Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fluoridi U Amb Canada
Fluoridi U Amb Canada
Director
Science Assessment and
Policy Integration Division
Atmospheric Environment Service
Environment Canada
4905 Dufferin Street
Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4
Director
Bureau of Chemical Hazards
Environmental Health Centre
Health Canada
Tunney's Pasture
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2
Final technical editing and desktop publishing by Astroff Corkum Ross Associates Inc.
July 1996
ISBN 0-662-25641-7
Catalogue En42-17/6-1997E
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. v
1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1
TABLES
Table 1 Reference levels for HF in ambient air, and maximum level of accumulated fluoride
in vegetation .................................................................................................................3
Table 6 Ambient air quality standards and objectives for gaseous fluorides (µg m-3),
and fluoride levels in vegetation (µg g-1 DW), in other jurisdictions ............................18
Table 8 Estimates of NOAEL and LOAEL for mice and rats ...................................................37
1
CEPA/FPAC, Working Group on Air Quality Objectives and Guidelines (1996) Protocol for the Development of National Ambient Air
Quality Objectives
Science Assessment Document for HF v CEPA/FPAC WGAQOG July 1996
It is recognized that not all locations in exceeded. The expectation is that strategies
Canada will meet these air quality objectives be put into place to reduce ambient air
immediately, or at all times, and that priority concentrations to below these targets as
given to meet these values may be based soon as practicable. The principles of
on factors such as available control continuous improvement and non-
technology, costs, benefits, and the degree degradation of environmental quality are
to which the recommended levels are advocated.
Table 1 Reference levels for HF in ambient air, and maximum level of accumulated
fluoride in vegetation
Averaging time
Level 24 hours 7 days 30 days 90 days Receptor
Reference level 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 Vegetation
(µg HF m-3)
Vegetation fluoride level 30 Livestock and wildlife
(µg F - g-1 DW)
Hydrogen fluoride is the most prevalent expected to be exposed to HF well below the
gaseous fluoride. There is no phytotoxic effects level. Human studies revealed a
information available for the covalently NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect
bonded gaseous fluorides, SF6 or CF4. Level) of 0.9 mg m-3 HF for skin and eye
These covalently bonded gases do not irritation and a NOAEL of 2.1 mg m-3 for
dissociate to form the fluoride ion (as does irritation of the respiratory tract. The odour
HF) and subsequent phytotoxic impacts are threshold ranged from 0.02 to 0.22 mg m-3.
expected to be negligible.
HF gas is a potent acute toxicant when
The gaseous HF concentration in ambient air animals are exposed to large quantities
varies from 0.01 to 1.65 µg m-3 in Canada acutely via the respiratory route. The
and the U.S.A. Levels are higher adjacent to chemical properties of the compound
facilities which emit HF. Ambient levels range account for its pharmacodynamic properties:
from 100 to 10,000 times less than the it dissociates when mixed with water to form
estimated effect level derived from human a strong acid resulting in burns, and it binds
studies. Children, people with impaired to calcium resulting in sequestration of
kidney function, industrially exposed calcium and alteration of bone calcium
workers, and persons living in the vicinity of (chronic exposure). From the weak chronic
a point source of fluoride emissions may be study data, it appears as though a continual
at somewhat greater risk than the general exposure to mammals should not exceed
population, though all such groups are 7 mg m-3.
Evaluation of these levels must include an greenhouses for 24 hours. Treatment with
examination of the points which fall below 2.10 µg m-3 for 1 day per week for 7 weeks
the lower limit, since they represent caused burning on Gladiolus leaf tips
instances where plants may be damaged by (McCune et al., 1966). While Gladiolus is
HF at doses and concentrations below the generally believed to be the most sensitive
recommended reference levels. Seven data species in terms of response to HF
points lie below this line (fig. 1); these points exposure, several of the data points well
were extracted from six studies. An above the 95% confidence level were
assessment of each of these studies is extracted from Gladiolus studies. The small
required to determine if the reference levels amount of leaf damage observed in these
derived from this line are protective. studies is judged to be insufficient cause to
Leaf injury in Gladiolus following HF modify the reference levels calculated from
the line representing the 95% confidence
exposure represents two of the seven points.
interval.
