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08 - Chapter III
08 - Chapter III
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Mimamsa Tradition -
Philosophical, Ritualistic and Linguistic Aspects
Philosophical Aspects
- Epistemology
- Categories
Qualities
Concept of Apurva
Concepts of God, Self, Mind, Heaven,
Liberation and Dharma
Ritualistic Aspects
Types of sacrifices
Eligibility to perform sacrifices
Sacrificial Tradition in Kerala
Linguistic Aspects
- Purvamimamsa Technique of
Programme organisation
Theories of Sentence meaning
Philosophical Aspects
treated with allied systems of thought. Both are based on and both
try to interpret Veda. The earlier portions of Veda ie, the ^Mantra^
deals action with the rituals and the sacrifices. While the later deals
^Dharma Mimamsa.'
beginning with the first sutra of Jaimini and ending with the last
absolutely opposed like darkness and hght and who relegated iranna
purify the soul, though they are not the direct causes of liberation
and that therefore the study of Purva mimamsa though not essential
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for the study of Vedanta was a good mean for the purification of
The word ^Darsana* is derived from the root ^drs^ (to see). It
argumentation will stand without a basis, and will fail to obtain the
sacrificial injuctions of the Veda which has been made in the Purva
external test for its validity. They believe in the reality of the world,
world.
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Epistemology
The best developed aspect of Mimamsa philosophy is its
basis, that the Veda is the supreme authority. To justify this dogma
Perception (Pratyaksa)
Perception is the immediate knowledge of an object arising
with its object and gets its impression. This knowledge is the
more definite and its generic and specific features are apprehended
perception occurs.
Inference (Anumana) :-
Inference is the knowledge of one of the relata after perceiving
the other when the invariable association between the two is already
known. It is of two types : - for ones own self and for conceiving
others. The former is informal and does not require all the methodical
steps, while the later consists of three statements - ^Pratijha^
(Statement of the probandum), 'Ae^u' (Probans) and ^drstanta^
(example).
the latter in that of the sun's movement from its change of position.
voice and the former is that of the hill having fire on the basis of
The Vedas are not composed by any person - human or divine. The
persons for the performance of them. The Vedas are eternal and
impersonal in origin and hence are free from all possible mistakes
authority.
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Comparison (Upamana) :-
^gavaya^ in the forest and then he comes to know that his cow is
viz. Words and two seemingly contraditory facts are not present in
'alone' means.
Postulation (Arthapatti) :-
Postulation is the supposition of some unperceived fact to
explain some otherwise unexplicable facts. For example when a
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The Categories
The Bhatta Mimamsa accept five categories. Viz., substance,
quaUty, action. Universal and Negation, ie., dravya, guna, karma,
samanya and abhava. The Prabhakaras accept eight categories ie.,
dravya, guna, karma, samanya, sakti, sadrsya, samavaya and
samkhya.
I. Dravya (Substance)
atman and manas. They add two more substances, viz., tamas ie.,
These refer to time itself but not to the ground of time. Unless
one cognizes time, one cannot talk of earlier and later. These very
expressions reveal that time is perceived. The time is perceived by
all senses. All experiences have necessarily a reference to time.
Tamas
Bhattas have a peculiar view that tamas or darkness as a
substance. They argue that darkness have two attributes. Viz., quality
have both colour and touch. The presence of one of them is sufficient.
II. Guna
According to Bhattas quality is that which is not
Upadanakarana ie., the mateiral cause and which is distinct from
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these sabda, dhanna and adharma are dropped and sakti, prakatya
object. It reveals the past and the future objects, and abhava also.
the objects are perceived it is called drstata; where the objects are
Sakti (Potency)
Sakti is a quality present in substances, qualities and action.
IV. Samanya
Samanya 's nature is universal. It is an important concept and
it is utilized to reject the Buddhist view of Ksanikatva or
momentariness.
