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Power Factor Correction Using Single Phase
Power Factor Correction Using Single Phase
Abstract: This paper presents a single-phase bidirectional hybrid rectifier topology for power
factor correction (PFC) suitable for medium and high power applications. The topology is
composed of a diode bridge rectifier and a boost type PWM rectifier. Using appropriate control
technique the total power can be shared between two rectifiers. The proposed rectifier is capable
of providing sinusoidal input current with low harmonic distortion compared to the conventional
boost type PFC converter and dc output voltage regulation. The rectifier topology, principle of
operation, control method and simulation results are described in the paper.
Ioa
61000-3-2-/-3-4 standards. For this reason, the
D1 D3
attention devoted to the Power Factor Correction is Q1
D5
Q3
D7
Iob
operation.
Figure 2. The converter current waveforms for two
In addition, by controlling the duty cycle
different cases.
of the Qb, the output power can be shared
between the two converters. This is another
It is assumed that the supply current is
advantage of this topology. The power level
sinusoidal without distortion and the current
processed by each rectifier is related with the
drawn by the diode bridge rectifier is same as the
currents peak values. Therefore, power can be
shape shown in Fig. 2. Therefore, the input
shared between the converters by controlling the
voltage and current are given by (1) and (2)
peak values of the currents.
respectively.
The shape of current ia is affected by the
inductor and controlled by the boost switch. For v s (t ) = Vm sin ωt (1)
the case when the boost converter operates at i s (t ) = I m sin ωt (2)
CCM and the inductor current follows a constant where,
reference the ia can be controlled. The input line Vm is the peak value of the supply voltage
current which is composed of ia and ib can be Im is the peak value of the supply current
shaped as a sinusoidal wave by adjusting these Using these equations, the instantaneous input
two currents. power can be defined as,
Fig. 2 shows two different cases related to
current shapes drawn by each converter. As it is pi (t ) = v s (t ) ⋅ i s (t ) (3)
shown, when the inductor current is nearly equal
to the peak value of the desired supply current Since the supply current is is the sum of
the power transferred from the PWM rectifier currents ia and ib , it is defined as,
will be very low with respect to the that of diode is (t ) = ia (t ) + ib (t ) (4)
bridge. In this case, the PWM rectifier operates
only for power factor correction and its power From equations (3) and (4), the input
rating will be very low. When the inductor power and converter’s power can be defined as,
current is halved, the PWM rectifier both pi (t ) = v s (t ) ⋅ [ia (t ) + ib (t )] (5)
corrects power factor and shares the load power.
Therefore, this topology can be used for two p a (t ) = v s (t ) ⋅ ia (t ) (6)
different goals. pb (t ) = v s (t ) ⋅ ib (t ) (7)
ISSN – 1453 – 1119
40 UNIVERSITY OF PITESTI – ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTERS SCIENCE, SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN, No. 8, Vol. 1, 2008
1
T
3Vm ⋅ I ma 3. CONTROL METHOD
Pa = ∫
T 0
p a (t ) =
π
(9)
The control strategy is based on obtaining
Pb = Pin − Pa (10) the sinusoidal input current and regulated output
voltage. To regulate the output voltage, a single
Where, Ima is the peak value of the voltage control loop is used. As it is shown in
fundamental current drawn by the diode bridge Fig. 3, the output voltage is compared with a
rectifier and it is assumed in phase with supply constant reference and the error signal is applied
voltage. The relationship between the active to the voltage compensator.
power processed by each rectifier and input To obtain the supply current with a
active power are obtained from equations (8), sinusoidal shape without distortion, the supply
(9), (10) and presented in (11) and (12). current must be sensed. The sampled supply
current is compared with its respective sinusoidal
reference and this reference signal should be
Pa 2 3 ⋅ I ma synchronized with the supply voltage to obtain
= (11)
Pin π ⋅ Im unity power factor.
The boost inductor current is also sampled
and compared with a constant reference to
Pb 2 3 ⋅ I ma generate the gate signal of the boost switch.
= 1− (12)
Pin π ⋅ Im The errors produced by the comparisons
between the sampled signal and reference signal
As seen from the equations, the power are compared with a 10 kHz triangular wave to
processed by each rectifier is dependent of the obtain the PWM signals for switches. Therefore,
peak current value of the diode bridge rectifier. both the boost switch and the PWM rectifier
Therefore, controlling this current also controls switches are operated with a 10 kHz switching
the shared power between the converters. frequency.