Adams et al. (1956) reported that a small
amount of leaf injury (0.7% of the leaf length The third point below the 95% confidence
was necrotic) was observed at 0.85 µg m-3 levels was extracted from MacLean et al.
when treated in small fumigation (1982). Leaf necrosis was observed
3.3 MONITORING
METHODOLOGIES
HF is not monitored by Environment Canada
or the provinces on a continuous basis.
Measurements are made on a site specific
basis, typically to characterize the impact of
(a)
(b)
6.5 CONCLUSION
With the paucity of data in experimental
animals, it becomes difficult to establish air
quality objectives . Furthermore, the
chemical analytical procedures used in the
older references (i.e., pre-1950s) may not be
as precise or accurate as today's methods.
At best, the conclusions can only address
acute exposure to HF. Human sensory levels
may be more sensitive than animal studies in
establishing tolerable levels for brief human
7.1.3.2 Faeces
Some fluoride is also excreted in the faeces.
Fluoride in the faeces is primarily ingested
fluoride that was not absorbed, and fluoride
excreted into the gastrointestinal tract does
not appear to be a major source of faecal
fluoride (Machle and Largent, 1943). This
implies that the concentration of fluoride in
the faeces will be low after dermal or
inhalation exposure to fluoride. The
proportion of the ingested fluoride that is
eliminated in the faeces varies depending on
circumstances (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1980; Maheswari et al.,
1981; Spencer et al., 1981; World Health
Organization, 1984). In persons not
occupationally exposed to fluoride and not
using fluoridated water, the faecal
elimination of fluoride is usually less than 0.2
mg/day (U.S. National Academy of Sciences,
1971). That some fluoride can be excreted
into the gastrointestinal tract is suggested by
the findings of Largent (1961), who found
that the faecal fluoride content of human
volunteers increased (2.5- to 6.7-fold,
highest amount was 0.70 mg/day) during a
period
(2–4 weeks) of hydrogen fluoride inhalation
-3
, or 0.9–8.1 ppm). The
Because of the chemical similarities between The odour threshold for hydrogen fluoride is
the halogens iodine and fluorine, there has reported to range from 0.02 to 0.22 mg m-3
been much interest in the possible effects of (0.02–0.27 ppm) (Sadilova, 1967; Lindberg,
fluoride on the thyroid (e.g., formation of 1968).
goitre) (Day and Powell-Jackson, 1972;
World Health Organization, 1984). Other
investigations have failed to reveal any
evidence that fluoride is responsible for any
disorder of the thyroid (Demole, 1970; Royal
College of Physicians, 1976; Sonneborn and
Mandelkow, 1981).
Schupe, J.L., H.B. Peterson, and N.C. Leone Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
(1983) Fluorides. Effects on Vegetation, Registry (1993) Fluorides, HF and
Animals and Humans. Paragon Press, Fluorine (F). Atlanta, GA. TP-91/17.
Salt Lake City, UT. 368 pp. Ahlborg, G., C. Hogstedt, L. Sundell, and
Thiessen, K.M. (1988) Summary Review of C.G. Aman (1981) Laryngeal cancer and
Health Effects Associated with Hydrogen pickling house vapors. Scand. J. Work
Fluoride and Related Compounds Health Environ. Health. 7:239-240.
Issue Assessment. Environmental Criteria Aitbaev, T.Kh. (1984) Changes in some
and Assessment Office of Research and parameters of lipid metabolism during
Development, U.S. Environmental Protection isolated and combined exposure to hydrogen
Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, fluoride, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide
USA, EPA/600/8-89/002F. in various concentrations. Gig. Tr. Prof. No.
