MECH 2406 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
MECH 2406 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
1
Section 4
Transformers
2
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity Magnetism
3
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity Magnetism
4
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity Magnetism
5
What are transformers?
6
Why Do We Need Transformers
7
What Does Transformers Look Like?
𝑖! 𝑖"
𝑣! 𝑒! 𝑒" 𝑣"
8
Working principle of transformers
(When the secondary is open circuit)
9
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
Φ#
𝑖! 𝑖"
𝑣! 𝑒! 𝑒" 𝑣"
10
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
Φ!
𝑖! 𝑖"
𝑣! 𝑖! Φ! Φ# 𝑒" 𝑣" 𝑖" Φ"
𝑣! 𝑒! 𝑒" 𝑣"
𝑒!
11
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖! 𝑖"
𝑣! 𝑖! Φ! Φ# 𝑒" 𝑣" 𝑖" Φ"
𝑣! 𝑒! 𝑒" 𝑣"
𝑒!
12
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
Φ#
𝑖! 𝑖"
𝑣! 𝑖! Φ! Φ# 𝑒" 𝑣" 𝑖" Φ"
𝑣! 𝑒! 𝑒" 𝑣"
𝑒!
+! ,!
• Flux due to the primary windings: Φ% = *
• Flux due to the secondary windings: Φ- = 0
• Flux Φ% and Φ- (if any) are opposing directions
+! ,!
• Total magnetic flux D: Φ. = Φ% − Φ- = Φ% = *
13
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖! Φ# 𝑖"
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣! 𝑒! 𝑒" 𝑣"
𝑒$
"! #!
• Primary flux = total magnetic flux = Φ! =
$
%&" "! %#!
• The change rate is = , direction is clock-wise
%' $ %'
• The change rate induces an electromotive force (emf) 𝑒(
• 𝑒( is such that it tends to produce a current (not really exists)
whose magnetic flux is opposing the flux Φ! , i.e., the flux is #
%& " %#
counter clock-wise. The magnitude of 𝑒( is 𝑒( = 𝑁( " = ! !
%' $ %'
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When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣%
𝑒$
15
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣%
𝑒$
𝑖$
16
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣%
𝑒$
"! #!
• Secondary flux = total magnetic flux = Φ! =
$
%&" "! %#!
• The change rate is = , direction is clock-wise
%' $ %'
• The change rate induces an electromotive force (emf) on the
secondary windings 𝑒)
• 𝑒) is such that it tends to produce a current (not really exists)
whose flux is opposing the flux Φ! , i.e., the flux is counter clock-
%& " " %#
wise. The magnitude of 𝑒) is 𝑒) = 𝑁) " = # ! !
%' $ %'
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When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣%
𝑒$
18
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣%
𝑒$
𝑖%
The secondary windings has a
𝑣%
𝑒% voltage 𝑒-, but no current (as open-
circuit), thus consuming no power. It
is a voltage source connecting no
load.
𝑣- = 𝑒-; 𝑖- = 0
19
When the Secondary is Open Circuit
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣%
𝑒$
#$
• 𝑒" = 𝑁" 𝑒! 𝑁! 𝑣! 𝑒! 𝑁!
#% = ⇒ = =
#$ 𝑒" 𝑁" 𝑣" 𝑒" 𝑁"
• 𝑒! = 𝑁!