V. Sadrsya (Similarity)
This is a seperate category accepted by Prabhakaras. It is
comprehended by upamana pramana. Prabhakara consider it as
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sacrifices. For instance, sauiya and agneya have same deity and
If one of the relate or both are not eternal then, samavaya also is not
eternal.
absence) ie. the absence before the object is produced, eg: - absence
when it is made into curd. (3) Atyanthabhava ie. the absence all
(reciprocal absence) eg :- the jar is not the cloth. This is also called
tadatmyabhava.
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According to Bhattas absence is cognized by anupalabdhi
the attainment of heaven and the like. But the fact is that, from
and Papa (vice). Thus, then the causing of the attainment of heaven
preceeding and following it, and not the primary action along by
itself. In that case, the effects (the attainment of heaven etc) too
the subsidiaries.
of the unseen agency by the primary action together with all its
this mutual aid among the subsidiaries also, it can be assume the
steps, (ie, together with every subsidiary the one subsidiary helping
an end as soon as all the items of its are completed. But the result
The sacrificial act is emperical. Its continuity, untill the result arises,
valid and invalid. The later involves some defect in the totality of
his sutras, but he has nowhere denied the existence of God. Though
Jaimini has taken great pains for establishing that the fruits of
not admit that one derive the fruits of his action through the favour
world.
does neither superintend nor is the couse of this creation and that
impossible. But it can be say that Kumarila does not at all intend to
physical forms of the Gods. But Kumarila has not actually denied
the existence of such an object. The truth is that he has not been
very keen about this matter. All that he had wanted to make out is
that one do not desire the fruits of his action through the favour of
Gods, and that Gods need not have bodies for that purpose. He has
put forward the view that a cause and its consequence cling to the
same basis. When a man was performed sacrifice, the result will,
as a matter of course come over him. Now the result do not always
come out at once, they may came out long afterwards, and in order
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to show a connection between an act and its result two theories are
through the favours of the Gods who have been propitiated in the
Apurva, the cause, the medium, and the ultimate consequence - all
three will take place in ones own self, where as the favour of a God
only not indicated in the srutU but is opposed to its spirit. The sruti
as much.
about the real nature of the self of Man. Man is entitled to perform
(2) Joy, sorrow, etc., are cognized by oneself not by others. The
bodily attributes are perceived by others. Hence These belong to
atman.
atman.
enjoyer.^
is permanent and all pervasive (3) The atmas are many. (4) It is
from the body, the senses and the understanding. They adopt the
of these.
Concept of Svarga
The nature of Svarga is discussed in Svargakamadhikaranam.
Jaimini and Sahara do not seem to be particular in identifying Svarga
with another world. They use the word pri/i to express the meaning
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svarga.
However Sahara cautions that these are not always delightful, nor
taken in sence of the dight that is not mized with even a iota of
sorrow.
cultural tradition it has acquired the form of another word, ie., heaven
Sahara remarks since the svarga in the sence of other world is not
means of svarga. But not svarga in its primary sense, viz, delight
understood the term in the latter sense. But most of the Mimamsakas
Concept of Moksa
According to Prabhakara, liberation consists in the total
disappearance of dharma and adhanna, whose operation is the cause
of rebirth. It is the absolute cessation of the body, caused by the
disappearance of all dharma and adharma.
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pleasure, mixed with pain he ceases from action with desire tries to
controU his passions, and takes to the knowledge of the self. After
the suffering that rebirths ential, the letters of his soul, caused by
the body, including the senses, are snapped. The liberated soul is
Concept of Dharma
Mimamsa is primarily concerned with Dharma, the super
the individual's good in the life beyond. It's aim is the attainment
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means, not even by mystic intution. The Veda alone can tell what is
are those actions which are prohibited by the Veda, for example
Now is the eunquiry of duty (dhanna)}^ This is the basis for the
to that code of conduct that sustains the soul, and enables man to
practices and duties that will benefit man in the world to come;
5. The word is self-sufficient and does not depend upon any other
for its meaning; otherwise it would become involved in the
fallicy of regressus and infinitum.
not eternal. Jaimini points out that only the sound disappears;
the word (Sabda) still remains as does the drum after the sound
is produced.
only one sound as there is only one sun, even though seen by
1. Vidhi (injunctions)
2. Mantra (hymns)
3. Namadheya (names)
4. Nisedha (Prohibitions)
5. Aithavada (explanatory passages)
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I. Vidhi - Vidhi is divivded as,
principal action. These are called Anga and are of two kinds.