U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Zabol. 6:16-19.
Disease Registry (1993) Fluorides, HF and Alexeeff, G.V., D.C. Lewis, and N.L. Ragle
Fluorine (F). Atlanta, GA. TP-91/17. (1993) Estimation of potential health effects
World Heath Organization (1984) Fluorine from acute exposure to hydrogen fluoride
and Fluorides. International Program on using a "benchmark dose" approach.
Chemical Safety Environmental Health Risk Analysis. 13:63-69.
Criteria 36, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. American Conference of Governmental
136 pp. Industrial Hygienists (1967) Documentation
of threshold limit values. Cincinnati, OH.
pp. 223-224 (cited by Kono et al., 1992).
Federal Register (1985) National primary Gerster, J.C., S.A. Charlton, P. Jaeger,
drinking water regulations; fluoride (final G. Boivin, D. Briancon, A. Reston, C.A.
rule). F.R. 50 (May 14):47412-47171. Baud, and P.J. Meunier (1983) Bilateral
fractures of femoral neck in patient with
Flury, F. and F. Zernik (1931) Schädliche moderate renal failure receiving fluoride for
Gase. In: Flury, F. (ed.), Schädliche gase, spinal osteoporosis. Br. Med. J. 287:723-
ddmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. 725.
[Noxious gases, vapours, fogs, smokes and
dusts.] (In German). Julius Springer-Verlag, Gezondheidsraad (1981) [Health Council].
Berlin. pp. 139-144. Advies inzake advieswaarden voor
anorganische fluoriden in buitenlucht
Gabovich, R.D. and Ovrutskiy, C.D. (1969) (Dutch). Verslagen, Adviezen, Rapporten, nr
Fluorine in stomatology and hygiene. 50, Ministery of Welfare, Public Health and
U.S. Department of Health and Welfare, Cultural affaires, Leidschendam,
Bethesda, MD (DHEW Publication No. The Netherlands.
[NIH] 78-785).
Gizyn, W.I. (1994) Phytotoxicology Survey
Gaugl, J.F. and B. Wooldridge (1983) Report: Ford Motor Company of Canada
Cardiopulmonary response to sodium Essex Aluminum Plant - Windsor. Ontario
fluoride infusion in the dog. J. Toxicol. Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1993,
Environ. Health, 11(5):765-782. PIBS 3194, ISBN 0-7778-2931-2.
Leone, N.C., M.B. Shimkin, F.A. Arnold, Machle, W., and E.E. Evans (1940)
C.A. Stevenson, E.R. Zimmerman, Exposure to fluorine in industry. J. Ind. Hyg.
P.B. Geiser, and J.E. Liberman (1954) Toxicol. 22:213-217.
Medical aspects of excessive fluoride in a Machle, W., and K. Kitzmiller (1935) The
water supply. Public Health Rep. 69:925- effects of the inhalation of hydrogen fluoride.
936. II. The response following exposure to low
Lepke, S., and H. Passow (1968). Effects of concentration. J. Ind. Hyg. 17:223-239.
fluoride on potassium and sodium Machle, W., F. Thamann, K. Kitzmiller, and
permeability of the erythrocyte membrane. J. Cholak (1934) The effects of the inhalation
J. Gen. Physiol. 51:365-371 (cited by Boink, of hydrogen fluoride. I. The response
1993). following exposure to high concentration.
Lindberg, Z.Y. (1968) The combined effect of J. Ind. Hyg. 16:129-145.
hydrogen fluoride and sulphur dioxide on the Machoy, Z., E. Dabkowska, and W. Nowicka
body of man and animals. Biol. Deistvie. Gig. (1991) Increased fluoride content in
Znach. Atmos. Zagryaz. 11:32-43. mandibular bones of deer living in
Linzon, S.N. (1986) Effects of gaseous industrialized regions of Poland. Environ.
pollutants on forests in eastern North Geochem. Health. 13:161-163.
