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    Early Filipinos lived in small communities called barangays led by a datu. They subsisted through farming, fishing, and crafts like weaving. Metals began to appear between 3095 BC and 500 BC, improving tools and technology. Early Filipinos developed their own writing system, oral traditions, and social hierarchies. Barangays were the basic political units, with nobles, freemen, and slaves. The datu and elders governed through oral laws and trials by ordeal determined guilt or innocence. Marriage and divorce were practiced according to social customs.

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    Early Filipinos lived in small communities called barangays led by a datu. They subsisted through farming, fishing, and crafts like weaving. Metals began to appear between 3095 BC and 500 BC, improving tools and technology. Early Filipinos developed their own writing system, oral traditions, and social hierarchies. Barangays were the basic political units, with nobles, freemen, and slaves. The datu and elders governed through oral laws and trials by ordeal determined guilt or innocence. Marriage and divorce were practiced according to social customs.

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    296 views3 pages

    CHAPTER 2 Early Filipinos and Their Culture

    Uploaded by

    Len Abo Ashes
    Early Filipinos lived in small communities called barangays led by a datu. They subsisted through farming, fishing, and crafts like weaving. Metals began to appear between 3095 BC and 500 BC, improving tools and technology. Early Filipinos developed their own writing system, oral traditions, and social hierarchies. Barangays were the basic political units, with nobles, freemen, and slaves. The datu and elders governed through oral laws and trials by ordeal determined guilt or innocence. Marriage and divorce were practiced according to social customs.

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    of 3

    CHAPTER 2

    EARLY FILIPINOS AND THEIR CULTURE


    Evolution of Filipino Culture
     PALEOLITHIC ERA (Old Stone Age)
    - Developed stone tools
    - They utilized cobble tools for breaking animal skulls, while smaller flake tools were used for scrapping meat from
    animal bones.
    TABON MAN – they live during the period
    - They used flaked tools for gathering food and hunting animals.
    -
     NEOLITHIC ERA (Polished Stone Age)
    - They started to transform these crude implements to carefully polished artifacts
    - They practiced pottery, which enable them to store food and water.
    MANUNGGUL JAR – most beautiful burial jar.

     AGE OF METALS
    - Metals like copper, bronze, iron, tin and gold began to appear.
    - Scholars hypothesize that traders and seafarers probably brought these metals to the Philippines from China or Indo-
    China.
    - Improvement in farming, hunting, fishing, boat building and house building.
    - It contribute immensely to the beginning of the local mining activity.
    - Metals were also used as tools in weaving, jewellery-making and woodcarving.
    Life in the Early Filipino Settlements
     FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
    - Planting of root crops (taro and yam)
    - RICE (staple food in the island)
     CRAFTS AND INDUSTRIES
    - Weaving was practiced and it became an integral part of their lives, especially during the waiting period in-between
    planting and harvest. It became an integral part of their lives, especially during the waiting period in between planting
    and harvest.
    - Plant fibers, grass, leaves and vines were used in weaving mats, basket and clothes
     USE OF METALS
    - Metals like copper, bronze, iron, tin and gold began to appear in the country between 3095 B.C and 500 B.C
    - COPPER – dominant metallic resource
    - LIMESTONE – dominant non-metallic resource
     EARLY ARTS AND MUSIC
    - Early Filipinos were able to produce indigenous songs for different stages of life-birth, infancy, courtship, marriage and
    death.
    - They also practiced body painting or tattooing for the purpose of enhancing their bodily beauty and showing their war
    record.
    - When a man is able to kill more enemies in a battle, his body would definitely have more tattoos
    - PINTADOS- the first tattooed peoples encountered by Magellan and his crew.

    Musical Instruments of Early life Filipinos:


    a. Bamboo Flute
    b. Bamboo Guitar
    c. Musical logs
    d. Kettle Gongs

     WRITING AND LITERATURE


    - BAYBAYIN- first alphabet (consisted of 17 letters)
    - ORAL and WRITTEN LITERATURE (early literature). Consisted of AWIT, BUGTONG,
    SALAWIKAIN,MYTHS ,LEGENDS, and POETRY.
    - EPICS: Alim and Hudhod (Ifugao), Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocano), Handiong (Bicol), Ulalim (Kalinga), Bantugan
    (Maranao), Indarapatra and Sulayman (Maguindanao), Parang Sabil (Tausug)

     EARLY SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS


     BARANGAY- organized social unit
    - From the term BALANGAY(to travel among the people)
    - Small organization consisting from 30 to100 households. Residents are usually not more than 500, who were generally
    related by blood.
     CONFIDERATIONS OF BARANGAYS
    DATU as chieftain- chief of Barangay wielded great powers
    - He was the commander of the warriors of the barangay in times of war.
     SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BARANGAY
    o NOBLES (Maharlika)- consisting the members if the Datu’s household, the council of elders or the Datu’s
    advisers.
    - Responsibilities was keeping order within the Barangay by ensuring that laws and customs, as well as
    religious beliefs were observed by the people.
    o FREEMEN (TIMAWA)- they helped the datu and the maharlika in promoting the welfare of the barangay by
    engaging in productive activities like cultivating lands.
    o SLAVES (ALIPIN)- basically deb persons serving individuals and families
    o Factors that could explain why an individual become an alipin:
    1. Birth
    2. Captivity in War
    3. Purchase
    4. Failure to pay debt
    5. Penalty for crimes committed
    o 2 TYPES OF ALIPIN:
    1. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY – resided in their own home, could own property and could marry
    without the consent of their masters and could not be sold.
    2. ALIPIN SAGUIGUILID – no property and stayed in the home of their masters. They have of seek
    the permission of his master when he/she wanted to get married and could be sold anytime.
     LAW-MAKING AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM
    - Law were considered very important in the maintenance of order and sability in the ancient barangay.
     ORAL LAW – consisted of customs which people had to abide which were transmitted to them orally for generation to
    generation.
     WRITTEN LAW
    o MAGINOOS (council of elders) – they helped the Datu in promulgating the law.
    o UMALOHOKAN (town-crier) – announced to the barangay the promulgated law.
    EARLIEST LAWS: Code of Maragtas and Code of Kalantiyaw
     TRIAL BY ORDEAL – way to determine who the guilty party.
    - It was done to prove that God protected the innocent and punished the guilty.
    a. River Ordeal – Suspects are required to plunged into the river. The one who first floats into the
    surface of the river is declared the guilty party.
    b. Boiling Water Ordeal – suspects are required to place a stone in a hollow container with boiling
    water and ordered to dip their hands into the container to get the stone. The one who refuse to follow
    the order is declared the perpetrator of the crime.
    c. Candle Ordeal – in this mode, of trial by ordeal, suspects are given lighted candles of the same length
    and thickness. The one whose candle dies out is declard the perpetrator of the crime.
    d. Chewing of Uncooked Rice Ordeal – suspects are made to chew uncooked rice and are ordered to
    spit their saliva. In this ordeal, the suspect whose saliva comes out to be the thickest is deemed guilty.
     MARRIAGE and DIVORCE – early Filipinos practiced marriage within their social class or rank. Not prohibited from
    marrying those not belong to their class or rank.
    o DOWRY (BIGAY-KAYA) – groom required to give to the family of his bride-to-be.
    - Usually consisted of gold, land, slaves or anything valuable.
    - The groom had to work and render services to the household of the bride for a fixed period of
    time.
    o DIVORCE – it also practiced among the early Filipinos for the following reasons:
    - Desertion on the part of the husband
    - Adultery or unfaithfulness on the part of the wife
    - Cruelty
    - Loss of Affection
    - Insanity
    - Childlessness

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