1. Sannipatyopakaraka
2. Aradupakaraka.
(C). Prayogavidhi : The injuction that lays down the order of
performance of the subsidiary or minor parts. The successon or
order {Karma) is of six kinds.
a. Mantra text
b. Brahmana text.
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4. Sthanakrama - the transportation of a thing from its proper place
another.
sacrifice.
A. Apurva: When a text lays down a new injuction for the attainment
B. Niyama - the restrictive rule - when the text lays dawn one mode
by it.
afix is used.
disadvantages to him.
4. Vedic mantras are held useless because they describe what does
not exist. For example it has four horns, it has three feats, two
heads, it has seven hands, the bull being tied three fold, cries ; the
great had entered amongst the mortals, etc.
sacrificer and his wife are the two heads, the chandas (desires) are
the seven hands. Beings tied up by the three Vedas, viz, Rg, Yaju,
Sama. It resounds with the roaring sound uttered by the priests.
This great god in the form of the sacrifice is amidst the mortals.
1. Rudhi - a word, not compounded with any other word and with a
convensional meaning which must be learnedfrompast authorities,
such as Panini, the most eminent of all Sanskrit grammarians. It
has the inherent power to convey a sense.
sense.
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Jaimini explains that substantives never convey the intention
of the speaker. This requires the use of a verb, which always denoted
For the application of these rules, the Veda is devided into two
to convey meaning.
of a sacrifice.
n. Brahmanas
l.Hetu -reason
2. Nirvacanam - explanation
3. Ninda - Censure
4. Prasansa - Praise
5. Samsaya - doubt
6. Vidhi - Command
its context.
in Mimamsa, the truth dealt with the Vedas are determined through
details required for the performance of these yagas are also given.
the main and subordinate positions, procedures etc. Here and there
was a living programme and priests were quite conversant with it.
the principles for the right interpretation of the vedic texts was
sutras. Mimamsa continues this work, But it would have been best,
on the nature and validity of knowledge and into the various means
problems.
deal with true spirituality are revealed only by the Veda. Dhaima is
yeilds fruits when obstructions are removed and time becomes ripe
for its frutification. The Apurva is the link between the act and its
fruit. It is the causal potency (Sakti) in the act which leads to its
Nitya Sacrifices
They are compulsory and not optional. They do not depend upon
any desire of the sacrificer for any personal gain. On the other
hand, if one does not perform the Nitya sacrifices, he incurs sin.
Kamya Sacrifices
sacrifices.^^ Sahara says ^^J|id fl ^ ^5^, ^ ^cicriid ie, the fruit has
been delcared to follow from the principal rite performed with all
the Gurumata and establishes his own siddanta with respect to Nitya
the sense that they are not performed with reference to fulfilling
potsherds to ^ksamavatagni.^
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Prayascitta sacrifices
According to Jaimini and Sahara the expiations are of two
kinds. Some are enjoined for mending the lapses and others are
expiations.^°
Such are not laid dawn for omission of what is enjoined or for
sacrificer and his wife should add fuel to fire and restrain their
speech and observe fast during the day. In this case the sacrificer
Nisiddha Sacrifices
The Vedas have pointed out such sacrifices, which if performed,
If killing leads to hell, these sacrifices are also lead him to hell and
Therefore killing does not have the fruit seperate from the soma or
When the cause is removed, the effect also ceases to exist. So the
bondage of the soul with the body, senses, the mind.etc. and
both admit that obstention from Karma does not mean obstention
from all karmas, but obsention from the optional (CRTRT) and the
to hell. The seeker of the liberation has to rise above both merit and
demerit, above both heaven and hell. But even he should perform
such an idea according to which all vedic deities live ina Brahmana
different places at the same time.^^ If they had verbal form they
without the term point or some other such term. If a point is denoted
at a time when the vedic deities lost their popularity. Later, however.
