Otidea Monograph 1428673450319

Persoonia 35, 2015: 166 – 229
www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X688000
A monograph of Otidea (Pyronemataceae, Pezizomycetes)

I. Olariaga1, N. Van Vooren 2, M. Carbone 3, K. Hansen1
Key words Abstract   The easily recognised genus Otidea is subjected to numerous problems in species identification. A number
of old names have undergone various interpretations, materials from different continents have not been compared and
Flavoscypha
misidentifications occur commonly. In this context, Otidea is monographed, based on our multiple gene phylogenies
ITS
assessing species boundaries and comparative morphological characters (see Hansen & Olariaga 2015). All names
ITS1 minisatellites
combined in or synonymised with Otidea are dealt with. Thirty-three species are treated, with full descriptions and
LSU
colour illustrations provided for 25 of these. Five new species are described, viz. O. borealis, O. brunneoparva, O. ore-
Otideopsis
gonensis, O. pseudoleporina and O. subformicarum. Otidea cantharella var. minor and O. onotica var. brevispora
resinous exudates
are elevated to species rank. Otideopsis kaushalii is combined in the genus Otidea. A key to the species of Otidea
is given. An LSU dataset containing 167 sequences (with 44 newly generated in this study) is analysed to place
collections and determine whether the named Otidea sequences in GenBank were identified correctly. Fourty-nine
new ITS sequences were generated in this study. The ITS region is too variable to align across Otidea, but had low
intraspecific variation and it aided in species identifications. Thirty type collections were studied, and ITS and LSU
sequences are provided for 12 of these. A neotype is designated for O. cantharella and epitypes for O. concinna,
O. leporina and O. onotica, along with several lectotypifications. The apothecial colour and shape, and spore char-
acters are important for species identification. We conclude that to distinguish closely related or morphologically
similar species, a combination of additional features are needed, i.e. the shape of the paraphyses, ectal excipulum
structure, types of ectal excipulum resinous exudates and their reactions in Melzer’s reagent and KOH, tomentum
and basal mycelium colours and exudates. The KOH reaction of excipular resinous exudates and basal mycelium
are introduced as novel taxonomic characters.
Article info   Received: 26 November 2013; Accepted: 1 February 2015; Published: 10 April 2015.
INTRODUCTION Our multilocus phylogenies and robust hypotheses of species

limits, employing genealogical concordance phylogenetic spe-
Species of Otidea produce typically ear-shaped apothecia that cies recognition (GCPSR; Taylor et al. 2000), which is the basis
are unique within Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes). The genus for the present work, are given in Hansen & Olariaga (2015).
is monophyletic based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses In the present study we present an LSU rDNA phylogeny to
from a few, but broadly sampled, Otidea species (Hansen place a larger number of collections for which we have been
et al. 2013). Despite being distinct at the generic level, the unable to obtain multiple genes, including several sequences
species identification and nomenclature of Otidea are highly from GenBank, many of which we here re-identify.
controversial. A few recent typifications have been proposed
(Carbone 2009, 2010a), but many names are still subjected to Taxonomic history
different interpretations. Several new species were described The first valid publication of Otidea is by Bonorden (1851),
in the last decades from Europe (Harmaja 1976, 2009a) and based on Peziza (unranked) Otidea Pers., although it has some-
Asia (Cao et al. 1990, Zhuang & Yang 2008), with detailed times been attributed to Fuckel (Kanouse 1949, Nannfeldt
descriptions and updated identification keys. However, often 1966, Liu & Zhuang 2006, Smith & Healy 2009). Otidea species
no illustrations were presented and colour photographs have were treated in a broad heterogeneous genus Peziza by early
rarely been published when describing new species. Many authors. Persoon (1822) defined Peziza (unranked) Otidea
names of European species currently used in North America as producing auriculate apothecia with a split, sometimes
and Asia are misapplied. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses have elongated on one side, and included 10 species. Fries (1822)
not been previously implemented to critically address species
referred to this group as Peziza (unranked) Cochleatae, but he
delimitation issues and material from different continents has
included also taxa with non-split apothecia. Bonorden (1851)
not been compared. A worldwide critical revision of Otidea to
elevated Otidea to generic rank with split apothecia as the key
clarify species limits is highly needed. The aims of this study
feature, but also referred to Fries’ (1822) Cochleatae. He did
were: i) to undertake a nomenclatural and taxonomic revision
not make any combinations or list any species. Fuckel (1870)
of Otidea, to clarify misinterpretations and to propose pertinent
refined the genus using microscopic details, namely uni- or
typifications to stabilise the use of names; and ii) to provide
biguttulate spores and filiform to subclaviform paraphyses, and
detailed species descriptions and colour photographs of both
included four species: O. abietina, O. cochleata O. leporina
macro- and microscopic structures, and a key for identification.
and O. onotica. Boudier (1885) notably contributed to disas-
semble the large genus Peziza into smaller and more natural
1
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, P.O. Box 50007, genera. He placed in the genus Otidea species with entire or
SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;
corresponding author e-mail: [email protected].
split apothecia, biguttulate spores and, importantly non-amyloid
2
36 rue de la Garde, F-69005 Lyon, France. asci and curved paraphyses, which he was the first to intro-
3
Via Don Luigi Sturzo 173 I-16148 Genova, Italy. duce. He divided Otidea into two subgenera: Otidea with split
© 2015 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures

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I. Olariaga et al.: A monograph of Otidea 167
apothecia and Pseudotis with entire apothecia. Interestingly, A new genus Flavoscypha was erected for two species of
Boudier erected the genus Wynnella (Helvellaceae) to accom- Otidea, O. concinna (as Flavoscypha cantharella) and O. phle
modate W. silvicola (as P. leporina / P. auricula), a species bophora, with strong emphasis on the ectal excipulum of textura
with distinctly ear-shaped apothecia, but differing from Otidea prismatica (vs textura angularis in Otidea) (Harmaja 1974).
in the uniguttulate spores and tough consistency. In Boudier’s Otidea was further emended to include a species with orna-
(1907) subsequent treatment, he elevated Pseudotis to genus mented spores, O. unicisa, otherwise ‘fitting perfectly’ Otidea
rank and placed here species with entire apothecia, including (Harmaja 1986). Otideopsis was published with Otideopsis
O. daliensis (as P. apophysata) and O. propinquata (as P. abi- yunnanensis as the type species, distinguished from Otidea
etina), both with biguttulate spores and hooked paraphyses. by having ornamented spores and paraphyses fused at the
Saccardo listed O. onotica as an ‘exemplar’ species of Peziza apices (Liu & Cao 1987). Flavoscypha and Otideopsis are now
subg. Otidea in his synopsis of the discomycete genera (1884; considered synonyms of Otidea based on molecular phyloge-
netic analyses (Liu & Zhuang 2006, Hansen & Olariaga 2015).
he listed in general only one species per genus / subgenus that
appear to have been selected as typical for the genera) and Recently the circumscription of Otidea was further broadened
it has since been accepted as the type species by most (Rifai when the first hypogeous species, O. subterranea, was discov-
1968, Eckblad 1968, Korf 1972, Liu & Zhuang 2006, Parslow & ered using ITS and LSU sequences (Smith & Healy 2009). All
Spooner 2013), Index Nominum Genericorum (Eckblad in Farr the characters proposed so far as diagnostic for Otidea have ex-
et al. 1979), NCU-3 (Greuter et al. 1993) and is prepared to be ceptions across the genus. Nevertheless, Otidea can be recog-
adopted on the List of Protected generic Names for fungi (Kirk nised by the non-amyloid asci, in combination with at least
et al. 2013). Clements & Shear (1931) listed O. cochleata as two of these characters (except O. subterranea): a) biguttulate
spores; b) hooked or bent paraphyses; c) medium-large, split
the type, but this name was not among the original species ac-
apothecia; and d) a medullary excipulum of textura intricata, and
cepted by Persoon (1822) and has furthermore been considered
an ectal excipulum of textura angularis or textura prismatica.
an ambiguous name. Kanouse (1949) proposed O. leporina as
the type species, but because of the confusions surrounding
Systematic position and relationships
the identity of this species until now, it has been considered an
inappropriate choice. Nannfeldt (1937, 1938, 1966) suggested a close relationship
between Otidea (incl. Pseudotis), Tarzetta (as Pustularia) and
The genus Scodellina was described by Gray (1821) and in
Helvella (Pezizaceae, tribe Acetabuleae sensu Nannfeldt),
volved species attributed today to Otidea, and also Aleuria,
based on similarities in asci, paraphyses and anatomical struc
Peziza and Tarzetta. Seaver (1928) refined Scodellina to tures of the apothecia, i.e. a medullary excipulum of dense
species with split to ear-shaped apothecia only and typified it textura intricata, ectal excipulum of almost isodiametric large
with Peziza leporina (Seaver 1927), considering Otidea a later cells, and an outermost layer of shorter or longer chains of
synonym. This was for a period followed by several American cells, possible forming distinct clusters or warts (and in Tarzetta
authors (e.g. Korf 1963, Kimbrough 1966). The typification by prolonged to cylindrical, hyaline, wavy hairs). Le Gal (1947)
Seaver can however, be considered largely mechanical, taken similarly placed Otidea in the tribe Otideeae in her Aleuriaceae
as the first species listed by Gray, and be superseded under (i.e. a family including taxa with both amyloid and non-amyloid
the ICN (Art. 10.5; McNeill et al. 2012). Also, even though asci), together with Pseudotis and Tarzetta (as Pustularia), but
Gray (1821) included several species with split apothecia, he placed Helvella in Helvellaceae. Following the ideas of Nann
did not mention this feature in the diagnosis of Scodellina, but feldt (1966), Eckblad (1968) erected the family Otideaceae
emphasised “thallus … hemispherical, spreading” and coined as a small taxon of closely related genera that produce larger
the vernacular name “spread cup”. Therefore Rifai (1968) desig- apothecia, most of which typically lack bright orange to red col-
nated P. vesiculosa Bull.: Fr. as the type species of Scodellina, ours, including in it Tarzetta (as Pustulina) and Otidea, but also
consequently making it a later synonym of the genus Peziza. Ascosparassis, Geopyxis and Sowerbyella. Eckblad considered
Eckblad (1968) came to the same conclusion. Helvella (Helvellaceae) to be distant, but having a possible
Kanouse (1949) broadened the concept of Otidea and de- shared origin with members of Otideaceae (and Morchellaceae
scribed in detail a number of North American species. She and Rhizinaceae), due to the structure of the excipulum, spores
and asci, especially of Tarzetta. At the same time, he expanded
included species with split apothecia and straight paraphyses
the concept of Pyronemataceae (to 21 genera) to taxa mostly
with swollen apices. She also included Wynnella silvicola (as
characterised by the presence of carotenoid pigments, stating
Otidea auricula), with straight paraphyses and uniguttulate
the inability to satisfactorily subdivide the family on the basis
spores. Nannfeldt (1966) delimited Otidea to species with
of common characters. Korf (1972, 1973b) placed Otidea in
non-amyloid asci; smooth, uninucleate, biguttulate spores; a
the tribe Otideeae (in the subfamily Otideoideae) in an even
medullary excipulum of textura intricata; and an ectal excipu- more encompassing Pyronemataceae (49 genera), together
lum with isodiametric cells, covered by short chains of barrel- with Ascosparassis and Psilopezia. He followed the ideas
shaped cells. Nannfeldt’s concept more or less conforms to the of Arpin (1969), in excluding taxa with carotenoids from the
genus Otidea as we recognise it today. He considered Wyn- Otideoideae, instead including taxa with prominent hairs such
nella so distant that it should be treated in a separate tribe of as Geopora, Humaria and Trichophaea. Otidea has generally
Pezizaceae. Korf (1963) reviewed the monotypic, sparassoid been included in a broadly circumscribed Pyronemataceae
genus Ascosparassis, and subsequently (Korf 1973a) assigned in recent treatments (Dissing 2000, Hansen & Pfister 2006,
A. shimizuensis to Otidea, based on the hooked paraphyses, Perry et al. 2007, Hansen et al. 2013). Multigene phylogenetic
small biguttulate spores and excipulum structure. Pfister (1979) analyses of Pyronemataceae do not support a close relation-
however, considered Ascosparassis a distinct monotypic genus, ship between Otidea and Geopyxis, Psilopezia, Sowerbyella
based on “small asci and spores and peculiar growth habit”, and or Tarzetta (Hansen et al. 2013). Surprisingly, the cleistothecial
combined the older name Midotis heinricheri in Ascosparas- Warcupia and the highly reduced (gymnohymenial) Mona
sis. Later Pfister collected A. heinricheri in South America, in scella are suggested as the closest relatives of Otidea. Otidea,
north coastal mountains of Venezuela (Pfister & Halling 1989), Monascella and Warcupia are strongly supported as a distinct
extending its Asian distribution (China, Indonesia and Japan), sister group to the rest of the Pyronemataceae in a strict sense
still considering the species separate from Otidea. (Hansen et al. 2013).
168 Persoonia – Volume 35, 2015
MATERIALS AND METHODS intR (5´-CACTGGGTAATTGGAGGTTT-3´); ConcITS2midF

(5´-CCAGGGTTGCTTTGGTA-3´) – ITS4. PCR products were
Material and morphological methods cleaned using ExoSAP-IT® (USB, Cleveland, OH, USA). The
This study is based on a total of 450 specimens. One hundred ITS was sequenced in both directions, using the primers ITS1
and forty two of these were collected and studied fresh dur- and ITS4 (and/or in a few instances ITS5, 5.8S and ITS3) and
ing this project and are deposited in S and a few in TUR-A. the LSU using LR0R and LR5. For O. integra, the same prim-
Specimens were studied from the following herbaria: AH, ARAN, ers as used for PCR, were also used for sequencing. PCR
BIO, C, FH, H, HKAS, K, MCVE, MICH, MIN, OSC, PC, PRM, and sequencing conditions follows Hansen & Olariaga (2015).
S, TUR and UPS (Thiers 2014), GMFN (gruppo AMB di Fara Sequences were edited and assembled using Sequencher v. 4.10
Novarese, Italy), SEST (Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales de (Gene Codes Corporation Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) and have
Sestao, Spain), and from the private herbaria of G. Corriol, GC; been deposited in GenBank (Table 1). The sequences were
C. Lavorato, CL; N. Van Vooren, NV; and M. Tabarés, MT. Thirty aligned manually in Se-Al v. 2.0a11 Carbon (Rambaut 2002).
type collections were examined, along with other original mate- An all taxa LSU dataset was prepared. Monascella botryosa
rial. Colour codes are based on Kornerup & Wanscher (1961). and Warcupia terrestris were used as outgroup, based on a
For O. apophysata, O. borealis, O. daliensis, O. oregonensis, higher level phylogenetic study of Pyronemataceae (Hansen
O. phlebophora, O. pseudoleporina, O. smithii and O. unicisa et al. 2013), which supports these as the closest sister group.
colour codes for fresh material were taken from photographs. To explore inter- and intraspecific variation of the new species
Apothecial sections, i.e. the thickness of the apothecia including O. borealis, O. subformicarum and their closest relatives, two
the hymenium, was measured midway between the apothecial
smaller datasets were prepared using ITS and LSU rDNA se-
margin and base. Smell and taste are listed when recorded.
quences, based on a more species-inclusive, multi-gene phy-
Only discharged, mature spores were measured from living
logeny of Otidea (Hansen & Olariaga 2015). All three alignments
material. To obtain and ensure mature spores from dried ma
are available from TreeBASE as accession no. S15887. The
terial, a square of c. 3 mm 2 of an apothecium was revived in
first dataset (the O. borealis dataset) contained O. borealis and
a drop of water on a slide, with the hymenium surface fac-
related species in the O. concinna clade. The second dataset
ing down and then removed after 1 hour. In this way mature
(the O. formicarum dataset) contained specimens of the O. for-
spores deposited on top of the hymenium were recovered and
micarum clade. Otidea caeruleopruinosa and O. nannfeldtii
measured. Spore measures exclude ornamentation. Spore
were used as outgroup for each of these datasets. Nucleotide
statistics are based on measurements of 20 spores from each
diversity (e.g. Nei 1987, equation 10.6), as the average number
collection: Lm = mean length, Wm = mean width and Qm = Lm/
of nucleotide differences per sites between two ITS sequences,
Wm. The number of populations that the statistics are based on
is indicated by ‘n’. Extreme values are given in parentheses. was calculated within O. brunneoparva and O. subformicarum.
Hymenial elements were observed by teasing apart a small One insertion or deletion, despite the length, was calculated as
piece of hymenium with a needle. To observe the excipulum only one basepair difference.
structure, sections of apothecia were made by hand prior to
Phylogenetic analyses
soaking the material in water. Basal mycelium was examined
by mounting clumps of hyphae from the apothecial base (the Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses of the all taxa LSU data-
tomentum) and from among the substrate particles. Only asci set were performed using the ‘RAxML HPC2 on XSEDE’ tool
with mature spores were measured. All measurements were (Stamatakis 2006) via CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al.
made in water: in living state whenever possible; only when 2010), employing mixed models of evolution and starting from a
not possible, measurements were made on rehydrated (over random tree. For the two smaller O. borealis and O. formicarum
2 hours in water) material. Melzer’s reagent (MLZ) and 10 % datasets, ML analyses were conducted using RAxML v. 7.3.1
KOH were used to observe the reaction of resinous exudates (Stamatakis 2006) on the Bioportal, University of Oslo (Kumar
and other pigmentation. Cotton Blue in lactic acid was used to et al. 2009). A GTR-GAMMA model with four rate categories
observe spore ornamentation. Microanatomical terminology was assigned and all free model parameters were estimated
follows Korf (1973b). The notation ‘!’ indicates that type or other by the program. For the ML bootstrap analyses (ML-BP) 1 000
original material was examined by us. rapid bootstrapping replicates from random starting trees were
If not otherwise indicated in the legends, the photographs pre- performed, followed by a subsequent ML search similarly using
sented in this paper were taken by K. Hansen and I. Olariaga. 1 000 replicates. As no strongly supported conflict was detected
(ML-BP ≥ 75 %, PP ≥ 95 %), the ITS and LSU region were con-
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing and catenated for the O. borealis and O. formicarum datasets. Each
alignment combined dataset was analysed using ML analyses under the
DNA was extracted from dried material, or from fresh mate- same settings as specified above. Relationships were likewise
rial stored in 1 % SDS DNA extraction buffer. The extraction constructed using Metropolis-coupled Markov Chain Monte
method follows Hansen et al. (1999), except dried material was Carlo (MCMCMC) and ‘model-jumping’ as implemented in
ground in a Mini-Beadbeater TM (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, MrBayes v. 3.2.1 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The substitution model
OK, USA) and fresh material using a plastic pestle, in eppen- was sampled across the GTR space by the MCMC analysis
dorf tubes. The primer combination ITS5-ITS4, and in a few in- (Huelsenbeck et al. 2004). Four parallel searches, each with
stances ITS1–ITS4, ITS5 – 5.8S and ITS3 – ITS4, were used to four chains, were run for ten and three million generations,
PCR amplify the ITS region, and LR0R – LR5 the LSU region. respectively, for the all-inclusive LSU dataset and the O. borea-
For DNA extracted from fresh material (stored in SDS extrac- lis and O. formicarum datasets, initiated with random starting
tion buffer), the ITS and LSU regions were amplified in a trees. The chains were sampled every 100 generations from
single piece using the primers ITS1– LR5. The ITS2 region the posterior distribution. The first 25 % of the trees sampled
for O. integra (possible original material from 1892) was was discarded as the ‘burn-in’, and the remaining trees were
successfully amplified in three pieces, in combination with used to calculate the posterior probabilities (PP) of the clades.
newly designed primers for the O. concinna clade: ITS3 – For the combined ML and Bayesian analyses the ITS and
ConcITS2midR (5´-GCCTGTAAATTTTAAAGACGAA-3´); LSU regions were specified as distinct partitions. ML bootstrap
ConcITS2midF (5´-CCAGGGTTGCTTTGGTA-3´) – ConcITS4 values ≥ 70 % and PP ≥ 95 % were considered to be significant.
Table 1   Collections used in the molecular phylogenetic analyses, with voucher information and GenBank accession numbers for ITS and LSU regions. Some
GenBank sequences are re-identified by us and the names originally used in GenBank are listed after the taxon names (‘as’). For type specimens (in bold) the
original names are kept regardless of synonymy. Numbers in parentheses following the species names indicate multiple collections of a species. The GenBank
accessions of sequences generated in this study are in bold.
Taxon Voucher Locality /year/collector GenBank Accession no 4

ITS LSU
Monascella botryosa CBS 233.85 Spain, 1985, J. Guarro – KC012688

Otidea alutacea (1) KH.09.170 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100591 KC012691
O. alutacea (2) KH.10.193 (S) Sweden, 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga KM0100601 KM8231881
O. alutacea (3) KH.07.46 (S) Denmark, 2007, H. Knudsen KM010061 KM823457
O. alutacea (4) JS.08.81 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM0100621 KM8231871
O. alutacea (5) OSC 56747 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson – KM8231891
O. alutacea (6) OSC 56770 USA, 1997, E.T. Peterson – AF072073
O. alutacea (9) JS.08.43 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010063 KM823458
O. alutacea (10) KH.09.135 (S) Norway, 2009, V. Kučera & I. Kautmanova KM0100641 KM8231901
O. alutacea (11) KH.10.198 (S) Sweden, 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga KM010065 KM823459
O. alutacea (12) KH.09.178 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100661 KM8231911
O. alutacea (13) KS-94-192 (C) Denmark, 1994, K. Hansen & S.K. Sandal KM010067 KM823460
O. alutacea (14) C-F-48045 Sweden, 1974, D. Paulsen & N. Tams KM010068 KM823461
O. alutacea (15) HMAS52742 China – DQ443438
O. alutacea (16) HMAS57844 China – DQ443439
O. alutacea (17) S-F257085 Italy, 2010, M. Carbone KM0100691 KM8231921
O. alutacea (18) Moorefun19 (OSC) USA, 2010, J. Moore KM0100701 KM8231941
O. alutacea (19) OSC 56758 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson – KM8231931
O. alutacea (20) as O. umbrina OSC 56813 USA, 1997, E.T. Peterson – AF086584
O. alutacea (21) as O. umbrina OSC 56782 USA, 2010, E.T. Peterson – AF086586
O. alutacea (22) KH.09.133 (S) Norway, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100711 KM8231851
O. alutacea (23) ARAN A3023204 Spain, 2009, J.I. López Amiano KM0100721 KM8231861
O. alutacea (24) GC 98092002 France, 1998, G. Corriol KM010073 KM823462
O. alutacea (25) HMAS83560 China, 2003, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Nong – DQ443442
O. alutacea (27) KS-94-111 (C) Denmark, 1994, K. Hansen & S.K. Sandal KM010074 KM823463
O. alutacea (29) S-F257084 Italy, 2010, M. Carbone KM010075 KM823464
O. alutacea (30) KH.13.50 (S) Sweden, 2013, K. Hansen & X. Wang KM010076 KM823465
O. angusta H6010804 Finland, 1965, H. Harmaja KF7175741 KM8231951
O. apophysata S-F257062, dupl. private herb. Germany, 1999, F. Kasparek KM0100771 KM8231961
Kasparek s.n.
O. borealis S-F242694 Finland, 2010, M. Carbone KM0100231 KM8231971
O. brevispora as O. onotica var. HKAS 43003 China, 2003, Z.L. Yang – DQ443450
brevispora
O. brunneoparva (1) KH.09.82 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100291 KM8231981
O. brunneoparva (2) S-F249386 (Ex-H6017193) Finland, 1978, H. Harmaja KM010024 KM823466
O. brunneoparva (3) S-F257086, dupl. TUR–A 198579 Finland, 2009, M. Carbone KM0100251 KM8231991
O. brunneoparva (4) JS.08.66 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010028 KM823467
O. brunneoparva (5) KH.08.107 (S) Sweden, 2008, K. Hansen KM0100261 KM8232001
O. brunneoparva (6) TUR-A 198582 Finland, 2011, M. Lahti KM010027 KM823468
O. bufonia (1) KH.09.172 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga JN942764 JN941097
O. bufonia (2) JS.08.55 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010078 KM823469
O. bufonia (3) KH.07.37 (S) Denmark, 2007, K. Hansen JN942767 JN941098
O. bufonia (4) KH.09.248 (S) Spain, 2009, J.L. Teres & P.M. Pasaban JN942766 JN941084
O. bufonia (5) KH.09.249 (S) France, 2009, J.L. Teres KM0100791 KM8232011
O. bufonia (6) NV 2009.11.01 (S) France, 2009, G. Moyne JN942765 JN941085
O. bufonia (7) C-F-94240 Denmark, 2011, M. Sasa KP119674 –
O. caeruleopruinosa (1) H6010805 Finland, 1978, H. Harmaja KF7175751 KM8232021
O. caeruleopruinosa (2) MT 10082601 (SCM, dupl. S) Spain, 2010, M. Tabarés & S. Santamaría KM0100301 KM8232031
O. caeruleopruinosa (3) KH.13.48 (S) Sweden, 2013, I.-L. Walter KM010081 KM823470
O. cantharella (1) JS.08.18 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010082 KM823471
O. cantharella (2) JS.08.47 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010083 KM823472
O. cantharella (3) KH.09.125 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100841 KM8232051
O. cantharella (4) NV 2008.09.16 (dupl. S) France, 2008, J. Cavet KM0100851 KM8232041
O. concinna (1) JS.08.59 (S) Sweden, 2008, B. Wasstorp KM010031 KM823473
O. concinna (2) KH.09.183 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100321 JN941089
O. concinna (3) KH.09.250 (S) Spain, 2009, F. Prieto & A. González JN942775 JN941095
O. crassa HMAS583571 China, 2003, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Nong – DQ443444
O. daliensis (1) HMAS57688 China, 1988, S. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang – DQ443445
O. daliensis (2) SEST-06081702 Spain, 2003, J.L. Pérez Butrón KM0100861 KM8232061
O. flavidobrunneola (1) H6010806 Finland, 1978, H. Harmaja KF7175761 KM8232091
O. flavidobrunneola (2) H6010830 Finland, 1987, P. Askola KM0100871 KM8232081
O. flavidobrunneola (3) KH.09.153 (S) Norway, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100881 KM8232071
O. formicarum (1) H6003350 Finland, 2005, U. Salo & P. Salo KM010036 KM823474
O. formicarum (2) JS.08.63 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM0100351 KM8232121
O. formicarum (3) H6003549 Finland, 1970, L. Fagerström KF7175771 KM8232111
O. formicarum (4) S-F244372 (dupl. O) Norway, 2009, J. Lorås KM0100341 KM8232101
O. formicarum (5) KH.11.104 (S) Sweden, 2011, J.C. Zamora & I. Olariaga KM010033 KM823475
O. fusconigra GMFN 2293 Italy, 2003, G. Jamoni KM010037 KM823476
O. integra S-F108342 Italy, 1892, G. Bresadola KP006504 –
O. kauffmanii (1) AH21147 (MICH) USA, 1917, A.H. Smith & R.J. Porter AF072095 –
Table 1   (cont.)

ITS LSU
O. kauffmanii (2) MICH14409 USA, 1915, C.H. Kauffman KF717579 –

O. kaushalii T. Læssøe 6236 (C, dupl. BORH) Malaysia, 1999, T. Læssøe KM0101191 AF335111
O. lactea HMAS61359 (ex-MHSU 1803) China, 1987, J. Z. Cao – DQ443447
O. leporina (1) HMAS83579 China, 2003, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Nong – DQ443448
O. leporina (2) HMAS83568 China, 2003, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Nong – DQ443449
O. leporina (3) as O. smithii − − – AF0865732
O. leporina (4) OSC 56824 USA, 1997, E.T. Peterson – KM8232161
O. leporina (5) OSC 56784 USA, 1997, E.T. Peterson – KM8232151
O. leporina (6) as O. sp. HMAS583570 China, 2003, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Nong – DQ443443
O. leporina (7) JS.08.46 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010089 KM823477
O. leporina (8) KH.09.93 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0100901 KM8232131
O. leporina (9) JS.08.92 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010091 KM823478
O. leporina (10) NV 2008.09.28 (dupl. S) France, 2008, N. Van Vooren KM0100921 KM8232141
O. microspora AH30502 (MICH) USA, 1948, A.H. Smith AF072094 –
O. minor (1) H6003841 Finland, 2006, U. Salo & P. Salo KM010040 KM823479
O. minor (2) KH.10.311 (S) Sweden, 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga KM0100421 KM8232181
O. minor (3) H6008618 Finland, 1992, R. Saarenoksa KM0100391 KM8232191
O. minor (4) TL-Vorsø-0754 (C) Denmark, 1982, T. Læssøe KM010043 KM823480
O. minor (5) CL 950914-01 (dupl. S) Italy, 1995, C. Lavorato KM0100441 KM8232201
O. minor (6) KH.98.84 (C) Denmark, 1998, K. Hansen KM0100411 KM8232171
O. minor (7) C-F-83445 Denmark, 2007, T. Læssøe KM010038 KM823481
O. mirabilis (1) KH.09.188 (S) Sweden, 2009, E. Bohus-Jensen, K. Hansen & JN942770 JN941086
I. Olariaga
O. mirabilis (2) KH.10.285 (S) Sweden, 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga KM0100941 KM8232211
O. mirabilis (3) as O. umbrina KH.01.09 (C) Denmark, 2001, C. Lange JN942769 AY500540
O. mirabilis (4) S-F257083 Finland, 2010, M. Carbone KM010095 KM823482
O. mirabilis (5) NV 2008.09.14 (dupl. S) France, 2008, J. Cavet JN942768 JN941094
O. mirabilis (6) S-F256929 Italy, 1999, D. Bolognini KF717580 KM823483
O. myosotis H6003548 Finland, 1970, L. Fagerström KF7175781 KM8232221
O. nannfeldtii (1) CL 091116-17 (S) Italy, 2009, C. Lavorato KM010096 KM823484
O. nannfeldtii (2) S-F257096 Italy, 2009, B. De Ruvo KM010097 KM823485
O. nannfeldtii (3) CL 091207-01 (S) Italy, 2009, C. Lavorato KM010098 KM823486
O. nannfeldtii (4) (= O. lohjaënsis nom. S-F249387 (Ex-H6017194) Finland, 1978, H. Harmaja KM0100931 KM8232251
prov. Harmaja)
O. nannfeldtii (5) JS.08.103 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM0100451 KM8232241
O. nannfeldtii (6) NV 2008.10.01 (dupl. S) France, 2008, N. Van Vooren KM0100991 KM8232271
O. nannfeldtii (7) H6002902 Finland, 1972, C.-A. Haeggström KF7175811 KM8232281
O. nannfeldtii (8) rh101310 (OSC) USA, 2010, R. Helliwell KM0101001 KM8232261
O. nannfeldtii (9) KH.10.302 (S) Sweden, 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga KM0101011 KM8232231
O. onotica (1) OSC 56801 USA, 1997, E.T. Peterson AF072067 AF086578
O. onotica (2) OSC 56734 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson AF072066 AF086577
O. onotica (3) OSC 56759 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson – JN941088
O. onotica (4) C-F-89691 Denmark, 2008, H. Knudsen JN942773 JN941090
O. onotica (5) JS.08.48 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010102 KM823487
O. onotica (6) KH.10.284 (S) Sweden, 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga KP006505
1
KM8232291
O. onotica (7) KH.09.132 (S) Norway, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM010103 KC012692
O. onotica (8) KH.09.136 (S) Norway, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga JN942772 JN941096
O. onotica (9) MCVE 23277 Italy, 2008, M. Carbone KM010104 KM823488
O. onotica (10) KH.98.107 (C) Denmark, 1998, K. Hansen, T. Læssøe & C. Lange – AF335121
O. oregonensis (1) rh139 (S) USA, 2010, R. Helliwell KM010046 KM823489
O. oregonensis (2) Moorefun 58 (OSC, S) USA, 2010, J. Moore KM0100481 KM8232311
O. oregonensis (3) Moorefun 31 (S) USA, 2010, J. Moore KM0100471 KM8232301
O. oregonensis (4) as O. rainierensis OSC 56829 USA, 1997, M. Castellano AF072087 AF086597
O. oregonensis (5) as O. rainierensis NSW6354 (OSC) USA, 1990, D. McKay AF072088 AF086598
O. oregonensis (6) as O. rainierensis OSC 56745 USA, 1996, J. Trappe AF072089 KM8232321
O. oregonensis (7) EGS2179 (MICH) USA, 1948, E.G. Simmons AF072088 –
O. papillata (1) H6003547 Finland, 1971, H. Harmaja KF7175821 KM8232341
O. papillata (2) TUR 102134 Finland, 1990, T. Lindholm KM0101051 KM8232331
O. papillata f. pallidefurfuracea NV 2007.09.27 (S) France, 2007, N. Van Vooren KF7175841 KM8232351
O. phlebophora (1) JV06-385 (C) Denmark, 2006, L. & J. Vesterholt KM0100491 KM8232361
O. phlebophora (2) S-F108338 Sweden, 1949, G. Haglund & R. Rydberg KM010050 KM823490
O. phlebophora (3) K(M)33068 UK EU784392 –
O. platyspora (1) KH.09.163 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0101061 KM8232381
O. platyspora (2) HK0846 (S) Sweden, 2008, H. Kauffman KM010107 KM823491
O. platyspora (3) JV06-656 (C-F-75309) Denmark, 2006, J. Vesterholt KM0101081 KM8232371
O. propinquata (1) KH.09.99 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0101091 KM8232391
O. propinquata (2) JS.08.67 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010110 KM823492
O. propinquata (3) NV 2008.09.15 (dupl. S) France, 2008, J. Cavet KM0101111 KM8232401
O. pseudoleporina (1) as O. concinna NSW7574 (OSC) USA, N. S. Weber AF072083 AF086593
O. pseudoleporina (2) as O. concinna OSC 56749 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson AF072082 AF086592
O. pseudoleporina (3) as O. concinna OSC 56760 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson AF072081 KM8232441
O. pseudoleporina (4) rh101910 (OSC) USA, 2010, R. Helliwell KM0101121 KM8232431
O. pseudoleporina (5) Moorefun 14 (S) USA, 2010, J. Moore KM0101131 KM8232421
O. pseudoleporina (6) OSC 56809 USA, 1997, J. Spatafora AF072080 KM8232411
O. rainierensis A.H. Smith 30553 (MICH) USA, 1948, A.H. Smith KF7175831 KM8232451
O. sinensis HMAS61360 China – DQ443451
O. smithii (1) OSC 56799 USA, 1997, E.T. Peterson AF072063 JN941087
O. smithii (2) ecv3345 (S) USA, 2005, E. Vellinga JN942771 JN941093
Table 1   (cont.)