America. J. Water Air Soil Pollut. 31:537-
550.
Madkour S, and L.H. Weinstein (1987) McClure, F.J., H.H. Mitchell, F.S. Hamilton,
Effects of hydrogen fluoride on incorporation and C.A. Kinser (1945) Balances of fluorides
and transport of photoassimilates in ingested from various sources in food and
soybean. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:627-634. water by five young men: excretion of
fluorine through the skin. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol.
27:159-170 (cited by Thiessen, 1988).
Study Conc.
Author(s) Year Journal Vol. pg Species Cultivar Life Stage Age
No. (µg m-3)
1 Adams, D.F., C.G. Shaw, and W.D. 1956 Phytopathology 46 587-591 Gladiolus Ethyl Cave Cole 4th true leaf 0.85
Yerkes Jr.
1 Adams, D.F., C.G. Shaw, and W.D. 1956 Phytopathology 46 587-591 Gladiolus Ethyl Cave Cole 4th true leaf 1.46
Yerkes Jr.
1 Adams, D.F., C.G. Shaw, and W.D. 1956 Phytopathology 46 587-591 Ponderosa Pine needles 50% 5 yr 1.46
Yerkes Jr. (Pinus ponderosa ) exposed
2 Solberg, R.A., D.F. Adams, and H.A. 1955 Proceedings of the Third National 164-176 Ponderosa Pine 4ft tall 0.61
Ferchau Air Pollution Symposium (Pinus ponderosa )
2 Solberg, R.A., D.F. Adams, and H.A. 1955 Proceedings of the Third National 164-175 Ponderosa Pine 4ft tall 0.20
Ferchau Air Pollution Symposium (Pinus ponderosa )
3 MacLean, D.C., R.E. Schneider, 1977 J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102(3) 297-299 Green bean Tendergreen life span 0.60
and D.C. McCune (Phaseolus vulgaris
L.)
3 MacLean, D.C., R.E. Schneider, and 1977 J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102(3) 297-299 Tomato Fireball life span 0.60
D.C. McCune (Lycopersicon
esculentum )
4 Zwiazek, J.J. 1994 Ontario Ministry of Environment White pine (Pinus seedlings 9 wks 0.61
and Energy, Research Technology strobus L.)
Branch, PIBS 2807, ISBN 0-7778-
0383-6
4 Zwiazek, J.J. 1994 Ontario Ministry of Environment White pine (Pinus seedlings 9 wks 2.44
and Energy, Research Technology strobus L.)
Branch, PIBS 2807, ISBN 0-7778-
0383-6
4 Zwiazek, J.J. 1994 Ontario Ministry of Environment White pine (Pinus seedlings 9 wks 0.61
and Energy, Research Technology strobus L.)
Branch, PIBS 2807, ISBN 0-7778-
0383-6
5 MacLean, D.C., and R.E. Schneider 1981 Environmental Pollution (Series A) 24 39-44 Wheat (Triticum Olaf anthesis 0.90
aestivum L.)
5 MacLean, D.C., and R.E. Schneider 1981 Environmental Pollution (Series A) 24 39-44 Wheat (Triticum Olaf boot stage 0.90
aestivum L.)
6 MacLean, D.C., R.E. Schneider, 1982 Environmental Pollution (Series A) 29 27-34 Jerusalem cherry 3 months 0.90
and L.H. Weinstein (Solanum pseudo-
capsicum L.)
7 Madkour, D., and L.H. Weinstein 1987 Environmental Toxicology and 6 627-634 Soybean (Glycine Hodgson veg. growth 0.70
Chemistry max L.)
7 Madkour, D., and L.H. Weinstein 1987 Environmental Toxicology and 6 627-633 Soybean (Glycine Hodgson veg. growth 3.50
Chemistry max L.)
