dh 2 - Dp 2
3
e) Annular capacity, ft /linft = —
183.35
Example: Hole size (Dh) = 12-1/4 in.
Drill pipe OD (Dp) = 5.0 in.
12 252 — 5 O2
Annular capacity, ft3/linft = —'• '•—

Annular capacity = 0.682097ft3/linft

f) Annular capacity, linft/ft3 = -—-— : ^-

Example: Hole size (Dh) = 12-1/4 in.

Drill pipe OD (Dp) = 5.0in.

Annular capacity, linft/ft3 = '_ Q

Annular capacity = 1.466 linft/ft3

Annular capacity between casing and multiple strings of tubing

a) Annular capacity between casing and multiple strings of tubing, bbl/ft:

Dh 2 - [(T1)2 + (T2)2I
Annular capacity, bbl/ft = -

Example: Using two strings of tubing of same size:

Dh = casing—7.0 in.—29 lb/ft ID = 6.184 in.
T1 = tubing No. 1—2-3/8 in. OD = 2.375 in.
T2 = tubing No. 2—2-3/8 in. OD = 2.375 in.
. „ lir 6.1842 - (2.3752 + 2.3752)
Annular capacity, bbl/ft = -

A T capacity,
Annular •• bbl/ft
uuiift = 3 8 . 2 4 - 1 1 . 2 8

Annular capacity = 0.02619 bbl/ft

b) Annular capacity between casing and multiple strings of tubing, ft/bbl:

1029.4
Annular capacity, ft/bbl = = ^ —
Dh 2 - [(T1)2 + (T 2 ) 2 ]
Example: Using two strings of tubing of same size:
Dh = casing—7.0 in.—29 lb/ft ID = 6.184 in.
T1 = tubing No. 1—2-3/8 in. OD = 2.375in.
T2 = tubing No. 2—2-3/8 in. OD = 2.375 in.
1029 4
Annular capacity, ft/bbl = ^ _ ^3752 + ^37fi)
 1029 4
:
Annular capacity, ft/bbl =
F y
38.24-11.28
Annular capacity = 38.1816ft/bbl

c) Annular capacity between casing and multiple strings of tubing,

gal/ft:

Dh 2 - [(T1)2 + (T2)2I
Annular capacity, gal/ft = -

Example: Using two tubing strings of different size:

Dh = casing—7.0 in.—29 lb/ft ID = 6.184 in.
T1 = tubing No. 1—2-3/8 in. OD = 2.375 in.
T2 = tubing No. 2—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5in.
6
A 1 U I/ft ' 1 8 4 2 " I2'375' + 3 5
- ')
Annular capacity, gal/ft = - -

A i •• ,/* 38.24-17.89
Annular capacity, gal/ft =
24.51
Annular capacity = 0.8302733gal/ft

d) Annular capacity between casing and multiple strings of tubing,

ft/gal:

Annular capacity, ft/gal = =—'— rr

Dh 2 - [(T1)2 + (T 2 ) 2 ]
Example: Using two tubing strings of different sizes:
Dh = casing—7.0 in.—29 lb/ft ID = 6.184 in.
T1 = tubing No. 1—2-3/8 in. OD = 2.375in.
T2 = tubing No. 2—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5in.

Annular capacity, ft/gal = ^ 2 _ ^ 5 2 + 3 ^

Annular capacity, ft/gal = 38 24 '_ 1 ? 89

Annular capacity = 1.2044226 ft/gal

e) Annular capacity between casing and multiple strings of tubing, ft3/linft:

Dh 2 - [(T1)2 + (T2)2I
Annular capacity, fr/linft = -
183.35
Example: Using three strings of tubing:
Dh = casing—9-5/8 in.—471b/ft ID = 8.681 in.
T1 = tubing No. 1—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5in.
T2 = tubing No. 2—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5 in.
T3 = tubing No. 3—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5in.
A , . 8.6812 - (3.52 + 3.52 + 3.52)
Annular capacity = -
183.35

Annular capacity, ft3/linft = '•

Annular capacity = 0.2105795 ft3/linft

f) Annular capacity between casing and multiple strings of tubing, linft/ft3:
Annular capacity, linft/ft3 = —'- —
Dh 2 - [(T1)2 + (T 2 ) 2 ]
Example: Using three strings tubing of same size:
Dh = casing—9-5/8 in.—471b/ft ID = 8.681 in.
T1 = tubing No. 1—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5in.
T2 = tubing No. 2—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5in.
T3 = tubing No. 3—3-1/2in. OD = 3.5in.