ITS LSU
O. smithii (3) OSC 56753 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson AF072062 AF086574
O. smithii (4) OSC 56811 USA, 1997, E.T. Peterson AF072060 AF086572
O. subformicarum (1) S-F242696 Spain, 2012, J. Herranz & J.C. Campos KM010054 KM823495
O. subformicarum (2) S-F256979 Spain, 2008, J. Fernández Vicente et al. KM010051 KM823494
O. subformicarum (3) CL 050928-30, dupl. S-F256978 Italy, 2005, C. Lavorato KM0100521 KM8232471
O. subformicarum (4) Private herb. CMP 1179, RM 1095, Spain, 2009, C. M. Pérez del Amo & R. Gil KM0100531 KM8232461
dupl. S-F256980
O. aff. subformicarum (1) FH301035 Mexico, 2007, M. Hernández KM0100551 KM8232491
O. aff. subformicarum (2) FH301036 Mexico, 2007, M.E. Smith KM0100561 KM8232481
O. subterranea (1) RH97 (FH) USA, 1997, R. Healy FJ404766 FJ404766
O. subterranea (2) RH69 (FH) USA, 1997, R. Healy FJ404767 FJ404767
O. tuomikoskii (1) JS.08.68 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010114 KM823496
O. tuomikoskii (2) MK200065 (S) Sweden, 2000, M. Karström KM010115 KM823497
O. tuomikoskii (3) H6002901 Finland, 1972, R. Tuomikoski KF7175851 KM8232501
O. tuomikoskii (4) JS.08.100 (S) Sweden, 2008, J. Santos KM010116 KM823498
O. tuomikoskii (5) NV 2008.09.08 (S) France, 2008, N. Van Vooren JN942777 JN941091
O. tuomikoskii (6) KH.09.130 (S) Norway, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga JN942776 JN941092
O. tuomikoskii (7) KH.11.77 (S) Sweden, 2011, M. Prieto & I. Olariaga KM010117 KM823499
O. tuomikoskii (8) as O. leporina − − – AF0865883
O. tuomikoskii (9) OSC 56756 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson AF072084 AF086594
O. tuomikoskii (10) OSC 56826 USA, 1996, M. Madsen & R. Davis AF072086 AF086596
O. tuomikoskii (11) OSC 56761 USA, 1996, E.T. Peterson AF072085 KM8232511
O. unicisa (1) KH.06.06 (FH) USA, 2006, L. Millman – KC012693
O. unicisa (2) as O. grandis HMAS51684 USA, Burdsall – DQ443446
O. unicisa (3) as O. grandis ZW Geo65-Clark (S) USA, 2003, Z. Wang KM010118 AY789369
O. yunnanensis HMAS 82166 China, 2003, Z.L. Yang – DQ443452
O. sp. ‘a’ (1) MK0942 (S) Sweden, 2009, M. Karström KM010057 KM823500
O. sp. ‘a’ (2) MK1081 (S) Sweden, 2010, M. Karström KM010058 KM823501
O. sp. ‘b’ KH.09.79 (S) Sweden, 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga KM0101201 KM8232521
Warcupia terrestris CBS 891.69 Canada, 1966, J.W. Paden – DQ220467
1
Sequences from Hansen & Olariaga (2015).
2
The voucher specimen for AF086573 is mistakenly given as OSC 56823 in GenBank. This voucher (OSC 56823) is O. smithii based on morphological re-examination and the ITS sequence
(AF072061) deposited by the same authors. The LSU sequence AF086573 is O. leporina (Fig. 1).
3
The voucher specimen for AF086588 is mistakenly given as OSC 56825 in GenBank. This voucher (OSC 56825) is O. leporina based on morphological re-examination and the ITS sequence
(AF072078) deposited by the same authors. The LSU sequence AF086588 is O. tuomikoskii (Fig. 1).
4
ITS: Internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S gene of the nrDNA; LSU: 28S large subunit of the nrRNA gene.
RESULTS of which 145 were parsimony informative characters. The inser-

tion was composed of four tandem repeats (minisatellites) in
Alignment and ITS minisatellites the four O. subformicarum sequences (212 bp in total), and in
Fourty-nine ITS and 44 LSU sequences were newly generated one of them (S-F256979) the repeat was present a fifth time
in this study (Table 1). In total 146 ITS sequences were utilised, (275 bp in total). In the Mexican FH301036 the insertion was
including 34 obtained from GenBank and 63 from Hansen & extremely long (715 bp in total), of variable to random repeats.
Olariaga (2015). The ITS sequences were too variable to align The tandem repeats were 43 or 63 nucleotides. They were
across all of Otidea, due to a highly polymorphic part in ITS1 composed of three parts (A-B-C) of 30, 20 and 13 nucleotides,
and large length variability (insertions and deletions), and there- respectively, which were duplicates of the preceding part of
fore were not included in phylogenetic analyses of the entire the ITS1 sequence. In the first two repeats the B part was
genus. The ITS sequences were aligned among closely re- missing, whereas in the third-fifth all parts were present. The
lated species or species groups, and used as an aid to verify C part was 100 % identical in all specimens and repeats; the
identifications. The ITS region was especially useful in cases A part was mostly identical, but showed 3.3–6.7 % variation
were the protein-coding genes (RPB1, RPB2 and EF1) failed in one repeat; and the B part showed 5–15 % variation in the
to amplify, due to poor quality DNA from old or poorly treated repeats. To ascertain the correctness of the long insertion in
material. ITS sequences of the type specimens of O. mirabilis the Mexican specimens, the ITS sequence of FH301036 was
and O. kauffmanii that could not be amplified for the multiple amplified and sequenced twice, using different sets of primers
genes are provided here. The all taxa LSU alignment consisted (in one piece using ITS1-ITS4 and in two pieces using ITS5-
of 167 LSU sequences, including 57 from GenBank and 68 5.8S / ITS3-ITS4). The two sequences were found to be identi-
from Hansen & Olariaga (2015) (Table 1) and 956 bp including cal. Unfortunately, we were not able to sequence the complete
inserted gaps, of which 263 bp were parsimony informative insertion of FH301035 and the ITS1 was only sequenced in one
characters. direction; both the part of the insertion recovered and the ITS1
The O. borealis dataset consisted of 31 taxa, represented by were highly different from FH301036.
24 complete ITS-LSU and six ITS sequences, and 1 555 bp
including inserted gaps (ITS 614 bp; LSU 941 bp), of which All taxa LSU phylogeny
216 were parsimony informative characters. The O. formicarum The ML analysis of the all taxa LSU dataset resulted in a single
dataset consisted of 14 sequences and 2 531 bp (ITS 1 695 bp; best ML tree of -lnL = 6511.68. Bayesian analyses reached
LSU 836 bp). Part of the ITS1 (805 bp) in the O. formicarum an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.004
dataset was omitted from the analyses, due to a long insertion after 10 M generations. A majority rule consensus tree was
and tandem repeats in O. subformicarum and the two Mexican constructed from the 300 000 trees sampled from the four
specimens, and the combined dataset thus included 1 726 bp, runs, each consisting of 75 000 trees sampled from the station-
O. cantharella (1) SE
100 O. cantharella (2) SE
100 O. cantharella (3) SE O. cantharella

O. cantharella (4) FR
93 75 O. brunneoparva (1) SE
- O. brunneoparva (2) FI
100 75
O. brunneoparva (3) FI O. brunneoparva
100
76 O. brunneoparva (4) SE
99 O. brunneoparva (5) SE
O. propinquata (1) SE
100/100
O. propinquata (2) SE O. propinquata
O. propinquata (3) FR
O. tuomikoskii (1) SE
97 O. tuomikoskii (2) SE
100 O. tuomikoskii (3) FI
O. papillata f. pallidefurfuracea FR
O. tuomikoskii (4) SE
100 89
O. tuomikoskii (5) FR
100 78 98 O. tuomikoskii
98 O. tuomikoskii (6) NO
84
96 O. tuomikoskii (7) SE
91 O. tuomikoskii (8) US
100 O. tuomikoskii (9) US
O. tuomikoskii (10) US
O. tuomikoskii (11) US
O. pseudoleporina (1) US
100 O. pseudoleporina (3) US
O. pseudoleporina
100
100 O. leporina (3) US
100 O. leporina (4) US
O. leporina (5) US
O. crassa CHN
O. leporina (6) CHN O. leporina
100 O. leporina (7) SE
O. myosotis FI
100
O. leporina (8) SE
O. leporina (9) SE
O. leporina (10) FR
100 O. papillata (1) FI
O. papillata
100 O. papillata (2) FI
O. alutacea (1) SE
99 O. alutacea (2) SE
clade 1
100 O. alutacea (3) DK
O. alutacea (4) SE
O. alutacea (5) US
99 O. alutacea (6) US
clade 2
100 100 O. alutacea (7) US
98 O. alutacea (9) SE
O. alutacea (10) NO clade 3a
100
O. alutacea (11, 30) SE
O. alutacea (12) SE
clade 3b
O. alutacea (13) DK
O. alutacea (14) SE
75 O. alutacea (15) CHN O. alutacea complex
100 O. alutacea (16) CHN
O. alutacea (17) IT
O. alutacea (18) US
-
95 O. alutacea (20) US clade 4
94
97 96 O. alutacea (21) US
100 O. alutacea (22) NO

100 O. alutacea (23) ES
O. alutacea (24) FR
71
O. alutacea (25) CHN
- O. alutacea s.str.
98
O. alutacea (27) DK
100
O. alutacea (29) IT
O. daliensis (1) CHN
100
O. daliensis
100 O. daliensis (2) ES
100 O. subterranea (1) US
O. subterranea
100 O. subterranea (2) US
99
100 O. apophysata GE O. apophysata
O. platyspora (1) SE
-
98
O. platyspora (2) SE O. platyspora
O. platyspora (3) DK 0.4
Monascella botryosa ES
Warcupia terrestris CA
Fig. 1   Bayesian inference 50 % majority rule consensus phylogram of Otidea from LSU sequence data. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values (ML-BP)
≥ 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 95 % are shown above and below the branches, respectively. Thickened branches received support by
both ML-BP ≥ 70 % and PP ≥ 95 %. Type collections are highlighted in bold. Country of origin for each collection is given using ISO country codes. Names of
species recognised are indicated by the vertical bars.
O. bufonia (1) SE
O. bufonia (2) SE
100
O. bufonia (3) DK
100
O. bufonia (4) ES
O. bufonia
O. bufonia (5) FR
99
O. bufonia (6) FR
O. mirabilis (1) SE
O. mirabilis (2) SE
O. mirabilis (3) DK
-
O. mirabilis (4) FI
94
O. mirabilis (5) FR
O. mirabilis
O. mirabilis (6) IT
98 O. leporina (1) CHN
97 O. leporina (2) CHN
O. smithii (1) US
100 O. smithii (2) US
O. smithii
100 O. smithii (3) US
O. smithii (4) US
O. flavidobrunneola (1) FI
100
O. flavidobrunneola (2) FI O. flavidobrunneola
100
O. flavidobrunneola (3) NO
O. brevispora CHN O. brevispora
O. onotica (1) US
O. onotica (2) US
71
O. onotica (3) US
99 91 O. onotica (4) DK
100
O. onotica (5) SE
O. onotica
82
91 O. onotica (6, 7, 8) SE, NO
O. onotica (9) IT
O. onotica (10) DK
O. unicisa (1) US
100
100
O. unicisa (2) US O. unicisa
100 O. unicisa (3) US
100 100 O. kaushalii MY O. kaushalii
100 O. yunnanensis CHN O. yunnanensis
O. minor (1) FI
100
O. minor (2) SE
100
O. minor (3) FI
O. minor (4) DK O. minor
95 O. minor (5) IT
98 O. minor (6) DK
71
99 O. minor (7) DK
O. lactea CHN O. lactea
O. oregonensis (1) US
100 O. oregonensis (3) US
O. oregonensis (4) US O. oregonensis
100
-
100 O. sp. ‘a’ (1) SE
95
O. sp. ‘a’ (2) SE O. sp. ‘a’
100
100 100 O. phlebophora (1) DK
O. phlebophora (2) SE
O. phlebophora
100 100
O. borealis FI O. borealis
O. rainierensis US O. rainierensis
O. concinna (1) SE
100
-
O. concinna (2) SE O. concinna
100
O. concinna (3) ES
97
100 O. caeruleopruinosa (1, 3) FI, SE
O. caeruleopruinosa (2) ES
O. caeruleopruinosa
100
O. sinensis CHN O. sinensis
99 O. subformicarum (1) ES
89 O. subformicarum (2) ES
O. subformicarum
100
98 O. aff. subformicarum (1) ME
O. aff. subformicarum (2) ME
98
O. formicarum (1) FI
100
O. formicarum (2) SE
97 O. formicarum (3) FI O. formicarum
100
O. formicarum (4) NO
91 O. formicarum (5) SE
99 O. sp. ‘b’ SE O. sp. ‘b’

- O. nannfeldtii (1) IT
100 O. nannfeldtii (2) IT
91
O. nannfeldtii (3) IT
99
O. angusta FI
-
O. nannfeldtii (4) FI
99
O. nannfeldtii (5) SE
O. nannfeldtii
73 98 O. nannfeldtii (6) FR
- 100 99 O. nannfeldtii (7) FI
O. nannfeldtii (8) US
100
O. nannfeldtii (9) SE
Fig. 1   (cont.)
ary tree distribution (the first 25 % discarded as the burn-in) from Mexico, each form separate, strongly supported clades
(Fig. 1). The ML and Bayesian tree topologies were congru- (ML-BP and PP 100 %; ML-BP 84 %, PP 100 %, respectively).
ent and recovered the same moderate to strongly supported Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS-LSU dataset fail
clades (Fig. 1). The terminal clades that constitute species we however, to resolve relationships among these three clades
recognise (Hansen & Olariaga 2015) have moderate to strong with any certainty.
support in both analyses, except for O. leporina and O. mirabilis. The combined ML analysis of the O. borealis dataset resulted in
A few synonymies inferred from sequences of type collections a single best ML tree of -lnL = 4230.82 (Fig. 3). Bayesian analy-
from which we were not able to obtain the protein-coding ses reached an average standard deviation of split frequencies
genes, and clear misidentifications of sequences deposited of 0.005 after 3 M generations. A majority rule consensus tree
in GenBank are evidenced by the LSU phylogeny (see Table was constructed, as for the O. formicarum dataset (above).
1). Based on LSU sequences from GenBank: the holotype of The supported topology (PP ≥ 95 %) did not differ from the
O. crassa is nested within the O. leporina clade (= O. leporina supported topology recovered by ML analysis. The placement
and O. pseudoleporina); O. lactea is suggested to be a sister of the single O. borealis collection is unresolved, but the ITS-
lineage to O. minor; O. sinensis is resolved as a sister species LSU phylogeny confirms it is genetically divergent from its sister
to O. caeruleopruinosa, but without support; O. yunnanensis species (Fig. 3). Other species with a yellow outer surface of the
forms a monophyletic group with O. kaushalii and O. unicisa; apothecia, O. concinna, O. minor, O. oregonensis and O. phle-
and the type of O. onotica var. brevispora (= O. brevispora) is bophora, are each strongly supported as monophyletic (ML
supported as a sister lineage to O. onotica. The holotype of 97–99 %, PP 100 %). An exception is O. minor (5) from Italy
O. mirabilis is nested among other collections of O. mirabilis that is resolved as a sister lineage to the rest of the O. minor
and the LSU sequence differs only in 1 bp from sequences of collections and O. integra without support. The ITS and LSU
collections from Scandinavia and France. sequences of O. minor (5) differ by 16 and 5 bp, respectively,
from the rest of the sequences of O. minor, which are 100 %
The O. formicarum and O. concinna clades in separate identical, except for the ITS sequence of O. minor (7) that
ITS-LSU phylogenies differs in 1 bp. Otidea integra is represented only by the ITS2
The ML analysis of the O. formicarum dataset recovered a single region (281 bp). The holotype of O. rainierensis is forming a
tree of -lnL = 3579.93 (Fig. 2). Bayesian analyses reached
an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.003
after 3 M generations. A majority rule consensus tree was O. microspora US
constructed from the 90 004 trees sampled from the four runs, O. rainierensis US
97
each consisting of 22 501 trees sampled from the stationary 100 O. kauffmanii (1) US
tree distribution (the first 25 % discarded as the burn-in). The 98
four collections of O. subformicarum from Spain and Italy form 100 O. kauffmanii (2) US
a distinct, strongly supported monophyletic group (ML-BP and O. integra IT
PP 100 %). Likewise, the five collections of O. formicarum from O. minor (7) DK
Fennoscandia, and the two collections of O. aff. subformicarum O. minor (3) FI
99
O. minor (1) FI
100
O. formicarum (5) SE O. minor (6) DK
O. minor (2) SE
100
O. formicarum (4) NO 100 O. minor (4) DK
100
100 O. minor (5) IT
O. formicarum (3) FI
O. formicarum (2) SE O. oregonensis (3) US
O. formicarum (1) FI O. oregonensis (2) US

84 98 O. oregonensis (5) US
O. aff. subformicarum (1) ME
100 99
100 100 O. aff. subformicarum (2) ME 100
100
O. subformicarum (2) ES 100 O. sp. ‘a’ (1) SE
100 100 O. sp. ‘a’ (2) SE

O. subformicarum (3) IT O. phlebophora (3) UK
100 100
O. phlebophora (2) SE
O. subformicarum (4) ES 100
O. phlebophora (1) DK
O. subformicarum (1) ES O. borealis FI
O. concinna (3) ES
O. nannfeldtii (7) FI 97
100 99 O. concinna (1) SE
O. angusta FI O. concinna (2) SE
100 100
100 O. caeruleopruinosa (2) ES
100 O. nannfeldtii (5) SE 0.0080 100 O. caeruleopruinosa (1) FI 0.02
Fig. 2   The single best tree resulting from the Maximum Likelihood analysis Fig. 3   The single best tree resulting from the Maximum Likelihood analysis
of the ITS-LSU regions of the O. formicarum clade. ML bootstrap values of the ITS-LSU regions of O. borealis and closely allied species. ML bootstrap
(ML-BP) are shown above nodes and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) values (ML-BP) are shown above nodes and Bayesian posterior probabilities
below nodes. Thickened branches are nodes with high support (ML-BP ≥ 75; (PP) below nodes. Thickened branches are nodes with high support (ML-BP
PP ≥ 95). Type collections are in bold. ≥ 75 %; PP ≥ 95 %). Type collections are in bold.
strongly supported clade with the holotype of O. kauffmanii Excipular resinous exudates and reactions in MLZ and KOH
and a paratype of O. microspora (ML 97 %, PP 100 %). The A resinous exudate is here used for a substance that is released
O. kauffmanii and O. microspora types are only represented
from the cells and in many species is vulnerable to common
by ITS and are therefore not included in any of our previous
mountants, but not water (following Huhtinen 1990). In Otidea
analyses. We conclude O. kauffmanii is a synonym of O. rainie
the exudates are concentrated in the excipulum cells, and on
rensis and O. microspora a doubtful name (see further under
the tomentum and mycelium at the base of the apothecia.
Taxonomy). Otidea concinna is strongly supported as a sister
The resinous exudates are deposited on the outside of the
group to the rest of the ingroup, but otherwise the relationships
cell or hyphal walls. Harmaja (2009a) introduced the reaction
among the species are without support.
of coloured resinous exudates on the outermost cells of the
The phylogenetic results, and the ITS sequence similarity and ectal excipulum in MLZ as a taxonomic character. Our study
divergence (for species identification), will be further discussed revealed in addition, different reaction patterns of exudates
where applicable in the descriptive notes below. on the medullary excipulum cells and on the mycelium at the
base of the apothecia (including the tomentum), extending out
Morphological characters for species delimitation
among the soil particles, which turned out to be diagnostic for
All Otidea species recognised by concordance of our four genes some species (see under Mycelium at the base of the apothe-
phylogenies (Hansen & Olariaga 2015) can be recognised by cia). In the medullary excipulum, most frequently scattered,
a combination of morphological characters. We evaluated the golden brown, resinous exudates are present at septa, e.g. in
characters in the context of the phylogeny and discovered O. alutacea, O. leporina, O. nannfeldtii (Fig. 4a). Otidea bufonia
several new characters. The apothecial shape, colours, and has unique exudates, wrapping some hyphae and appearing
spore characters (size, shape, ornamentation) are important striate (referred to as ‘fingerprint-like’ by Korf & Zhuang (1991)),
for species identification, but to distinguish closely related spe-
sometimes forming big crystal-like aggregates (Fig. 4b, c). In
cies (or otherwise morphologically similar species) additional
contrast, the sibling species, O. mirabilis, has only sometimes
characters are needed. These are the shape of the paraphyses,
biflabellate crystal-like exudates in the medullary excipulum
ectal excipulum structure, type of exudates on the medullary
(Fig. 4d). Otidea papillata also possesses unique brown exu-
excipulum hyphae, resinous exudates on the outer surface of
dates, embedding some hyphae of the medullary excipulum
the ectal excipulum and on the mycelium at the base of the
and sometimes appearing rod-like.
apothecia, and their possible reactions in MLZ and KOH (see
further in Hansen & Olariaga 2015). Below we provide details Small, resinous drops or amorphous matter are present in vari-
on the resinous exudates, and their reactions in KOH and MLZ, able amounts on the outer surface of the apothecia of nearly
because they largely have been overlooked. all Otidea species. In most species they are abundant and
Fig. 4   Medullary excipulum resinous exudates in Otidea. a. Hyphae with golden brown resinous exudates at septa in O. leporina (KH.11.02), in water*;
b, c. brown crystal-like exudates in O. bufonia (KH.07.37) in water †: b. overview; c. close-up of hyphae wrapped in striate exudates; d. close-up of biflabellate
crystal-like exudates in O. mirabilis (GMFN 1951, holotype), in water† — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = fresh material; † = dried material.
Fig. 5   Reactions of resinous exudates on the outermost ectal excipulum cells in Otidea. a. O. nannfeldtii † (H6010804, holotype of O. angusta), in water (left)
and converting into amber drops in Melzer’s reagent (right); b. O. bufonia* (KH.09.171), in water (left) and converting into reddish particles in Melzer’s reagent
(right); c. O. borealis† (S-F242694, holotype), in water (left) and turning bright yellow in KOH (right); d. O. nannfeldtii † (H6010804), in water (left) and turning
reddish brown in KOH (right); e. O. pseudoleporina† (rh101910, holotype), in water (left) and converting into reddish grey drops in KOH (right); f. ectal excipulum
cells showing a gelatinous sheath in O. formicarum* (KH.11.104). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = fresh material; † = dried material.
easy to observe in water, but scarce and difficult to detect in a contain hyaline bubbles (Fig. 5a). The ‘amber drops’ are over-
few (O. alutacea, O. formicarum). One species, O. kaushalii, looked if the ectal excipulum is directly mounted in MLZ, since
has a unique type of exudate, i.e. crystal-like, oblate spheroid, the exudates coalesce instantly and the drops can be washed
striate bodies, with a constricted centre. The possible reaction away. The reaction is best observed if MLZ is added to a water
of the exudates in MLZ and KOH is useful to separate certain mount. This reaction is present in many species. ii) Resinous
species or groups. Using these characters requires experience. exudates partly convert into small reddish particles (Fig. 5b).
The reaction appears to vary depending on the amount of exu- The reaction is often subtle and visible only in certain parts of
date and the concentration of MLZ. As Harmaja (2009a), we a mount. This reaction is typical in O. bufonia, O. mirabilis and
observed two types of reactions in MLZ: i) Resinous exudates O. smithii. In some species the exudates do not react in MLZ
dissolve and coalesce into spheroid drops, ‘amber drops’, that or they simply dissolve.
Fig. 6   Mycelium at the base of the apothecia and extending out in the substrate in Otidea†. a, b. O. flavidobrunneola (H6010806, holotype): a. resinous exu-
dates on the hyphal walls in water; b. dissolved in Melzer’s reagent; c, d. O. borealis (S-F242694, holotype): c. pale yellow in water; d. turning bright yellow in
KOH. — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = all dried material.
In this study we detected three discriminative reactions of re formed. Resinous exudates are often present on the surface,
sinous exudates in 10 % KOH, which we propose as a novel especially on the mycelia extending out in the substrate, and
taxonomic character: i) In water the resinous exudates range can appear like hyphal ornamentation.
from yellow to dark reddish yellow (Fig. 5c, left) and in KOH Harmaja (2009a) proposed the colour of the basal tomentum
these dissolve completely ± exuding a yellow pigment, or partly as a taxonomic character, but microscopic features of the basal
with the rest turning distinctly brighter yellow (Fig. 5c, right). This mycelium have been largely overlooked and have not been
reaction occurs in O. concinna and closely related species, viz. included in species descriptions. Two types of characters are
O. borealis, O. caeruleopruinosa, O. flavidobrunneola, O. kaus useful for species identification: i) Resinous exudates occurring
halii, O. minor and O. oregonensis, and slightly less strikingly in on the hyphal walls (Fig. 6a). These can be inconspicuous or
O. unicisa. ii) The resinous exudates are yellow-brown in water nearly absent in some species, such as in O. alutacea s.l., in
(Fig. 5d, left) and turn reddish brown in KOH (Fig. 5d, right). which only a few refractive drops or minute hyaline exudates
This reaction has been observed in O. nannfeldtii and O. pro- are sometimes present. Resinous exudates are also scarce in
pinquata. iii) The resinous exudates, yellow brown in water some species of the O. concinna clade. Many other species
(Fig. 5e, left), partly dissolve in KOH, and partly coalesce into show hyphae densely covered with resinous exudates, such as
heterogeneous, pale reddish grey drops, with bubbles inside O. formicarum, O. propinquata and O. tuomikoskii. The shape of
(Fig. 5e, right). These drops are similar to the ‘amber drops’ the exudates is variable, i.e. rod-shaped, hemispherical, conical
observed in MLZ in many species, except for the pale red colour. or bipyramidal. They dissolve and completely disappear in MLZ
This reaction has been observed in O. leporina and O. pseudo- (Fig. 6b). Sometimes doubts can arise about the nature of the
leporina. A number of species have the outermost cells of the differently shaped exudates, but the facts that they detach from
ectal excipulum sometimes covered with a thin gelatinous the hyphal wall when the mount is squashed and dissolve in
sheath (Fig. 5f). MLZ, show these are not true ornamentation, i.e. not part of the
hyphal wall. ii) The hyphal wall turns yellow in KOH (Fig. 6d;
Mycelium at the base of the apothecia
see Fig. 6c in water). We have observed this reaction clearly
All Otidea species studied showed a conspicuous tomentum in O. borealis and O. onotica. It can be observed in isolated
covering the base of the apothecia and spreading out in the hyphae, but is more conspicuous when a mass of hyphae is
substrate. In the microscopic descriptions we refer to both as observed together. It can also be observed macroscopically.
the basal mycelium. The hyphae are septate, straight and fre-
quently branch and anastomose. No rhizomorphs have been
observed, although slender hyphal threads are sometimes
TAXONOMY 4. Spores 14 –17 × 7–9 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. O. kaushalii