8 Coulter, C.T., M.R. Pack, and C.W. 1985 Atmospheric Environment 19 (6) 1001- Gladiolus Snow Velvet 2 to 3 leaf stage 31 days old 2.90
Sulzbach 1007
8 Coulter, C.T., M.R. Pack, and C.W. 1985 Atmospheric Environment 19 (6) 1001- Gladiolus T210 2 to 3 leaf stage 31 days old 2.90
Sulzbach 1007
8 Coulter, C.T., M.R. Pack, and C.W. 1985 Atmospheric Environment 19 (6) 1001- Gladiolus T210 2 to 3 leaf stage 31 days old 2.90
Sulzbach 1007
8 Coulter, C.T., M.R. Pack, and C.W. 1985 Atmospheric Environment 19 (6) 1001- Gladiolus T210 2 to 3 leaf stage 31 days 2.90
Sulzbach 1007 old
8 Coulter, C.T., M.R. Pack, and C.W. 1985 Atmospheric Environment 19 (6) 1001- Gladiolus T210 2 to 3 leaf stage 31 days 2.90
Sulzbach 1007 old
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type
1 1.00 1.46 1 standard leaf necrosis, inj. Yes - - Conc. in paper expressed as ppb (v/v?). Converted to µg m-3
chamber index=1.9 by x 1.22. Leaf injury index = % of leaf length injured.
1 1.00 1.46 1 standard leaf necrosis, inj. Yes - - Conc. in paper expressed as ppb (v/v?). Converted to µg m-3
chamber index=0.5 by x 1.22. Leaf injury index = % of leaf length injured.
2 6.60 4.03 7 standard time to first injury Yes - 20% Conc. in paper expressed as ppb (v/v?). Converted to µg m -3 by
chamber x 1.22. Duration is average time to first injury on 5 plants.
Treatment concentrations not measured. Dose includes periods
between exposures.
2 19.80 4.03 30 standard time to first injury Yes - 56% Conc. in paper expressed as ppb (v/v?). Converted to µg m -3 by
chamber x 1.22. Duration is average time to first injury on 5 plants.
Treatment concentrations not measured. Dose includes periods
between exposures.
3 43.00 25.80 30 standard 25% (F.W.) Yes 0.01 -
open-top marketable yield loss
4 2.00 1.22 1 standard increased plasma Yes - - Conc. in paper expressed as ppb (v/v?). Converted to µg m-3
chamber membrane leakage by x 1.22.
4 5.00 12.20 7 standard first injury Yes - - Conc. in paper expressed as ppb (v/v?). Converted to µg m-3
chamber by x 1.22.
4 20.00 12.20 30 standard first injury Yes - - Conc. in paper expressed as ppb (v/v?). Converted to µg m-3
chamber by x 1.22.
6 1.00 0.90 1 standard leaf necrosis Yes - - Injury occured when exposed in the dark and then brought
chamber into light. Lowest dose presented which caused an effect.
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type
Study Conc.
Author(s) Year Journal Vol. pg Species Cultivar Life Stage Age
No. (µg m-3)
8 Coulter, C.T., M.R. Pack, and C.W. 1985 Atmospheric Environment 19 (6) 1001- Gladiolus T210 2 to 3 leaf stage 31 days 2.90
Sulzbach 1007 old
9 McCune, D.C., T.L. Lauver, and K.S. 1991 Canadian Journal Forest Research 21 756-761 White spruce (Picea early summer 2 yr 2.63
Hansen glauca Moench.)
9 McCune, D.C., T.L. Lauver, K.S. 1991 Canadian Journal Forest Research 21 756-761 White spruce (Picea early summer 2 yr 5.14
Hansen glauca Moench.)
9 McCune, D.C., T.L. Lauver, and K.S. 1991 Canadian Journal Forest Research 21 756-761 Black spruce (Picea early summer 2 yr 2.29
Hansen mariana Mill.)