Annular capacity = 8 . 6 8 1 2 _ ( 3 . " " 3.52 + 3.52)

Annular capacity, linft/ft3 = 75 359 1 36 75

Annular capacity = 4.7487993 linft/ft3

Capacity of tubulars and open hole: drill pipe, drill collars, tubing,
casing, hole, and any cylindrical object

1
a) Capacity, bbl/ft = ^j
 Example: Determine the capacity, bbl/ft, of a 12-1/4 in. hole:

Capacity,
F y bbl/ft = ^^~
1029.4

Capacity = 0.1457766 bbl/ft

b) Capacity, ft/bbl = 19®A

Example: Determine the capacity, ft/bbl, of 12-1/4 in. hole:

1029 4
Capacity, ft/bbl = ~ r

Capacity = 6.8598ft/bbl

c) Capacity, gal/ft = ^

Example: Determine the capacity, gal/ft, of 8-1/2 in. hole:

8 52
Capacity, gal/ft = - ^ j -

Capacity = 2.9477764 gal/ft

d) Capacity, ft/gal = ~ - ^

Example: Determine the capacity, ft/gal, of 8-1/2 in. hole:

Capacity, ft/gal = '

8.5
Capacity = 0.3392 ft/gal

ID 2
e) Capacity, ftVlinft = - ^ ^

Example: Determine the capacity, ftVlinft, for a 6.0 in. hole:

Capacity, ft3/linft = ^ ^
 Capacity =0.1963 ft 3/linft

183 35
f) Capacity, linft/ft3 = |—^-

Example: Determine the capacity, linft/ft3, for a 6.0 in. hole:

Capacity, linft/ft3 = ^f^

Capacity = 5.09305 linft/ft3

Amount of cuttings drilled per foot of hole drilled

a) BARRELS of cuttings drilled per foot of hole drilled:

Barrels = (1 - % porosity)

Example: Determine the number of barrels of cuttings drilled for one

foot of 12-l/4in.-hole drilled with 20% (0.20) porosity:
Barrels
= !^(1-°-20)
Barrels = 0.1457766 x 0.80
Barrels = 0.1166213

b) CUBIC FEET of cuttings drilled per foot of hole drilled:

Dh 2
Cubic feet = x 0.7854 (1 - % porosity)
144
Example: Determine the cubic feet of cuttings drilled for one foot of
12-1/4 in. hole with 20% (0.20) porosity:

Cubic feet = )2^L x 0.7854(1 - 0.20)

144
150
Cubic feet = ° 6 2 6 x 0.7854 x 0.80
144
Cubic feet = 0.6547727
c) Total solids generated:

Wcg-350ChXL(I-P)SG

where Wcg = solids generated, pounds

Ch = capacity of hole, bbl/ft
L = footage drilled, ft
SG = specific gravity of cuttings
P = porosity, %

Example: Determine the total pounds of solids generated in drilling

100ft of a 12-l/4in. hole (0.1458bbl/ft). Specific gravity of
cuttings = 2.40gm/cc. Porosity = 20%.
Wcg = 350 x 0.1458 x 100(1 - 0.20) x 2.4
Wcg = 9797.26 pounds

Control Drilling

Maximum drilling rate (MDR), ft/hr, when drilling large diameter

holes (14-3/4 in. and larger)

rn fmudwt _ mud wt^j (circulation^

MDR ft/hr = lout, ppg in, ppg J {rate, gpm J
Dh 2

Example: Determine the MDR, ft/hr, necessary to keep the mud weight
coming out at 9.7 ppg at the flow line:

Data: Mud weight in = 9.0ppg

Circulation rate = 530 gpm
Hole size = 17-1/2 in.
67
MDR , ft/hr = C9-7-9-0)530
17.52
™™> ft/u 67x0.7x530
MDR, ft/hr =
306.25

MDR = 81.16ft/hr
 Buoyancy Factor (BF)