4. Spores 16.5–20 × 7.6–10 µm . . . . . 18. O. yunnanensis
Otidea (Pers.) Bonord., Handb. Mykol.: 205. 1851 5. Spores Lm > 17 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
≡ Peziza (unranked) Otidea Pers., Mycol. Eur. 1: 220. 1822. 5. Spores Lm < 17 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
≡ Peziza (unranked) Cochleatae Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 46. 1822: Fr. loc. cit. 6. Apothecia broadly ear-shaped, split; typically ochraceous
Type species. Otidea onotica (Pers. : Fr.) Fuckel, indicated by Saccardo,
yellow to ochre orange; often associated with Cudonia in
Bot. Centralbl. 18: 215. 1884 (‘P. onotica Pers.’).
= Flavoscypha Harmaja, Karstenia 14: 107. 1974.
mossy Picea forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. O. cantharella
Type species. Peziza phlebophora Berk. & Broome. 6. Apothecia cup-shaped, split or entire; brown; under Picea
= Otideopsis B. Liu & J.Z. Cao, Shanxi Univ. J., Nat. Sci. Ed. 4: 70. 1987. or other trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Type species. Otideopsis yunnanensis B. Liu & J.Z. Cao. 7. Apothecia entire; reddish brown; basal mycelium normally
Apothecia small to large, 3 –75 mm high, 4 – 80 mm wide, often with abundant minute resinous exudates; ectal excipulum
in fascicles or caespitose, epigeous, cup- to ear-shaped and hyphoid hairs often with a gelatinous sheath (more easily
split to the base on one side, less often entire, stipitate or not; seen in MLZ); with Picea . . . . . . . . . . 12. O. propinquata
or hypogeous and enclosed. Hymenium white, yellow, ochre, 7. Apothecia split or entire; purple or ochre-brown; basal
brown, almost black, often with pink stains. Receptacle surface mycelium without or with sparse resinous exudates; ectal
concolorous or with similar colours as hymenium, sometimes excipulum hyphoid hairs without a conspicuous sheath;
with purplish, greenish or bluish tones, with conical to broadly with angiosperms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
conical warts or pustules, less often smooth or furfuraceous, 8. Apothecia split, up to 75 mm wide; spores broadly ellipsoid
concolorous or darker than the background. Base of the apo- to oblong, Qm = 1.7–1.8; associated with Fagaceae . . . . .
thecium tomentose, mycelium white, ochre, yellow, orange or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. O. platyspora
brown, extending out in the substrate, base ribbed-veined in 8. Apothecia entire or split, up to 16 mm diam; spores narrowly
a few species. Spores uniseriate, ellipsoid, oblong or fusoid, ellipsoid to fusoid, Qm = 1.9–2.1; most likely associated
typically with 2 guttules, sometimes with a few smaller gran- with Betulaceae and Salicaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ules, smooth (or verruculose in SEM), rarely spinose or with 9. Apothecia deeply cup-shaped, split; ectal excipulum without
low ridges, with de Bary bubbles in MLZ and Cotton Blue when resinous exudates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. O. apophysata
dried, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to very pale 9. Apothecia shallowly cup-shaped, usually entire; ectal ex-
brown. Paraphyses typically curved to hooked, rarely straight, cipulum surface with abundant resinous exudates . . . . . .
sometimes with notches or swollen at the apices, septate, typi- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. O. daliensis
cally containing refractive small guttules at the apices, fading in 10. Receptacle surface with bright citrine yellow tones in young
colour and collapsed when dried. Asci cylindrical, operculate, apothecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8-spored, 116– 275 × 8 –19 µm, with pleurorhynchous base. 10. Receptacle surface without citrine yellow tones . . . . . . 15
Subhymenium c. 100 –150 µm thick, of dense textura intricata,
hyphae sometimes swollen, often with scattered pigmented 11. Spores Qm = 1.7– 2; apothecial base at most wrinkled,
exudates at septa. Medullary excipulum 400 –1500 µm thick, without high ribs or veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
of textura intricata, hyphae cylindrical to slightly swollen, thin- 11. Spores Qm = 2–2.3; apothecial base with ribs or strongly
walled to thick-walled, hyaline to pale brown, often with pig- veined at least in some apothecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
mented resinous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum 70–150 12. Receptacle surface ochraceous yellow; basal mycelium
µm thick, of textura angularis, less often of textura prismatica. yellow in KOH; spores Wm = 6.5 µm, Qm = 1.7 . . . . . . . . .
Surface with warts up to 180 µm high, formed by fascicu- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. O. borealis
late, short hyphoid hairs of globose to elongated cells, or of 12. Receptacle surface citrine yellow; basal mycelium unchang
textura globulosa-angularis with single hyphoid hairs. Resinous ed in KOH; spores Wm = 5.6–6 µm, Qm = 1.8–2 . . . . . 13
exudates often present on the surface, yellow to dark brown, 13. Apothecia sometimes entire, sometimes with blunt ribs at
sometimes dissolving in MLZ, turning reddish or into brownish the base; North America . . . . . . . . . . . 31. O. oregonensis
yellow amber drops, sometimes changing colour in KOH. Basal 13. Apothecia split, without ribs at the base; Europe . . . . . . .
mycelium of septate, straight hyphae, that frequently branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. O. concinna
and anastomose, turning yellow or not in KOH, often covered 14. Apothecia mostly entire, base strongly ribbed-veined and
with pigmented, small, resinous exudates. anastomosing in all the apothecia . . 32. O. phlebophora
Ecology & Distribution — see Hansen & Olariaga (2015). 14. Apothecia mostly split, base with a few ribs-veins, smooth
in some apothecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. O. minor
Key to species of Otidea
15. At least some paraphyses straight or curved, claviform
We were not able to study and interpret the following Chinese
to almost capitate at apices; and/or resinous exudates of
species and these are therefore not treated nor included in the
the ectal excipulum yellow or reddish yellow, turning bright
key: Otidea bicolor W.Y. Zhuang & Zhu L. Yang, O. kunmingen-
yellow in KOH; apothecia split or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
sis W.Y. Zhuang, O. olivaceobrunnea Harmaja, O. sinensis J.Z.
15. Paraphyses not as such; resinous exudates of the ectal
Cao & L. Fan, O. subpurpurea W.Y. Zhuang and O. tianshuien-
excipulum, when present, not turning bright yellow in KOH;
sis J.Z. Cao, L. Fan & B. Liu. For O. integra (Bres.) Harmaja
apothecia always split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
see notes under O. phlebophora.
16. Apothecia shallowly cup-shaped and irregular, entire . . .
1. Ascomata hypogeous, globose to subglobose, truffle-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. O. lactea
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. O. subterranea 16. Apothecia ear-shaped or deeply cup-shaped, split . . . 17
1. Ascomata epigeous, cup-shaped to ear-shaped, split or 17. Paraphyses often claviform or capitate at apices, 3–9 µm
entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 broad; spores Qm = 1.6–1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. Spores ornamented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 17. Paraphyses at most slightly swollen at apices, 2–5 µm
2. Spores smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 broad; spores Qm = 1.9–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3. Spores with fine warts ± ridges . . . . . . . . . . . 17. O. unicisa 18. Basal mycelium turning yellow in KOH; Europe . . . . . . . .
3. Spores spiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (see under O. borealis) O. sp. ‘a’
18. Basal mycelium not yellow in KOH; North America . . . . . 31. Receptacle medium brown; ectal excipulum resinous exu-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. O. rainierensis dates absent or scarce, light yellowish brown; basal my-
19. Spores Lm = 11.2 –11.8 µm; sometimes receptacle with a celium without dark brown resinous exudates . . . . . . . . .
bluish hue, ochraceous grey when dried; basal tomentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. O. alutacea s.l.
light ochre in dried specimens . . . 26. O. caeruleopruinosa 31. Receptacle dark purple brown; ectal excipulum resinous
19. Spores Lm = 10 –10.6 µm; receptacle without bluish hue exudates abundant, dark brown; basal mycelium with dark
when fresh, reddish brown when dried; basal tomentum brown resinous exudates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
orange-ochre in dried specimens 28. O. flavidobrunneola 32. Spores Qm < 2, ellipsoid; apothecia mostly ear-shaped;
20. Spores Lm < 12 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. O. smithii
20. Spores Lm > 12 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 32. Spores Qm > 2, ellipsoid-fusoid; apothecia mostly cup-
21. Apothecia dark brown with lilaceous tones; Asia . . . . . . . shaped, split; Eurasia and North America . . . . . . . . . . 33
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. O. purpurea 33. Receptacle strikingly purple-violaceous (fresh); medullary
21. Apothecia not dark brown, without lilaceous tones; Asia, excipulum without, or rarely with flabellate crystal-like exu-
Europe or North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 dates, forming cross-like aggregates; under conifers on cal-
22. Medullary excipulum with reddish brown resinous exudates careous ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. O. mirabilis
scattered among and covering some hyphae; ectal excipu- 33. Receptacle mostly without purple tones; medullary excipu-
lum of textura prismatica to textura intricata; receptacle sur- lum with striate exudates covering some hyphae, some-
face with contrasting brown warts . . . . . . . 6. O. papillata times forming crystal-like aggregates; often under decidu-
22. Medullary excipulum sometimes with yellowish brown re ous trees or on acidic ground . . . . . . . . . . 20. O. bufonia
sinous exudates at septa, not covering hyphae; ectal exci-
Based on genealogical concordance phylogenetic species
pulum of textura angularis; receptacle surface with contrast-
recognition (GCPSR: Taylor et al. 2000), using the four loci,
ing warts or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
RPB1, RPB2, EF1 and LSU rDNA, we delimited 25 species
23. At least some warts higher than 85 µm; basal tomentum within Otidea (see Hansen & Olariaga 2015). In addition eight
orange-ochre when dried; apothecial sections often yellow species were recognised by genetic divergence from their sis-
in KOH; without resinous exudates at septa in the medullary ters. Twenty-eight of these are treated and discussed below,
excipulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. O. tuomikoskii along with O. brevispora, O. lactea, O. subterranea and O. yun-
23. Warts up to 85 µm; basal tomentum pale ochre or yellow
nanensis included in our LSU phylogeny, and O. purpurea that
when dried; apothecial sections not yellow in KOH; some-
has only been studied morphologically. The species are pre-
times with resinous exudates at septa in the medullary
sented following their phylogenetic relationships, inferred from
excipulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
our combined three- and four-gene analyses (f. 3 in Hansen
24. Hymenium with distinct yellow or orange tones, ochre- & Olariaga 2015).
yellow to pinkish orange; resinous exudates on the ectal
excipulum partly dissolving into reddish grey, heterogene-
Otidea platyspora clade
ous drops in KOH or basal mycelium yellow in KOH . . 25
24. Hymenium without or with weak orange tones; resinous Apothecia disc-shaped, cup-shaped and split, or globose and
exudates sometimes turning reddish brown but not dissol hypogeous, brown. Spores large, exceeding 20 µm, except
ving into drops in KOH; basal mycelium not turning yellow 14–16.5 µm if hypogeous. Basal mycelium smooth or with very
in KOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 sparse resinous exudates.
25. Resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum partly dissol Species — Otidea apophysata, O. daliensis, O. platyspora,
ving into reddish grey heterogeneous drops in KOH; basal O. subterranea.
mycelium not turning yellow in KOH; North America . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. O. pseudoleporina 1. Otidea apophysata (Cooke & W. Phillips) Sacc., Syll. Fung.
25. Resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum not dissolving 8: 96. 1889
into reddish grey heterogeneous drops in KOH; basal myce-
lium turning yellow in KOH; Asia . . . . . . 19. O. brevispora Basionym. Peziza apophysata Cooke & W. Phillips in Cooke, Grevillea 5:
60. 1876.
26. Hymenium sometimes with pink tones; apothecia yellowish ≡ Pseudotis apophysata (Cooke & W. Phillips) Boud., Hist. Classific. Disco-
ochre to brown; narrowly ear-shaped in the beginning . . . myc. Europe: 52. 1907.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. O. nannfeldtii Holotype. England, Shrewsbury, in a damp ditch, 1876, W. Phillips (K(M)
26. Hymenium without pink tones; apothecia reddish brown to 30410 ex Herb. Phillips). Isotype (K(M) 167215 ex Herb. Cooke) !
orange-brown; broadly ear-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Misapplied names
27. Spores Lm = 10 –10.7 µm; Qm = 1.6 –1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . – Otidea felina sensu Boudier, Icon. Mycol. livr. 29: n°. 512, pl. 331. 1910
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. O. formicarum (preliminary text with ‘circulaires’).
27. Spores Lm = 11.1–11.7 µm; Qm = 1.7–1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apothecia solitary to caespitose, 8–30 mm high, up to 15 mm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. O. subformicarum
wide, initially ear-shaped, then soon expanding and becom-
28. Spores Qm < 1.8; ear-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ing cup-shaped, split, sessile or stipitate. Hymenium purple
28. Spores Qm > 1.8; ear- or cup-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 brown (6D3, 6D4), when dried dark orange brown (6E7, 6F7).
29. Apothecia dark brown, sometimes with olivaceous tint; para- Receptacle surface pale greyish orange (6C5), purple brown
physes mostly with distinct notches . 10. O. brunneoparva (6D4), when dried dark orange brown (6E7, 6F7), furfuraceous.
29. Apothecia cinnamon brown, without olivaceous tint; para- Warts scarce to absent, low. Stipe absent. Basal tomentum and
physes not or slightly notched . . . . . . . . . . . 7. O. leporina mycelium whitish to pale orange grey (5B2). Spores narrowly el-
30. Apothecia ochraceous yellow, hymenium often with pink lipsoid to fusoid, narrowing toward the poles, sometimes inequi-
tones; basal mycelium turning yellow in KOH . . . . . . . . . lateral, with two large guttules, and often with several smaller
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. O. onotica guttules, smooth, hyaline, 20–24.5 × 9–11 µm (Lm = 21.6 µm,
30. Apothecia pale or dark brown, without pink tones; basal Wm = 10 µm, Qm = 2.1; n = 1). Paraphyses curved to hooked,
mycelium not turning yellow in KOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 seldom straight, slightly enlarged at apices, 3–4(–5) µm wide,
sometimes with a sinuous underside or with 1– 2 notches, fre- (19.5 –)20.5 – 23 × 10.5 –12(–13) µm (Lm = 21.2 – 21.5 µm,
quently branching, entangled and interconnected, when dried Wm = 10.7–11 µm, Qm = 1.9–2.1; n = 2). Paraphyses curved to
containing small, refractive, hyaline guttules. Asci 172–197 × hooked, sometimes slightly enlarged at apices, 2.5–3.5(–5) µm
12–13 µm. Apothecial section 700 – 850 µm thick. Medullary wide, sometimes with slightly swollen areas, apices sometimes
excipulum of textura intricata, 400 – 500 µm thick, hyphae embedded in a brown matter, when dried containing small,
slightly thick-walled, 5–9 µm wide, pale brown. Ectal excipulum refractive, brown guttules. Asci 199–212 × 15–17 µm. Apothe-
of textura angularis, 70 –110 µm, cells thin-walled, yellowish cial section 600–850 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 90–110 µm
brown, 18 – 33 × 13 – 22 µm. Surface with low warts, up to 40 thick, of dense textura intricata, visible as a darker zone, cells
µm high, cells ovoid to globose, constricted at septa, 8–13 µm cylindrical to swollen, with scattered brown resinous exudates
wide. Resinous exudates absent. Basal mycelium of 4–5 µm at septa. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 300–400 µm
broad, pale brown hyphae, sometimes with oily refractive drops thick, hyphae 4–6.5 µm wide, slightly thick-walled, pale brown,
on the surface. with brown resinous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of
Specimens examined. Germany, Nordrhein, Herten, 1 Sept. 1999, F. Kas-
textura angularis, 90–120 µm thick, cells thin-walled, yellowish
parek, private herb. Kasparek s.n. (dupl. S-F257062). brown, 18–28 × 11–28 µm. Surface with broadly conical warts.
Non-warted parts with 2–5-celled hyphoid hairs, with claviform
Notes — Otidea apophysata is characterised by deeply cup- uppermost cell, more rarely cylindrical, constricted at septa,
shaped, split, brown apothecia, and large, ellipsoid to fusoid 6–9 µm wide. Resinous exudates abundant, dark brown, partly
spores. Otidea daliensis is a closely related species, distin- dissolving in MLZ. Basal mycelium of 3.5–4 µm wide, hyaline
guished by darker brown, shallowly cup-shaped, usually entire hyphae, with yellowish brown, small, resinous exudates.
apothecia, and abundant dark brown resinous exudates on the
Specimens examined. France, 1869, L. Quélet (UPS F-629790). – Spain,
outermost cells of the ectal excipulum. Otidea platyspora has
Basque Country, Bizkaia, Galdames, Presa de Aguas Juntas, sandy soil
also brown apothecia and large spores, but it differs from O. apo- under Populus nigra, 11 Aug. 2003, J.L. Pérez Butrón, SEST-03071103; 17
physata in the larger apothecia, partly buried in the substrate, Aug. 2006, SEST-06081702.
broadly ellipsoid to oblong spores, and non-entangled para-
physes without notches. Notes — Otidea daliensis is recognised by small, usually
entire, dark purple brown, shallowly cup-shaped apothecia,
The name O. apophysata has been misapplied twice for O. da-
large ellipsoid spores often narrowing toward the poles, and
liensis (Boudier 1909b, Pérez-Butrón & Fernández-Vicente
abundant brown resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum. This
2008). The type material of O. apophysata lacks resinous exu-
species has been confused with O. apophysata (see O. apo-
dates on the ectal excipulum, which clearly distinguishes it
physata).
from O. daliensis. An original painting by W. Phillips, based
on the type material of O. apophysata and preserved at RBG The first known report of O. daliensis was by Boudier (1909b),
Kew (reproduced in Parslow & Spooner 2013), shows typical as Pseudotis apophysata. The plate 332 (n°. 471) shows the
brown, split, deeply cup-shaped apothecia. The illustration by typical dark purple, shallowly cup-shaped apothecia, in contrast
Cooke (1878, f. 350), based on drawings and (likely dried) to O. apophysata, depicted in plate 331 (n°. 512) as O. felina
specimens communicated by W. Phillips, shows slightly darker (Boudier 1910). Mornand & Courtecuisse (2005) proposed a
apothecia than typical. provisional name, O. boudieri, for the Boudier P. apophysata
plate (= O. daliensis, n°. 332). Zhuang & Korf (1989) described
Otidea apophysata is only known from very few reports from
O. daliensis without comparing it to O. apophysata. Material with
France (Boudier 1910 as O. felina), Germany (Häffner &
small, shallowly cup-shaped apothecia and darker colour was
Winterhoff 1989, Kasparek 2000), Belgium and Spain (Van
reported from the Iberian Peninsula as O. apophysata (Pérez-
Vooren 2011a). In Mid to South Britain it is widely distributed,
Butrón & Fernández-Vicente 2008), and thus had similarities
with collections from fourteen different localities (Parslow &
with O. daliensis and Boudier’s plate 332. Van Vooren (2011a)
Spooner 2013). Unlike most Otidea species, O. apophysata
considered the Iberian O. apophysata material to represent
shows preference for damp habitats, and might be associated
with Alnus and Populus (Häffner & Winterhoff 1989, Parslow O. daliensis. After restudying the Iberian material and com-
& Spooner 2013). paring it to O. apophysata, we agree with that statement. LSU
sequences obtained from the Iberian material and from the
Chinese holotype of O. daliensis are identical.
2. Otidea daliensis W.Y. Zhuang & Korf, Mycotaxon 35: 300.
1989
3. Otidea platyspora Nannf., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 3: 317. 1966.
Holotype. China, Yunnan, Dali, Hudiequan Park, alt. 2100 m, on bare soil — Fig. 7
under seedlings of Plantago major, 5 Nov. 1988, R.P. Korf, L.S. Wang & W.Y.
Zhuang (HMAS 57688). Isotype (CUP-CH 2532). Holotype. Sweden, Uppland, Djursholm, Oct. 1951, A. Zander, Fungi Exs.
Suec. 3284 (UPS F-005428). Isotype (S-F88395) !
Misapplied names
– Pseudotis apophysata sensu Boudier, Icon. Mycol. livr. 24: n°. 471, pl. 332. Misapplied names
1909 (preliminary text with ‘circulaires’). – Otidea cochleata sensu Boudier, Icon. Mycol. livr. 21: n°. 461, pl. 329. 1908
– Otidea apophysata sensu Pérez-Butrón & Fernández-Vicente, Errotari 5: (preliminary text with ‘circulaires’).
37. 2008.
Apothecia caespitose, 60–70 mm high, 40–75 mm wide, ini-
Apothecia gregarious, up to 9 mm high, 3–16 mm wide, initially tially ear-shaped, then soon expanding and becoming deeply
cup-shaped, sometimes split, then becoming shallowly cup- cup-shaped, split, sessile or shortly stipitate. Hymenium initially
shaped, sessile or stipitate. Hymenium when dried dark purple yellowish brown (5C6, 5C7), pale greyish brown (5C3, 5C4) to
brown (7F5, 7F6) to dark brown (6F5). Receptacle surface dark brown (6F3–6F6), when bruised margin blackish, when
dark purple brown (7F5, 7F6), when dried dark brown (6F5), dried brownish ochre (5B4, 5B5). Receptacle surface dark ochre
furfuraceous. Warts absent or very low. Stipe if present very brown (5D7, 5D8), slightly hygrophanous, in drying pale ochre
short. Basal tomentum and mycelium whitish to pale orange brown (5B6), when dried yellowish brown (5C6, 5C7), some-
grey (5B2). Spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid and narrowing times wrinkled at the base, finely furfuraceous in the margin.
toward the poles, sometimes inequilateral, with two large gut- Warts absent. Stipe not well developed. Basal tomentum and
tules, and often with several smaller granules, smooth, hyaline, mycelium whitish to pale brown (5A3). Spores broadly ellipsoid
Fig. 7   Otidea platyspora*. a. Apothecia; b. spores; c. paraphyses; d. ectal excipulum (a: KH.10.183; b – d: KH.09.163). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh
material.
to oblong, rarely slightly inequilateral, with two large guttules, (S-F248339); Uppland, Stockholm, Sånga, Svartsjö slott, under Quercus,
often with several smaller guttules, smooth, hyaline, 18–22 × Fagus and Corylus, 31 Aug. 2008, H. Kauffman, HK08046 (S); Uppland,
Uppsala, mixed forest with Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula
(9.5–)10.5 –12 µm (Lm = 19.8 – 20.7 µm, Wm = 10.9 –11.6 µm,
and Quercus robur, 9 Oct. 2011, J.C. Zamora (BIO-Fungi 16391); Uppland,
Qm = 1.7–1.8; n = 6). Paraphyses curved to hooked, of the Uppsala, Hågadalen-Nåsten Nature Reserve, Predikstolen, under Corylus,
same width or slightly enlarged at apices, 2.5 – 3.5(– 5) µm Populus, Quercus and Picea, on rich ground, 6 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen &
wide, without notches, rarely with a slightly swollen area on I. Olariaga, KH.10.183 (S).
the underside, when fresh containing small, refractive, light
Notes — Otidea platyspora is characterised by large, caespi
brownish yellow guttules; when dried tiny, light yellow granules.
tose, brown apothecia, blackening in bruised margins and large
Asci 168 – 213 × 14 –19 µm. Apothecial section 700 –1700 µm
spores. Macroscopically it resembles members of the O. alu
thick. Subhymenium 80–100 µm thick, visible as a darker zone,
tacea complex, but these differ in the smaller spores. Otidea apo-
cells cylindrical, densely arranged, with scarce yellowish brown physata and O. daliensis have likewise brown apothecia and
resinous exudates at septa. Medullary excipulum of textura large spores, but can be distinguished by having even larger
intricata, 550 –1100 µm thick, hyphae 3.5 –10 µm wide, some- spores and smaller (up to 30 mm) apothecia (see further under
times slightly swollen, thin-walled, light yellowish brown. Ectal those species).
excipulum of textura angularis, 70 – 90 µm, cells thin-walled,
Otidea platyspora is a striking species with scarce records.
pale brown, 13 – 37 × 12 – 22 µm. Surface with hyphoid hairs,
It was described from Sweden and has been reported from
33–70 µm long, of 4 –7 ovoid to subglobose cells, constricted
France (Boudier 1908, Nannfeldt 1966, Van Vooren & Armada
at septa, 6 – 9 µm wide, sometimes with a light brown matter.
2011), the Netherlands (Maas Geesteranus 1967) and recently
Resinous exudates absent to scarce, pale brown, dissolving
from Britain and Denmark (Parslow & Spooner 2013). We re-
in MLZ. Basal mycelium of 3.5 – 4.5 µm wide, hyaline to very
port it as new from Azerbaijan and give additional records from
pale brown hyphae, sometimes with oily refractive drops on the Denmark and Sweden. Otidea platyspora appears to have been
surface, sometimes with minute bipyramidal resinous exudates. overlooked and is more widespread than thought previously.
Specimens examined. Azerbaijan, Montes Talysh, in silva mixta, 14 Oct.
1962, E. Parmasto (UPS F-629452). – Denmark, East Jylland, Kammerher- 4. Otidea subterranea Healy & M.E. Sm. in Smith & Healy,
rens Ege, Moesgård Skov, S of Århus, under Fagus and Quercus, 11 Sept.
Mycol. Res. 113: 860. 2009
2006, J. Vesterholt, JV06-656 (C). – France, Ain, commune de Saint-Benoit,
forêt d´Évieu, under Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana and Holotype. USA, Iowa, Ledges State Park, shallowly hypogeous, erumpent
Alnus glutinosa, 15 July 2011, F. Armada, NV 2011.07.04 (dupl. S). – Swe- on soil, 30 Aug. 1997, R. Healy RH69 (FH).
den, Uppland, Stockholm, Drottningsholm, under Quercus robur, 13 Sept.
2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.163 (S); Uppland, Stockholm, Solna, Notes — Otidea subterranea is the only known hypogeous
Karlbergsparken, garden with broadleaf trees, 29 July 2006, H.-G. Toresson species of Otidea. The pustules (c. 50–100 µm high) on the
outer surface of the ptychothecia and the incrusted tomentum 9–21 × 9–17 µm. Surface with broad conical warts, 35–57
are typical for Otidea. The asci are cylindrical, with 8 uniseri- µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 6–7
ate spores, placed in a defined hymenium. Unlike most Otidea globose to subglobose cells, constricted at septa, 7–10 µm
species the spores are uniguttulate. As an adaptation to a hypo- wide. Resinous exudates absent to scarce, yellowish brown,
geous habit active spore discharge has been lost. Probably for dissolving in MLZ. Basal mycelium of 3–4.5 µm wide, hyaline
the same reason, the paraphyses are aggregated and fused hyphae, with oily refractive drops on the surface, sometimes
subapically to form an epithecium of brown thick-walled cells, with minute resinous exudates.
and are reminiscent of the frequently branching, entangled and
Specimens examined. O. alutacea s.str. — Denmark, S Sjælland, Møn,
interconnected paraphyses in O. apophysata. There are no Store Klinteskov, by Svantestenen, on calcareous soil (pH 7.0) along forest
other morphological features that support the exact placement road, under deciduous trees, together with Humaria hemisphaerica and
of O. subterranea in the O. platyspora clade. The receptacle Trichophaea woolhopeia, 11 Sept. 1994, K. Hansen & S.K. Sandal, KS-
surface of O. subterranea ascomata is whitish to cream in 94-111 (C). – France, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne, Nadayat, sous feuillus en
young and peach-cream to buff with tan-brown areas in older terrain neutrocline, 20 Sept. 1998, G. Corriol, GC 98092002 (dupl. S). – Italy,
specimens. The gleba is of dark brown fertile veins lined with Piemonte, Vignole Borbera (AL), Fraz. Variano superiore, under Quercus
pubescens and Castanea sativa, 19 Oct. 2010, M. Carbone (S-F257084). –
a thin, light yellowish brown hypothecium, but the sterile veins
Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, Leksvik, Gjøråsvika, on rich, bare ground, under
are of whitish hyphae (Smith & Healy 2009). Corylus and Picea, on a steep slope, 3 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga,
KH.09.133 (S). – Spain, Gipuzkoa, Tolosa, Elosegi markesaren lorategiak,
Otidea alutacea clade under broadleaf trees in a garden, 29 May 2009, J.I. López-Amiano, JLA
2009052902 (ARAN-Fungi A3023204). – Sweden, Gotland, Ollajvs Nature
Apothecia cup-shaped and split, brown. Spores typically ellip- Reserve, close to Ljugarn, under Picea and Pinus on calcareous ground,
soid, with almost parallel sides. Outermost ectal excipulum and 27 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.278 (S). Clade 1
basal mycelium smooth or with very sparse resinous exudates. — Denmark, Eastern Falster, Korselitze-forests, 5 Oct. 2007, H. Knudsen,
KH.07.46 (S). – Sweden, Uppland, Stockholm, Norra Järvafältet, Hansta
Species  — Otidea alutacea s.l.
Nature Reserve, on rich ground under Corylus and Quercus, 8 Sept. 2010,
K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.193 (S); Uppland, Stockholm,
5. Otidea alutacea (Pers.) Massee, Brit. Fungus-Fl. 4: 446. N Djurgården, Stora skuggan, on soil in grazed open oak forest, 12 Sept.
1895. — Fig. 8 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.81 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Hågadalen-Nåsten Nature
Reserve, Predikstolen, under Quercus robur, Picea abies, Corylus and Salix,
Basionym. Peziza alutacea Pers., Observ. Mycol. 2: 78. 1799; non Peziza on rich bare ground, 17 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.170 (S).
alutacea Schumach., Enum. Pl. 2: 431. 1803 (homonym). Clade 2 — USA, Oregon, Lincoln Co., Devil’s Punchbowl State Park, 13
≡ Scodellina alutacea (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 668. 1821. Mar. 1997, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56770); Washington, Pierce Co., Mt Rainier
≡ Peziza cochleata var. alutacea (Pers.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 50. 1822: National Park, Lower Tahoma Creek, under Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Picea and
Fr. loc. cit. (‘ß alutacea’). Calocedrus, 29 Oct. 1996, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56747); ibid., 30 Oct. 1996
≡ Plicaria alutacea (Pers.) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. (OSC 56754); ibid., 18 Oct. 1997 (OSC 56798); Washington, Snohomish
23 – 24: 327. 1870. Co., Sloan Creek trail, 24 Sept. 1997, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56777). Clade 3a
≡ Aleuria alutacea (Pers.) Gillet, Champ. France Discom. 1: 42. 1879. — Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, Leksvik, Gjøråsvika, on slope under Corylus and
Lectotype. Bull., Hist. Champ. France 1: t. 154, f. b., designated by Car- Picea, on rich ground, 3 Sept. 2009, V. Kučera & I. Kautmanová, KH.09.135
bone (2010a). Epitype. (L0111551, Herb. Persoon), designated by Carbone (S). – Sweden, Södermanland, Nynäshamn, Herrhamra, on soil under Fagus,
(2010a). in narrow forest area along the road, 19 Sept. 2013, K. Hansen & X.H. Wang,
KH.13.50 (S); Uppland, Norrtälje, Länna, under Corylus, 26 Aug. 2008,
1
Apothecia gregarious, rarely caespitose, 15 –75 mm high, J. Santos, JS.08.43 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Hågadalen-Nåsten Nature
8–48 mm wide, initially ear-shaped, soon expanding, becom- Reserve, Predikstolen, under Quercus robur, Picea abies, Corylus and
ing shallowly to deeply cup-shaped, split, sessile or stipitate. Salix, on rich, bare ground, 6 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga,
Hymenium initially brown (5D6), then yellowish brown (5D4, KH.10.198 (S). Clade 3b — Denmark, S Sjælland, Møn, Store Klinteskov,
5D5) to dark reddish brown (7D7, 7E7), when dried purple Vestre Ulvemose, on calcareous soil in deciduous forest, 26 Sept. 1994,
brown (6D6, 6D7). Receptacle surface slightly hygrophanous, in K. Hansen & S.K. Sandal, KS-94-192 (C). – Sweden, Uppland, Uppsala,
Hågadalen-Nåsten Nature Reserve, Predikstolen, under Corylus, Populus
drying yellowish brown (5D5, 5D6), or sometimes with purplish
and Picea, on rich ground, 19 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.178
brown (7D5) tones, when dried light ochre (5A4, 5B4) brownish
(S). Clade 4 — USA, Oregon, Benton Co., Corvallis, McDonald-Dunn Re-
ochre (5B5, 5B6), finely furfuraceous to slightly warty in the search Forest, 10 Oct. 1997, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56782); ibid., 18 Nov. 1996
margin. Warts flattened, gregarious, concolorous, darker when (OSC 56758); Oregon, Benton Co., Corvallis, west side of NW Beechwood
the outside in drying. Stipe 3 – 6 × 3 – 4 mm. Basal tomentum Place, scattered to clustered on rotting bark mulch and in thin grass under
and mycelium white to very light ochre (5A2). Spores ellipsoid Pseudotsuga menziesii, 17 Nov. 2010, N.S. Weber, NSW10200 (OSC
to broadly ellipsoid, oblong ellipsoid, slightly inequilateral, 150345); Oregon, Corvallis, Witham Hill, 25 Nov. 1997, E.T. Peterson (OSC
with two large guttules, often with several smaller granules, 56813); Oregon, Douglas Co., 20 Oct. 2010, J. Moore, Moorefun 19 (OSC);
Oregon, Douglas Co., Bear Gulch, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, 13 Jan.
smooth, hyaline, (13.5 –)14.5 –16.5(–17.5) × 6.5 –7.5(–8) µm
1999, R. Davidson (OSC 67524); Oregon, Douglas Co., Slimewater, under
(Lm = 14.6 –16.1 µm, Wm = 6.6 –7.5 µm, Qm = 2.1– 2.2; n = 5). Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana, Abies grandis, etc., 12 Sept.
Paraphyses curved to hooked, only few straight, of the same 1999, Frymire (OSC 72978); Oregon, Douglas Co., Umpqua, under Pseudo
width or slightly enlarged at apices, 2.5 – 4.5 µm wide, without tsuga menziesii, Abies concolor, Calocedrus decurrens, Corylus cornuta,
notches, sometimes embedded in a brown matter at apices, etc., 23 Mar. 2000, E. Stewart (OSC 72979); under Pseudotsuga menziesii,
when fresh containing small, refractive, light brownish yellow Pinus ponderosa, Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus lambertiana, Abies concolor,
guttules; when dried brownish yellow. Asci 140 –187 × 11–13 etc., 15 Dec. 1999, C. Rusch (OSC 72176); Oregon, Lane Co., Willamette
National Forest, Middle Fork Ranger District, under Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja
µm. Apothecial section 750 –1050 µm thick. Subhymenium
plicata and Abies grandis, 18 Nov. 2002, Smith (OSC 119567).
c. 80–100 µm thick, visible as a darker zone, cells cylindrical
Additional material of O. alutacea s.l. Denmark, Sjælland, Hareskoven, N of
to swollen, densely arranged, with scattered yellowish brown
Copenhagen, 2 Aug. 1961, H. Dissing (C-F-48301). – France, Orliénas, sous
resinous exudates at the septa. Medullary excipulum of textura
Quercus et Cedrus atlantica, 13 Nov. 2008, B. Rivoire & N. Van Vooren, NV
intricata, 400–650 µm thick, hyphae thin-walled to slightly thick- 2008.11.01 (dupl. S-F256976); Rhône, Bron, Parc de Parilly, 24 Sept. 2008,
walled, 4 – 9 µm wide, hyaline to light brown, sometimes with J. Cavet, NV 2008.09.32 (dupl. S-F256974); Rhône, Courzieu, hameau des
yellowish brown resinous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of Verchères, sous Pseudotsuga menziesii, 26 Oct. 2008, D. Carbonnel, NV
textura angularis of 80 –100 µm, cells thin-walled, pale brown, 2008.10.02 (dupl. S-F256975). – Italy, Puglia, Mesagne (BR), Bosco Lucci,
in soil, mainly under Quercus ilex, 12 Oct. 2010, M. Carbone (S-F257085).
1
Description based only on specimens of O. alutacea s.str. – Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, Leksvik, Gjøråsvika, mixed forest on rich ground,
Fig. 8   Otidea alutacea s.str. (KH.09.133). a. Apothecia; b. spores in water †; c. paraphyses in water †; d. ectal excipulum in KOH†. — Scale bars = 10 µm;
†
 = dried material.
3 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.137 (S); ibid., R. Braathen, 2009a), spore sizes of O. alutacea provided by different authors
KH.09.139 (S); Nordland, Rana, Rausandaksla, in salico-betuletum, on lime- vary considerably, e.g. 14–16 × 7–9 µm (Dissing 2000) or 12.5–
stone, 21 Sept. 1974, S. Sivertsen (C-F-60697). – Spain, Madrid, Arboreto
14.5 × 6.2–7.3 µm (Harmaja 2009a). In fact, O. cochleata has
de ETSI Montes, under Quercus suber, Pinus pinea and Nerium oleander,
21 Nov. 2006, L. Rubio Casas (AH42204). – Sweden, Gotland, near Visby,
been separated from O. alutacea on account of larger spores,
Värnhem, on rich ground under Fagus and Quercus, with Hepatica nobilis, 16–18 × 7–8 µm (Dissing 2000), or darker apothecia (Mornand
22 Sept. 2009, E. Bohus-Jensen, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.187 (S); & Courtecuisse 2005, Liu & Zhuang 2006, Zhuang 2006).
Gästrikland, Hofors, Sibbersbovägen, on rich ground under Corylus, 1 Sept. Meanwhile, two taxa of the O. alutacea species complex have
2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.154 (S); Jämtland, Ändsjön been separated in North America, based on apothecia colour,
Nature Reserve, in rich Picea forest, 26 Aug. 2009, H. Lindström, KH.09.97 and spore size and shape (Peterson 1998). Our LSU phylogeny
(S); Närke, Ekeby, Kvarntorp, under a big Quercus by the road, 10 Sept.
resolved several clades within O. alutacea s.l. (Fig. 1), which
2008, J. Santos & K. Hansen, JS.08.57 (S); Närke, Tysslinge, Latorpsbruk,
Grytsätterskogen, grassland with Quercus, 13 Sept. 2008, JS.08.76 (S); are strongly supported in our multigene phylogeny (Hansen
Närke, Örebro, Hästhagen, by Svartån, mixed forest, 13 Sept. 2008, H. Kauff- & Olariaga 2015). It appears that the spore sizes within each
man, JS.08.74 (S); Skåne, Helsingborg, Fredriksdals Friluftmuseum, 16 Sept. clade have a fairly narrow range, but overlap exists between
2010, G. Hamilton, KH.10.206 (S); Skåne, Kjugekull Nature Reserve, on bare the clades. Patterns of continental speciation are suggested as
ground under Quercus rubra, Corylus and Fagus, 24 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, well; two clades have North American specimens (clade 2, 4),
K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.262 (S); Skåne, Maltesholm, forest close to the
and the rest contain samples from Europe and Asia.
castle, on the ground under Fagus, close to Alnus, 25 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen,
K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.265 (S); Torne Lappmark, Abisko, 12 Aug. Carbone (2010a) selected a lectotype and an epitype for O. alu-
1974, M.D. Paulsen & N. Tams (C-F-48045); Uppland, Stockholm, Eneby- tacea. A spore range of 15.5–17 × 7 µm was given for the epi-
berg, Rinkebyskogen, on bare soil in a ditch, under Picea, Betula and type specimen (Carbone 2010a), and based on this we assign
Populus, 28 Aug. 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.50 (S); ibid., in deciduous forest O. alutacea s.str. to the clade inferred from the phylogenetic
under Corylus, but also Tilia, Quercus and Betula, 1 Sept. 2008, J. Santos,
analyses encompassing this spore size. The description above
JS.08.56 (S); Uppland, Stockholm, Norra Järvafältet, Hansta Nature Reserve,
on naked soil among leaves, under large Corylus, also Quercus, 8 Sept. is based solely on the specimens of that clade, which are
2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.189 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, characterised by the initially shallowly cup-shaped apothecia,
Hågadalen-Nåsten Nature Reserve, Predikstolen, on rich ground under with rather light ochraceous brown hymenium, which later
Quercus, Corylus, Populus tremula and Picea, 17 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & becomes purple brown and more deeply cup-shaped. The
I. Olariaga, KH.09.173 (S). lectotypification of O. alutacea proposed by Parslow & Spooner
Notes — We consider O. alutacea s.l. to comprise a species (2013) is superfluous.
complex. It is recognised by the medium brown, cup-shaped, Among the Eurasian clades, clade 1 contains North European
split apothecia, an ectal excipulum with only sparse resinous specimens characterised by small spores (12–13.5 × 5.5–7
exudates if any, and predominantly oblong spores. Although µm, Lm = 12.2 –12.9 µm, Wm = 5.8 – 6.6 µm, Qm = 1.9 – 2.2),
sometimes treated as a well-delimited species (Harmaja non-overlapping with O. alutacea s.str. and clade 3. Clade 1
should be compared to O. kunmingensis, a taxon belonging lapping spore sizes, 15 –18 × 7– 8 µm (Lm = 15.5 –16.9 µm,
to the O. alutacea complex characterised by short spores Wm = 7.3 –7.9 µm, Qm = 2 – 2.2) and 12 –14.5 × 6.5 – 8.5 µm
(Zhuang & Yang 2008). Clade 3a encompasses three speci- (Lm = 12.5–14 µm, Wm = 6.6–7.5 µm, Qm = 1.8–2), respectively.
mens with spores sizes 13.5 –15 × 6.5 – 8 µm (Lm = 14.5–14.6 These two clades correspond to the two species distinguished
µm, Wm = 6.7–7.3 µm, Qm = 2 – 2.2) overlapping with those by Peterson (1998) in Western North America, as O. alutacea
of O. alutacea s.str. as described here. The apothecia differ (clade 2) and O. umbrina (clade 4). These species were said to
slightly macroscopically from O. alutacea s.str. in being deeply differ in colour of fresh apothecia. Clades 2 and 4 have spores
cup-shaped in the beginning, reddish brown when young, later that overlap with European clades, and it is so far problematic
pale ochre-brown. Clade 3b is composed of two collections to distinguish them using only morphology and disregarding
with larger spores, 15.5 –17.5 × 7.5 – 8 µm (Lm = 16.1–17.4 the geographical origin.
µm, Wm = 7.7– 8 µm, Qm = 2 – 2.3), but slightly overlapping with To be able to fully clarify species boundaries within the O. aluta-
O. alutacea s.str. and clade 3a. Clade 3b may correspond to cea complex, sampling of additional collections for molecular
O. cochleata sensu Dissing (2000). The two North American study is needed. Distinguishing morphological and ecological
clades (2 and 4) comprise specimens with clearly non-over- characters should be sought, especially through studying fresh
Fig. 9   Otidea papillata†. a. Apothecia; b. spores in water; c. paraphyses; d. resinous exudates in the medullary excipulum in water; e. ectal excipulum in KOH;
f. basal mycelium in KOH (a – d, f: H6003547, holotype; e: TUR 102134). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = all dried material. — Photos: a. J. Kearey.
material. Several names that belong to this complex, such as Harmaja (1976) emphasised the high warts on the outside of
O. alba, O. cinerascens, O. cochleata, O. felina and O. kun- the apothecia as a unique character for O. papillata, but two ad-
mingensis should be considered as this study is undertaken. ditional Otidea species, O. tuomikoskii and O. nannfeldtii, have
as high or higher warts. These two species have in fact been
Otidea papillata clade confused with O. papillata (Lundell et al. 1985, Van Vooren et
al. 2008). Otidea tuomikoskii is distinguished from O. papillata
Apothecia cup-shaped, split. Receptacle surface with contrast- by narrowly ear-shaped apothecia, a yellow reaction of the
ing warts. Spores small, 9.5 –11 µm. Medullary excipulum with excipulum in KOH, an ectal excipulum of textura angularis, and
brown resinous exudates embedding some hyphae. Ectal exci- by lacking pigmented exudates on the hyphae of the medullary
pulum poorly differentiated, of textura prismatica to textura excipulum. Highly warted apothecia of O. nannfeldtii probably
intricata. Resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum not dis- resemble O. papillata more. However, O. nannfeldtii possesses
solving in MLZ. pigmented resinous exudates at the septa in the medullary ex-
Species — Otidea papillata. cipulum, resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum that convert
into amber drops, and most importantly, an ectal excipulum of
6. Otidea papillata Harmaja, Karstenia 15: 31. 1976 — Fig. 9 textura angularis.
Holotype. Finland, Kainuu, Paltamo, Melalahti, Myllymäki, predominantly

