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Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings
Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings
In text Questions
On Page 3
Question 1:Which of the following are matters? Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought,
cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.
Solution: Any things which have some weight and occupy space will come under category of
matter. Chair, air, smell, almonds, cold-drink and smell of perfume: Matter
Question 2:Give reasons for the following observation The smell of hot sizzling food reaches
you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Question 3:A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter
does this observation show?
Solution: The phenomena of cutting the water by the diver show that matter has space
between its particles.
Solution: Characteristics of particles of matter are given below: 1. Particles of matter have
space between them. 2. Particles of matter are continuously moving. 3. Particles of matter
have an attraction force between them. 4. Particles of matter are very small in size.
On Page 6 Question 1:The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. (Density =
mass/volume). Arrange the following in order of increasing density– Air, exhaust from
chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Solution:We can solve this question by keeping this concept in mind. The correct order of
density for gas, liquid and solid are: Gas < Liquid < Solid. Thus, Air, exhaust from chimneys
water, honey, cotton , chalk ,iron Gas Liquid Solid
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> Increasing order of Density
Question 2: (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter. (b)
Comment upon the following: Rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape,
kinetic energy and density.
Solution: (a)Solid : Solids have a definite volume. Solids do not tend to flow. Solids are rigid.
Generally solids have a definite shape with very few exceptions like sponge, rubber band etc.
Solids are generally incompressible with very few exceptions like sponge, rubber band etc.
Liquid : Liquids also have a definite volume. Liquids tend to flow. Liquids are not rigid.
Liquids do not have a definite shape. They take the shape of the container. Liquids are almost
incompressible.
Gases : Gases do not have a definite volume. Their volume varies with the container in which
they are stored or kept. Gases also tend to flow Gases are not rigid. Gases do not have a
definite shape Gases are compressible.
(b)
Rigidity:Property by which an object retains its shape and size is called as rigidity. Solids are
rigid whereas liquids and gases are not.
Compressibility: Compressibility is the property; due to which a substance can be
compressed, means its volume can be decreased. Gases are compressible whereas solids
and liquids are not.
Fluidity: Flowing tendency of a substance called fluidity. Gases and liquids are fluids, solids
are not.
Filling a gas container: a large volume of gas can be filled in a gas container by compressing
it under very high pressure. The property of compressibility (of gases) ivey sue full in this
case
Shape:The property of having a definite geometry is called shape of a particular substance.
Solids have a definite shape whereas gases and liquids do not have.
Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by a moving object or by the moving molecules of
called kinetic energy. On increasing the temperature, kinetic energy of a substance (or its
molecules) also increases. Molecules of gases posses highest kinetic energy.
Density : The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. Density = Mass/ Volume
Question 3:Give reasons: (a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept. (b) A gas
exerts pressure on the walls of the container. (c) A wooden table should be called a solid. (d)
We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we need
a karate expert.
Solution: (a) Force of attraction between the molecules of gases is negligible. So, molecules
of gases occupy the maximum space available to them. High kinetic energy possessed by
their molecules also helps for the same. (b)The motion of particles is random and having very
high speed in the gaseous state.Due to this random movement, the particles hit each other
and also the walls of the container. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to this force
exerted by these particles per unit area on the walls of the container. (c) There is a strong
force of attraction between the molecules of wood and the intermolecular space is the least.
So, a wooden table has a definite shape and volume and it should be called a solid. (d) Air
molecules are very-very far from each other due to negligible force of attraction working
between them. So, our hand gets sufficient space to move in air and we also displace some
air molecules by applying force. But a solid block of wood has closely packed molecules so
there is no question of the movement of hand through it, in absence of suitable force in
proper direction.
Question 4:Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why?
Solution:Liquids have lower density than that of solids. Water is also a liquid so it should
also have less density than that of solid that is ice. But the case is not so and the reason for
the same is the cage-like structure of ice. i.e., presence of vacant spaces between water
(H2O) molecules when they linked in ice. The number of these spaces is comparatively less
in water. Being more porous than water, ice is lighter than water and floats over the surface
of water.
On Page 9
Question 1:Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale (a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Solution: By the use of given formula, we can convert the Kelvin temperature to Celsius.
T K –273 = t°C (a) 300K–273 = 27°C (b) 573K–273 = 300°C
Qustion 2:What is the physical state of water at (a) 250°C (b) 100°C?
Solution: As the boiling point of water is 100°C so (a) at 250°C, the state of water will be
steam or water vapour, i.e., gaseous state. (b) at 100°C, there will be a transition of liquid
state into the gaseous state. So, at this temperature, the state is/may be liquid as well as
gaseous.
Question 3:For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change
of state?
Solution:During the change of state of a substance, the temperature remains constant. This
can be understood with the help of an example. When a solid is heated to its melting point,
the temperature first rises and becomes constant when reaches its melting point. Now, on
further heating, the heat energy provided to the substance helps to break the attraction force
between the solid molecules. This heat is called latent heat. That is why, the temperature
does not rise.
On Page 10
Question 1:Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Solution:A desert cooler functions on the basis of evaporation. The rate of evaporation
increases with increase in temperature and decrease in humidity. As evaporation increases
when the day is hot and dry. So, the desert cooler functions to a better extent.
Question 2:How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
Solution: Large number of tiny pores is present on the surface of the earthen pot (matka). The
water stored in the earthen pot (matka) evaporates faster through these pores due to the
increased exposed surface area. As the' process of evaporation causes cooling, the stored
water inside the earthen pot (matka) becomes cool.
Question 3:Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on
it?
Solution:Acetone, petrol, perfume etc., being volatile, evaporate very fast when exposed to
larger surfaces. During the process they absorb the required latent heat of vaporization from
the palm (if kept on palm). So, the process causes Cooling and the palm feels cool.
Question 4:Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Solution: A liquid has large surface area in a saucer than in a cup. Thus, it evaporates faster
and cools faster in a saucer than in a cup. For this reason we able to sip hot tea or milk faster
from a saucer rather than a cup.
Question 5:What is the physical state of water at (a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C?
Solution:At zero °C temperature water (liquid) get starts to convert into its solid form (ice)
and at 100°C temperature water (liquid) starts to change into water vapours .Between 0° to
100°C it remains in liquid state. Thus, (a) Liquid state (b) Solid or/and liquid state (Transition
state) (c) Liquid or/and gaseous state (Transition state)
Question 7:Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Solution:Ice at 273K has less energy than water (although both at the same temperature).
Water is having additional latent heat of fusion, hence at 273 K ice is more effective cooling
than water
Question 9:Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state.
Solution : A = Melting or fusion, where solid changes into liquid. B = Evaporation or
vaporization, where liquid changes into gas. C = Condensation or liquification where gas
changes into liquid. D = Freezing or solidification, where liquid changes into solid. E =
Sublimation, where solid directly changes into gas without coming in liquid state. F =
Sublimation, where gas changes into solid without coming to liquid state.