Buoyancy factor using mud weight, ppg

BF = 65.5 - mud weight, ppg

65.5

Example: Determine the buoyancy factor for a 15.0ppg fluid:

BF = 65-5 - 15 -°
65.5

BF = 0.77099

Buoyancy factor using mud weight, Ib/ft3

_„ 489 - mud weight, lb/ft3
BF =
489

Example: Determine the buoyancy factor for a 120 lb/ft3 fluid:

OI7 489 - 120

BF = 0.7546

Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)

Decrease When Pulling Pipe out of the Hole

When pulling DRY pipe

Step 1
number
Barrels average pipe
,. . i = of stands x length per x displacement
displaced „ A x ° , jf ,,,,,,
^ pulled stand, ft bbl/ft
Step 2

mud
HP, psi = barrels displaced x 0 052 x
decrease /casing pipe "\ ' weight, ppg
capacity, - displacement,
[bbl/ft bbl/ft J
 Example: Determine the hydrostatic pressure decrease when pulling DRY
pipe out of the hole:
Number of stands pulled = 5
Average length per stand = 92 ft
Pipe displacement = 0.0075 bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.0773 bbl/ft
Mud weight = 11.5ppg

Stepl

Barrels 5 stands x 92ft/std x 0.0075 bbl/ft

displaced
Barrels ^345
displaced

Step 2

HP,psi 3.45 barrels

= X
decrease ^.0773 - 0.0075^ °- 0 5 2 X 1L5ppg

Ubl/ft bbl/ft J
HP,psi
F 3.45 barrels
A = x 0.052 x 11.5ppg
decrease 0.0698
1
P = 29.56psi
decrease

When pulling WET pipe

Step 1

R . number average fpipe disp., bbl/ft ^

barrels of standg x length per x +
aispiacea pulled ^ ^ ft ^pipe c a p ? bb]/ft j

Step 2

_ barrels displaced ons? mud

'P " ^casing A f pipe disp., bbl/ft^ weight,ppg
capacity, - +
(,bbl/ft J l^pipe cap., bbl/ft J
 Example: Determine the hydrostatic pressure decrease when pulling
WET pipe out of the hole:
Number of stands pulled =5
Average length per stand = 92 ft
Pipe displacement = 0.0075 bbl/ft
Pipe capacity =0.01776bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.0773 bbl/ft
Mud weight = 11.5ppg

Stepl

f 0.0075 bbl/ft ^i
Barrels 5 stands x 92ft/std x +
dls laced
P [o.O1776bbl/ftJ
Barrels = H^ 6 1 9 6
displaced

Step 2

HP, psi 11.6196 barrels

Ibbl/ft J [0.01776bbl/ftJ
HP, psi 1L6196
, ^ = x 0.052 x 11.5ppg
decrease 0.05204
TTp
^1 = 133.52psi

decrease

Loss of Overbalance Due to Falling Mud Level

Feet of pipe pulled DRY to lost overbalance

_ overbalance, psi (casing cap. - pipe disp., bbl/ft)
mud wt., ppg x 0.052 x pipe disp., bbl/ft
Example: Determine the FEET of DRY pipe that must be pulled to lose
the overbalance using the following data:
 Amount of overbalance = 150psi
Casing capacity = 0.0773 bbl/ft
Pipe displacement = 0.0075 bbl/ft
Mud weight =11.5 ppg

Feet of pipe pulled WET to lose overbalance

_ overbalance, psi x (casing cap. - pipe cap. - pipe disp.)

mud wt., ppg x 0.052 x (pipe cap. + pipe disp., bbl/ft)

Example: Determine the feet of WET pipe that must be pulled to lose
the overbalance using the following data:
Amount of overbalance = 150 psi
Casing capacity = 0.0773 bbl/ft
Pipe capacity =0.01776 bbl/ft
Pipe displacement = 0.0075 bbl/ft
Mud weight =11.5 ppg