coniferous grass-herb forest on distinctly calcareous soil, in litter mainly Otidea leporina clade
composed of spruce needles, 23 Sept. 1971, H. Harmaja (H6003547) !
Apothecia ear-shaped, yellowish ochre to brown. Resinous exu-
Apothecia 23–30 mm high, 7–33 mm wide, initially broadly ear- dates on the ectal excipulum converting into reddish grey drops
shaped, with upper margin rounded, then becoming cup-shaped, in KOH. Associated with conifers.
split, stipitate or sessile. Hymenium ochre (5B5, 5B6) to yel- Species — Otidea leporina, O. pseudoleporina.
lowish ochre (4A5) when dried. Receptacle surface yellowish
brown (5C6, 5C7) when dried, warty. Warts conical, angular or 7. Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Ver-
rounded, gregarious, distinctly darker than the background, dark eins Naturk. 23 –24: 330. 1870 ‘1869 –1870’ — Fig. 4a, 10
ochre brown to brown. Stipe 7–10 × 3 – 4 mm. Basal tomentum
Basionym. Peziza leporina Batsch, Elench. Fung. 1: 117. 1783: Fr., Syst.
and mycelium abundant, pale brownish ochre (5A3) to orange-
Mycol. 2: 47. 1822.
ochre (6A3). Spores broadly ellipsoid, seldom very slightly ≡ Scodellina leporina (Batsch) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 668. 1821.
inequilateral, with two large guttules, smooth, hyaline, 9.5 – ≡ Helvella leporina (Batsch) Franchi, L. Lami & M. Marchetti, Rivista
11(–11.5) × 5.5 – 6.5 µm (Lm = 10 –10.7 µm, Wm = 6.1– 6.3 µm, Micol. 1: 63. 1999.
Qm = 1.6–1.7; n = 2). Paraphyses curved to tightly hooked, usu- ≡ Helvella auricula Schaeff., Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 4: 103. 1774
ally enlarged at apices, 3 – 4 µm wide, sometimes with 1–2 (‘Elvela’).
≡ Wynnella auricula (Schaeff.) Boud., Icon. Mycol. list prél. 600 sp.: (2).
shallow notches, sometimes truncate or forked at apices,
1904.
when dried containing small, refractive, hyaline granules. Asci ≡ Otidea auricula (Schaeff.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 95. 1889.
116–165 × 9 –10.5 µm. Apothecial section 900 –1200 µm thick. Lectotype designated here: Schaeffer, Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 2: t. 156.
Subhymenium 70 – 90 µm thick, of dense textura intricata, 1763 (‘Elvela decima tertia’). Epitype designated here: Sweden, Jämtland,
visible as a pale brown zone. Medullary excipulum of textura Östersund, Andersön Nature Reserve, under Picea abies on rich ground, 28
intricata, 600 – 800 µm thick, hyphae 5.5 –10.5 µm wide, thin- Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.93 (S); MycoBank MBT178082.
= Otidea leporina f. minor Rehm, Ber. Naturhist. Vereins Augsburg 26:
walled to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to very pale yellow, with
63: 1881.
brown resinous exudates scattered among and covering some ≡ Otidea leporina var. minor (Rehm) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 94. 1889.
hyphae, sometimes rod-shaped, paler and partially dissolv- Lectotype designated here: Germany, Leipzig, in der Harth, in spruce
ing in KOH. Ectal excipulum of textura prismatica to textura forest, Aug. 1873, G. Winter, Rehm Ascomyceten no. 251 (S-F88382) !
intricata, 70 –100 µm, cells thin-walled, hyaline, 13 – 35 × 9–18 Isolectotype (UPS F-641412) !; MycoBank MBT178088.
µm. Surface with conical to rounded warts, 65 –100 µm high, = Otidea leporina f. major Rehm, Hedwigia 3 – 4: 2. 1883.
= Otidea leporina var. rubescens Velen., Monograph. Discom. Bohemiae
formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, sometimes with
1: 354. 1934.
a gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant, yellowish Lectotype designated here: Czech Republic, Kosoř near Prague, Sept.
brown to reddish brown, paler in KOH, not dissolving in MLZ. 1920, F. Fechtner (PRM 614790) !; MycoBank MBT200087.
Basal mycelium of 2.5 – 4.5(– 6) µm wide, septate, hyaline = Otidea myosotis Harmaja, Karstenia 15: 32. 1976.
to very pale yellow hyphae, unchanged in KOH, smooth or Holotype. Finland, Etelä-Karjala, Hamina, Vehkalahti, Pyhältö, mixed
with regularly arranged, spheroid, yellow, resinous exudates, forest, 3 Oct. 1970, L. Fagerström (H6003548) !
= Otidea crassa W.Y. Zhuang, Mycotaxon 94: 366. 2006 (‘2005’).
sometimes embedded in a yellowish matter, dissolving in MLZ,
= Otidea fuckelii M. Carbone & Van Vooren, Rivista Micol. 52: 322. 2010
partially and more slowly in KOH. (‘2009’).
Specimen examined. Finland, Varsinais-Suomi, Parainen, Petteby, Stor Holotype. Austria, Nassau, in pinetis umbrosis, Fungi Rhen. Exs. no.
näset (Paltbacken), in coniferous forest among mosses, 30 Sept. 1990, T. Lind- 1233 (G00110768). Isotype (S-F114092) !
holm (TUR 102134). Misapplied names
– Non Wynnella auricula sensu Boudier, Icon. Mycol. livr. 26: n°. 535, pl. 250.
Notes — Otidea papillata is only known from two Finnish
1909 (preliminary text with ‘circulaires’) (= Wynnella silvicola (Beck) Nannf.).
collections and its apothecial colours in fresh state are still
unknown. It is a distinct species, characterised by cup-shaped Apothecia gregarious or caespitose, 17–52 mm high, 4–25
apothecia with conspicuous warts on the outside, and small mm wide, narrowly to broadly ear-shaped, split, stipitate or
spores (Harmaja 1976). Two diagnostic characters have been sessile. Hymenium yellowish brown (5C6), cinnamon brown
observed in the two collections examined: 1) a very poorly (5D6), pale ochre brown (5A5, 5B6) to orange brown (6C7,
differentiated ectal excipulum of textura prismatica to textura 6D6), sometimes dark brown (5D8, 5F8, 6E8) when young,
intricata, which is unique within the Otidea species studied by seldom with pale pink stains (6A2), bruised margin orange
us; and 2) scattered brown resinous exudates on the hyphae brown (6D8), when dried cinnamon brown (5A5, 5B5) to rusty
of the medullary excipulum, that are somewhat reminiscent of brown (6D7, 6D8). Receptacle surface ochre brown (5B6),
those in O. bufonia. hygrophanous, in drying paler ochre brown (4A4, 4A5, 4B6),
Fig. 10   Otidea leporina*. a, b. Apothecia; c. spores; d. paraphyses; e. ectal excipulum with resinous exudates, insert shows close-up of amber drops on the
ectal excipulum in Melzer’s reagent; f. basal mycelium pale brown, with very small, regularly arranged, resinous exudates (a: KH.09.93, epitype; b: KH.09.102;
c – g: KH.11.02). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh material.
when dried yellowish brown (5C7, 5C8), furfuraceous to finely tive, hyaline granules. Asci 170–215 × 9–10.5 µm. Apothecial
warty, seldom wrinkled at the base. Warts conical to flattened, section 700–900 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 80–100 µm thick,
gregarious, concolorous, sometimes darker than the back- of dense textura intricata, visible as an orange-brown darker
ground, golden brown. Stipe 4 –15 × 2 – 8 mm. Taste slightly zone, cells cylindrical to swollen. Medullary excipulum of textura
bitter. Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant, white to cream intricata, 300 – 550 µm thick, sometimes differentiated into
white (5A3), sometimes very pale brown when dried. Spores two parts: a) textura angularis underneath the subhymenium,
broadly ellipsoid, sometimes inequilateral, with two large 40–50 µm thick, cells 6–12 µm broad; b) textura intricata, hy-
guttules, smooth, hyaline, (12 –)12.5 –14(–15) × 7– 8.5 µm phae 5–13 µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin-walled
(Lm = 12.8 –13.8 µm, Wm = 7.5–8.2 µm, Qm = 1.6–1.8; n = 16). to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to very pale brown, sometimes
Paraphyses curved to hooked, of the same width or slightly with yellow-brown resinous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum
enlarged at apices, 2.5–4 µm wide, without notches or with 1–3 of textura angularis, 85–110 µm thick, cells thin-walled, pale
low notches, seldom forked at apices, when fresh containing brown, 15–48 × 12–31 µm. Surface with broadly conical warts,
small, refractive, light yellow guttules; when dried small, refrac- 50–85 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs,
of 2 – 4 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, (OSC 56784); Washington, Okanogan National Forest, Pasayten Wilderness,
10–16 µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. Resinous under Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus
contorta, 16 Sept. 1999, R. Davis (OSC 108856).
exudates abundant, yellow brown, sometimes dissolving in part
into amber drops or converting into reddish particles in MLZ, Notes — Otidea leporina is probably the most common Oti
dissolving into yellowish reddish grey heterogeneous drops in dea species in boreal coniferous forests of Europe. In the Alps
KOH. Basal mycelium of 3 – 4.5(– 6) µm wide, hyaline to pale it often occurs together with Cudonia circinans, an association
brown hyphae, unchanged in KOH, smooth or with very small, not seen in Fennoscandia. It is characterised by ear-shaped,
regularly arranged, spheroid, pale brown, resinous exudates, brown apothecia, together with relatively broad spores that
dissolving in MLZ, and partially in KOH. are almost unique within Otidea. Otidea brunneoparva shares
Specimens examined. Canada, Québec, Le Verendrye Park, on ground similar spores, but differs from O. leporina in the darker brown
under spruce, 16 Sept. 1965, M.E. Elliot 65-123 (UPS F-629640). – Czech apothecia and strongly notched paraphyses. Other species of
Republic, Central Bohemian region, Zdice, Aug. 1924, F. Fechtner (PRM Otidea that macroscopically resemble O. leporina are distin-
614787, as O. felina); in piceto ad aciculos, Sept. 1925 (PRM 148836); guished by different spore size and shape.
Prague-West district, Kosoř near Prague, Sept. 1920, J. Velenovský (PRM
614792, as O. umbrina). – Denmark, Bornholm, Rø Plantage, coniferous for- Our morphological and molecular study of the holotype of O. my-
est, 29 Sept. 1985, W. Rummel (C-F-47633); N Jylland, Langdal Plantage osotis shows it is a synonym of O. leporina (Hansen & Olariaga
(near Tranum), under Juniperus, near Picea, 13 Aug. 2009, T. Læssøe, 2015). The original description of O. myosotis (Harmaja 1976)
TL-13769 (C); N Jylland, Rønhøj Plantage, 7 Oct. 1962, A. Hauerbach (C-F- pointed out the apothecial shape and colours, and paraphyses
86691); Jylland, Virklund, Silkeborg Sønderskov, in moss, coniferous forest, as diagnostic characters, all of which agree with our concept
26 Sept. 1964, H. Dissing (C-F-48298); Sjælland, Bromme Plantage, N of of O. leporina. Recently, Harmaja (2009a) stated that the ex-
Sorø, under Picea, 9 Oct. 1965, H. Dissing (C-F-48299). – Finland, Etelä-
cipular resinous exudates in O. leporina convert in MLZ into
Häme, Mustiala, in pineto, 29 Aug. 1866, P.A. Karsten (UPS F-146429);
Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, Kaittiainen, acidic Picea forest, 11 Sept. 2011, reddish particles and show no reaction in O. myosotis. In the
T. Kekki, TK407 (TUR); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, Pisajärvi, old Picea material of O. leporina examined by us, the resinous exudates
forest, 2 Sept. 2011, T. Kekki, TK304 (TUR); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, dissolve in part, can appear unchanged or can convert into
Välljoki, calciferous Picea forest, 25 Aug. 2011, T. Kekki, TK231 (TUR). – reddish particles. Sometimes, small amber-drops have also
France, Loire, La Chamba, au sol dans la litière d’aiguilles d’épicéa, 27 Sept. been observed, though not as strikingly as in other species.
2008, N. Van Vooren, NV 2008.09.28 (dupl. S). – Germany, Thüringen, in Therefore, it seems that the reaction of the exudates in MLZ
silvis abiegnis, Kl. & Op. (UPS F-629404, Klotzsch, Herb. Viv. Mycol. 143).
is variable within O. leporina, and cannot be used to separate
– Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, Kvam, Noem Northeast, under Picea, among
Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, 2 Sept. 2009, H. Lindström, KH.09.131 (S); O. myosotis from O. leporina. Otidea crassa is a synonym
Nord-Trøndelag, Namdalseid, Flåbekkåsen Nature Reserve, Picea and Pinus based primarily on the GenBank LSU sequence of the type
old-growth forest, on acidic soil, among mosses, 4 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & collection (DQ443444).
I. Olariaga, KH.09.141 (S); Nord-Trøndelag, Steinkjer, Skrattåsen, in rich
Picea abies forest, 5 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.145 (S); Nomenclatural notes — When Batsch (1783) described Pe-
ibid., KH.09.147 (S). – Sweden, Härjedalen, Torkilstöten, Ljungdalen, on ziza leporina, he referred to Schaeffer’s plate (1763), being un
an active anthill in Picea forest, 19 Aug. 2011, J.C. Zamora & I. Olariaga, aware or disregarding Schaeffer’s later description of ‘Elvela’
KH.11.02 (S); Jämtland, in the surroundings of Sällsjö, in young stand of auricula Schaeff. (1774) based on the same plate. Since Fries
Picea abies, with Betula and Salix, 29 Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, (1822) sanctioned Batsch’s name, referring to H. auricula Schaeff.
KH.09.100 (S); ibid., KH.09.102 (S); Jämtland, SW of Mörsil, Sandtjärndalen
(as P. auricula Schaeff.) as a synonym, P. leporina has priority.
Nature Reserve, under Picea abies on rich ground, 7 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen &
I. Olariaga, KH.09.156 (S); Lappland, Ekopark Vuollerim, stream from Bränn
While most authors have interpreted the plate by Schaeffer
myran, Picea forest, 28 Aug. 2008, M. Karström, MK0828 (S); Lappland, (1763, t. 156) as a species that belongs to Otidea (e.g. Fuckel
Jokkmokk, ‘Nornaskogen’ by Ållojaur, mossy Picea forest, on rich ground, 1870, Rehm 1883, Bresadola 1898, Seaver 1904), others have
29 Aug. 2011, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.12 (S); ibid., KH.11.14 (S); considered it to represent the monotypic Wynnella (Gonner-
Lappland, Jokkmokk, Ultevis Fjällurskog Nature Reserve, Sitoätno, near a mann & Rabenhorst 1869, Quélet 1886). Recently, Franchi et
Picea, 31 Aug. 2011, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.33 (S); ibid., KH.11.36 al. (1999) stated that the Schaeffer plate represents W. silvicola
(S); Lappland, Kuouka, 15 km SE Messaure, herb-rich Picea forest on rich
and as they consider Wynnella to be part of the genus Helvella,
ground, among mosses, 3 Sept. 2011, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.67
(S); Lappland, S of Kvikkjobb-Kabla FUR Nature Reserve, by Kassavare they made the combination Helvella leporina. Carbone & Van
Mt, Köpenhamn, under Picea, mossy place on acidic ground, 1 Sept. 2011, Vooren (2010) expressed doubts about how to interpret the pro-
K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.76 (S); Närke, Knista, Lekhyttan, Kungshall, tologue by Batsch (1783) and Schaeffer’s plate, and concluded
under Picea on calcareous ground, among mosses and litter, 12 Sept. 2008, the name is ambiguous and recommended it not be used. In-
J. Santos, JS.08.065 (S); ibid., coniferous forest, with old Picea and Pinus, stead they introduced the new name O. fuckelii for the Otidea
K. Hansen, KH.08.108 (S); Skåne, Loshult, Lilla Loshult, Picea forest, 5 Sept. species treated here. Based on our phylogenetic and morpho-
1998, S.-Å. Hanson, SÅH 105838 (C); Uppland, Stockholm, Enebyberg,
logical studies (see also Hansen & Olariaga 2015) this new
Rinkebyskogen, under Picea and Betula on acidic ground, 2 Sept. 2009,
K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.169 (S); Uppland, Täby, Rönninge, close to name is, however, superfluous, since O. myosotis and O. crassa
parking place by Arninge, under Picea on thick litter layer, 21 Sept. 2008, are shown to be synonyms of O. leporina.
J. Santos, JS.08.92 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Ersta Nature Reserve, on soil The original Schaeffer plate shows several, more or less evenly
under Picea in young plantation, 23 Sept. 2008, J. Santos & K. Hansen,
coloured, light ochraceus brown apothecia, conforming to O. le-
JS.08.99 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Sävja, Norra Lunsen Nature Reserve, under
Picea, 28 Aug. 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.46 (S); Värmland, Gustav Adolf,
porina, and not bi-coloured apothecia (dark reddish brown with
Hagfors, Malmbackarna, on moss, under Picea and Betula, 10 Aug. 2009, a white base) as in W. silvicola. In our opinion, it leaves little
F. Turander s.n. (S). – USA, California, Del Norte Co., Lake Earl Wildlife doubt it shows a species of Otidea. To settle the use of the name
Area, 14 Dec. 1997, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56824); ibid., 15 Dec. 1997 (OSC O. leporina, and at the same time preserve the use of the well-
56825); ibid., under Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Abies concolor, 26 established name, W. silvicola (Beck) Nannf. (Nannfeldt 1966),
Nov. 2001, M. Castellano & E. Cazares (OSC 108820); California, Humboldt we propose a modern epitype for Peziza leporina Batsch: Fr.
Co., Big Lagoon Park, 14 Dec. 1956, A.H. Smith 56668 (UPS F-629302);
(Fig. 10a), which represents the Otidea species for which the
ibid., under Picea, 16 Dec. 1956, A.H. Smith 56799 (UPS F-629304); ibid.,
23 Dec. 1956, A.H. Smith 56954 (UPS F-629305); Colorado, Tolland, on
name has most often been used. The epitype is from Sweden
ground in coniferous woods, 28 Aug. 1920, F.B. Cotner (UPS F-629390); where Fries saw and studied living material, as indicated by
Oregon, Lincoln Co., Fogarty Creek State Park, 15 Oct. 1997, E.T. Peterson the abbreviation ‘v. v.’ (vidi vivam, seen living).
8. Otidea pseudoleporina Olariaga & K. Hansen, sp. nov. — split, stipitate or sessile. Hymenium ochre-orange (4A6, 5A7) to
MycoBank MB808972; ITS barcode GenBank: KM010112; pinkish orange (5A6, 5A7), sometimes with pink spots or stains
Fig. 5e, 11 (6A4), when dried orange-ochre (5A5, 5B5) to reddish brown
Etymology. From ancient Greek ψευδο-, which means ‘false, fake’, refer-
(6D7). Receptacle surface ochre-brown (5B5), hygrophanous,
ring to a close relationship with O. leporina. in drying yellowish ochre (4A4, 4A5), when dried yellowish ochre
(5A5) to brownish ochre (5B5), furfuraceous to finely warty,
Holotype. USA, Oregon, Douglas Co., E of Mill Creek, under Pseudotsuga
sometimes wrinkled at the base. Warts conical to rounded,
menziesii, Abies concolor, Pinus lambertiana, 19 Oct. 2010, R. Helliwell,
rh101910 (OSC). gregarious, concolorous, sometimes distinctly darker than
the background, reddish brown. Stipe 4–11 × 3–5 mm. Basal
Misapplied names tomentum and mycelium abundant, white to pale yellow (4A2)
– Otidea cantharella var. minor sensu Kanouse, Mycologia 41: 667. 1949.
or ochre (5A2). Spores ellipsoid, sometimes slightly inequilat-
Apothecia gregarious, 10 – 30(– 50) mm high, 8 – 22(– 31) mm eral, with two large guttules, sometimes with up to 4 smaller
wide, initially narrowly to broadly ear-shaped, margin rounded, guttules, smooth, hyaline, (9.5–)10–12(–12.5) × 5.5–6.5 µm
then expanding and sometimes becoming irregularly cup-shaped, (Lm = 10.2–11.6 µm, Wm = 5.7–6.4 µm, Qm = 1.7–1.9; n = 6).
Fig. 11   Otidea pseudoleporina. a, b. Apothecia; c. apothecia †; d. spores in water †; e. paraphyses in water †; f. ectal excipulum in water † (a, d – f: rh101910,
holotype; b, c: Moorefun 14). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried material. — Photos: a. R. Helliwell; b. c. J. Moore.
Paraphyses curved to hooked, of the same width or slightly sister species of O. leporina. They share ear-shaped apothe-
enlarged at apices, 2.5 – 4.5 µm wide, sometimes with 1– 3 cia and resinous exudates on the outer excipulum that partly
notches, apices seldom forked and rarely covered with a hyaline convert into heterogeneous reddish drops in KOH. Otidea
coating, when dried containing small, refractive, yellow gran- leporina differs in the brown apothecia and larger, broadly el-
ules. Asci 155 – 231 × 9 –10 µm. Apothecial section 900–1200 lipsoid spores. Otidea pseudoleporina resembles O. nannfeldtii
µm thick. Subhymenium c. 80 –100 µm thick, of dense textura and O. formicarum in the general apothecial shape and small
intricata, visible as an orange-brown darker zone, of cylindrical spores. Otidea nannfeldtii is distinguished by most often lacking
to swollen cells. Medullary excipulum 500 –750 µm thick, dif- orange tones, having narrowly ear-shaped young apothecia,
ferentiated into two parts: a) textura angularis underneath the and ectal excipular resinous exudates turning reddish brown in
subhymenium, 150 – 200 µm thick, hyphae 8 –18 µm broad; KOH. Otidea formicarum is distinguished by having apothecia
b) textura intricata, hyphae 5 –10(–18) µm wide, sometimes devoid of orange tones, and spores with a lower Qm (1.6–1.7)
slightly swollen, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, very pale than O. pseudoleporina (1.7–1.9).
yellow, sometimes with yellow-brown resinous exudates at
The material cited by Kanouse (1949) under O. cantharella var.
septa. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, sometimes of a
minor most likely represents O. pseudoleporina. Otidea can-
textura prismatica, 80 –110(–150) µm thick, cells thin-walled
tharella var. minor as described by Boudier (1909a) has a pale
to slightly thick-walled, pale yellow-brown, 13 – 37 × 8 –27 µm.
ochre or grey hymenium, citrine yellow outside, and veins at the
Surface with broadly conical warts, 77–115 µm high, formed by
apothecial base, and represents a different species (see under
short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 2 – 3 subglobose to elong-
O. minor). Peterson (1998) treated under O. concinna material
ated cells, constricted at septa, 6–12 µm wide, sometimes with
that we refer to O. pseudoleporina and stated that Harmaja
a gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant, yellow-
(1974) used the name O. cantharella for the same species.
brown, dissolving into amber drops in MLZ, partially to entirely
Otidea concinna is a well-known species in Europe, clearly
dissolving into reddish grey heterogeneous drops in KOH.
distinct from O. pseudoleporina (see O. concinna). As for the
Basal mycelium of 3 – 5 µm wide, very pale yellow hyphae,
unchanged in KOH, with very small, yellow resinous exudates, name O. cantharella, the protologue describes a fungus with
regularly arranged, spheroid, dissolving in MLZ, partially and the colour of Cantharellus cibarius (Fries 1822), and we typify
more slowly dissolving in KOH. it with material of the large-spored species sometimes called
O. caligata (see O. cantharella). So far O. pseudoleporina is
Specimens examined. USA, California, Trinidad, under spruce, 30 Nov. only known from Western North America.
1956, A.H. Smith 56168 (UPS F-629690); Idaho, Idaho Co., Rickliff Creek
Public Camp, on the ground in Thuja-Tsuga woods, 10 Oct. 1947, W.B. Cooke
21227 (UPS F-629388); Idaho, Papoose Creek, Seven Devils Mts, on the Otidea tuomikoskii clade
ground in Douglas fir association, 3 Sept. 1954, A.H. Smith & H.E. Bigelow,
47346 (UPS F-629331); Oregon, Bear Springs, Mt Hood National Forest, 18 Apothecia ear-shaped. Receptacle surface with warts often
Oct. 1947, A.H. Smith 27946 (UPS F-629430); Oregon, Benton Co., Corvallis, more than 100 µm high. Basal tomentum light ochre to orange
west side of NW Beechwood Place, scattered to clustered on rotting bark ochre. Spores small, 10–11 µm long. Sections of apothecia
mulch and in thin grass under Pseudotsuga menziesii, 14 Nov. 2010, N.S. turning yellow in KOH, especially the subhymenium and ectal
Weber, NSW 10202 (OSC 150347); ibid., 17 Nov. 2010, N.S. Weber, NSW
excipulum. Associated with conifers.
10200 (OSC 150345); ibid., 27 Nov. 2010, NSW 10201 (OSC 150346);
Oregon, Douglas Co., E of Mill Creek, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies Species — Otidea tuomikoskii.
concolor, Pinus lambertiana, 22 Oct. 2010, J. Moore, Moorefun 24 (OSC);
Oregon, Douglas Co., Mill Creek, under conifers, 19 Oct. 2010, J. Moore, 9. Otidea tuomikoskii Harmaja, Karstenia 15: 30. 1976 — Fig.
Moorefun 14 (S); Oregon, Douglas Co., Roseburg District Bureau of Land
12
Management, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Arbutus menziesii, Castanopsis
chrysophylla, 11 May 1997, J. Klein (OSC 66261); Oregon, Douglas Co., Holotype. Finland, Etelä-Häme, Lammi, Pappilankylä, Koiransuolenoja, in
south of Lemolo Lake, under conifers, 5 Nov. 2010, R. Heliwell, rh 179 (S); needles of Picea abies on an anthill, 9 Sept. 1972, R. Tuomikoski (H6002901) !
Oregon, Douglas Co., Thorn Unit I, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga = Otidea papillata f. pallidefurfuracea Van Vooren & Hairaud, Bull. Mycol.
heterophylla, 21 Oct. 2010, C. Durbecq, Durbecq 16 (OSC); Oregon, Jackson Bot. Dauphiné-Savoie 188: 56. 2008.
Co., Medford Bureau of Land Management, Ashland Resource Area, Beaver Holotype. France, Jura, Les Rousses, tourbière près du lac des Rousses,
Creek, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Arbutus menziesii, Toxicodendron au sol dans la litière d’aiguilles, sous épicéas (Picea abies), 19 Sept. 2007,
diversilobum, Berberis piperiana, 18 Dec. 2000, R. Brock (OSC 119311); N. Van Vooren, NV 2007.09.27 (PC). Isotype (S) !
Oregon, Jackson Co., Medford District Bureau of Land Management, Butte
Falls Resource Area, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens, Misapplied names
Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa, Quercus kellogii, Rhus diversiloba, – Otidea papillata sensu Lundell, Nannfeldt & Holm, Fungi Exs. Suec. 66:
Berberis piperiana, Fragaria vesca, Moehringia macrophylla, grasses, 8 Mar. 3282. 1985.
2000, M. Wineteer (OSC 72956); Oregon, Lane Co., Willamette National
Forest, Blue River Ranger District, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, 18 Nov.
Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 17–60 mm high, 7–30 mm
1999 (OSC 72296); Oregon, Marion Co., Breitenbuch Hot Springs Com- wide, long and narrowly ear-shaped, split, stipitate or sessile.
munity, near Detroit Reservoir, in woods, 8 Nov. 1997, J.W. Spatafora (OSC Hymenium pale whitish ochre (4A2, 4A3) to ochre yellow (4A4–
56809); Oregon, Mt Hood, among moss under conifers, 15 Oct. 1922, L.E. 4A6) rarely with pink stains, when dried light ochre yellow (4A4)
Wehmeyer (UPS F-629375); Oregon, Warm Springs R., Mt Hood National to ochre (5B7, 5B8). Receptacle surface brownish ochre (4B7,
Forest, Skyline Trail, 29 Sept. 1947, A.H. Smith & W.B. Gruber, 27064 (UPS
4C7) to yellow brown (5B6–5D6), hygrophanous, ochre yellow
F-629689); Washington, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Whiskey Bend
trailhead, 26 Nov. 1996, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56760); Washington, Fish Creek
(4A5, 4A6, 4B6) in drying, when dried yellowish brown (5C8,
Region, Mt Rainier National Park, 25 Aug. 1948, E.G. Simmons 2067 (UPS 5D8), warty, rarely wrinkled at the base. Warts conical, gregari-
F-629332); Washington, lower slopes of Rampart Ridge, W. of Longmire, Mt ous, brown, distinctly darker than the background or rarely light-
Rainier National Park, 4 Sept. 1948, E.G. Simmons 2172 (UPS F-629386); er. Stipe 3–6 × 2–3 mm. Smell faintly aromatic. Basal tomentum
Washington, Park Creek, Mt Baker National Forest, 9 Sept. 1941, A.H. Smith and mycelium abundant, light ochre (5A2) to orange-ochre
16755 (UPS F-629820); Washington, Pierce Co., Mt Rainier National Park,
(5A4). Spores ellipsoid, slightly inequilateral, with two large
Lower Tahoma Creek, 29 Oct. 1996, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56749).
guttules, and sometimes with 1–4 smaller granules, smooth,
Notes — Otidea pseudoleporina is recognised by the broadly hyaline, (9.5–)10–11(–12) × 5.5–6.5(–7) µm (Lm = 10.3–11.4
ear-shaped apothecia, ochre-orange to pinkish orange hyme- µm, Wm = (5–)5.5–6.5(–7.5) µm, Qm = 1.7–1.9; n = 15). Para-
nium and small spores. Our multi-gene phylogenetic analyses physes curved to hooked, often broader at apices, 2.5–5(–6)
(Hansen & Olariaga 2015) suggest O. pseudoleporina is the µm wide, sometimes with up to two shallow notches or forked at
Fig. 12   Otidea tuomikoskii*. a, b. Apothecia; c. spores; d. paraphyses; e. ectal excipulum; f. basal mycelium (a: JS.08.68; b–f: KH.11.77). — Scale bars = 10 µm;
* = all fresh material. — Photos: a. J. Santos.
apices, when fresh containing small to large, refractive, hyaline dissolving into amber drops in MLZ, unchanged in KOH. Basal
to pale yellow guttules; when dried pale yellow. Asci 113–199 mycelium of 3.5–6(–7.5) µm wide, often thick-walled, septate,
× 9–11.5 µm. Apothecial section 600 –700(–1200) µm thick, hyaline to very pale yellow hyphae, unchanged in KOH, with
pale to bright yellow in KOH. Subhymenium c. 50–90 µm thick, regularly arranged, spheroid, yellow to orange resinous exu-
of dense textura intricata, visible as a yellowish brown zone. dates, dissolving in MLZ, partially and more slowly in KOH.
Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 300 – 500(– 850) µm Specimens examined. Denmark, NW Jylland, Klim Bjerg, soil along for-
thick, hyphae 3–13 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, est road, S.A. Elborne & K. Hansen, 16 Sept. 1998, KH.98.92 (C-F-53155).
hyaline to very pale yellow, without resinous exudates at septa. – Estonia, Põlvamaa, ad terram in piceto humida, 11 Aug. 1960, A. Elango
Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, 80 –120 µm, cells thin- (UPS F-629392). – Finland, Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, Pisajärvi, old Picea
walled, hyaline to light yellow, 13 – 40 × 8 – 25 µm. Surface with forest, 2 Sept. 2011, T. Kekki, TK305 (TUR). – France, Charente-Maritime, île
de Ré, près du camping ‘La Bonne Étoile’, under Pinus maritima and Quercus
conical warts, 55 –177 µm high, formed by fasciculate, short,
ilex, on leaf litter, 26 Nov. 2006, M. Hairaud, NV 2006.11.05 (dupl. S); Rhône,
hyphoid hairs, of 3–8 globose to elongated cells, constricted at Les Halles, col de Croix-Régis, 25 Oct. 2006, J. Cavet, NV 2006.10.33 (dupl.
septa, 7–15 µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. Re S); Rhône, Saint-Nizier-d’Azergues, forêt de Pramenoux, sous Picea abies,
sinous exudates abundant, yellow-orange to yellowish brown, 20 Sept. 2008, N. Van Vooren, NV 2008.09.08 (dupl. S). – Germany, Lower
Saxony, Lüneburg, Boitze, Pinus and Abies, Oct. 2010, M. Vega private herb. 10. Otidea brunneoparva K. Hansen, M. Carbone, Olariaga &
s.n. (dupl. S-F256977). – Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, Snåsa, Bergsåsen Nature Van Vooren, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB537590; ITS barcode
Reserve, under Picea and Pinus, 2 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga,
GenBank: KM010026; Fig. 13, 14
KH.09.130 (S). – Spain, Navarre, Orokieta, Loiandi, Picea abies plantation,
17 Oct. 2008, J.M. Lekuona (ARAN-Fungi A5041195). – Sweden, Lappland, Etymology. Harmaja (2009a) used the epithet brunneoparva to provision-
3 miles NW Vuollerim, Bombmurkleskogen, along the Stora Luleälven, herb- ally name this species. The name is validated here and refers to the small
rich Picea forest, 19 Aug. 2000, M. Karström, MK200065 (S); Lappland, size and brown colour of the apothecia.
Norrbotten, Messaure, Kaltisbäcken Nature Reserve, herb rich Picea forest,
Holotype. Sweden, Närke, Knista, Lekhyttan, Kungshall, calcareous old
3 Sept. 2011, M. Karström, KH.11.60 (S); Medelpad, Södra Sillre, Hussborg,
growth forest, in thick litter layer, with Picea and Pinus, 12 Sept. 2008, K. Hansen,
on wood, 22 Aug. 1998, K. Olofsson (S-F256896); Närke, Hidinge, Lekhyt-
KH.08.107 (S). Isotype (C).
tan, Katte Majaskogen, coniferous forest on lime rich soil, B. Wasstorp, 13
Sept. 2008, JS.08.77 (S); Närke, Snavlunda, Ö Snavlunda Nature Reserve, Apothecia gregarious, 12–35 mm high, 7–25 mm wide, initially
under Picea in a mixed forest, 12 Sept. 2008, L.G. Hellsten & A. Stridvall,
ear-shaped, apex subacute, broadly ear-shaped in the end, sel-
JS.08.68 (S); Närke, Vintrosa, Kanterboda skans Nature Reserve, on soil
under conifers, 10 Sept. 2008, A.B. Nilsson, JS.08.60 (S); Skåne, Loshult,
dom almost cup-shaped, split, stipitate. Hymenium dark brown
Lilla Loshult, Picea forest with a few broadleaf trees (Betula, Quercus), 5 Sept. (6F3–6F7), sometimes olivaceous brown (5D7, 5E7, 5E8) or
1998, S.-Å. Hanson, SÅH 105768 (C); Södermanland, Nacka, Kvarnhagen reddish brown (7F3–7F5), sometimes paler in the margin, pur-
by Söderbysjön, on soil in shadow, moist area, under Picea, 26 Sept. 2008, plish ochre (5B3, 5B4, 6D7), when dried olivaceous brown (5F4,
J. Santos, JS.08.100 (S); Uppland, Björklinge, Drälinge, amongst needles 5F5, 5F7, 5E7) or dark brown (6E6, 7F7, 7F8). Receptacle sur-
and mosses under pine in coniferous woods, 10 Sept. 1936, H.G. Bruun & face concolorous or slightly lighter, dark brown (5F6, 6F7, 7F8),
H. Smith (S-F92983, Fungi Exs. Suec. 3282); Uppland, Trehörningsskogen slightly hygrophanous, in drying golden brown (5D6, 5D7), when
Nature Reserve, under Picea on rich ground, on needle litter and decayed
dried dark brown (6E7, 7E7) to cinnamon brown (5D7, 6D7,
wood, 1 Sept. 2011, M. Prieto & I. Olariaga, KH.11.77 (S). – USA, Califor-
nia, Del Norte Co., Earl Lake State Park, access by Sand Hill Road, 15
6E7), furfuraceous, sometimes finely warty at the base, often
Dec. 1997, M. Madsen & R. Davis (OSC 56826); California, Humboldt Co., longitudinally wrinkled at the base, sometimes almost reach-
Trinidad, Nov. 1931, H.E. Parks 3749 (UPS F-629376); Oregon, Benton Co., ing the margin. Warts hemispherical, gregarious, concolorous,
Corvallis, McDonald-Dunn Research Forest, under conifers, 23 Oct. 1996, sometimes darker or paler brown than the background. Stipe
E.T. Peterson (OSC 56761); Oregon, Benton Co., Corvallis, west side of NW 4–7 × 2–3 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium white to very
Beechwood Place, scattered clusters of apothecia on duff and adjacent to pale brown, when dried ochre brown. Spores ellipsoid to broadly
rotting wood under Pseudotsuga menziesii, 19 Nov. 1997, N.S. Weber, NSW ellipsoid, sometimes very slightly inequilateral, with two large
8553 (OSC 150344); Oregon, Douglas Co., Bureau of Land Management,
guttules, seldom with 1–2 additional smaller granules, smooth,
Roseburg District, Swiftwater Resource Area, under Tsuga heterophylla,
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Polystichum munitum, Berberis nervosa and Holo-
hyaline, (11–)11.5–14(–15) × 6.5–8.5 µm (Lm = 11.7–13.8 µm,
discus tricolor, 8 Nov. 2000, R. Furriel (OSC 105550); Oregon, Marion Co., Wm = 7.1–8.3 µm, Qm = 1.6–1.7; n = 6). Paraphyses hooked,
Salem District Bureau of Land Management, Cascades Resource Area, often inrolled, of the same width or slightly enlarged at the
under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Gautheria shallon, Poly- apices to 3–5.5 µm wide, often with clear notches or forked at
stichum munitum, Berberis nervosa, Oxalis oregana, Acer circinatum, Alnus apices, when fresh containing refractive, pale yellowish brown
rubra and Rhododendron macrophyllum, 12 Nov. 1997, K. Dougan (OSC guttules, restricted to the uppermost part of the paraphyses;
66350); Washington, Bremerton, 26 Oct. 1942, J.B. Flett (UPS F-629383); when dried pale yellow. Asci 131–195 × 8–10 µm. Apothecial
Washington, Eatonville, 18 Oct. 1954, A.H. Smith 49143 (UPS F-629385);
section 700–800 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 100–120 µm thick,
Washington, Lower Nisqually R., Mt Rainier National Park, 2 Sept. 1948,
A.H. Smith 30888 (UPS F-629384).
visible as a darker brown zone, cells cylindrical to swollen,
densely arranged, with scattered brown resinous exudates at
Notes — Otidea tuomikoskii is characterised by the narrowly septa. Medullary excipulum of loosely woven textura intricata,
ear-shaped apothecia, with high warts on the outside, small 300–500 µm thick, hyphae cylindrical to slightly swollen, thick-
spores, and the excipulum almost always turning yellow in walled, 5–11 µm wide, hyaline to very pale brown, sometimes
KOH, together with the ochre to orange-ochre basal tomentum with brown resinous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of
in dried specimens. Otidea nannfeldtii is probably the species textura angularis, 80 –100 µm, cells thick-walled, yellowish
that resembles O. tuomikoskii most, but O. nannfeldtii has brown, 20–47 × 12–25 µm. Surface with broadly conical warts,
lower warts, lacks orange tones in the basal tomentum, has 25–65 µm high, composed of fasciculate, short hyphoid hairs.
paraphyses only rarely with slightly swollen areas, and resin- Non-warted parts with scattered hyphoid hairs, of 2–3 subglo-
ous exudates on the outer excipulum that turn reddish in KOH. bose to elongated cells, 7.5–10.5 µm wide, slightly constricted
Otidea papillata shares with O. tuomikoskii conspicuous dark at septa, sometimes with a thin gelatinous sheath. Resinous
warts on the outside of the apothecia (see under O. papillata). exudates abundant, yellowish to reddish brown, dissolving into
The yellow KOH reaction of the excipulum, especially strong in amber drops in MLZ. Basal mycelium of 3–4.5 µm wide, very
the subhymenium and ectal excipulum, has been observed to be pale brown hyphae, unchanged in KOH, smooth or with very
constant, although weak in some collections. The KOH reaction small, resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ.
is stronger in recent collections, and can also be macroscopically Specimens examined. Finland, Etelä-Häme, Hämeen, Lammi, Evo,
observed in fresh apothecia. The holotype of O. tuomikoskii is Kotinen virgin forest, mesic forest of the Myrtillus type, in needle litter of
from an anthill (Harmaja 1976), but O. tuomikoskii most often Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies in basal part of an active anthill, 8 Sept.
produces apothecia among needle litter or even on very decayed 1978, H. Harmaja (S-F249386); Kainuu, Paltamo, Saukkovaara, under
Picea abies in moist spring-fed site, nearly in water, 24 Aug. 2011, M. Lahti
wood, in coniferous forests. It is widespread in Europe, where it
(TUR-A 198582); Koillismaa, Kuusamo, Oulanka National Park, first part of
occurs in coniferous plantations, and in Western North America the Kiutaköngäs trail, on rich soil among Picea and Betula leaves, 25 Aug.
(Peterson 1998), and has been found in Asia (Cao et al. 1990). 2008, M. Carbone (TUR-A 198581); ibid., 16 Aug. 2009 (S-F257086, dupl.
TUR-A 198579); ibid., 14 Aug. 2010 (TUR-A 198580). – Sweden, Jämtland,
Östersund, Ändsjön Nature Reserve, on an abandoned anthill in rich Picea
Otidea cantharella clade
forest, 26 Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.82 (S); Närke, Hidinge,
Apothecia ear-shaped, or cup-shaped and entire, usually clearly Lekhyttan, Katte Majaskogen, coniferous lime-rich forest, in litter, 13 Sept.
stipitate. Spores exceeding 20 µm, biguttulate and with several 2008, B. Wasstorp, JS.08.73 (S); Närke, Knista, Lekhyttan, Kungshall, cal-
careous oldgrowth forest, in thick litter layer, with Picea and Pinus, 12 Sept.
additional small guttules (except in O. brunneoparva). Paraphy-
2008, J. Santos, JS.08.66 (S); ibid., JS.08.69 (S).
ses often strongly notched. Associated with Picea.
Species — Otidea brunneoparva, O. cantharella, O. propin- Notes — Otidea brunneoparva is morphologically and geneti-
quata. cally a clearly distinct species. It is macroscopically character-
Fig. 13   Otidea brunneoparva apothecia. a. KH.08.107, holotype; b. JS.08.66; c. TUR-A 198579; d. TUR-A 198580. — Photos: b. J. Santos; c, d. M. Carbone.
ised by stipitate, broadly ear-shaped apothecia with dark brown obtained by us, confirms O. fusconigra is not conspecific, but
colours and sometimes olivaceous shades. Microscopically, the a sister taxon to O. smithii.
spore shape and size are diagnostic (Fig. 14a), although with Following Cao et al. (1990), O. brunneoparva keys out as
wide variation. The strongly inrolled and notched apices of the O. olivacea J.Z. Cao & L. Fan. The cup-shaped, dark brown
paraphyses are very characteristic (Fig. 14b) and otherwise only apothecia, with olivaceous tinge, suggest these may be closely
found in a few species like O. propinquata or O. daliensis. The related. However, the spores of O. olivacea were described
thick-walled, yellowish brown, angular cells forming the outer as considerably longer (14 –17 × 8 – 8.5 µm), almost non-
excipulum are diagnostic too (Fig. 14c, d); such thick-walled overlapping with those of O. brunneoparva. Unfortunately, we
cells in the outer excipulum are only otherwise found in O. pro were not able to get the type specimen of O. olivacea on loan for
pinquata. The six ITS sequences of O. brunneoparva, from five study. It should be noted that O. olivacea is a later homonym of
different localities in Finland and Sweden, are identical or with O. olivacea Bucholtz. Therefore Harmaja (2009b) published the
3–8 bp differences. The ITS nucleotide diversity within O. brun- new name O. olivaceobrunnea for the illegitimate O. olivacea.
neoparva, as sampled here, is 0.74 % per site. Phylogenetic Otidea pusilla Rahm might be conspecific with O. brunneo
analyses of four gene-regions (Hansen & Olariaga 2015) show parva, but the name is not validly published since no type was
O. brunneoparva forms a distinct monophyletic group with O. pro- indicated (Art. 40.1 ICN) and more than one gathering was
pinquata and O. cantharella. These three species are never- cited (Art. 40.2 ICN) (McNeill et al. 2012), ‘collected over three
theless, easily distinguished both macro- and microscopically. weeks in the same site’. The description of O. pusilla agrees with