#%
• 𝑁! > 𝑁" ⇒ 𝑒! > 𝑒" : Step-up transformer
• 𝑁! < 𝑁" ⇒ 𝑒! < 𝑒" : Step-down transformer
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Example 4.1
A transformer has 480 turns on the primary and 90 turns on the secondary. If the
maximum value of the flux density is to be 1.1 T and the primary current is 1.5A
(r.m.s.) when a p.d. of 2200V (r.m.s.) at 50Hz is applied to the primary, calculate
(a) the cross-sectional area of the core;
(b) the secondary voltage on no load;
(c) the primary inductance and the core reluctance
21
Example 4.1
A transformer has 480 turns on the primary and 90 turns on the secondary. If the
maximum value of the flux density is to be 1.1 T and the primary current is 1.5A
(r.m.s.) when a p.d. of 2200V (r.m.s.) at 50Hz is applied to the primary, calculate
(a) the cross-sectional area of the core;
(b) the secondary voltage on no load;
(c) the primary inductance and the core reluctance
For (a), since the primary voltage 𝑉$ in r.m.s. is 2200V, the instantaneous voltage is
𝑣$ = 2𝑉$ sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
'(! %*"
Since 𝑣$ = 𝑁$ , the flux is Φ& = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 180° )
') %+,-"
%*" $.0$0×%%22
The maximal flux is Φ& = = = 20.6mWb
%+,-" %+×32×042
( 678.9: ( 2.2%2<
Since the flux density 𝐵 = , the area 𝐴 = = = 0.0187m%
5 678.9: ; $.$
22
Example 4.1
A transformer has 480 turns on the primary and 90 turns on the secondary. If the
maximum value of the flux density is to be 1.1 T and the primary current is 1.5A
(r.m.s.) when a p.d. of 2200V (r.m.s.) at 50Hz is applied to the primary, calculate
(a) the cross-sectional area of the core;
(b) the secondary voltage on no load;
(c) the primary inductance and the core reluctance
*# -#
For (b), since = at no load, the secondary voltage in r.m.s is
*" -"
𝑁% 90
𝑉% = S 𝑉$ = ×2200 = 412.5V
𝑁$ 480
23
Example 4.1
A transformer has 480 turns on the primary and 90 turns on the secondary. If the
maximum value of the flux density is to be 1.1 T and the primary current is 1.5A
(r.m.s.) when a p.d. of 2200V (r.m.s.) at 50Hz is applied to the primary, calculate
(a) the cross-sectional area of the core;
(b) the secondary voltage on no load;
(c) the primary inductance and the core reluctance
24
Example 4.1
A transformer has 480 turns on the primary and 90 turns on the secondary. If the
maximum value of the flux density is to be 1.1 T and the primary current is 1.5A
(r.m.s.) when a p.d. of 2200V (r.m.s.) at 50Hz is applied to the primary, calculate
(a) the cross-sectional area of the core;
(b) the secondary voltage on no load;
(c) the primary inductance and the core reluctance
Alternative for (c), the primary mmf (in r.m.s) 𝐹$ = 𝑁$ 𝐼$ = 480×1.5 = 720A
%*
The instantaneous flux is Φ = %+,-" cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 180° )
"
*" %%22
The flux r.m.s is Φ@&A = = = 14.6mWb
%+,-" %+×32×042
B" B" ?%2
Since Φ@&A = , the core reluctance is 𝑆 = = = 4.9×100 A/Wb
= ($!% 2.2$0<
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Ideal Transformers
𝑖$ 𝑁! : 𝑁" 𝑖%
Dot convention: the black dots are
defined such that: if the two currents
𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑖! , 𝑖" are entering though the dotted
terminals, they produce magnetic
fluxes of the same directions
&$ '$
• Primary and secondary voltage satisfy: & = '
% %
• Instantaneous power is conserved: Power
generated on secondary is equal to the power
consumed on primary, at any instant:
($ &% '% ($ '%
𝑖! 𝑒! = 𝑖" 𝑒" ⇒ = = . Then, =
(% &$ '$ (% '$
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Equivalent Circuit with No Load
𝑖$ 𝑖%
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖% 𝑒%
𝑣$ 𝑣%
𝑣$ 𝑒$
𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝐿$
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Equivalent Circuit with No Load
𝑖$ 𝑖%D 𝑁! : 𝑁" 𝑖%
𝑖&
𝑣$ 𝑣%
𝑒> 𝐿$ 𝑒$ 𝑒%
E - F -
Ideal transformer: E# = -# ; F#' = -"
" " # #
-# 𝑁%
𝑒% = 𝑒$ ; 𝑖% = 0; 𝑣% = 𝑒% 𝑖%D = 𝑖 = 0; 𝑖$ = 𝑖&
-" 𝑁$ %
𝑑𝑖& 𝑑𝑖$ 𝑑𝑖$
𝑣$ = 𝑒$ = 𝑒> = 𝐿$ = 𝐿$ 𝑣$ = 𝑒$ = 𝐿$
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
-"F!