Metric calculations

_ j drilling fluid ^ metal displacement, ^ n nQQ1

Pressure drop Fper , ^ , n x ^ x 0.0981
A . . ^ density, kg/1 1/m
meter tripping = r—- : r~r—;
dry pipe, bar/m ^ m g CapaClty' - ™ t a l d l s P l a c e m e n t '
„ , drilling fluid ^ metal displacement, v n nQQ1
Pressure dropF Fper , .. , x ^ x 0.098I
. . density, ubar/m 1/m
meter tripping = — : T—T.—:
, , , casing capacity, metal displacement,
dry pipe, bar/m ^ - ym
f metal disp., 1/m A
drilling fhaid x + I00981
Pressure drop per density, kg/1 I j c k ^ I
F J
meter tripping = ^ - . u -
^ . f T annular capacity, 1/m
v J
wet pipe, bar/m '
n ., /^metal disp., 1/m ^
drilling fluid I ^f
Pressure drop per density, bar/m I 1 {i ymj
meter tripping = , v —r-^ £
^
. . u , annular capacity,
wet pipe, bar/m .. ^ J9
Level drop for _ length of drill collars, m x metal disp., 1/m
POOH drill collars ~ casing capacity, 1/m

S.I. units calculations

drilling fluid X metal disp.,

Pressure drop per density, kg/m* mVm
meter tripping = : —^f —-rr.
i . , j^ , casing& capacity, metal disp., . . .
dry pipe, kPa/m ^ J - x 102
m3/m m3/m
A -Ii• a -A /"metal disp., m3/m "\
drilling fluid *_
Pressure drop per density, kg/m3 I p i p e c a p a c i t y ? m 3 / m
meter tripping = ; ^ :
an ular c a a c i t
wet pipe, kPa/m f P y' x 102
nr/m
Level drop for POOH _ length of drill collars, m x metal disp., m3/m
drill collars, m casing capacity, m3/m

Formation Temperature (FT)

fambient ^ ,. x
o _ /temperature |
N }
, aCe + OA ^increase 0 F per ft of depth x TVD, ftJ
Vtemperature, 0Fy v v v y
 Example: If the temperature increase in a specific area is 0.012°F/ft of
depth and the ambient surface temperature is 700F, determine
the estimated formation temperature at a TVD of 15,000ft:

FT, 0 F = 700F + (0.012°F/ft x 15,000ft)

FT, 0 F = 700F + 1800F
FT = 2500F (estimated formation temperature)

Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP)

HHP
= i^r
1714
where HHP = hydraulic horsepower
P = circulating pressure, psi
Q = circulating rate, gpm

Example: circulating pressure = 2950 psi

circulating rate = 520 gpm

HHP = 2 9 5 ° X 5 2 °
1714

HHP = 1 ^ 5 3 4 ' 0 0 0
1714

HHP = 894.98

Drill Pipe/Drill Collar Calculations

Capacities, bbl/ft, displacement, bbl/ft, and weight, lb/ft, can be

calculated from the following formulas:

1
Capacity, bbl/ft = ^-

OD i n
T^ 1 • UUI/ft > *2 ~ ID
> m
' 2

Displacement, bbl/ft =
F
1029.4
Weight, lb/ft = displacement, bbl/ft x 27471b/bbl
 Example: Determine the capacity, bbl/ft, displacement, bbl/ft, and weight,
lb/ft, for the following:
Drill collar OD = 8.0in.
Drill collar ID = 2-13/16in.
Convert 13/16 to decimal equivalent:
13 + 16 = 0.8125
2 81252
a) Capacity, bbl/ft = ^ 2 9 ^
Capacity = 0.007684 bbl/ft
8 O2 - 2 81252
:
b) Displacement, bbl/ft = —

T^. 1 mir 56.089844

Displacement, bbl/ft =
y
1029.4
Displacement = 0.0544879 bbl/ft
c) Weight, lb/ft = 0.0544879bbl/ftx27471b/bbl
Weight = 149.6781b/ft

Rule of thumb formulas

Weight, lb/ft, for REGULAR DRILL COLLARS can be approximated

using the following formula:

Weight, lb/ft = (OD, in.2 - ID, in.2) 2.66

Example: Regular drill collars

Drill collar OD = 8.0in.
Drill collar ID = 2-13/16in.
Decimal equivalent = 2.8125 in.
Weight, lb/ft - (8.02 - 2.81252) 2.66
Weight, lb/ft = 56.089844 x 2.66
Weight = 149.19898 lb/ft