The distinctive spores of O. brunneoparva are only otherwise O. brunneoparva in the dark brown, cup-shaped apothecia and
found in O. leporina within Otidea. Otidea brunneoparva is the relatively broad spores. The spore size given in the proto-
clearly distinguished from O. leporina by the darker coloured logue was ‘15/6–9 µ’ (Rahm 1958), which we find difficult to
apothecia and notched paraphyses. Otidea bufonia, O. mirabilis interpret due to the unusually broad width range. Unfortunately,
and O. smithii share dark brown colours with O. brunneoparva, no material could be traced in ZH (pers. comm. R. Berndt).
but clearly differ in apothecial shape and stature (O. brunneo A collection named by Harmaja as O. brunneoparva (H6017193)
parva being more delicate), narrower spores (Lm = 6.3–7.3 µm, was found to be morphologically identical to our material. Also
Qm = 1.9–2.5) of different shape (fusoid in O. bufonia and O. mira- ITS and LSU sequences confirm that Harmaja´s and our mate-
bilis) and the resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum not dis- rial are conspecific. Therefore the name O. brunneoparva is
solving into amber drops. Otidea fusconigra was published as a here adopted and validated as a new species.
provisional name too. It also resembles O. brunneoparva in the Otidea brunneoparva appears to be rather widespread in the
dark brown apothecia, and spore size and shape (Jamoni 2004). Scandinavian Picea forests. While at least two of our collec-
Nevertheless, the paler hymenium colour (‘grey caffelatte’), tions, as indicated by Harmaja (2009a) grew on anthills, the
the paraphyses without notches and the habitat among alpine rest were found in places with abundant Picea litter, often with
dwarf Salix, suggests O. fusconigra is a different species. ITS presence of Betula. Two localities, including the type locality,
and LSU sequences of O. fusconigra (collection GMFN 2293), were calcareous suggesting O. brunneoparva is calciphilous.
Fig. 14   Otidea brunneoparva (KH.08.107, holotype). a. Spores in water †; b. paraphyses*; c. medullary and ectal excipulum in water †; d. wart from the ectal
excipulum in water †; e. ectal excipulum in Melzer’s reagent †; f. basal mycelium in water †. — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = fresh material; † = dried material.
11. Otidea cantharella (Fr.) Quél., Enchir. Fung.: 275. 1886 Misapplied names
— Fig. 15 – Otidea abietina sensu Breitenbach & Kränzlin, Fung. Switzerland 1: 82.
1984.
Basionym. Peziza cantharella Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 48. 1822 : Fr., loc. cit. – Peziza propinquata sensu Nannfeldt, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 3: 313. 1966.
≡ Flavoscypha cantharella (Fr.) Harmaja, Karstenia 14: 107. 1974.
Neotype designated here: Sweden, Jämtland, Östersund, Ändsjön Nature Apothecia gregarious or caespitose, 23–68 mm high, 13–43
Reserve, in rich Picea forest, with Hepatica nobilis and Oxalis acetosella, 31 mm wide, initially broadly ear-shaped, in the end broadly ear-
Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.125 (S); MycoBank MBT178085. shaped to almost cup-shaped, split, stipitate. Hymenium initially
= Peziza caligata Nyl., Ex Not. Sällsk. Fauna Fl. Fenn. Förh. 10: 8. 1868 light brown (5B5, 5B6, 5C6), then ochraceous yellow (4A5, 4A6,
‘1869’.
5A5), ochre-orange (4A7, 5B7), sometimes with pinkish areas or
≡ Otidea caligata (Nyl.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 95. 1889.
≡ Acetabula caligata (Nyl.) Boud., Hist. Classific. Discomyc. Europe: 41.
red dots (6B8), when wounded pinkish and margin brownish red
1907. (6B8), when dried orange brown (6D7, 6D8) to reddish brown
Holotype. Finland, Uusimaa, Helsinki, 1850, W. Nylander (H009215) ! (6C6, 6D6). Receptacle surface concolorous, ochre brown (4B7,
5C7, 5B6), slightly hygrophanous, in drying yellowish ochre (4A6,
4A7), sometimes with pale brown stains, when dried orange
brown (6D7, 6D8), furfuraceous to finely warty, sometimes Subhymenium c. 70–100 µm thick, visible as a darker yellow
wrinkled at the base. Warts hemispherical, gregarious, conco zone, of cylindrical to swollen cells, densely arranged. Medul-
lorous, sometimes darker than the background, brown. Stipe lary excipulum of textura intricata, (500–)700 –900 µm thick,
4–25 × 3 – 9 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant, hyphae cylindrical to slightly swollen, thick-walled, 3–12 µm
white to very pale brown (5A3), very pale brown when dried. wide, very pale yellow, sometimes with yellow-brown resinous
Spores ellipsoid and often narrowing toward poles, sometimes exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis 90–120
very slightly inequilateral, with two large and several smaller µm, cells thin-walled, pale yellow, 23–55 × 12–25(–30) µm.
guttules, smooth, hyaline, (17–)18–21 × (9–)10–11.5(–12) µm Surface with conical to broadly conical warts, 55–80 µm high,
(Lm = 17.7–20 µm, Wm = 10.4–11.4 µm, Qm = 1.7–1.8; n = 13). formed by fasciculate, parallel, short hyphoid hairs, of 3–4 ovoid
Paraphyses hooked, of the same width or slightly enlarged at cells, constricted at septa, 5–8 µm wide. Non-warted parts with
apices, 2.5 – 3.5(– 5.5) µm wide, without or with a low notch, single hyphoid hairs, of 2–4 subglobose to elongated cells,
seldom forked at apices, when fresh containing small, refractive, slightly constricted at septa, 7–10 µm wide, sometimes with
pale yellow guttules; when dried small, refractive granules. Asci a gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant, yellow to
191– 217 × 11–12 µm. Apothecial section 900 –1200 µm thick. yellow-brown, dissolving into amber drops in MLZ. Basal my-
Fig. 15   Otidea cantharella*. a, b. Apothecia; c. spores; d. paraphyses; e. medullary excipulum showing resinous exudates at septa; f. ectal excipulum (a:
KH.09.125, neotype; b: KH.11.69; c, d: KH.10.152; e: KH.09.144; f: KH.09.155). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh material.
celium of 3.5 – 4.5(– 6) µm wide, hyaline to very pale yellowish Otidea cantharella is associated with Picea abies, and often
brown hyphae, unchanged in KOH, smooth or with very small, produces apothecia on anthills or thick needle layers. Further-
regularly arranged, spheroid, resinous exudates, dissolving in more, we have often found apothecia of O. cantharella and
MLZ and partially in KOH. Cudonia confusa together (Fig. 15a), and once with Spathularia
rufa, both species belonging to the Rhytismatales. An apparent
Specimens examined. Finland, Etelä-Häme, Hattula, Parola, Alppilankal-
lio, Vaccinium myrtillus-type forest, under Picea abies, 25 Sept. 1967, P. Uotila closer association in the same fairy ring has also been observed
618 (H); Etelä-Häme, Janakkala, Tervakoski, 6 Sept. 1970, P. Uotila 6195 once. Interestingly, Bresadola noted the association with C. con-
(H); Etelä-Häme, Mustiala, 5 Sept. 1895, J. Lindroth (H6010923); ibid., in fusa in one of his collections (UPS F-629361) studied by us. The
pineto, 24 Aug. 1866, P.A. Karsten (H6010922); Etelä-Häme, Mustiala, Tam- presence of C. confusa in the same collecting spot may give
mela, 2 Sept. 1882, P.A. Karsten (H6010829); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, a first plausible field identification of O. cantharella. Moreover,
Kalkkinulkki, near old limestone quarry, under Picea, 23 Aug. 2011, T. Kekki,
it suggests a possible biotrophic association between O. can-
TK211 (TUR); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, Ounasvaara, Picea forest, 29
Aug. 2011, T. Kekki, TK279 (TUR); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, Välijoki, cal-
tharella and C. confusa.
ciferous Picea forest, 25 Aug. 2011, T. Kekki, TK236 (TUR); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Nomenclatural notes — This species has been referred to
Tervola, Peura, old calciferous Picea forest, 5 Sept. 2011, T. Kekki, TK177
as O. caligata (Nyl.) Sacc. (Nannfeldt 1966, Dissing 2000).
(TUR); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Ylitornio, Kuusikkorommas, calciferous Picea and
Pinus forest, 2 Sept. 2011, T. Kekki, TK301 (TUR); Varsinais-Suomi, Vihti,
Nevertheless, Harmaja (2009a) came to the conclusion that
Nummela, Metsäkulma, on soil, 16 Sept. 1979, H. Kotiranta (H6010925). the name O. cantharella must refer to the large-spored species
– France, Isère, Villard-de-Lans, Bois Barbu, under Picea abies, 20 Sept. treated here, with which some authors have later disagreed
2008, J. Cavet, NV 2008.09.16 (dupl. S). – Hungary, Hohe Tatra bei Unter- (Carbone 2010b, Van Vooren 2011b). Harmaja stressed the
Schmecks, Oct. 1884, Linhart (UPS F-629314, Rehm Ascomyceten 251b, following characters from the protologue supporting the usage
as O. leporina f. minor). – Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Cavelonte, in silvis of the name as presented here: ear-shaped, stipitate apothecia,
coniferis, semper socia Cudoniae confusae, Aug. 1898, G. Bresadola (UPS
the yellow colour of Cantharellus cibarius and the occurrence
F-629361). – Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, Steinkjer, Noem, under Picea, 2 Sept.
2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.129 (S); Nord-Trøndelag, Steinkjer, in Picea forests in southern Sweden. We have studied material
Strattåsen, in rich Picea forest, 5 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, from Småland (UPS F-146485, UPS F-146486), from where
KH.09.144 (S). – Sweden, Blekinge, Rödeby, Spjutsbygd, c. 2 km NW from Fries described O. cantharella. It is therefore very likely that
the train station, on needle litter under a Picea in coniferous forest, 10 Sept. Fries had in mind the species described here when he coined
1946, S. Lundell & S. Wikland (UPS F-146484); Gästrikland, close to Bergby, the name O. cantharella, although he had only seen dried
mossy Picea forest on acidic ground, 31 Aug. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & material, as indicated by the abbreviation ‘v. s.’ (vidi siccam,
I. Olariaga, KH.10.152 (S); Hälsingland, Kårböle, St Olofs, 26 Aug. 2001,
seen dried). Since no original material is known to exist, we
H.-G. Toresson s.n. (S); Hälsingland, south to crossing between roads E45
and 310, under Picea abies, among leaf litter, 21 Aug. 2011, J.C. Zamora propose a neotype that will attach the name O. cantharella to
& I. Olariaga, KH.11.109 (S); Härjedalen, Linsell, Djursvallen, montane co- the Otidea species described here. This stabilises the interpre-
niferous forest with birch, on very rotten log, 13 Aug. 2000, B. Gahne (UPS tation proposed by Harmaja (2009a), also used by Mornand &
F-125589); Härjedalen, Torkilstöten, under Picea abies among leaf litter, Courtecuisse (2005), and long before adopted by Bresadola
on acidic ground, 20 Aug. 2011, J.C. Zamora & I. Olariaga, KH.11.106 (S); (1900: 102), and should serve to settle the interpretation of
Jämtland, Hammarstrand, Picea mossy forest, 26 Aug. 2009, H. Lindström, O. cantharella. Our ITS-LSU sequences of four O. cantharella
KH.09.83 (S); ibid., KH.09.84 (S); Jämtland, SW of Mörsil, Sandtjärndalen
collections from Sweden and France are identical.
Nature Reserve, under Picea abies on rich ground, 7 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen
& I. Olariaga, KH.09.155 (S); Jämtland, Sällsjö surroundings, in young
stand of Picea abies, on rich ground with Betula and Salix, 29 Aug. 2009, 12. Otidea propinquata (P. Karst.) Harmaja, Karstenia 15: 32.
K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.104 (S); Jämtland, Östersund, Andersön
1976 — Fig. 16
Nature Reserve, Picea forest on rich ground, 28 Aug. 2009, K. Hansen &
I. Olariaga, KH.09.95 (S); ibid., under Picea and Pinus, KH.09.96 (S); ibid., Basionym. Peziza propinquata P. Karst., Not. Sallsk. Fauna Fl. Fenn.
KH.09.101 (S); Jämtland, Östersund, Fillstabäcken Nature Reserve, on old Forh. 10: 110. 1869.
anthill under Picea, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, 30 Aug. 2009, KH.09.111 (S); Lectotype. Finland, Tavastland, Messuby, 7 Oct. 1860, P.A. Karsten
ibid., KH.09.117 (S); ibid., K. Hansen & X.H. Wang, 5 Sept. 2012, KH.12.99 (H6010807) !, selected by Nannfeldt (1966).
(S); Jämtland, Östersund, Ändsjön Nature Reserve, in rich Picea forest, with = Otidea abietina f. nigra Rick, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 48: 62. 1898.
Hepatica nobilis and Oxalis acetosella, 26 Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, ≡ Otidea abietina var. nigra (Rick) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 14: 746. 1899.
KH.09.78 (S); ibid., KH.09.80 (S); ibid., KH.09.98 (S); Jämtland, Åre, Kall, Lectotype. Austria, Vorarlberg, an der Gamp, im Nadelwald, 1700 m,
along Stor-Grundsviken, Kallsjön, on old anthill in lime rich Picea forest, 15 Sept. 1897, Rick (S-F9962) !, indicated by Nannfeldt (1966).
Aug. 2008, J. Santos & K. Hansen, JS.08.18 (S); Lappland, Jokkmokk, SE = Otidea indivisa Velen., Monograph. Discom. Bohemiae 1: 355. 1934.
of Vuollerim, Andersviksravinerna (Natura 2000 area), mixed forest, 31 Aug. Lectotype. Czech Republic, Karlštejn N, Oct. 1922, J. Fechtner (PRM
2011, A. Stridvall, KH.11.111 (S); ibid., KH.11.112 (S); Lappland, Jokkmokk, 149147) !, selected by Nannfeldt (1966).
by Kassavare mountain, Köpenhamn, under Picea abies, 1 Sept. 2011,
K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.110 (S); Lappland, Jokkmokk, ‘Nornaskogen’ Misapplied names
by Ållojaur, mossy Picea forest on rich ground, 29 Aug. 2011, K. Hansen & – Pseudotis abietina sensu Boudier, Icon. Mycol. livr. 7: nº. 131, pl. 333.
I. Olariaga, KH.11.16 (S); Lappland, Kuouka, 15 km SE Messaure, herb-rich 1906 (preliminary text with ‘circulaires’).
Picea forest on rich ground, among mosses, 3 Sept. 2011, K. Hansen & – Otidea cochleata sensu Breitenbach & Kränzlin, Fung. Switzerland 1: 84.
I. Olariaga, KH.11.68 (S); ibid., KH.11.69 (S); Lappland, 5 km SE Vuollerim, 1984.
part of Andersviksravinerna, Rävabacken Nature Reserve, herb-rich Picea
Apothecia gregarious or caespitose, 7–20 mm high, 15–35
forest, 21 Aug. 2000, M. Karström, MK200061 (S); ibid., under Picea on
mossy ground, together with Cudonia confusa, 2 Sept. 2011, K. Wiking, mm wide, obconical to broadly cup-shaped, entire, very rarely
KH.11.59 (S); Småland, Ryssby, Gärdsholmen, Björnö, coniferous forest, split, regular or sometimes undulate in the margin, stipitate.
6 Sept. 1930, H.G. Bruun (UPS F-146485); ibid., on deep moss in conifer- Hymenium ochre brown (5C7, 6D5, 6D6) to dark reddish brown
ous forest (UPS F-146486); Uppland, Uppsala, Sävja, Norra Lunsen Nature (6F6, 6F7, 7F7, 7F8), when dried ochre brown (6B7, 6C7).
Reserve, Picea forest, on soil, thick layer of litter and mosses, 28 Aug. 2008, Receptacle surface concolorous, orange brown (6F6, 6F7),
J. Santos, JS.08.47 (S). – Switzerland, Wallis Canton, Liddes, Palazuit, in slightly hygrophanous, in drying yellowish brown (5C6, 5C7),
side of brook under Picea abies, 17 Aug. 2008, M. Carbone (MCVE 24217).
when dried orange brown (6D6, 6D7, 6E7), furfuraceous to
Notes — Otidea cantharella can be recognised by broadly warty, sometimes wrinkled at the base. Warts hemispherical,
ear-shaped apothecia, with yellow to orange tones, often with gregarious, concolorous, sometimes darker than the back-
a well-developed stipe, and large spores. No other species of ground, brown. Stipe 7–16 × 2–7 mm. Basal tomentum and
Otidea have the spore size of O. cantharella, in combination mycelium abundant, white to very pale brown (5A3), very pale
with those macroscopic characters. brown when dried. Spores ellipsoid and often narrowing toward
Fig. 16   Otidea propinquata. a. Apothecia; b. spores in water †; c. paraphyses in KOH †; d. wart of the ectal excipulum in water †; e. ectal excipulum in KOH †;
f. basal mycelium in water† (a: KH.11.21; b – f: KH.09.99). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried material.
the poles, sometimes very slightly inequilateral, with two large 17–50 × 10–40 µm. Surface with conical to broadly conical
and several smaller guttules, smooth, hyaline, (18 –)19–21 × warts, 50–75 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate hyphoid
10–12.5 µm (Lm = 19.3–20 µm, Wm = 10.9–11.6 µm, Qm = 1.6– hairs, of 2 – 3 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at
1.7; n = 4). Paraphyses hooked, of the same width or often septa or not, 8–11 µm wide, sometimes with a pale brown thick
enlarged at apices, 3– 5 µm wide, often with 1– 3 notches or gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant, yellow-brown
forked at apices, when fresh containing small, refractive, light to brown, turning brownish red in KOH, dissolving in MLZ. Basal
yellow guttules; when dried hyaline. Asci 231– 275 × 12–16 mycelium of 3–6 µm wide, hyaline to pale brown hyphae, un-
µm. Apothecial section 1100 –1500 µm thick. Subhymenium changed in KOH, smooth or normally with regularly arranged,
c. 100 –120 µm thick, of dense textura intricata, visible as a spheroid to rod-shaped, resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ
darker brown zone. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, and partially in KOH.
600–800 µm thick, hyphae 4 – 9 µm wide, sometimes slightly
Specimens examined. Czech Republic, Praha, Karlštejn, 9 Oct. 1922,
swollen, thin- to thick-walled, very pale brown, sometimes with F. Fechtner (UPS F-629369, syntype of O. indivisa); Sept. 1924 (UPS F-629367,
brown resinous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of textura syntype of O. indivisa). – Denmark, NE Sjælland, Asserbo Plantage, under
angularis 100 –130 µm, cells rather thick-walled, pale brown, Pinus and Picea among needles, 7 Oct. 1975, H. Knudsen (C-F-87203).
– France, Isère, Lans-en-Vercors, on the ground, on Picea leaf litter, 17 soid, seldom very slightly inequilateral, with two large guttules,
Sept. 2008, J. Cavet, NV 2008.09.15 (dupl. S). – Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, smooth, hyaline, 9.5–11(–11.5) × (5.5–)6–7 µm (Lm = 10–10.7
Sopramonte, ad acus abiegnos in sylvis coniferis, Aug. 1898, G. Bresadola
µm, Wm = 6–6.9 µm, Qm = 1.6–1.7; n = 7). Paraphyses curved
(UPS F-629357). – Sweden, Jämtland, Sällsjö surroundings, in young stand
of Picea abies, on rich ground, 28 Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga,
to hooked, of the same width or slightly enlarged at apices, 3–4
KH.09.99 (S); Jämtland, Östersund, Andersön Nature Reserve, under Pinus µm wide, with up to two slightly swollen areas, occasionally
and Picea, on rich ground, among mosses, 28 Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & notched, sometimes when fresh containing small, refractive,
I. Olariaga, KH.09.94 (S); ibid., KH.09.103 (S); Jämtland, Östersund, Ändsjön light yellow or green guttules; when dried small, refractive,
Nature Reserve, in rich Picea forest, 26 Aug. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, hyaline to light yellow granules. Asci 160–232 × 10.5–13 µm.
KH.09.81 (S); ibid., 31 Aug. 2009, KH.09.123 (S); Lappland, Jokkmokk, Apothecial section 700–800 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 80–100
‘Nornaskogen’ by Ållojaur, mossy Picea forest on rich ground, 28 Aug.
µm thick, of dense textura intricata, visible as a yellowish brown
2011, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.21 (S); Lappland, Jokkmokk, Ultevis
Fjällurskog Nature Reserve, Sitoätno, Picea mossy forest on rich ground, zone, cells cylindrical to swollen, densely arranged. Medullary
among leaf litter, 31 Aug. 2011, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.30 (S); ibid., excipulum 400–500 µm thick, differentiated into two parts: a)
KH.11.35 (S); Lappland, S of Kvikkjobb-Kabla FUR Nature Reserve, by textura angularis underneath the subhymenium, 120–200 µm
Kassavare mountain, Köpenhamn, young Picea stand by a road, 1 Sept. thick, cells 6–15 µm broad; b) textura intricata, hyphae some-
2011, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.11.53 (S); Lappland, Messaure, herb- times slightly swollen, thin-walled to thick-walled, 3–11 µm wide,
rich Picea forest, 29 Aug. 2008, M. Karström, MK0834 (S); Lappland, 17 km
hyaline to very pale yellow, sometimes with pale yellow resin-
WSW of Vuollerim, Slubbojaureskogen, herb-rich Picea forest, 8 Aug. 2002,
M. Karström, MK0222 (S); Närke, Knista, Lekhyttan, under Picea, in thick litter
ous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis,
layer, in lime rich forest, 12 Sept. 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.67 (S); Uppland, 70–120 µm, cells thin-walled, light yellow, 17–40 × 11–25 µm.
Uppsala, Sätra Nature Reserve, on litter on lime rich soil, under Picea, 23 Surface with broadly conical warts, 45–60 µm high, formed by
Sept. 2008, J. Santos & K. Hansen, JS.08.98 (S). – USA, Washington, Lake short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 2–3 elongated cells, 7–12
Crescent, under fir, 28 Oct. 1935, A.H. Smith (UPS F-629351). µm wide, not or slightly constricted at septa, sometimes with
Notes — Otidea propinquata is easily recognised by the a gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant, brownish
stipitate, entire, brown apothecia, large spores, and notched yellow, dissolving into amber drops in MLZ. Basal mycelium of
or forked paraphyses. Otidea daliensis shares brown, entire 3–5 µm wide, hyaline to very light yellow hyphae, unchanged
apothecia with O. propinquata, but differs in having sessile in KOH, with regularly arranged, very small, spheroid resinous
apothecia, with purplish brown tones, and basal mycelium that exudates, dissolving in MLZ, partially and more slowly in KOH.
lacks abundant resinous exudates. Specimens examined. Finland, Etelä-Häme, Lammi, Evo, Vahtervehmas,
Kotinen virgin forest, 6 Sept. 1988, H. Harmaja (H6003551); Etelä-Häme,
There has been uncertainty surrounding the correct name of
Loppi, Topeno, Piimästennummi, on a huge anthill, under Picea, 16 Sept.
this taxon. A number of early authors used the epithet abietina 2011, S. Huhtinen 11/65 (TUR); Perä-Pohjanmaa, Rovaniemi, Välijoki, calcife
to refer to O. propinquata (Boudier 1906, Bresadola 1933). In rous Picea forest, on anthill, 25 Aug. 2011, T. Kekki, TK223 (TUR); Uusimaa,
agreement with Harmaja (2009a) and Carbone (2010c), we Elimäki, Villikkala, Lääksynmäki, mesic heath spruce forest, on anthill, 22 Oct.
consider Peziza abietina a nomen confusum. Nannfeldt (1966) 2005, U. Nummela-Salo & P. Salo (H6003550); Varsinais-Suomi, Koski Tl.,
referred to O. propinquata as O. indivisa and argued that the Hongisto, on old anthill under Picea abies, with Betula sp., Salix caprea and
Pinus sylvestris, 8 Aug. 1998, M.-L. & P. Heinonen (TUR 124728); Varsinais-
type of O. propinquata was conspecific with O. cantharella (as
Suomi, Lieto, Suopohja, SE of Päivärinne, along the road by the house Esko-
caligata). Harmaja (1976) examined the lectotype of O. propin- Ukura, on old anthill under Picea abies, 2 Oct. 2009, K. Ruottinen (TUR-A
quata and found it to be clearly distinct from O. cantharella and 183242). – France, Haute Savoie, Thorens-Glières, plateau des Glières,
O. indivisa, a later synonym. This is confirmed by our study of under Picea, on the ground, 22 Sept. 2006, L. Francini, NV 2006.09.11 (S).
the type of O. propinquata. Otidea propinquata occurs in Picea – Norway, Nordland, Grane, Holmvassdalen Nature Reserve, on old anthill
forests on calcareous ground. It is widespread in Northern Fen- under Picea, 29 Oct. 2009, J. Lorås (S-F244372). – Sweden, Dalarna, Stora
Tuna, between Falubäcken and Övre Morbygge fäbod, abundant in the lower
noscandia and present in central Europe.
part of an active anthill, 22 Sept. 1963, R. Morander (UPS F-146725); Närke,
Askersund, Orkarebäckens Nature Reserve, calcareous forest, on an ac-
Otidea formicarum clade tive anthill under Picea, 11 Sept. 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.63 (S); ibid., under
Picea in litter, JS.08.62 (S); Uppland, Bondkyrka, Gottsundabergen, 1 Oct.
Apothecia ear- to cup-shaped, split, ochre to reddish brown. 1927, J.A. Nannfeldt (UPS F-146706); Uppland, Bondkyrka, Nåsten, S of
Spores small, 9.5 –12 µm long. Basal mycelium with abundant Läbyvad station, among coniferous needles, 16 Sept. 1932, J.A. Nannfeldt
yellow resinous exudates. Associated with conifers. (UPS F-146709); Uppland, Älvkarleby, Billuddens Nature Reserve, under
Species — Otidea formicarum, O. nannfeldtii, O. subformica Pinus and Picea on sandy ground, at the base of a Pinus, 15 Sept. 2011,
J.C. Zamora & I. Olariaga, KH.11.104 (S); Ångermanland, Ullanger, Håll, in
rum, O. aff. subformicarum, Otidea sp. ‘b’.
the eastern slope of Mt Moberget, c. 0.5 km SW of p. 35,29, on the ground,
14 Sept. 1974, R. Moberg (UPS F-146735).
13. Otidea formicarum Harmaja, Karstenia 15: 31. 1976 — Fig.
Notes — Otidea formicarum is characterised by relatively
5f, 17
small, reddish brown, broadly ear-shaped apothecia, small
Holotype. Finland, Etelä-Karjala, Miehikkäla, Savanjärvi, on anthill in spores, and by its habitat, often occurring on anthills. For a
spruce forest, 26 Sept. 1970, L. Fagerström (H6003549) ! comparison with the sister species O. subformicarum see under
Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 8 – 22 mm high, 5 –20 mm that species below. Otidea nannfeldtii resembles O. formicarum,
wide, broadly ear-shaped, upper margin rounded, then expand- but differs in often having more narrowly ear-shaped and paler
ing and sometimes in the end becoming cup-shaped and flat- coloured apothecia, sometimes with pink tones in the hyme-
tened, split, stipitate or sessile. Hymenium yellowish brown nium. Dried apothecia of O. nannfeldtii have, on the contrary,
(5C7, 5C8) to reddish brown (6C7, 6C8, 6D8), when dried ochre darker colours than O. formicarum. Otidea pseudoleporina and
(4A5, 4A6) to brownish ochre (5B7). Receptacle surface yel- O. formicarum share apothecial shape, but O. pseudoleporina
lowish brown (5C6) to reddish brown (6C6), hygrophanous, can be distinguished by the ochre-orange colour, and compara-
in drying ochre (5B7), when dried ochre (4A5, 4A6), finely tively narrower spores (Qm = 1.7–1.9).
warty, smooth at the base. Warts broadly conical to rounded, The original description of O. formicarum was based on several
gregarious, concolorous, sometimes slightly darker than the collections made on anthills in Finland (Harmaja 1976), and
background, brown. Stipe 3 – 6 × 2 – 4 mm. Basal tomentum more recent material has been cited from anthills (Harmaja
and mycelium abundant, light yellow-ochre (5A2). Spores ellip- 2009a, b), mainly associated with Picea. Most of the material
examined by us was also from anthills, but at least one of our Misapplied names
Swedish finds (KH.11.104) was from Pinus needle litter, which – Otidea papillata sensu Van Vooren et al., Bull. Mycol. Bot. Dauphiné-Savoie
188: 52. 2008.
shows the habitat of O. formicarum partly overlaps with the
habitat of O. subformicarum. Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 8–35 mm high, 5–15 mm
wide, initially long, narrowly ear-shaped, sometimes expanding
and becoming broadly ear-shaped, split, stipitate or sessile.
14. Otidea nannfeldtii Harmaja, Karstenia 15: 31. 1976 — Fig.
Hymenium ochre (4A5), orangish ochre (5B4, 5C4) or pale
5a, d, 18
brown (6D6, 6D7), sometimes with pink tones or entirely pink-
Holotype. Finland, Ahvenanmaa, Lemland, Nåtö, spruce forest near Över- ish (6A4), when dried orange-ochre (5A5) to reddish brown
gård, 17 Sept. 1972, C.-A. Haeggström (H6002902) ! (6C6). Receptacle surface brown orange (5B4, 5C4) to pale
= Otidea angusta Harmaja, Karstenia 48: 35. 2009.
brown (6D6–7), slightly hygrophanous, in drying ochre (4A5),
Holotype. Finland, Varsinais-Suomi, Lohja, Jalassaari, Ahtiala, E of Heimo
when dried reddish brown (7D7, 7E7), finely warty, smooth at
house, mixed somewhat moist rich woods with Picea, Betula, Corylus etc.
on somewhat calcareous soils, 23 Aug. 1965, H. Harmaja (H6010804) ! the base. Warts conical, gregarious, concolorous, sometimes
distinctly darker than the background, brown. Stipe 4 – 8 ×
Fig. 17   Otidea formicarum (KH.11.104)*. a. Apothecia; b. spores; c. paraphyses; d. ectal excipulum; e. resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum; f. basal
mycelium. — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh material.
2–3 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant, white to µm; b) textura intricata, 400–450 µm thick, hyphae 4–9 µm
light yellow (5A2) or ochre (5A3). Spores ellipsoid, sometimes wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to very pale
slightly inequilateral, with two large guttules, smooth, hyaline, yellow, sometimes with pale yellow resinous exudates at septa.
(9 –)9.5 –10.5(–11.5) × 5.5 – 6.5(–7) µm (Lm = 9.8 –10.9 µm, Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, sometimes of a textura
Wm = 5.5 – 6.6 µm, Qm = 1.6 –1.9; n = 10). Paraphyses curved prismatica, 80–120 µm, cells thin-walled, hyaline to light brown,
to hooked, of the same width or slightly broader at apices, 16–40 × 11–22 µm. Outer part of conical to broadly conical
2.5–5 µm wide, without notches, rarely with up to two slightly warts, 45–85 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid
swollen areas or forked at apices, when fresh containing small, hairs, of 2–3(–4) subglobose to elongated cells, constricted
refractive, light yellow guttules; when dried hyaline to light yel- at septa, 5–9 µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath.
low. Asci 137–190 × 8–10 µm. Apothecial section 650–900 µm Resinous exudates abundant, yellow brown, dissolving into
thick. Subhymenium c. 80 –100 µm thick, visible as a yellowish amber drops in MLZ, reddish brown in KOH. Basal mycelium
brown zone, of cylindrical to swollen cells, densely arranged. of 3–5.5 µm wide, septate, hyaline to very light yellow hyphae,
Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 400 – 600 µm thick, unchanged in KOH, with very small, regularly arranged, sphe-
differentiated into two parts: a) textura angularis underneath roid, yellow resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ, partially and
the subhymenium, 100 –150 µm thick, cells 13 – 32 × 12–21 more slowly in KOH.
Fig. 18   Otidea nannfeldtii. a. Apothecia; b. spores*; c. paraphyses*; d. ectal excipulum*; e. hyphoid hairs with gelatinous sheath*; f. amber drops on the
outermost ectal excipulum cells in Melzer’s reagent † (a – e: KH.10.302; f: S-F249387). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = fresh material; † = dried material.
Specimens examined. Finland, Varsinais-Suomi, Lohja, Jalassaari, Ah- North American rh101310 shows 14 and 20 bp differences from
tiala, Alho, very close to the Ahtiala Nature Reserve, below a spruce tree in the two holotypes, O. nannfeldtii and O. angusta, respectively.
mixed forest on fairly calcareous soil, 29 Sept. 1978, H. Harmaja (S-F249387,
The collections showing no LSU sequence variation (Fig. 1),
ex H6017194 as O. lohjaënsis nom. prov.). – France, Hautes Alpes, Provence-
Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, La Bâtie-Montsaléon, Les Chariots du Buech, au sol dans
show also no, or only 1–2 bp differences in the ITS region. No
la litière d’aiguilles de pins (P. sylvestris), 26 Oct. 2008, N. Van Vooren, NV variation was found between the holotype of O. angusta and
2008.10.01 (dupl. S). – Italy, Abruzzo, Pietracamela (TE), Prati di Tivo, on the Finnish S-F249387 (identified as the provisional O. loh-
soil in mixed forest, mainly with Larix but also Picea and Pinus, 2 Oct. 2009, jaënsis by Harmaja).
B. De Ruvo (S-F257096); Calabria, Celico (CS), Contrada Colamauci, under
Otidea nannfeldtii was previously known only from South West
Pinus and Picea abies, 16 Sept. 2009, C. Lavorato, CL 091116-17 (dupl. S);
Calabria, Morano Calabro (CS), Campotenese, under Pinus sylvestris, 7 Dec. Finland (Harmaja 1976, 2009a). Here we report it from other
2009, C. Lavorato, CL 091207-01 (dupl. S). – Sweden, Gotland, Ollajvs Nature areas in Europe, and for the first time from North America.
Reserve, close to Ljugarn, under Picea and Pinus on calcareous ground,
31 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.302 (S); ibid., under
15. Otidea subformicarum Olariaga, Van Vooren, M. Carbone
Picea and Pinus on rich calcareous soil, 27 Sept. 2011, H. Tuovila & S. Huh-
tinen, KH.11.115 (S); Lappland, Jokkmokk, ‘Nornaskogen’ by Ållojaur, under
& K. Hansen, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB809252; ITS bar-
Picea among mosses, K. Olofsson, 1 Sept. 2011, KH.11.45 (S); Lappland, code GenBank: KM010054; Fig. 19, 21
Messaure, 3 miles NW Vuollerim, herb rich Picea forest, 1 Sept. 2005, Etymology. Referring to its similarity to O. formicarum.
M. Karström, MK0536 (S); Lappland, Västra Tjetnekbäcken, 9 km E of
Jokkmokk, under Picea abies, K. Olofsson, 1 Sept. 2011, KH.11.112 (S); Holotype. Spain, Huesca, Bielsa, Ermita de Nª Señora de Pineta, 1270 m,
Uppland, Stockholm, Enebyberg, Rinkebyskogen, on soil under Picea and 42.638039, 0.180532 (decimal format), under Pinus sylvestris and Abies alba
deciduous trees in side of footpath, 29 Sept. 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.103 on calcareous ground, 13 Oct. 2012, J.C. Campos & J. Herranz (S-F242696).
(S). – USA, Oregon, Douglas Co., Thielsen Creek, under conifers, 13 Oct.
2010, R. Helliwell, rh101310 (OSC). Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 13–32 mm high, 10–20 mm
Otidea cf. nannfeldtii — Denmark, Løvenholm Skov, Langsø, 25 km W of wide, broadly ear-shaped, soon becoming deeply cup-shaped,
Grenaa, 30 Sept. 1968, H. Folkmar (C-F-48295), (C-F-48296), (C-F-48297). split, margin sometimes lobate, sessile or stipitate. Hymenium
orange brown (6C6, 6C8) to dark reddish brown (6D7, 6D8),
Notes — Otidea nannfeldtii is characterised by ochre to light
slightly hygrophanous, when dried orange brown (7A8). Re-
brown, narrowly ear-shaped apothecia, small spores and resin-
ceptacle surface orange brown (6B7, 6C7) to reddish brown
ous exudates on the ectal excipulum turning reddish brown in
(6D8), hygrophanous, in drying orange ochre (6A6, 6A7), when
KOH. It resembles other species with ear-shaped apothecia and
dried ochre brown (5B6), brown (6C8) or reddish brown (7D8),
small spores, such as O. formicarum, O. papillata, O. pseudo-
finely furfuraceous, smooth at the base. Warts present near
leporina and O. tuomikoskii. The most similar species is O. for-
the margin, flat and rounded, concolorous, brown. Stipe 3–4
micarum (see under O. formicarum). Otidea tuomikoskii is sepa-
× 2–3 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium pale yellow (4A3).
rated from O. nannfeldtii by higher and more densely placed
Spores ellipsoid, slightly inequilateral, with two large guttules,
warts on the apothecial outer surface, along with the yellow
rarely with one to several smaller granules, smooth, hyaline,
reaction of the excipulum in KOH. Otidea pseudoleporina has
10.5–12 × 6–6.5 µm (Lm = 11.1–11.7 µm, Wm = 6.1–6.7 µm,
a brighter ochre-orange hymenium, and the resinous exudates
Qm = 1.7–1.9; n = 4). Paraphyses broadly hooked, sometimes
of the outer excipulum only partly convert into reddish grey
curved, sometimes enlarged at the apices to 2.5–3 µm wide,
heterogeneous drops in KOH.
without notches, sometimes with a brown matter covering the
Otidea nannfeldtii, as treated here, shows some phylogenetic apices, when fresh containing small, pale yellow guttules; when
structure (Fig. 1; but see Hansen & Olariaga 2015). Recently dried heterogeneous, pale yellow. Asci 184 – 237 × 11–11.5
O. angusta was described as distinct from O. nannfeldtii, µm. Apothecial section 800 –1200 µm thick. Subhymenium
based on a few subtle characters, i.e. taller and slightly thicker c. 100–150 µm thick, of dense textura intricata, with tendency to
fleshed apothecia, with very faintly brownish basal mycelium, textura angularis towards the medullary excipulum, visible as a
paraphyses with shorter and thinner apical cells, and maybe darker orange brown zone, cells 2.5–6(–15) µm wide, with scat-
smaller spores (Harmaja 2009a). At that time only a single tered brown resinous exudates. Medullary excipulum 300–700
collection of each species was known. Based on studies of µm thick, of textura intricata, hyphae thin-walled to slightly
additional collections, we did not find correlations between thick-walled, 3–12 µm wide, very pale yellow to pale brownish
any morphological characters and the subgroups supported yellow, sometimes with brown resinous exudates at septa. Ectal
by our multiple molecular phylogenies. Therefore, we propose excipulum of textura angularis, (85–)100 –120 µm, cells thin-
O. angusta be placed in synonymy with O. nannfeldtii. Support- walled, very pale brown, (9–)17– 22(–35) × (6–)11.5–23 µm.
ing this, our study of the holotype of O. angusta revealed larger Surface with narrowly to broadly conical warts, 45–65 µm high,
spores (9.5–11 × 5–5.8 µm) than cited in the protologue (8–9.8
formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 2–3 cylindrical to
× 4.5– 5.2 µm), and broader paraphyses (2 – 3 µm) with longer
ovoid cells, 7–10 µm wide, not or slightly constricted at septa.
terminal cells (up to 67 µm). We have also observed both tall,
Non-warted areas with single hyphoid hairs, of 2–3 cylindrical
narrow and rounded apothecia of O. nannfeldtii in the same
to ovoid cells, (5–)7–12 µm wide, not or slightly constricted at
spots, and we consider the apothecial shape to vary during
septa, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates
development. Otidea lohjaënsis, proposed by Harmaja (2009a)
abundant, pale yellowish brown, dissolving into amber drops
as a provisional name, is also suggested to be conspecific
in MLZ, turning slightly darker and partly dissolving in KOH.
with O. nannfeldtii. A collection identified by Harmaja as
Basal mycelium of 2–5.5 µm wide, hyaline to very light yellow
O. lohjaënsis (S-F249387, ex-H6017194) showed excipular
hyphae, unchanged in KOH, with refractive, pale yellow drops
resinous exudates dissolving into amber drops in MLZ (Fig.
on the surface, dissolving in MLZ.
18f), contrary to the key character given for O. lohjaënsis (i.e.
not responding to MLZ). The variation in the ITS region within Specimens examined. Italy, Cosenza, Calabria, Colamauci, Celico, under
O. nannfeldtii as recognised here is high, but displays no length Pseudotsuga menziesii, C. Lavorato, 28 Sept. 2005, CL 050928-30 (dupl.
variation (alignment 790 bp long). The ITS sequences of the S-F256978). – Spain, Canary Islands, La Palma, under Pinus canariensis,
26 Nov. 2008, J. Fernández Vicente, P. Iglesias, F. Hidalgo, J.R. Undagoitia,
Finnish holotypes of O. angusta and O. nannfeldtii show 26 bp
S. Lequerica & R. Martínez (S-F256979); La Rioja, Clavijo, under Pinus
differences. At the same time, however, the ITS sequence of sylvestris, on the ground, C.M. Pérez del Amo & R. Gil, 3 Jan. 2009, private
the Swedish KH.10.302 shows 33 and 32 bp differences from herb. CMP 1179, RM 1095 (dupl. S-F256980); Madrid, Bustarviejo-Canencia,
the O. nannfeldtii and O. angusta holotypes, respectively. The Puerto de Canencia, 3 Oct. 1979, E. Álvarez (AH44526).
Fig. 19   Otidea subformicarum apothecia. a. S-F242696, holotype; b. S-F256980; c. S-F256979; d. CL 050928-30. — Photos: b. C. Pérez del Amo; c. J.
Fernández Vicente; d. C. Lavorato.
Other specimens examined. Otidea aff. subformicarum — Mexico, Sala menziesii or Abies. The ecology of O. formicarum partly over-
zar, Parque Nacional Miguel Hidalgo, Abies forest, 23 Sept. 2007, M. Her laps (see further under that species). Otidea subformicarum
nández (FH301035); Veracruz, Cofre de Perote, Camino de los Conejos, appears to have a southern European distribution, whereas
Los Lescados, montane forest of Pinus teocote, P. montezumae, Arbutus
O. formicarum is known only from Fennoscandia and the Alps.
jalapensis, 18 Sept. 2007, M.E. Smith (FH301036).
Otidea subformicarum forms a strongly supported clade in
Notes — Otidea subformicarum is closely related to O. formi- the ITS-LSU phylogeny (Fig. 2). The four ITS sequences of
carum based on both morphological and molecular characters. O. subformicarum, from Spain and Italy, are nearly identical
Both have broadly ear- to cup-shaped apothecia and small (only S-F256979 differs in 1 bp), except for a small variation
spores, and are associated with conifers. Diagnostic features in the minisatellites. The ITS nucleotide diversity is 0.71 % in
of O. subformicarum are the orange-brown to reddish brown the four minisatellites unique to O. subformicarum. The five
apothecial colours, and especially the long and narrow spores ITS sequences of O. formicarum, from Finland, Norway and
compared to related species. Otidea formicarum has shorter Sweden, are likewise almost identical (only JS.08.63 differs
and comparatively more rounded spores (Fig. 20). All O. sub- in 2 bp). The ITS sequences of O. subformicarum and O. for-
formicarum apothecia were collected under Pinus, Pseudotsuga micarum show many nucleotide differences (40 / 747 bp). Thus
the interspecific ITS nucleotide diversity is much higher (5.35 %)
than the intraspecific diversity (in O. subformicarum 0.07 %
O. formicarum without the minisatellites and in O. formicarum 0.10 %).
O. nannfeldtii
6.9 Two collections from Mexico, FH301035 and FH301036 (here
O. pseudoleporina
O. subformicarum
referred to as O. aff. subformicarum), belong to the O. formi-
6.7 O. aff. subformicarum carum clade based on our molecular phylogenetic analyses
O. sp. ‘b’ (Fig. 1, 2). Although analyses of the combined ITS-LSU dataset
6.5 did not resolve the relationships among these three lineages
Wm (µm)
(Fig. 2) and the LSU phylogeny place FH301035 as a strongly