10 Murray, F. 1983 J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(4) 526-529 Grapevine (Vitis Shiraz early fruit to mature 0.17
sinifer L.) harvest
10 Murray, F. 1983 J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(4) 526-529 Grapevine (Vitis Shiraz early fruit to mature 0.28
sinifer L.) harvest
10 Murray, F. 1983 J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(4) 526-529 Grapevine (Vitis Shiraz early fruit to mature 0.28
sinifer L.) harvest
11 Murray, F. 1984 Environmental Pollution (Series A) 36 337-349 Grapevine (Vitis Shiraz growing season mature 0.27
sinifer L.)
11 Murray, F. 1984 Environmental Pollution (Series A) 36 337-349 Grapevine (Vitis Shiraz growing season mature 0.27
sinifer L.)
11 Murray, F. 1984 Environmental Pollution (Series A) 36 337-349 Grapevine (Vitis Shiraz growing season mature 0.17
sinifer L.)
11 Murray, F. 1984 Environmental Pollution (Series A) 36 337-349 Grapevine (Vitis Shiraz growing season mature 0.27
sinifer L.)
12 Hitchcock, A.E., P.W Zimmerman, 1962 Contributions from Boyce 21 303-344 Gladious numerous varieties - - 0.16
and R.R. Coe Thompson Institute
13 Pack, M.R. 1972 Journal of the Air Pollution Control 22(9) 714-717 Strawberry Marshall growing season 0.55
Association
13 Pack, M.R. 1972 Journal of the Air Pollution Control 22(9) 714-717 Strawberry Marshall growing season 0.55
Association
13 Pack, M.R. 1972 Journal of the Air Pollution Control 22(9) 714-717 Strawberry Marshall growing season 2.00
Association
14 Mandl, R.H., L.H. Weinstein, and 1975 Environmental Pollution 9 133-143 Barley (Hordeum Dickinson seedling 10 days 0.72
M. Keveny vulgare L.)
14 Mandl, R.H., L.H. Weinstein, and 1975 Environmental Pollution 9 133-143 Corn (Zea mays L.) Marcross seedling 10 days 0.63
M. Keveny
15 Murray, F., and S. Wilson 1988c Environmental Pollution 55 239-249 Barley (Hordeum Clipper life span 0.38
vulgare L.)
15 Murray, F., and S. Wilson 1988c Environmental Pollution 55 239-249 Wheat (Triticum Halberd life span 0.38
aestivum L.)
16 Pack, M.R. 1971 Journal of the Air Pollution Controll 21(3) 133-137 Green bean Tendergreen life span 2.10
Assoc. (Phaseolus vulgaris
L.)
17 McCune, D.C., A.E. Hitchcock, and 1966 Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 23(8) 295-299 Gladiolus Snow Princess 3 leaf stage 4 - 8 wks 2.10
L.H. Weinstein
18 Mohamed, A.H., J.D. Smith, and 1966 Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 8 575-583 Tomato 309-7-1-2 pre-flowering 3.00
H.G. Applegate (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.)
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Alfalfa (Medicago Ranger 2.50
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L. sativa L.)
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Barley (Hordeum Bonneville 0.34
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L. vulgare L.)
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type
11 83.00 22.41 90 standard days to first injury Yes - - Well controlled experiment.
open-top
12 9.00 1.44 7 early 2.5-6.0 cm tip burn - - Poor statistical treatment of the data. Experiments inadequately
chamber controlled.
13 112.00 61.60 90 standard fruit wt. No 0.05 - No significant effect at this dose.
chamber
13 112.00 61.60 90 standard fruit development Yes 0.05 - Difficult to accurately calculate dose from the information
chamber given.
13 112.00 224.00 90 standard fruit wt. Yes 0.05 - Difficult to accurately calculate dose from the information
chamber given.