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God. Say ana begins his commentary on Rgveda saying that it is the
are eternal. According to them the relation between the word and
The relation between the word and sense was not establised, after
the word and sense originated.^^ The sense is the form of the object
denoted by the word. The sense of the word cow is the form of the
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COW.
develops the word 'Gau/?' also comes to the mind and hence their
relationship orginates with the idea and the word denoting it. The
with the space and as such it can be said eternal. Hearing the word
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'cow', the idea of all the cows in general comes to the mind and
hence the sense of the word is the form. So, the word also should be
Rtvic and Hota. Prayers were offered to him by sages in the past
These were not ever present in an isolated way. Rather they made
the welfare of men and also the welfare of all others, including the
deities.
In Gita,
the life.
sacrifices.
ghee etc. The woman does not own these. Infact she herself purchase
at the time of her marriage by offering to her father the cows, chariot
etc.
for sacrifice. At the time of marriage bride and groom enter into a
desire is common to both male and female, hence both are eligible.
incompleted^
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Eligibility of Siidra
Jaiminiyasutras and Sahara bhasya strongly argued the right
of Sudras for performing the sacrifices, though it is ultimately not
granted, (i) Mere interest in obtaining the result of the sacrifice
will not entittle and to undertake it, and the knowledge of Veda is
not found in Sudras. (2) Studying Veda without Upanayana is a
wrong procedure. Such study and recetition of hymns at the sacrifice
without proper study will not obtain the result of the sacrifice.^^
and preached. In due course the change take place. Whether one
like it or not.
'Chemaii^ etc. The seond was known as Adhanam and the one who
known as ' Agni' and the one who conducted it was ''AgnihotrP /
to their titles.
be done only between the Korapuzha in the North and the Periyar
literature itself rituals along with meters and chants are depicted as
instrumets used by gods and demons to fight and conqure each other,
and sametimes to create even when the aims are not explicit Gods
The list of wishes and desires is not so different from that of modem
oblations); ^Devata^ - the deity (to which oblations are offered and
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^Tyaga^- renunciation (of the fruits of the ritual acts). The ''Tyaga'
is a formula pronounced by the ^yajamana^ or patron at the
culmination of each act of oblation. When the priest make oblations
into the fire for one of the gods, eg: -Agni theyajamana says. "This
is for Agni, not for me" ('^STR^ f^ ^ TH'). The reason for performing
a specific ritual is stated to be the disire for particular fruit or
effect."*^ But this effect renounced whenever yajamana utters his
^tyaga^ formula of renunciation. So the effect is not obtained. But
the mimamsa concluded, quite logically that the effect of ritual
activity is temporarily unseen. It will became apparent only later.
for example after death.
There are three kinds of sacrifices, (i) ^Paka Yajnas^ (ii) ^Havir
Yajnas^ (iii)'Somayaga^\ Paka yajnas are Grhya rites. Other two
are Srauta rites.
the deities, during only one day of the sacrifice. Hence, these soma
sacrifices are caled 'Ekahas^ ie, having the duration of one day.
keeps firing and perform the Ahuti with milk or curd with chanting
Mezhathol Agnihotri.
prepare the Agni for yaga known as ^Atittiri^, one who performed
their death.
Kaimukku Raman Atithiri was one among them. Among the eleven
It take one day for adhanam\ for somayaga, six days and for
till 1972.
completed his vedic study and started studying the ritual procedures.
daily Agniliotra.
the fruit is generated and resides in the soul of the character. This
ie, in the soul of the sacrificer. If this is not admitted, the sacrifice
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Linguistic Aspects
Purva Mimamsa is called ' Vakyasastra^ because, it evolves
passages.
verbs, names of sacrifices, and so forth but primarily also the larger
a long tradition of vedic exegesis and were codified for the first
were (1) the autonomy of verbal meaning (ii) its impersonality (iii)
The third relates to the univocity of all verbal upset and human
involve.
infallibility for the words of the scriptures, they admitted that the
was the same as that of common parlance and subject to the same
verbal usage in the Veda the same as the ordinary usage, but the
discourse. Sahara states that vedic usage must derive its sanction
mostly of its connection with the Vedic rituals, which are more or
less obsolate today. But one feeds that today the system of Mimamsa
the fold of machine translation etc. and on the other it will certainly
to a certain decision after thinking about all the pros and cons about
To show that each and every sentence, each and every word ie.,
Nisedha and Arthavada on one hand and set forth the main
the man into some action or the other. Action or activity is main
interpreting them.