supported sister taxon to two collections of O. subformicarum,
6.3
our three- and four-gene phylogenies (Hansen & Olariaga 2015)
suggest the two European species share a most recent com-
6.1
mon ancestor, and the Mexican collections diverged earlier. The
spore size and shape of the Mexican collections conform to
5.9
9.7 10.2 10.7 11.2 11.7
those of O. subformicarum (Fig. 20), but the apothecial colours
Lm (µm) differ in these collections. Fresh material has not been available
Fig. 20   Mean spore length and width in collections of species in the O. for-
to us, but the photo of fresh apothecia of FH301035 shows egg-
micarum clade and O. pseudoleporina, based on 20 spores from each yellow apothecia, clearly distinct from O. subformicarum. Photos
collection. of apothecia of FH301036 have a dark purplish brown colour,
which has not been observed in O. subformicarum. Based on Otidea unicisa clade
these colour differences and molecular characters, we suggest
Apothecia with ochre yellow tones. Basal tomentum with ochre
that those collections belong to an additional undescribed spe-
tones. Spores ellipsoid, with warts ± ridges or spinose. Resinous
cies, possibly endemic to North America. Further collections are
exudates on the outermost ectal excipulum cells dissolve and
needed to get insights into the variation and delimitation of this
exude bright yellow pigment in KOH.
taxon for its formal description.
Species — Otidea kaushalii, O. unicisa, O. yunnanensis.
Outside the O. formicarum clade, a few species have similar
spores to O. subformicarum. These differ by a combination
of other features: Otidea tuomikoskii by narrowly ear-shaped 16. Otidea kaushalii (J. Moravec) K. Hansen & Olariaga, comb.
apothecia, a receptacle surface with high warts (55 –177 µm nov. — MycoBank MB810994; Fig. 22
high), an ectal excipulum that turns yellow in KOH and typically Basionym. Sowerbyella kaushalii J. Moravec, Mycol. Helv. 2: 94. 1986.
orange ochre basal tomentum; and O. nannfeldtii by apothecia ≡ Aleurina kaushalii (J. Moravec) W.Y. Zhuang & Korf, Mycotaxon 29:
often having yellow tones, sometimes pink stains, and above 312. 1987.
all by the shorter spores (Lm = 10 –10.7 µm). ≡ Otideopsis kaushalii (J. Moravec) J. Moravec, Mycol. Helv. 3: 138.
1988.
Fig. 21   Otidea subformicarum (S-F242696, holotype). a. Spores*; b. paraphyses and asci*; c. ectal excipulum in water showing reddish brown resinous exu-
dates†; d. ectal excipulum in Melzer’s reagent showing amber drops †; e. basal mycelium in water †; f. basal mycelium in Melzer’s reagent†. — Scale bars = 10
µm; * = fresh material; † = dried material.
Holotype. India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Batasi, on soil and decayed united in short ridges, hyaline, 14–17 × 7–9 µm (Lm = 14.9–
wood in angiosperm forest, alt. 7600 f, 6 Sept. 1979, R. Kaushal, PAN 18169. 15.7 µm, Wm = 7.7–7.9 µm, Qm = 1.9–2; n = 2). Paraphyses
Isotypes herb. J. Moravec (CUP 61814, C-F-60847 !).
curved to hooked, sometimes enlarged at apices, 2.5–5 µm
Apothecia 16–65 mm high, 12–62 mm wide, broadly ear-shaped, wide, when dried containing small, yellowish refractive gran-
split, stipitate. Hymenium dirty grey to very faintly incarnate, ules. Apothecial section 700–800 µm thick. Asci 188–213 ×
greyish yellow, orange-ochre (5A6) when dried. Receptacle sur- 11–13 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, hyphae
face dark orange brown (6E7, 6E8) when dried, densely warty. thick-walled, hyaline to very pale yellow. Ectal excipulum of
Warts conical, acute or blunt, densely gregarious, darker than textura globulosa-angularis, 70–90 µm thick, of 3–4 cell lay-
the background, dark reddish brown. Stipe 3 – 32 mm long, ers, cells thin-walled, pale yellowish brown, 12–46 × 13–33
3–10 mm wide. Basal tomentum and mycelium ochre (5A4). µm. Surface with conical warts, densely placed, 40–140 µm
Spores ellipsoid to slightly subfusoid, inequilateral, with one or high, 50–137 µm wide, formed by globose to elongated cells,
two large and/or a few small guttules, with thin, often curved, 8–11.5 µm broad. Resinous exudates abundant, reddish brown,
spines, up to 1(–1.5) µm high, denser at the poles, sometimes amorphous, and/or many yellowish brown, crystal-like, oblate
Fig. 22   Otidea kaushalii. a. Apothecia; b. spores in water †; c. spores in Cotton Blue†; d. paraphyses in KOH †; e. ectal excipulum and warts with abundant
crystal-like, resinous exudates in water†; f. close-up of crystal-like, oblate spheroid exudates on outermost ectal excipulum cells in water † (a – d, insertion on f:
T. Læssøe 6236; e, f: PAN 18169, isotype). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried material. — Photos: a. T. Læssøe.
spheroid, 6 – 8 × 7.5 –11 µm, striate bodies, with a constricted and of O. yunnanensis in Liu & Zhuang (2006). Both species
centre, not dissolving in MLZ, dissolving and exuding bright have a receptacle surface with densely placed, high, dark brown
yellow pigment in KOH. Basal mycelium of 4.5 – 6 µm wide, warts and a lighter coloured hymenium, i.e. greyish yellow,
thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, very pale yellow hyphae, cream to yellow. Otidea kaushalii is distinguished by the smaller
unchanged in KOH, with regularly arranged, spheroid, yellow spores, and possibly by the ectal excipulum of large, yellowish
resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ, unchanged in KOH. brown globose to angular cells (Fig. 22e). We report here for
the first time a so far unique type of crystal-like, oblate sphe-
Specimens examined. Malaysia, Sabah Kinabalu, on rotten wood, 2 Mar.
1999, T. Læssøe 6236 (C, dupl. BORH).
roid, striate exudates on the outermost ectal excipulum cells
of O. kaushalii (Fig. 22e, f) that might be confined to O. kaus-
Notes — Otidea kaushalii is closely related to O. yunnanen- halii within Otidea. These are abundant in both the isotype and
sis based on our analyses of the LSU (Fig. 1) and morphology. the Malaysian material. A third collection of O. kaushalii has
Already Moravec (1988) stated this, when he combined O. kaus been reported by Zhuang & Korf (1987) from Xizang, China. The
halii in Otideopsis. The distinctly spiny spore ornamentation in Malaysian and Chinese collections have smaller apothecia with
these two species appears identical; see SEM photographs of shorter or almost no stipe (apothecia up to 19 × 18 mm; stipe
the spores of the holotype of O. kaushalii in Moravec (1986) 3 × 3 mm in the Malaysian material, Fig. 22a) as compared to
Fig. 23   Otidea unicisa. a. Apothecium; b. apothecia†; c. spores in water †; d. spores in Cotton Blue †; e. paraphyses in water †; f. ectal excipulum in water†
(a: JK12082101; b: H7003343; c – f: KH.06.06). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried material. — Photos: a. J. Karakehian.
the holotype (apothecia up to 65 × 62 mm; stipe 32 × 10 mm). The spore ornamentation of O. unicisa was for a long time over-
The apothecia of O. yunnanensis have also been described looked (Harmaja 1986). The ornamentation is clearly visible at
with varying stipe length (6 – 25 × 4 – 6 mm). 1 000×, especially at the poles where it is more prominent. We
agree with Harmaja (2009a) that what Kanouse (1949) de-
17. Otidea unicisa (Peck) Harmaja, Karstenia 26: 44. 1986. — scribed under the name O. grandis is O. unicisa. The bicoloured
Fig. 23 apothecia with brown outside and orange hymenium, along
with the ornamented spores, and spore sizes in the range of
Basionym. Peziza unicisa Peck, Rep. (Annual) New York State Mus.
O. unicisa, support this view. Liu & Zhuang (2006) also gave a
Nat. Hist. 26: 81. 1874.
≡ Sowerbyella unicisa (Peck) J. Moravec, Czech Mycol. 47: 266. 1994. collection with the typical spore ornament of O. unicisa under
Holotype. USA, New York, Lewis County, Croghan, Felt House, ground the name O. grandis (for SEM of the ornament see their f. 8).
in woods, Sept. (NYSf 3283). Both studies mention the Boudier plate 328 (n°. 134, 1905; as
Misapplied names
O. grandis), which shows bicoloured apothecia. Otidea unicisa
– Otidea grandis sensu Kanouse, Mycologia 41: 672. 1949; Liu & Zhuang, has not been recorded outside Eastern North America, and
Fung. Diversity 23: 188. 2006. in our opinion the Boudier plate 328 shows typical O. bufonia
apothecia. Corroborating this, two Boudier specimens labelled
Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 12–25 mm high, 12–35 mm O. grandis (UPS F-629342 and likely the collection used for
wide, initially broadly ear-shaped, then becoming cup-shaped,
plate 328: PC0093644), studied by us, are in fact O. bufonia.
split, stipitate or sessile. Hymenium ochraceous yellow, some-
For further comments on O. grandis see Excluded, dubious
times with pink tinges, yellowish ochre (5A5, 5B5), orange-ochre
and imperfectly known taxa.
(5A6) when dried. Receptacle surface ochraceous yellow, when
dried dark orange brown (6E7, 6F7), ochre-brown (5A4) towards
the base, warty, occasionally with shallow ribs at the base. 18. Otidea yunnanensis (B. Liu & J.Z. Cao) W.Y. Zhuang &
Warts rounded, gregarious, concolorous or slightly darker than C.Y. Liu, Fung. Diversity 23: 188. 2006
the background, reddish brown. Stipe 4 – 8 × 2 – 4 mm. Basal Basionym. Otideopsis yunnanensis B. Liu & J.Z. Cao, Shanxi Univ. J.,
tomentum and mycelium abundant, yellowish ochre (5A4). Nat. Sci. Ed. 4: 70. 1987.
Spores ellipsoid to slightly fusoid, inequilateral, with two large Holotype. China, Yunnan, Dulong River, Lang Tuan, on ground in forest,
guttules, often with a few smaller guttules, with small, low warts, 30 Aug. 1982, D.C. Zhang (HKAS 12150).
often irregular ridges, denser at the poles, hyaline, (13–)14–
Otidea yunnanensis was described when the monotypic genus
15.5(–16.5) × 6.5–8.5 µm (Lm = 14.6–15.2 µm, Wm = 7.1–8 µm,
Otideopsis was erected. It was separated from Otidea because
Qm = 1.8–2.1; n = 3). Paraphyses curved to hooked, sometimes
of the ornamented spores and paraphyses with fused apical
enlarged at apices, 2.5 – 4 µm wide, sometimes with 1–2 low
portion (Liu & Cao 1987). Upon re-examination of the type
notches, when dried containing refractive, pale yellow granules.
material, Liu & Zhuang (2006) discovered that the paraphyses
Asci 181–197 × 8–11 µm. Apothecial section 750–900 µm thick.
Subhymenium c. 70 –120 µm thick, of cylindrical cells, densely had free apices. They also concluded that the spores were with
arranged. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 500–700 µm two large and several small guttules, and not multi-guttulate as
thick, hyphae thin-walled, 3.5 – 9 µm wide, hyaline to very pale originally described by Liu & Cao (1987). Our LSU phylogeny
yellow, without resinous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of confirms that O. yunnanensis is deeply nested within Otidea
textura angularis, 70 – 95 µm thick, cells thin-walled, hyaline to (Fig. 1). The species is easily recognised within Otidea by the
light yellow, 11– 30 × 6.5 –18 µm. Surface with conical warts, large spores with fine, curved spines. Different spore sizes have
35–85 µm high, formed by fasciculate, short, hyphoid hairs, however, been reported from the holotype: 18–20 × 8–10 µm
of globose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 6–11 µm (including ornament, Liu & Cao 1987) and 15–21 × 9.7–10.5
wide. Resinous exudates abundant, dark yellowish to reddish µm (excluding ornament, Moravec 1988), and including one
brown, dissolving in part and converting into reddish particles additional collection: 16.5 – 20 × 7.6 –10 µm (Liu & Zhuang
in MLZ, turning brighter yellow in KOH. Basal mycelium of 2006). The very wide spore measurements given by Moravec
4.5–6 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to overlap somewhat with the spore length of the closely related
very pale yellow hyphae, unchanged in KOH, with regularly O. kaushalii (for further comparisons see under O. kaushalii).
arranged, spheroid, yellow resinous exudates, dissolving in
MLZ, unchanged in KOH. Otidea bufonia-onotica clade
Specimens examined. USA, Massachusetts, Carlisle, Great Farm, on
Apothecia dark brown or ochre yellow. Basal tomentum with
woody debris, 8 July 2006, L. Millman, KH.06.06 (FH); Massachusetts, Car
lisle, Towle Conservation Land, 15 July 2006, L. Millman (FH301030); Massa brown or yellow tones, especially when dried. Spores fusoid or
chusetts, Purgatory Charm, 9 July 2003, Z. Wang, ZW Geo 65-Clark (S); ellipsoid, smooth. Resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum
Michigan, Cut R., Mackinac Co., in frondose woods, 10 Aug. 1949, A.H. Smith converting into reddish particles or melting into amber drops.
33020 (UPS F-629380); Michigan, N of Hessel, Mackinac Co., in frondose Species — Otidea brevispora, O. bufonia, O. fusconigra ad
woods, 15 Aug. 1949, H. Imshaug 3458 (UPS F-629377); Michigan, Luce interim, O. mirabilis, O. onotica, O. purpurea, O. smithii.
Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, 21 Aug. 1951, A.H. Smith 39070 (UPS
F-629382); Michigan, W of Detour on M134, Chippewa Co., in beech-maple
woods, 14 Aug. 1949, H. Imshaug 3348 (UPS F-629379); New Hampshire, 19. Otidea brevispora (W.Y. Zhuang) Olariaga & K. Hansen,
Shelburne (UPS F-629427); North Carolina, Macon Co., near summit of comb. & stat. nov. — MycoBank MB808974
Standing Indian Mountain, on duff and buried wood of Betula, 1 Aug. 1969,
H.H. Burdsall 2605 (dupl. H7003343); West Virginia, on light loam and leaf Basionym. Otidea onotica var. brevispora W.Y. Zhuang, Mycotaxon 94:
mold, 15 July 1896, L.W. Nuttall, Ellis 868 (UPS F-630023); West Virginia, 368. 2006 ‘2005’.
Monongahela National Forest, Dolly Sods Wilderness, Wildlife Trail (TR 560), Holotype. China, Yunnan, Baoshan, 24 July 2003, Z.L. Yang (HKAS
on soil among leaf litter under Fagus grandifolia, Acer pennsylvanicum, and 43003) !
Betula sp., 21 Aug. 2012, J. Karakehian, JK12082101 (FH, dupl. S).
Otidea onotica var. brevispora was distinguished from O. ono-
Notes — Otidea unicisa is easily recognised by the spore or- tica based on shorter spores (Zhuang 2006). Our study of the
namentation of low, delicate warts and short ridges. The dried O. brevispora holotype confirmed the smaller spores (9.5–10.5
specimens are typically bicoloured, with dark brown outside × 5.5–6 µm; Lm = 9.9 µm, Wm = 5.6 µm, Qm = 1.75). Otherwise
and orange-ochre hymenium. O. brevispora shares all macro- and microscopic features with
O. onotica, including the yellow reaction of the basal mycelium ≡ Peziza cochleata var. umbrina (Pers.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 50. 1822:
in KOH. Our ML analyses, with an LSU GenBank sequence of Fr. loc. cit (‘a umbrina’).
≡ Otidea umbrina (Pers.) Bres., Fungi Trident. Ser. 2, fasc. 11–13: 68.
the Chinese holotype, show O. onotica var. brevispora is a sister
1898.
taxon to a clade of O. onotica specimens (Fig. 1). Based on this Lectotype designated here: Sowerby, Col. Fig. Engl. Fung. 1: t. 5. 1797
and the smaller spores we consider it to be a distinct species. (as Peziza cochleata); MycoBank MBT200088.
= Peziza pseudobadia Cooke, Mycographia part 4: 176. 1877.
≡ Aleuria pseudobadia (Cooke) Gillet, Champ. France Discomycetes:
20. Otidea bufonia (Pers.) Boud., Hist. Classif. Discomyc.
38. 1879 (‘pseudo-badia’).
Europe: 52. 1907. — Fig. 4b, c, 5b, 24 ≡ Geopyxis pseudobadia (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 69. 1889 (‘pseudo-
Basionym. Peziza bufonia Pers., Mycol. Eur. 1: 225. 1822: Fr., Syst. badia’).
Mycol. 2: 54. 1822. Holotype. France, Mérignac, sur un mur, 1814 (K(M) 195314, ex herb.
≡ Geopyxis bufonia (Pers.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 73. 1889. Cooke).
Lectotype designated here: France, in sylvula Vincennes, Aug. 1816 (L = Otidea pedunculata Velen., Monogr. Discomyc. Bohemiae 1: 354.
0116690 / 911.81.97, Persoon herbarium) !; MycoBank MBT178089. 1934.
= Peziza umbrina Pers., Observ. Mycol. 2: 77. 1799. Lectotype designated here: Czech Republic, Hrusice, Aug. 1924, J. Vele
≡ Scodellina umbrina (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 668. 1821. novský (PRM 147622) !; MycoBank MBT200086.
Fig. 24   Otidea bufonia*. a, b. Apothecia; c. spores; d. paraphyses; e. ectal excipulum; f. basal mycelium (a: KH.09.172; b: JS.08.55; c – f: KH.09.171) — Scale
bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh material. — Photos: b. J. Santos.
Misapplied names Bourgneuf-en-Retz, 5 Nov. 2009, G. Moyne, NV 2009.11.01 (S); Picardie,