14 27.00 19.44 30 standard 6.7% leaf necrosis Yes - SD = 5.3%
chamber
15 90.00 34.20 90 standard no. of grains/ear Yes 0.05 - Reduced no. of grains/ear offset by increased grain wt. and
open-top decreased by 6.25% number of tillers.
18 4.00 12.00 7 standard chromosomal Yes - - Treatments >4 days had effects as well. No leaf damage
chamber abnormalities (mitosis observed.
and meiosis)
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type
Study Conc.
Author(s) Year Journal Vol. pg Species Cultivar Life Stage Age
No. (µg m-3)
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Sugar beets 0.43
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L.
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Bean (Phaseolus Lima 0.64
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L. sp.)
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Bean (Phaseolus Lima 0.40
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L. sp.)
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Celery 0.89
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L.
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Celery 0.66
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L.
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Corn (Zea mays L.) 0.41
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Corn (Zea mays L.) 0.47
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Gladiolus 0.66
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Gladiolus 1.38
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L.
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Gladiolus 0.36
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Gladiolus 0.48
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Gladiolus 0.44
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Gladiolus 0.70
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Gladiolus 0.50
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Shupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Gladiolus 0.41
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Onion (Alium ) growing season 1.12
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L.
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type
19 72.00 99.36 90 greenhouse 73% necrosis, 76% Yes - - Treatment dose far too high relative to known sensitivity of
fumigation yield loss gladiolus to HF.
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type
Study Conc.
Author(s) Year Journal Vol. pg Species Cultivar Life Stage Age
No. (µg m-3)
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Peach (Prunus ) 0.34
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on 105-115 Peach (Prunus sp.) 0.41
Vegetation, Animals, and Humans"
ed. J.L. Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C.
Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Potato (Solanum growing season 0.44
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L. tuberosum )
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Prune (Prunus sp.) 0.89
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L.
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Spinach 0.42
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L.
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
19 Hill, A.C., and M.R. Pack 1983 in "Fluorides, Effects on Vegetation, 105-115 Wheat (Triticum 0.38
Animals, and Humans" ed. J.L. aestivum L.)
Schupe, H.B Peterson, N.C. Leone
20 Murray F., and S. Wilson 1988b Environmental and Experimental 28 343-349 Eucalyptus 18 months 0.38
Botany (Eucalyptus
tereticornis )
21 Murray F., and S. Wilson 1990 Journal of Experimental Botany 30 215-223 Soybean (Glycine Dragon 50 days old 0.27
max L.)
21 Murray F., and S. Wilson 1990 Journal of Experimental Botany 30 215-223 Maize (Zea mays QK 958 54 days old 0.26
L.)
21 Murray F., and S. Wilson 1990 Journal of Experimental Botany 30 215-223 Peanut (Arachis Virginia Bunch 53 days 0.27
hypogaea L.) old
21 Murray F., and S. Wilson 1990 Journal of Experimental Botany 30 215-223 Navy bean Gallaroy 26 days old 0.25
(Phaseolus vulgaris
L.)
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type
19 51.00 45.39 90 greenhouse necrosis Yes - - No description of results, and no quantitative description of
fumigation necrosis.
20 90.00 34.20 90 open-top, specific leaf area (cm2 Yes 0.01 Eucalyptus is not a Canadian species, nor are there close
field g-1) relatives. Therefore this data isn't used in the Ref. Level
calculation.
21 91.00 24.57 90 open-top, Yield No - No sign. effect on yield or yield components.
field
21 70.00 18.20 90 open-top, Yield No - Sign. reduction in no. of immature kernels; no effect on yield or
field any yield component.
21 105.00 28.35 90 open-top, Yield Yes 0.001
field
21 49.00 12.25 90 open-top, Yield No - Sign. reduction in avg. bean wt., compensated for by sign.
field increase in number of pods and beans per plant. No net effect on
yield.
Note: Scientific Data Used to Derive the Reference Levels is Indicated in Bold Face Type