The current 𝑖& produces the required magnetic flux: Φ& =
=
28
Working principle of transformers
(When the secondary has a load)
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When the Secondary Has a Load
Φ&
𝑖$ 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝑣%
𝒁
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑒$
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When the Secondary Has a Load
Φ$
𝑖$ 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
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When the Secondary Has a Load
Φ%
𝑖$ 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
32
When the Secondary Has a Load
Φ$
𝑖$ Φ% 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
+! ,!
• Flux due to the primary windings: Φ% = , magnetizing
*
+ ,
• Flux due to thesecondary windings: Φ- = " " ,
*
demagnetizing
• Flux Φ% and Φ% are opposing directions
+! ,! ^+" ,"
• Total magnetic flux: Φ. = Φ% − Φ- = *
33
When the Secondary Has a Load
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
+! ,! ^+" ,"
• Primary flux = Total flux = Φ. = Φ% − Φ- = *
• Breaking the primary current 𝑖% breaks into two parts:
𝑖! = 𝑖# + 𝑖"$
• 𝑖. is the magnetizing current that produces the Φ. :
𝑁%𝑖.
Φ. =
𝑆
• 𝑖-_ neutralizes the demagnetizing effect of 𝑖-: 𝑁%𝑖-_ = 𝑁-𝑖-
34
When the Secondary Has a Load
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
/`%
• The change rate of primary flux is , direction is clock-wise
/0
• The change rate induces an electromotive force (emf) 𝑒%
• 𝑒% is such that it tends to produce a current (not really exists)
whose magnetic flux is opposing the flux Φ. , i.e., the flux is
/`%
counter clock-wise. The magnitude of 𝑒% is 𝑒% = 𝑁% /0 =
/,%
𝐿% /0
35
When the Secondary Has a Load
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
/`%
• 𝑒% = 𝑁% /0
+! ,! ^+" ,"
• Φ. = Φ% − Φ- = Φ% = *
• The primary emf is affected by the secondary load
• The primary windings is a load to the power supply and
consumes power (𝑣% and 𝑖% are opposing directions)
36
When the Secondary Has a Load
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
/`%
• 𝑒- = 𝑁- /0
• The secondary windings takes power from the primary coil
and consumes this power on its load 𝒁
• The secondary windings is a power source to the load 𝒁. It
generates power (𝑖- and 𝑒- are in the same direction)
38
When the Secondary Has a Load
𝑖$ Φ& 𝑖%
𝑣$ 𝑖$ Φ$ Φ& 𝑒% 𝑣% 𝑖% Φ%
𝑣$ 𝑒$ 𝑒 𝑣%
% 𝒁
𝑒$
#$ #$ &$ '$
• 𝑒" = 𝑁" ; 𝑒! = 𝑁! ⇒ =
#% #% &% '%
• 𝑁! > 𝑁" ⇒ 𝑒! > 𝑒" : Step-up transformer
• 𝑁! < 𝑁" ⇒ 𝑒! < 𝑒" : Step-down transformer
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Equivalent Circuit with a Load
𝑖$ 𝑖%D 𝑁! : 𝑁" 𝑖%
𝑖&
𝑣$ 𝑣%
𝑒> 𝐿$ 𝑒$ 𝑒% 𝒁
E# -# F# -"
Ideal transformer: = ; =
E" -" F#' -#
𝑑𝑖&
𝑖$ = 𝑖& + 𝑖%D 𝑒$ = 𝑒> = 𝐿$
𝑑𝑡
-"F!
The current 𝑖& produces the required magnetic flux: Φ& =
=
40