– Otidea grandis sensu Boudier, Icon. Mycol. livr. 6: n°. 134, pl. 328. 1905 Compiègne, Oct. 1892, E. Boudier (UPS F-629342, as O. grandis); Saône-et-
(preliminary text with ‘circulaires’). Loire, Robin, on the ground under Corylus and Quercus, J.-P. Dechaume, NV
– Peziza cochleata sensu Sowerby, Col. Fig. Engl. Fung.1: t. 5. 1797. 2008.09.12 (dupl. S); Vendée, Jard-sur-Mer, in dune forest with dominance
of Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex, G. Ouvrard, NV 2006.11.07 (S); Vosges,
Apothecia gregarious, rarely caespitose, 15 – 45 mm high, 17– Rambervillers, forêt de Saint-Hélène, under Alnus in a peatbog, 5 Oct. 2006,
32 mm wide, initially ear-shaped, then soon expanding and be- M. Hurtu, NV 2006.10.12 (S). – Italy, Caorle (VE), Brussa, Vallevecchia,
coming deeply cup-shaped, split, stipitate or sessile. Hymenium under Pinus pinea close to the sea, 4 Nov. 2001, E. Campo (S-F257089);
initially orange brown (6C6) sometimes olivaceous brown (4D6), Ceva (CN), 9 km from the city on the road to Viola, on the side of a track
then dark orange brown (6F6, 7E8), when dried greyish brown under Quercus pubescens, Castanea sativa and Corylus avellanea, 16 Sept.
2005, M. Carbone (S-F257088); Deiva Marina (SP), under Quercus ilex,
(5E3, 5E4), slightly purple. Receptacle surface dark brown
5 Nov. 2008, M. Carbone (S-F257090); Piemonte, Vignole Borbera (AL), Fraz.
(6E4–6E7), sometimes pale rusty brown (6D8, 6E8) or purplish Variano superiore, in soil under Quercus pubescens and Castanea sativa, 19
brown (6E3) or with olivaceous tones, slightly hygrophanous, Oct. 2010, M. Carbone (S-F257087). – Spain, Barcelona, entre Sant Feliu de
in drying slightly paler, when dried dark orange brown (6E5, Codines y Castellterçol, forest with Quercus ilex and Pinus sylvestris, on cal-
6F4), warty, seldom slightly wrinkled at the base. Warts coni- careous ground, 14 Oct. 1976, C. Montoliu (AH44527); Huesca, Javierregay,
cal to flattened, gregarious, dark brown, sometimes distinctly under Quercus rotundifolia and Q. humilis humus, 5 Dec. 2009, F. Prieto &
darker than the background. Stipe 5 –14 × 7–10 mm, often hol- A. González s.n. (S); Navarre, Arbizu, in mixed forest, 14 Nov. 2009, J. Martín
low and felty inside. Smell weak; taste mild. Basal tomentum (ARAN-Fungi A5048005); Navarre, Etxauri mendatea, under Quercus ilex,
2 Dec. 2006, J.M. Lekuona (ARAN-Fungi A5053019); Navarre, Lete, under
and mycelium abundant, brownish white to light brown (6B3).
Quercus faginea and Q. rotundifolia on calcareous ground, 19 Dec. 2009,
Spores narrowly fusoid, rarely ovoid, inequilateral, with two J.L. Teres & P.M. Pasaban, KH.09.248 (S); Valladolid, Tudela de Duero,
large guttules, very rarely with a third small guttule, smooth, Puente Hierro, under Quercus ilex, J. Santos (S-F22110). – Sweden, Gotland,
hyaline to pale yellowish, (12 –)13 –16.5(–18) × 6 –7.5(–8) µm near Visby, Värnhem, under Fagus and Quercus robur on rich ground, with
(Lm = 12.4 –16.1 µm, Wm = 6.3 –7.3 µm, Qm = 1.9 – 2.5; n = 8). Hepatica nobilis, 22 Sept. 2009, E. Bohus-Jensen, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga,
Paraphyses hooked, a few curved, of the same width or slightly KH.09.189 (S); Skåne, Degeberga, Mörkavad, broadleaf forest, 27 Sept.
enlarged at apices, 3.5 – 5(–7) µm wide, without notches or 2001, S.-Å. Hanson, SÅH 2001-253 (C); Skåne, Helsinborg, Gyhult, broadleaf
forest dominated by Fagus and Quercus, on the ground, 13 Oct. 1994, S.-Å.
rarely with a notch on the underside, when fresh containing
Hanson, SÅH 16457 (C); Uppland, Stockholm, Enebyberg, Rinkebyskogen,
small, refractive, light brownish yellow guttules; when dried on rich soil in deciduous forest, under Corylus, but also Tilia, Quercus and
light brownish yellow. Asci 143 –172 × 10 –12 µm. Apothe- Betula, 1 Sept. 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.55 (S); ibid., 17 Sept. 2008, JS.08.79
cial section 1000 –1300 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 70 –100 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Hågadalen-Nåsten Nature Reserve, Predikstolen,
µm thick, visible as a darker zone, composed of cylindrical under Quercus robur, Picea abies, Corylus and Salix, on rich bare ground,
to swollen cells, densely arranged, with scattered brownish 17 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.171 (S); ibid., KH.09.172 (S);
resinous exudates at septa. Medullary excipulum of textura Uppland, Vaksala, near Törnby, Ekbacken, grassy ground with bare patches
of soil, close to a Quercus robur tree, 13 Sept. 2010, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga,
intricata, 500 –700 µm thick, hyphae thick-walled, 3.5–9 µm
KH.10.199 (S); Öland, Algustrum, Hönstorp, 500 m SO of the village, grazed
wide, hyaline to light brown, some covered with strikingly dark mixed deciduous forest, 19 Sept. 1993, T. Knutsson, TK93-209 (S); Öland,
brown, striate resinous exudates. Big crystal-like aggregates Långlöt, Åstad, c. 75 m from Björkerumsvägen, c. 550 S of the T-crossing
sometimes present among the hyphae, dissolving in KOH, in Åstad, under Corylus, 6 Sept. 1998, T. Knutsson, TK98-208 (S). – uSA,
visible in MLZ. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, 80–100 Michigan, Cheboybogan Co., Colonial Pt, Burt L., in beech-maple woods,
µm thick, cells thin-walled, brownish, 16–31 × 11–25(–30) µm. 9 Aug. 1951, A.H. Smith 37560 (UPS F-629510); Michigan, Emmet Co.,
Surface with broadly conical warts, 40 – 80 µm high, formed by Pellston, in beech-maple woods, 11 Aug. 1951, A.H. Smith 37654 (UPS
F-629511); Minnesota, Itasca State Park, on soil in mesic deciduous woods of
short, fasiculate hyphoid hairs, of 3–4 subglobose to elongated
red oak, bur oak, birch, hazelnut, Ostrya, 28 July 2010, R.A. Healy, RH1218
cells, constricted at septa, 6 –11 µm wide, sometimes with a
(MIN 933332); Minnesota, Lake Alexander SNA, on soil in mixed woods with
gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant, dark brown, canopy or red oak, Ostrya, white birch, 16 Aug. 2011, R.A. Healy, RH1393
partly dissolving and converting into small reddish particles in (MIN 9333323). – Without locality (L 0111780, Herb. Persoon, as Peziza
MLZ, partly dissolving in KOH. Basal mycelium of 3.5 –4.5 µm umbrina); (L 0111781, Herb. Persoon, as Peziza umbrina).
wide, hyaline to brown hyphae, with oily, light brown drops on
the surface, sometimes crystalloid and rod-shaped. Notes — Otidea bufonia is macroscopically characterised
by the cup-shaped apothecia, with a dark brown outside and a
Specimens examined. Czech Republic, Prague-East district, infra Klo brown basal tomentum, especially in dried specimens. Micro-
kočná, in carpineto, 5 Oct. 1931, J. Velenovský (PRM 150074, syntype of
scopically, the narrowly fusoid spores and the presence of hy-
O. pedunculata). – Denmark, Fyn, Juelsberg Skov, N of Nyborg, along road-
side in Fagus forest, 28 Sept. 1986, D. Boertman (C-F-47790); E Jylland,
phae with striate resinous exudates in the medullary excipulum
Løvenholm Skovene, Eldrup Skov, in grass along road, 23 Sept. 1979, E. An- are important diagnostic characters. Otidea mirabilis is very
dersen (C-F-86688); E Jylland, Vejle Nørreskov, at roadside on rich soil similar to O. bufonia (see under O. mirabilis).
under Populus tremula, Alnus, Corylus, Betula, Fraxinus, Fagus, etc., 13
The hymenium colour shows a high variability in O. bufonia (Fig.
Sept. 1993, J. Vesterholt (C-F-20453); NE Jylland, Rubjerg Knude, under
Abies, 18 Sept. 1989, C. Lange & J. Vesterholt (C-F-25955); NW Jylland,
24a, b); we have observed orange brown, olivaceous or dark
Nystrup Plantage near Thisted, 1 Sept. 1972, K. Toft (C-F-48018); W Jyl- brown tones within a single collection. Also the colour of the
land, Bordrup Plantage, in Picea and Pinus plantation along forest road on receptacle surface varies and can be with rusty to purplish
sandy ground, 17 Sept. 2011, M. Sasa (C-F-94240); Lolland, Favrsted Skov, brown or olivaceous tones. If purplish tones are present it may
among mosses, on calcareous soil, by forest-road under Fagus, 4 Oct. 2007, be confused with O. mirabilis. The pigmented, striate, crystal-
K. Hansen & B. Kullman, KH.07.37 (S); Sjælland, Feldskoven near Sorø,
like exudates on the hyphae of the medullary excipulum are
14 Aug. 1974, M. Lange (C-F-47995); N Sjælland, Gribskov, under Fagus
in the forest, 19 Sept. 1971, H. Dissing (C-F-48019); ibid., 8 Oct. 1973, P.M.
considered a unique feature for O. bufonia (Korf & Zhuang
Pedersen (C-F-48015); Sjælland, Horserød Hegn, 6 km W of Helsingør, along 1991, Harmaja 2009a, Parslow & Spooner 2013), and have
roadside, 17 Sept. 1964, H. Dissing (C-F-48000). – Finland, Varsinais-suomi, been used to separate O. bufonia from O. mirabilis (Carbone
Lohja, Virkkala, Pähkinäniemi, herb-rich deciduous forest on calcareous, mull et al. 2010, Van Vooren 2010). Our results strengthen this view.
soil, with Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Picea abies We have observed striate exudates in all the material examined
and Pinus sylvestris, 28 Aug. 1997, J. Vauras 12503F (TUR-A, dupl. S). –
(Fig. 4b, c). The size and abundance of the striate exudates
France, Fontainebleau, on the ground under Quercus and Abies, Oct. 1876,
E. Boudier (PC0093644, as O. grandis); Forêt de Châtellerault (L 0111782,
are variable, and often restricted to the outermost part of the
Herb. Persoon, as Peziza umbrina); Landes, Contis, under Pinus pinaster medullary excipulum (Fig. 4b). In O. mirabilis we have only
on sandy soil, 6 Dec. 2009, J.L. Teres, KH.09.249 (S); Loire-Atlantique, observed biflabellate, crystal-like exudates (Fig. 4d).
An exceptional O. bufonia specimen with deviant spore char- excipulum, and outermost ectal excipular cells with dark brown
acters was discovered (NV 2009.11.01), in which the spores resinous exudates.
were ovoid and considerably shorter than in the rest of the Otidea umbrina has been recognised as a separate species
material. This collection is nested within the O. bufonia clade, (Medardi 1995, Dissing 2000), based mainly on different hy-
along with typical collections. menium colour. The original description of O. umbrina and the
Sowerby plate to which Persoon (1799) referred, agree with
Nomenclatural notes — A specimen from the Persoon her- our concept of O. bufonia. Confirming Harmaja (2009a), three
barium (911.81.97, L0116690) labelled as O. bufonia by Per- of the four collections of O. umbrina studied by us and kept in
soon can be considered type material (Harmaja 2009a, b), being Persoon´s herbarium in L belong to O. bufonia. Thus we regard
collected prior to the publication of O. bufonia. We designate it O. umbrina as a synonym of O. bufonia in accordance with other
here as the lectotype to stabilise the name. It includes a single authors (Dennis 1978). The name O. bufonia is sanctioned at
dark brown apothecium, with uniseriate, smooth, subfusoid specific rank and thus has priority over O. umbrina, which is
spores, 14 –16 × 5.8 –7 µm, curved paraphyses, numerous sanctioned only at variety rank. The name O. grandis has been
dark brown, striate exudates on the hyphae of the medullary used for O. bufonia collections with bicoloured hymenium, i.e.
Fig. 25   Otidea mirabilis*. a, b. Apothecia; c. spores; d. paraphyses; e. ectal excipulum; f. ectal excipulum wart in Melzer’s reagent, showing reddish reaction
of resinous exudates (a: KH.09.188; b: KH.10.294; c – f: KH.10.308). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh material.
orange-brown or olivaceous hymenium in contrast to a dark and turning reddish in MLZ. Basal mycelium of 3–6 µm wide,
brown outside (Boudier 1905, Van Vooren 2010). For the inter- light yellow to light brown hyphae, seldom with oily brownish
pretation of O. grandis see Excluded, dubious and imperfectly drops on the surface, with abundant small dark brown resinous
known taxa. We synonymise O. pedunculata with O. bufonia exudates, rounded to irregular.
based on the study of two syntypes, and lectotypify it with Specimens examined. Denmark, Bornholm, Rø Plantage, on needle layer
PRM 147622. The lectotype shows dark brown, split apothe- under Picea, 30 Sept. 2001, C. Lange, KH.01.09 (C). – Finland, Koillismaa,
cia, fusoid spores (13.5 –15.5 × 5.5 – 6.5 µm, from 8 spores) Kuusamo, Oulanka National Park, Ampumavaara, south of the main road
and importantly striate exudates on some of the hyphae of the to Liikanen, 14 Aug. 2010, M. Carbone (S-F257083). – France, Isère, Lans-
medullary excipulum. Harmaja (2009b) studied the holotype of en-Vercors, 1300 m, on the ground, on litter, under Larix, 20 Sept. 2008,
P. pseudobadia and found it is a later synonym of O. bufonia. J. Cavet, NV 2008.09.14 (dupl. S). – India, Uttarakhand, Kalika, Nainital, on
loose humus soil, 22 Sept. 1973, S. Chandes (UPS F-630072). – Italy, Friuli
Only one collection of P. pseudobadia could be located in Kew Venezia Giulia, Tarvisio (UD), Val Saisera-Valbruna, on calcareous soil under
(K(M) 195314); it is from Mérignac as given in the protologue, Picea abies, Larix decidua and Fagus sylvatica, 27 Sept. 2010, G. Dose
but from a wall, whereas Cooke wrote ‘on the ground’. In any (S-F257092). – Norway, Rana, St. Alteren, 7 km W of Mo i Rana, 4 Sept.
case, one of the apothecia corresponds well to the illustration 1972, H. Dissing (C-F-87187). – Sweden, Gotland, Ala, Näsmyr, under Picea
in the protologue, and we consider this the holotype (and the and Pinus sylvestris on calcareous ground, 30 Sept. 2010, E. Bohus-Jensen,
material studied by Harmaja, although no annotation by him K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.294 (S); Gotland, Ljugarn, forest
close to Kaupungs Fridhem, under Picea abies on calcareous ground, under
could be found; pers. comm. B. Aguirre-Hudson).
a cliff, 27 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.279 (S);
Gotland, Lojsta hed, Russpark, grazed forest with Pinus sylvestris, on calcare-
21. Otidea mirabilis Bolognini & Jamoni in Jamoni, Funghi e ous ground, 2 Oct. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.308 (S);
Gotland, near Visby, Rävhagen, under Pinus sylvestris, with small Quercus
Ambiente 85 – 86: 56. 2001. — Fig. 4d, 25
robur, Helianthemum sp., Melampyrum pratense, Gallium verum, on sandy
Holotype. Italy, Piemonte, Alagna valsesia (VC), Val d’Otro, on soil under and acidified soil, 22 Sept. 2009, E. Bohus-Jensen, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga,
Picea and Larix, alt. c. 1500 m, 3 Sept. 1999, D. Bolognini, GMFN 1951. KH.09.188 (S); Gotland, Tofta, Smågårde naturskog Nature Reserve, Tofta
Isotype (S-F256929) ! strand, under Pinus sylvestris on calcareous ground, 28 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen,
K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.285 (S); ibid., KH.10.288 (S).
Misapplied names Otidea cf. mirabilis — Sweden, Öland, Gräsgård, Solberga, Stora Alvaret,
– Otidea leporina sensu Zhuang pro parte, Mycotaxon 96: 367. 2005. 1300 m S of the village, 17 Oct. 1993, T. Knutsson, TK93-276 (S).
Apothecia gregarious or caespitose, 18–62 mm high, 9–52 mm Notes — Otidea mirabilis is characterised by dark brown
wide, initially ear-shaped, short or elongated, soon expanding apothecia, purple to lilaceous-bluish shades in the receptacle
and becoming deeply cup-shaped, split, stipitate or sessile. surface of especially young apothecia, fusoid spores, and when
Hymenium initially reddish ochre (5B7, 6B7) or sometimes oli- present, biflabellate, crystal-like exudates in the medullary ex-
vaceous brown (5F5, 5F6), then dark reddish ochraceous brown cipulum. Otidea mirabilis and O. bufonia are strongly supported
(5D8) to dark purple brown (6F4–6F7), when dried ochraceous as sister species in our multigene phylogeny (Hansen & Olari
brown (5D6) to purplish brown (6E5, 6E6). Receptacle surface aga 2015). Thorough morphological comparisons show that
dark purple brown with bluish lilaceous shades (7F2, 7F3), O. bufonia differs from O. mirabilis in lacking lilaceous-bluish
fading away with time to ochraceous dark-brown (5D7), then shades, and having brown striate exudates on some hyphae of
dark purple brown (6F4 – 6F7), sometimes with greyish ochre the medullary excipulum. Otidea smithii is distinguished from
(4A3, 4B3) patches in unexposed parts, hygrophanous, in dry- O. mirabilis by the shorter spores with lower Qm (1.9–2.0).
ing light purple brown (5D2, 6D2) to ochre brown (5B4), when
Otidea mirabilis was described with emphasis on the lilaceous
dried purple brown (6D4, 6F3, 6F4), warty, often wrinkled at the
tones of the outside, in contrast to the paler ochre to olivaceous
base. Warts broadly conical to hemispherical, obtuse, gregari-
hymenium (Jamoni 2001). Part of our material shows this col-
ous, dark brown, sometimes distinctly darker than the back-
our pattern, but collections with dark brown hymenium have
ground. Stipe 7–17 × 3 –7 mm. Smell weak, vaguely resin-like; also been observed. Some authors have noted the absence
taste mild, slightly bitter in the end. Basal tomentum and my- of pigmented resinous exudates in the medullary excipulum of
celium abundant, whitish to light brown (5A3). Spores narrowly O. mirabilis (Carbone et al. 2010, Van Vooren 2010). We have,
fusoid, inequilateral, with two large guttules, very rarely with however, observed brown crystal-like exudates in KH.10.308
additional 1– 3 small guttules, smooth, hyaline to pale yellow- and the holotype. They are flabellate and forming cross-like ag-
ish, (13 –)13.5 –16(–17) × 6 –7(–7.5) µm (Lm = 14.1–15.4 µm, gregates (Fig. 4d), clearly different from those present in O. bu-
Wm = 6.3–6.9 µm, Qm = 2.1–2.3; n = 9). Paraphyses curved to fonia (Fig. 4b, c).
hooked, of the same width to slightly enlarged at apices, 2.5–5
µm wide, without or occasionally with a few low notches towards Coniferous forests on calcareous ground are the typical habitat
the apex, when fresh containing small, refractive, light brown- of O. mirabilis. Two Chinese collections assigned to O. leporina
ish yellow guttules; when dried refractive, hyaline guttules. by Zhuang (2006) and sequenced by Liu & Zhuang (2006) are
Asci 178 – 204 × 9 –11 µm. Apothecial section 1000 –1300 µm resolved in the O. mirabilis clade in our LSU tree (Fig. 1). Based
thick. Subhymenium c. 100 –150 µm thick, visible as a darker on morphology we report it also from India (UPS F-630072).
zone, composed of irregularly, densely arranged, globose cells,
with scattered brownish resinous exudates at septa. Medul- 22. Otidea onotica (Pers.) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Ver-
lary excipulum of textura intricata, 600 – 900 µm thick, hyphae eins Naturk. 23–24: 330. 1870. — Fig. 26
4–11(–15) µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin to thick- Basionym. Peziza onotica Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 637. 1801: Fr., Syst.
walled, hyaline to light brown, seldom with brown resinous Mycol. 2: 48. 1822.
exudates at septa or biflabellate exudates, sometimes forming ≡ Scodellina onotica (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 668. 1821.
cross-like aggregates. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, ≡ Peziza leporina var. onotica (Pers.) P. Karst., Bidrag Kannedom Fin-
80 –100 µm thick, cells thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, lands Natur Folk 19: 41. 1871 (‘P. leporina * P. onotica’).
Lectotype designated here: Sowerby, Col. Fig. Engl. Fung. 1: t. 79. 1797
brownish, 8–30 × 8–18 µm. Surface with broadly conical warts,
(as Peziza leporina). Epitype designated here: Sweden, Gotland, Ollajvs
35–55 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, Nature Reserve, close to Ljugarn, calcareous ground in mossy Picea forest,
of 2 – 4 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 27 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.284 (S); MycoBank
6.5–10(–17) µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. MBT178083.
Resinous exudates abundant, dark brown, partially dissolving = Peziza rosea Schumach., Enum. Pl. 2: 416. 1803.
Misapplied names tinge (5B7, 5B8), slightly warty, sometimes wrinkled at the base
– Otidea concinna sensu Boudier, Icon. Mycol. livr. 26: n°. 552, pl. 325. 1909 when old. Warts broadly conical, gregarious, concolorous or
(preliminary text with ‘circulaires’).
sometimes distinctly darker than the background, brown. Stipe
– Peziza leporina sensu Sowerby, Col. Fig. Engl. Fung.1: t. 79. 1797.
13–27 × 4–14 mm. Smell weak; taste mild. Basal tomentum
Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 25 –100 mm high, 14–80 and mycelium abundant, whitish to light yellow (4A2, 5A2).
mm wide, initially long and narrowly ear-shaped, then soon Spores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, inequilateral, with two large
expanding, and becoming deeply cup-shaped, split, stipitate guttules, smooth, hyaline, (11–)12–13.5(–14) × (5.5–)6–7 µm
or sessile. Hymenium initially light yellow (4A3 – 4A5), then (Lm = 12.1–13.3 µm, Wm = 6.2–6.8 µm, Qm = 1.8–2; n = 10).
ochraceous yellow (4A6, 4A7, 5A6, 5A7, 5B6, 5B7), in some Paraphyses curved to hooked, of the same width or slightly
parts light orange (5A3, 5A4), often with pink tones or entirely broader at apices, 2.5–4.5 µm wide, without notches or rarely
pinkish (6A4), sometimes with red dots, when dried orange- with a slightly swollen area on the underside, when fresh con-
ochre (5A5, 5A6) to reddish ochre (6B7, 6B8). Receptacle taining small, refractive, light yellow guttules; when dried hyaline
surface ochraceous yellow (4A6, 4A7), slightly hygrophanous, to pale yellow guttules. Asci 138–233 × 9.5–12 µm. Apothecial
in drying slightly paler, when bruised sometimes brownish ochre section 850 –1400 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 100 –120 µm
(5B7) in the margin, when dried brownish ochre with orange thick, of dense textura intricata, visible as a darker zone, cells
Fig. 26   Otidea onotica*. a, b. Apothecia; c. spores; d. paraphyses; e. ectal excipulum; f. basal mycelium (a: KH.10.284, epitype; b: KH.09.132; c – f:
KH.09.165). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh material.
cylindrical to swollen, densely arranged. Medullary excipulum al. 2012). The use of the term holotype could be corrected to
of textura intricata, 400 – 600 µm thick, hyphae 5 –7(–12) µm lectotype according to Art. 9.9, but this article is not applicable
wide, thick-walled, hyaline. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, since Carbone’s holotype indication does not fulfil Art. 7.10 of
80–110 µm thick, cells 13 – 55 × 11– 28 µm, thin-walled, light the ICN (it does not include the phrase ‘designated here’ or
yellow. Surface with conical warts, 85 –105 µm high, formed by equivalent) (McNeill et al. 2012). Carbone (2009) selected in
short, fasciculate hyphoid hairs, of 2–3 subglobose to elongated addition an epitype from Persoon´s herbarium. But as an epi-
cells, constricted at septa, 11–14 µm wide. Resinous exudates type must refer to the type it interprets and there was no validly
abundant, yellow, dissolving into amber drops in MLZ. Basal selected type in 2009, the epitypification by Carbone is also
mycelium of 3.5–6 µm wide, hyaline to very light yellow hyphae, not valid. We therefore typify O. onotica here, by designating
turning yellow in KOH, with very small, regularly arranged, as lectotype the Sowerby plate, supported by a newly collected
spheroid, resinous exudates on the surface, dissolving in MLZ, epitype with multiple gene sequences and colour photographs.
partially and more slowly in KOH. The selection of an epitype from Sweden is justified by the
Specimens examined. Czech Republic, South Bohemia, Netolice, Sept. name being sanctioned (Fries saw and studied living material
1922, Hampl (PRM 148341). – Denmark, Amager, Kongelunden, soil along as indicated by ‘v. v.’), and our ITS sequences of O. onotica
forest path, 21 July 1998, K. Hansen, T. Læssøe & C. Lange, KH.98.107 (C); (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) from Denmark, Italy, Norway and Sweden
Møn, Fanefjord Skov, under conifers on calcareous influenced soil, 30 Sept. (including the epitype) being identical. The LSU sequences of
2008, H. Knudsen (C-F-89691); Sjælland, Geelskov, 12 km N of Copenhagen, O. onotica (4, 5) from Denmark and Sweden differ only 2 bp
under Fagus, 18 Sept. 1963, L. Hansen & A. Kjøller (C-F-47985). – France,
from the other collections.
Landes, Contis phare, under Pinus pinaster on sandy soil, 9 Sept. 2009,
J.L. Teres (ARAN-Fungi A8200131C). – Italy, Piemonte, Vinadio (CN), San
Bernolfo, Picea abies and Abies alba forest, with presence of Fagus sylvatica, 23. Otidea purpurea (M. Zang) Korf & W.Y. Zhuang, Mycotaxon
29 Sept. 2008, M. Carbone (MCVE 23277). – Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, 22: 507. 1985
Gjøråsvika, Leksvik, under Picea on rich ground, among mosses, 3 Sept.
2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.132 (S); under Corylus and Picea on Basionym. Acetabula purpurea M. Zang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1: 101. 1979.
rich ground, KH.09.136 (S). – Spain, Gipuzkoa, Aia, Amezketalardiko bidegu- Holotype. China, Tibet, Zayu, on the ground in forest with Pinus yunna
rutzea, under Abies alba, 3 Oct. 2009, J.L. Teres (ARAN-Fungi A3033701A); nensis, 1 Sept. 1976, M. Zang 670 (HKAS 5670) !
Madrid, Sierra de Guadarrama, deciduous forest, among Quercus pyrenaica
leaves, 4 Oct. 1981, G. Moreno (AH2528); Navarre, Arbizu, mixed forest, 14
Notes — Otidea purpurea is probably closely related to
Nov. 2009, J. Martín (ARAN-Fungi A5048003); Navarre, Orokieta, Loiandi, in O. mirabilis. It is also characterised by dark brown apothecia
Picea abies plantation, 10 Oct. 2009, Aranzadi ZE (ARAN-Fungi A5041174- with lilaceous tones, but it clearly differs in the smaller spores
2). – Sweden, Skåne, Vittskövle, Segesholm, Herremöllan, broadleaf forest, (8.8–10 × 4.5–5.2 µm). Two additional taxa, O. subpurpurea
27 Sept. 2001, S.-Å. Hanson, SÅH 2001-266 (C); Uppland, Stockholm, and O. bicolor, should be compared with O. purpurea. Otidea
Norra Järvafältet, Hansta Nature Reserve, on rich ground under Picea abies subpurpurea likewise has violaceous tones on the outside,
with Corylus avellana, 15 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.164
but has larger spores and asci (Zhuang & Yang 2008). Otidea
(S); ibid., KH.09.165 (S), KH.09.166 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, forest-covered
hill NNE of Naturicum, coniferous forest with Quercus and Corylus, 4 Oct. bicolor has dark brown apothecia and small spores (Zhuang
2011, R. Sundin, KH.11.108 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Norra Lunsen Nature 2010), and is probably also closely related or conspecific with
Reserve, Lunsentorpet, on rich organic soil, under dead standing Picea, 28 O. purpurea, based on the spore size. We treat here O. purpu-
Aug. 2008, J. Santos, JS.08.48 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Vänge, Fiby urskog rea in the O. bufonia clade, because of the dark brown apothecia
Nature Reserve, old Picea forest, in the middle of a path, 17 Sept. 2009, and brown basal tomentum.
K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.175 (S). – USA, Minnesota, Cedar Creek
ESR, on sandy soil in oak savannah, canopy of pin oak, hazelnut, 18 July
2011, R.A. Healy, RH1121 (MIN 933307); Minnesota, Lake Alexander SNA, 24. Otidea smithii Kanouse, Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci., Part 1.
on soil, mixed woods, canopy of red oak, paper birch, Ostrya, 29 July 2010, 24: 28. 1939 ‘1938’ — Fig. 27
R.A. Healy, RH1222 (MIN 933311); Minnesota, Wild River State Park Many,
on moist, sandy soil in mesic deciduous woods with oak, 23 July 2010, Holotype. USA, California, Crescent City, 18 Nov. 1937, A.H. Smith 8843
R.A. Healy, RH1199 (MIN 933309); Oregon, Benton Co., Philomath, Wood (MICH 14408) !
Creek Road, 18 Nov. 1996, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56759); Washington, Lower
Tahoma Creek, Mt Rainier National Park, 27 Aug. 1948, A.H. Smith 30764
Apothecia gregarious or caespitose, 32–70 mm high, 13–40
(UPS F-629424); Washington, Nisqually R., Mt Rainier National Park, 30 mm wide, initially narrowly ear-shaped, short or elongated,
Aug. 1948, H.A. Imshaug 2116 (UPS F-629438). finally expanding, at late stages becoming deeply cup-shaped,
split, normally shortly stipitate. Hymenium purple-brown (6D5)
Notes — Otidea onotica is one of the most common and well- to dark purple-brown (7E5), then ochraceous brown (5D8),
known species of the genus. It is characterised by rather large, when dried very pale purplish brown (5A2). Receptacle surface
ochraceous yellow apothecia, often with a pinkish tinge, dots dark purple-brown (7E5), sometimes with lilaceous shades or
or stains in the hymenium, and spores of unusual size within lighter ochre-brown (6C5) patches in unexposed parts, slightly
Otidea. The presence of pinkish tones varies considerably. hygrophanous, in drying dark ochraceous brown (6D7), when
Apothecia ranging from entirely pink to completely devoid
dried reddish brown (6E5, 6E6), warty, sometimes wrinkled
of pinkish tones have been observed in the same locality, in
at the base. Warts conical, obtuse or acute, gregarious, dark
KH.09.132 and KH.09.136, respectively. These two collections
brown, sometimes slightly darker than the background. Stipe
have identical ITS sequences (GenBank accessions KM010103
12–26 × 5–12 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant,
and JN942772). A consistent character, here reported for the
whitish to brown (5B2, 5C2). Spores ellipsoid, sometimes fu
first time, is the yellow reaction of the basal mycelium in KOH.
soid, inequilateral, with two large guttules, smooth, hyaline,
Otidea unicisa resembles O. onotica macroscopically, but is
12–14(–14.5) × 6–7.5 µm (Lm = 12.5–13.6 µm, Wm = 6.4–7.1
distinguished by ornamented spores.
µm, Qm = 1.9–2.0; n = 5). Paraphyses curved to hooked, of the
Nomenclatural notes — Carbone (2009) revised the nomen same width to slightly enlarged at apices, 3–5 µm wide, some-
clature of O. onotica. He considered the plate by Sowerby (1797, times with 1–3 notches or with a low notch near the apex, when
as Peziza leporina) the only element seen by Persoon, and dried containing refractive, pale yellow guttules. Asci 175–251 ×
thus, the holotype. However, Persoon did indirectly refer to 9–11 µm. Apothecial section 800–1300 µm thick. Subhymenium
two elements by giving the habitat in the protologue as beech c. 140–180 µm thick, of dense textura intricata, visible as a
forests (faginetis) and citing Sowerby’s plate, which shows an darker zone, hyphae intermixed with a few subglobose cells,
oak leaf. Thus, the plate is not the holotype; i.e. the one element with scattered brownish resinous exudates at septa. Medul-
on which the author based the name (Art. 9.1 ICN; McNeill et lary excipulum of textura intricata, 700–950 µm thick, hyphae
Fig. 27   Otidea smithii (ECV3345). a. Apothecia; b. spores in water †; c. paraphyses in water †; d. ectal excipulum in water †. — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried
material. — Photos: a. E. Vellinga.
Fig. 28   Otidea borealis (S-F242694, holotype). a, b. Apothecia; c. close-up of apothecia showing a warty external receptacle and dentate margin; d. Young
narrowly cup-shaped apothecium. — Photos: M. Carbone.
4–14(–21) µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin-walled to brown (5D7) in the margin, hygrophanous, when dried reddish
slightly thick-walled, light brown, seldom with light brown resin- brown (6D5, 6D6), warty, seldom slightly wrinkled at the base.
ous exudates at septa. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, Margin sometimes finely dentate and darker. Warts broadly
70–100 µm thick, cells thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, pale conical, gregarious, light to dark brown. Stipe well developed,
brown, 13 – 30 × 8 –15 µm. Surface with conical warts, 34–71 3–12 × 2–6 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium white to very
(–102) µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, pale yellow (3A2), when dried very pale yellow (3A2). Spores
of 2 – 5 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, broadly ellipsoid, symmetrical, with two large guttules, smooth,
6–14 µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. Resinous hyaline, (10–)10.5–11.5 × 6–7 µm (Lm = 10.5 µm, Wm = 6.5
exudates rather abundant on the outside, dark brown, partly µm, Qm = 1.7; n = 1). Paraphyses straight to curved, very few
dissolving and turning reddish in MLZ. Basal mycelium of 3–5 hooked, 2–2.5 µm wide, at apices up to 3–4.5(–5) µm wide,
µm wide, light to darker brown hyphae, sometimes with pale without notches, terminal segment 33–47 µm long, narrowly
brown drops on the surface, with abundant small, rod-shaped claviform to claviform, when dried containing slightly refractive,
to irregular, brown resinous exudates. hyaline granules. Asci 167–198 × 9–10.5 µm. Apothecial sec-
tion 1 000 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 100 µm thick, of dense
Specimens examined. Canada, British Columbia, Goldstream Park, Vic-
toria, on decayed wood under mature Douglas fir, 21 Sept. 1968, J. Ginns textura intricata, cells 2–4 µm thick. Medullary excipulum 600
1212 (UPS F-629486). – USA, California, Alameda Co., Berkeley, Le Conte µm thick, of textura intricata, hyphae thin-walled to slightly
Avenue, in lawn under Betula and Cedrus, 25 Oct. 2005, E. Vellinga, thick-walled, 4–7 µm wide, hyaline, without resinous exudates.
ECV3345 (S); California, Del Norte Co., California State Park, Lake Earl Ectal excipulum of textura prismatica, 80 µm thick, cells thin-
Wildlife Area, access by Sand Hill Road, with Abies grandis, Picea sitchen- walled, hyaline, unchanged to very pale yellow in KOH, 10–21
sis, Polystichum munitum, Rubus spectabilis, Vaccinum ovatum, 15 Dec. × 8.5–11 µm. Surface with broadly conical warts, 63–90 µm
1997, M. Madsen & R. Davis (OSC 56823); Oregon, Benton Co., Philomath,
high, formed by fasciculate, short, hyphoid hairs, of 3–6 sub-
Woods Creek Road, 15 Nov. 1997, E.T. Peterson (OSC 56811); Washington,
Pierce Co., Mt Rainier National Park, Lower Tahoma Creek, 30 Oct. 1996, globose to ovoid cells, constricted at septa, 6–12 µm wide.
E.T. Peterson (OSC 56753); ibid., 18 Oct. 1997 (OSC 56799); Washington, Non-warted parts with single, 2–5-celled hyphoid hairs, with
Lewis Co., Gifford-Pinchot National Forest, Camp Creek Falls Trail, on litter cylindrical to claviform upper cell, 45–73 × 8–10 µm. Resinous
with Acer circinatum, A. macrophyllum, Tsuga heterophylla, Berberis nervosa, exudates golden brown, partly dissolving in MLZ (amber drops
Polystichum munitum, Linnaea borealis, Rubus sp., Goodyera oblongifolia, not observed), bright yellow and partly dissolving in KOH. Basal
6 Nov. 1997, E. Hathaway & E. Millian (OSC 56830). mycelium of 3–4.5 µm wide, very pale yellow hyphae, bright
Notes — Otidea smithii is closely related to O. bufonia and yellow in KOH, with spheroid to rod-shaped, reddish yellow
O. mirabilis, as shown by morphological and molecular charac- resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ, partially dissolving and
ters. These three species share dark brown apothecia, brown turning bright yellow in KOH.
basal tomentum and dark brown resinous exudates in the ectal Other specimens examined. Otidea sp. ‘a’ — Sweden, Lappland, Arvids
excipulum. Otidea smithii is distinguished by shorter spores with jaurs, Lillån Allmänningreservat, 8 km SV Järvträsk, herb-rich Picea forest
a lower Qm value, and typically narrower, ear-shaped apothecia. on calcareous ground, 12 Sept. 2009, M. Karström, MK0942 (S); ibid., 10
The unique, biflabellate or striate exudates in the medullary Sept. 2010, MK1081 (S).
excipulum, as seen in O. bufonia and O. mirabilis (Fig. 4c, d), Notes — Within the O. concinna clade, O. borealis is distin-
respectively, are not present in O. smithii. Only pigmented resin- guished by broadly ear-shaped apothecia, with a pale yellowish
ous exudates at the hyphal septa in the medullary excipulum ochre hymenium and a darker ochre yellow outer surface with
are rarely found in O. smithii (as in Fig. 4a). Otidea smithii is so small brown warts. Microscopically, the spores are proportion-
far only known from Western North America (Kanouse 1949, ally broader than in closely related species, and the mycelium
Peterson 1998). Our ITS sequence of O. smithii (JN942771) at the base of the apothecia turns bright yellow in KOH (tested
is identical to the ITS sequence of the holotype (AF072065). in dried specimen only; Fig. 30f).
At least four species of the O. concinna clade have bright
Otidea concinna clade yellow outer apothecial colours, similar to O. borealis. Otidea
Apothecia cup-shaped, split or sometimes entire, often with bright concinna appears morphologically most similar, but besides the
yellow tones. Spores small, 10 –12.5 µm long, smooth. Para- citrine-yellow outer receptacle, it differs in the narrower spores
physes typically straight and claviform at apices. Basal myce- (Fig. 29) with higher Qm value. Otidea phlebophora and O. minor
lium with scattered reddish or yellow resinous exudates. are distinguished by the often entire apothecia with ribs or
Species — Otidea borealis, O. caeruleopruinosa, O. concinna, anastomosing veins at the base and distinctly narrower spores.
O. flavidobrunneola, O. lactea, O. minor, O. oregonensis, O. phlebo- Otidea oregonensis differs from O. borealis in typically having
phora, O. rainierensis, O. sinensis, O. tianshuiensis, O. sp. ‘a’.
7
O. borealis
O. concinna
25. Otidea borealis M. Carbone, Olariaga, K. Hansen & Van 6.8 O. oregonensis
O. kauffmanii type
Vooren, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB809250; ITS barcode 6.6
O.O.minor
concinna
GenBank KM010023; Fig. 28, 30 6.4
O. oregonensis
Etymology. Referring to a supposedly boreal distribution. 6.2
O. phlebophora
Wm (µm)
Holotype. Finland, Koillismaa, Kuusamo, Juuma, Jäkälävuoma, western 6