Weight, lb/ft, for SPIRAL DRILL COLLARS can be approximated using

the following formula:

Weight, lb/ft = (OD, in.2 - ID, in.2) 2.56

 Example: Spiral drill collars
Drill collar OD = 8.0in.
Drill collar ID = 2-13/16 in.
Decimal equivalent = 2.8125 in.
Weight, lb/ft = (8.02 - 2.81252) 2.56
Weight, lb/ft = 56.089844 x 2.56
Weight = 143.59 lb/ft

Pump Pressure/Pump Stroke Relationship

(Also Called the Roughneck's Formula)

Basic formula

V
New circulating = ™^i{ x (^ new pump rate, spm V
pressure, psi pre ssure, psi ^ o l d PumP rate
' sPm '

Example: Determine the new circulating pressure, psi using the follow-
ing data:
Present circulating pressure = 1800 psi
Old pump rate = 60spm
New pump rate = 30spm

New circulating = 1800 j pOspmf

p
pressure, psi V60spmJ
Newcirculating = 180 s i x Q 2 5
pressure, psi
New circulating = .
pressure

Determination of exact factor in above equation

The above formula is an approximation because the factor 2 is a rounded-

off number. To determine the exact factor, obtain two pressure readings at
different pump rates and use the following formula:

_ log (pressure 1 -*- pressure 2)

log (pump rate 1 •*• pump rate 2)
 Example: Pressure 1 = 2500 psi @ 315 gpm
Pressure 2 = 450 psi @ 120 gpm
Factor = log (2500psi + 450psi)
log (315gpm + 120gpm)
to
Factor = « ^5555556>
log (2.625)
Factor = 1.7768

Example: Same example as above but with correct factor:

New circulating _ IOQQ • pOspmV' 7768

pS1
pressure, psi " V60spmJ

New circulating = 18OOp si x 0.2918299

pressure, psi
New circulating _ ^ c •
pressure

Metric calculation

new pump pressure with _ current (new SPM^j

new pump strokes, bar ~ pressure, bar ^ o ld SPM J

S.I. units calculation

new pump pressure with _ current (new SPM^j

new pump strokes, kPa ~ pressure, kPa ^ o ld SPM J

Cost per Foot

Example: Determine the drilling cost (Cx), dollars per foot, using the
following data:
 Bit cost (B) = $2500
Rig cost (CR) = $900/hour
Rotating time (T) = 65 hours
Round trip time (T) = 6 hours
(for depth—10,000 ft)
Footage per bit (F) = 1300 ft
_ 2500 + 900(65 + 6)
T
" 1300
66,400=
T
~ 1300
C T = $51.08 per foot

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Convert temperature, °Fahrenheit (F) to °Centigrade or Celsius (C)

0 C0F - 32) 5
C = ^- -^- OR 0C = 0 F - 32 x 0.5556

Example: Convert 95 0 F to 0 C:
0 (95
C= ~ 3 2 ) 5 OR 0C = 95 - 32 x 0.5556
0 0
C = 35 C = 35

Convert temperature, °Centigrade or Celsius (C) to °Fahrenheit

0
F = ( ° C X 9^ + 32 OR 0 F = 0C x 1.8 + 32

Example: Convert 24 0 C to 0 F
oF = (24>^9) + 32 Q R oF = 24 x L8 + 32

0 0
F = 75.2 F = 75.2

Convert temperature, °Centigrade, Celsius (C) to °Kelvin (K)

0
K = 0 C H- 273.16
 Example: Convert 35 0 C to 0K:
0
K = 35 + 273.16
0
K = 308.16

Convert temperature, °Fahrenheit (F) to °Rankine (R)

0
R = 0 F + 459.69

Example: Convert 260 0 F to 0R:

0
R = 260 + 459.69
0
R = 719.69

Rule of thumb formulas for temperature conversion

a) Convert 0 F to 0 C
0
C = 0 F - 30 •* 2

Example: Convert 95 0 F to 0 C:
0
C = 95 - 30 + 2
0
C = 32.5

b) Convert 0 C to 0 F
0
F = 0C + 0C + 30

Example: Convert 24 0 C to 0 F:
0
F = 24 + 24 + 30
0
F = 78