Since this is a ac/dc converter, the output As seen from Fig. 3, the PWM rectifier
power can be defined with equation (13). current (ib) is controlled indirectly by sensing
and controlling the input current.
Po = Vo ⋅ I o (13) The power sharing between the converters
depends on the controlling of boost inductor
The operation principle of the converter
current. This is guaranteed by the gains k1 and k2
can be thought in two modes. In the first mode
that must be settled to satisfy the expression (14)
the output power is drawn by the diode bridge
[5].
and the boost cell. In the second mode, the PWM
rectifier and diode bridge rectifier supply the
output power. Therefore, operation of the boost k2
0≤ ≤ 0 .5 (15)
cell limits the power supplied by the PWM k1
rectifier [3, 5]. This limit is given in equation
(14).
Pb ≤ 0.448 Po (14)
ISSN – 1453 – 1119
Naci GENÇ, İres İSKENDER – Power Factor Correction Using Single Phase Bidirectional-Hybrid Rectifier 41
Lb1 Db1
The output voltage is presented in Fig. 4.
Ioa It is seen that the output voltage regulation is
D1 D3
obtained with a low ripple.
Iob
is Q1 Q3 In Fig. 5, the line voltage and line current
D5 D7
ia
Lf1 are presented. It is shown that the line current is
Vs ib Qb
sinusoidal and is in phase with the input voltage.
Co Ro
The power factor value obtained from simulation
is about 0.998. The input current THD is 8.5%.
Q4 Q2
The diode bridge rectifier current and the
D8 D6
PWM rectifier current are presented in Fig. 6 and
D4 D2
Db2
7, respectively.
Lb2
Qb
COMP1 H(s)
NEG
N EG
GAIN
G (s)
Vo
TRIANG1_10kHz k2
H(s) Q1,Q2 I_Lb1
H(s) G(s)
SUM4
MUL2 k1 Vo_ref
sinwt
The control can be implemented with Figure 4. The output voltage (405V)
analog multiplier approaches or by a digital
signal processing. In the study the H(s) block
represents the PI control block.
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
Vo Output voltage 400V Figure 5. The line voltage and current (70A_max).
PWM rectifier input
Lf1 1mH
inductor The spikes on the current waveform are
Lb1, Lb2 Boost cell inductors 2 mH because of the inductors and transitions in the
input current. These spikes can be minimized by
Co Output capacitors 4700 μF using lower value of inductors. For this topology,
the boost cell must be operated in CCM.
Po Output power 10 kW Therefore, the value of inductors is related to the
output power, switching frequency and boost
fs Switching frequency 10 kHz
cell.
REFERENCES
Figure 7. The current supplied by the PWM rectifier.
[1]. L. Rossetto, G. Spiazzi, P. Tenti, “Control
techniques for power factor correction
The simulation has been done with converters”, Proc. IEEE PEMC, 1994, pp 1310-
k 2 / k1 = 0.4 ratio and power sharing between 1318.
[2]. N. Genç, İ. İskender, “Power factor
converters is determined according to this ratio.
correction for high power applications using
interleaved bridge boost rctifiers”, TPE-06 3rd
International Cnf., May 29-31, 2006, Ankara,
5. CONCLUSSIONS TURKEY.
[3]. C. H. Font, I. Barbi, “A new high power
This study presents a hybrid factor bidirectional hybrid three-phase rectifier,”
bidirectional single-phase rectifier for power Annual IEEE PESC, pp. 1300-1306, 2006.
factor correction for medium and high power [4]. B. Singh, B. N. Singh, “A review of three
applications. The structure of the topology is phase improved power quality AC/DC
composed of a diode bridge rectifier and a PWM converters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial
rectifier combined with a boost cell. The diode Electronics, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 641-659, June
bridge rectifier is responsible to process over 2004.
50% of the output power. The PWM rectifier [5]. R. L. Alves, C. H. Font, “Nowel
both corrects power factor and shares the load unidirectional hybrid three phase rectifier system
power. Therefore, this topology can be used for employing boost topology,” Annual IEEE PESC,
two different goals. pp. 487-493, 2006.
The applied control scheme regulates the
output voltage and control the input current to
achieve unity power factor.
The PWM rectifier shares the load power
related to k2/k1 ratio used in the control strategy.
ISSN – 1453 – 1119