Words, their meanings, the relation between the two all are eternal.
agnihotra and heaven. It says that agnihotra is the cause and heaven
is its effect.
the word and meaning. According to them, there could not be the
relation of indentity then when one utters the word 'knife,' his
mouth should be cut and when he utters the word ^modaka^ his
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mouth should be full of the sweets. But this does not happen and so
are quite impossible because word is in the mouth and the meaning
is elsewhere.
revealved. One understand that the word does not reveal its meaning
when it is heard for the first time only because he observe that it so
happens. As many times one requires to know that this is the name
times one understands that meaning from that word only through
such an observation.
196
To clear it more, the eyes are seers but unless there is sufficient
light they cannot see. Because of this fact it cannot conclude that
eyes do not see. Eyes require the help of other factors. These are
possible doubt and on the other has done away with the necessity of
meanings.
dewlap etc. This is our regular experience and from this it can be
said that the same was the case before one hundred years and even
Therefore, all words are standard ones and are may use all words
some meaning and their result is not something invisible like merit
etc. Another point is that there is no sastra, which can regulate the
usage of words and therefore one should never say that one word is
standard and others are its 'apabhramsa^ forms, one word is ^sadhu^
on the other. Vedas does not depends upon grammar neither it have
" 47
cRf^^f^^ll
199
Sabarasvamin explains the Jaiminiyasutra "§l6^ R^r^rf^psT^
has given the process how an utterance of a word takes place. The
in the throat. Then strikes the cerebrum and reflects and then moving
It is not proper to accept that to express one and the same meaning,
there are many similar words and all are beginningless. One
words with the standard one, he understand the meaning even from
and all others are its apabhramsa forms. There are exceptions like
with a pot-ful of rules. The study of these rules gives the capacity
oi^iHHKNKid r^^ Jaimini also says the same in 1.3.3: "fcR^ c^R^?t
4.12.1- says-
is beyond the reality which he speeks of. Reality itself is within the
This is the case because for Sahara the two dimensions of reality as
vedic injunctions.^^
202
According to Sabarabhasya one actually knows Dhanjia
and the word meanings and consequently the relation between the
makes it clear that the term is used in the sense of Jati or universal.^^
The Great grammarian Patnjali used the term ^AkitP in this sense.
But later writers in the field of Mimamsa use the term Jati itself.
organisation models.
develped.
arranged in five steps, (1) Visaya - the subject under discussion. (2)
- the prima - facie position of the issue. (4) Sidhanta - the final
bhavayet^l What are the other aids or auxilaries to it. In the cases
of sentence meaning:-
meaning. For example when a person hears the sentence, "the clock
the words 'clock', 'fell', 'down', 'on' 'ground' separately and then
for and against these views give deeper insight into the Indian theory
of language.
understood, from the words, after words, enter into mutual relation:
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thinking, of the relation of what are expressed. When all the other
have not been static. Rather these have been highly dynamic.
((_
'#% q^ 3T% ^^ ^ W^ dcJ^I'^cj" (Mimamsa)
211
context only. This modem view is some what similar of the idea
with other word, capacity, propriety, place, time, gender and the
particular context.
(2) When an expression has more than one meaning, and the normal
meaning does not agree with the context, its meaning is to be
determined by the context.
^ rr ^ ^ T ^ HT FTT^ ^ ^ ^ q^lf^l^ I I
cTFTTcT W^ ^ S f ^ ^>s^<mH MciKi|: |
FTTcT dc<i4cbdl ^TFJT ^Id-iJKHcJlRcld I I
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