O. rainierensis type
part of Jäkälävuoma gorges, many apothecia in moist soil among mosses 5.8
O. sp. ‘a’
at brookside, under Picea abies, 16 Aug. 2010, M. Carbone (S-F242694). 5.6
Isotype (TUR-A 198578).
5.4
Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 12–22 mm high, 8–15 mm 5.2

wide, initially narrowly ear-shaped, upper margin subacute to 5
rounded, then broadly ear-shaped, split, stipitate. Hymenium 10.1 10.6 11.1 11.6 12.1 12.6
pale yellowish ochre (4A2, 5A2), when dried greyish ochre Lm (µm)
(4A2, 5A2). Receptacle surface ochraceous yellow (4A5, Fig. 29   Mean spore length and width in collections of species in the core of
5A5), yellowish brown (5B5, 5B6) in some parts, sometimes the O. concinna clade, based on 20 spores from each collection.
Fig. 30   Otidea borealis (S-F242694, holotype)†. a. Spores in water; b. paraphyses and asci in KOH; c. ectal excipulum in water, with resinous exudates on the
outside; d. ectal excipulum turning bright yellow in KOH, resinous exudates partly dissolving; e. basal mycelium in water; f. basal mycelium in KOH. — Scale
bars = 10 µm; † = all dried material.
obconical apothecia, sometimes with strongly rugulose base, (only slightly longer in Otidea sp. ‘a’: 11–12(–13) × 6–7 µm;
citrine-yellow colour in the outer receptacle when young, nar- Lm = 11.2–11.6 µm, Wm = 6.6–6.8 µm, Qm = 1.6–1.7; n = 2) and
rower spores (Fig. 29), and the mycelium at the base of the yellow reaction of the basal mycelium in KOH. The two Otidea
apothecia does not turn yellow in KOH. The North American sp. ‘a’ collections differ from O. borealis in the brownish ochre
O. rainierensis (= O. kauffmanii) appears to have some yellowish receptacle surface, without yellow tones, and ochre to pinkish
apothecial pigment (see further under O. rainierensis). Never- ochre hymenium. Also our analyses of the ITS-LSU regions
theless, the spores of O. rainierensis are longer than the spores support O. sp. ‘a’ and O. borealis as distinct species (Fig. 3).
of O. borealis (Fig. 29). Furthermore, our ITS-LSU phylogenies Since only dried material has been available to us, we postpone
(Fig. 3) suggest that these species are distinct from O. borealis. a formal description of O. sp. ‘a’ until fresh and more abundant
Two Swedish collections, MK0942 and MK1081, constitute an- material, with good colour photographs, becomes available.
other undescribed species (Otidea sp. ‘a’) nested within the
O. concinna group. It resembles O. borealis in spore shape
26. Otidea caeruleopruinosa Harmaja, Karstenia 48: 37. 2009 swollen cells, 12–18 µm diam, hyaline, without resinous exu-
— Fig. 31 dates. Ectal excipulum of textura prismatica-angularis, 100–120
Holotype. Finland, Varsinais-Suomi, Lohja, Jalassaari, 20 Sept. 1978,
µm, cells thin-walled, pale brown, sometimes yellow in KOH,
H. Harmaja (H6010805) ! 10–32 × 10–22 µm. Surface with conical to broadly conical
warts, 60–80 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate hyphoid
Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 31– 60 mm high, 17–50 hairs, of 2 – 4 ovoid to cylindrical cells, 6 –10 µm wide, not
mm wide, initially ear-shaped, upper margin rounded, then cup- constricted at septa. Non-warted parts with single 2–7-celled
shaped, split, margin sometimes lobulate, stipitate or sessile. hyphoid hairs, of globose to cylindrical cells, 20–33 × 9–17
Hymenium yellowish brown (5C6), when dried yellowish brown µm. Resinous exudates abundant, yellow to reddish brown,
with a faint olivaceous tint (4D6) or orange-ochre (6B6, 6C6). dissolving in MLZ, bright yellow and partly dissolving in KOH
Receptacle surface upper half concolorous with hymenium or and the outer excipulum turning bright yellow. Basal mycelium
slightly duller (5C5, 5C6), lower half more whitish (pubescent
of 3.5–6(–8) µm wide hyphae, with spheroid to rod-shaped,
pruinose), slightly hygrophanous, when dried concolorous with
reddish yellow resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ, more
hymenium towards the margin, below cream, or pale reddish
slowly and partially dissolving in KOH, turning yellow.
brown (6C6), furfuraceous to very finely warty, seldom slightly
ribbed at the base. Warts broadly conical, gregarious, paler Specimens examined. Spain, Girona, Ripollés, Setcases, under Corylus
or bluish. Stipe not well developed, rooting, up to 11 × 5 mm. avellana, Betula verrucosa and Buxus sempervirens, on calcareous soil, 26
Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant, when fresh ochra- Aug. 2010, M. Tabarés & S. Santamaría, MT 10082601 (dupl. S). – Sweden,
Södermanland, Nynäshamn, Herrhamra, on soil under Fagus, in narrow for-
ceous white, when dried light ochre (5A2). Spores narrowly
est area along the road, 18 Sept. 2013, I.-L. Walter, KH.13.48 (S); Uppland,
ellipsoid to ellipsoid, often inequilateral, with two large guttules, Älvkarleby, V from the train station, 24 Sept. 1950, G. Fåhraeus & G. Stenlid
smooth, hyaline, (10.5–)11–12.5 × 5.5–6.5 µm (Lm = 11.2–11.8 (UPS F-146664).
µm, Wm = 5.9 – 6.1 µm, Qm = 1.9; n = 3). Paraphyses straight
or curved, or broadly hooked, of the same width or broader at Notes — The main diagnostic characters of O. caeruleoprui-
apices, 2 – 4(– 5) µm wide, without notches, terminal segment nosa are cup-shaped, split apothecia, whitish to pale cream hy-
26–78 µm long, when fresh containing few, small, weakly refrac- menium, grey outside and rather small spores. Harmaja (2009a)
tive, pale guttules; when dried refractive, hyaline granules. Asci described O. caeruleopruinosa with strong emphasis on the
144–200 × 9 –11 µm. Apothecial section 700 – 950 µm thick. bluish shades of the warts on the apothecial outside, a charac-
Subhymenium c. 70–80 µm thick, of 2.5–5 µm wide cylindrical ter that has not been observed in our Swedish, or the Iberian
cells, with scattered swollen, 12 –18 µm wide cells, densely ar- material (Van Vooren et al. 2011). A third gathering from the
ranged. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 550 –700 µm Iberian site does not show bluish tones either (M. Tabarés, pers.
thick, hyphae thin to thick-walled, 3–9 µm wide, intercalated with comm.).
Fig. 31   Otidea caeruleopruinosa. a. Apothecia; b. apothecium showing basal tomentum†; c. spores in water †; d. paraphyses in water †; e. ectal excipulum in
water † (a: MT 11080205; b – e: H6010805, holotype). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried material. — Photos: a. M. Tabarés; b. J. Kearey.
Otidea caeruleopruinosa belongs to the O. concinna clade, and holm, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, in front of the Botany building, under a
it shares several characters with the other members of the big Quercus robur tree, by a row of Populus, 20 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen &
clade, such as cup-shaped apothecia, small spores, and an I. Olariaga, KH.09.183 (S); MycoBank MBT178084.
= Helvella pyxidata Schaeff., Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 4: 111. 1774
ectal excipulum of textura prismatica to textura angularis. It is
(‘Elvela’).
morphologically most similar to O. flavidobrunneola (see Notes ≡ Peziza marsupium var. pyxidata (Schaeff.) Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. 2:
under that species). 640. 1801 (‘ß pyxidata’).
≡ Scodellina pyxidata (Schaeff.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 669. 1821.
27. Otidea concinna (Pers.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 96. 1889 — Misapplied names
Fig. 32 – Flavoscypha cantharella sensu Harmaja, Karstenia 14: 107. 1974.
Basionym. Peziza concinna Pers., Mycol. Eur. 1: 221. 1822: Fr., Syst. Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 17–71 mm high, 12–66 mm
Mycol. 2: 49. 1822. wide, initially broadly ear-shaped, then soon expanding and be-
≡ Helvella scutellata Schaeff., Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 4: 101. 1774
(‘Elvela’).
coming deeply cup-shaped, split, often broader above, very
Lectotype designated here: Schaeffer, Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 2: t. 150, rarely entire when young, stipitate or broadly sessile. Hymenium
f. 1. 1763 (‘Elvela tertia’). Epitype designated here: Sweden, Uppland, Stock- pale yellowish ochre (3A3, 4A5) to pale greyish ochre (5A2),
Fig. 32   Otidea concinna*. a, b. Apothecia; c. spores; d. paraphyses; e. ectal excipulum; f. basal mycelium (a, c, e, f: KH.09.183, epitype; b: KH.09.217;
d: KH.09.176). — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = all fresh material.
sometimes with rose stains or spots, when dried light yellowish Notes — Otidea concinna is characterised by cup-shaped,
grey (2A2) to very pale yellowish ochre (3A2, 3A3). Receptacle split apothecia, citrine yellow receptacle surface, along with para-
surface bright citrine yellow (3A5–3A7), sometimes with a green- physes predominantly straight and claviform at apices. Otidea
ish hue (2A6), slightly hygrophanous, in drying slightly paler, minor and O. phlebophora share with O. concinna a yellow
fading to brownish ochre (4B5) in age, when dried yellow (3A7), receptacle surface, but they have anastomosing ribs at the
furfuraceous, sometimes warty in young apothecia, sometimes apothecial base and narrower spores (Fig. 29). Otidea orego
shallowly wrinkled at the base. Warts flat to broadly conical, nensis is distinguished from O. concinna by the often obconical
leaving a reticulum among them, concolorous. Stipe not well apothecia, sometimes with blunt ribs at the base.
developed, rooting, 7– 8 × 4 – 5 mm. Smell sweet, fruity, weak;
The bright yellow receptacle surface is one of the main diagnos-
taste mild. Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant, white to
tic characters of O. concinna, but we have observed the yellow
very pale cream (4A2), sometimes with very pale purplish tones,
colour can disappear with age, and the outer surface becomes
when dried white to very pale yellow (4A2). Spores narrowly el-
brownish ochre (Fig. 32b) thus making it difficult to recognise
lipsoid to ellipsoid, inequilateral, with two large guttules, smooth,
hyaline, (10 –)10.5 –12 × (5 –)5.5 – 6.5 µm (Lm = 10.8 –11.2 µm, the species. Otidea rainierensis is a North American taxon that
Wm = 5.6 – 6 µm, Qm = 1.8 – 2; n = 8). Paraphyses straight to shows an apothecial shape similar to O. concinna. Neverthe-
bent, seldom broadly hooked, at apices claviform to abruptly less, bright citrine yellow tones are absent in O. rainierensis,
capitate, 2.5 – 6(– 8.5) µm wide, without notches, terminal seg- and our molecular data support it as distinct from O. concinna
ment 19–66 µm long, when fresh content hyaline homogenous (Fig. 1, 3). For further comments see under O. rainierensis.
or of small, refractive, hyaline to pale yellow granules; when Nomenclatural notes — No authentic material has been
dried refractive, hyaline granules. Asci 176 –196 × 10 –11.5 located in Persoon’s herbarium in L. We therefore select one
µm. Apothecial section 1200 – 2100 µm thick. Subhymenium element in Schaeffer’s plate (t. 150, f. 1) as the lectotype, be-
c. 60–90 µm thick, composed of cylindrical cells, 2–4 µm wide, cause it most closely resemble Persoon’s description, showing
with scattered swollen cells, 9 –13 µm wide, densely arranged. two or more large, convolute, caespitose, sessile, cup-shaped
Medullary excipulum 600 –1000(–1500) µm thick, of textura
apothecia with a citrine (although light) outer surface. Per-
intricata, hyphae cylindrical to slightly swollen, 3 –11(–15) µm
soon (1822) collected the species in ‘sylvula Vincennes prope
wide, thin to thick-walled, hyaline, without resinous exudates.
Parisios’ and Schaeffer’s plate is from Bavaria, Germany. Fries
Ectal excipulum of textura prismatica-angularis, 80 –100 µm
sanctioned the name, but did not see material (‘v. ic.’, seen from
thick, cells thin-walled, hyaline to very pale yellow, sometimes
icones). Nevertheless, we select a newly collected epitype from
light reddish in KOH, 12 – 35 × 6 – 22 µm. Surface with low
Sweden (Fig. 32a, c, e, f), associated with Quercus (the habitat
broadly conical warts, 60 –70 µm high, formed by fasciculate,
parallel, short, hyphoid hairs, of 4 – 6 ovoid cells, constricted described by Persoon) and backed by sequences of multiple
at septa, 5 – 9.5 µm wide. Non-warted parts with single, 2–6- gene regions (ITS, LSU, PRB1, RPB2 and EF1) of O. concinna
celled, hyphoid hairs, uppermost cell narrowly claviform to collections from southern Europe (Spain) and from the epitype
subcapitate, 20 – 45 × 4.5 –7 µm, sometimes with a gelatinous being identical (Hansen & Olariaga 2015), acknowledging the
sheath. Resinous exudates abundant, yellow or reddish, dis- species is widely distributed in Europe.
solving into amber drops in MLZ, turning bright yellow in KOH.
Basal mycelium of cylindrical to slightly swollen, hyaline to very 28. Otidea flavidobrunneola Harmaja, Karstenia 48: 38. 2009
pale yellow hyphae, 3– 4.5(– 8.5) µm wide, yellow in KOH, with — Fig. 33
scattered, spheroid to rod-shaped, yellow or reddish resinous
Holotype. Finland, Varsinais-Suomi, Lohja, Jalassaari, Ahtiala, Alho,
exudates, dissolving in MLZ, partially in KOH.
Ahtiala Nature Reserve, rich, predominantly deciduous (Quercus, Corylus
Specimens examined. Denmark, NE Sjælland, Jægersborg Dyrehave, etc.) woods on calcareous soils, 20 Sept. 1978, H. Harmaja (H6010806) !
8 Sept. 1979, H. Knudsen (C-F-87186); NW Jylland, Nystrup Plantage, ‘Kridt-
stien’, on calcareous soil with Abies, 14 Sept. 1985, T. Læssøe (C-F-81617). Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 15–70 mm high, 8–50 mm
– Estonia, Saaremaa, Abruka, ad terram, 16 Sept. 1966, K. Kalamees (UPS wide, initially narrowly to broadly ear-shaped, then cup-shaped,
F-629562). – Finland, Varsinais-Suomi, Turku, Ispoinen Katariinanlaakso, split, margin sometimes lobulate, shortly stipitate or sessile.
W part of the reserve, in rich, essentially deciduous woods with Corylus, Quer Hymenium cream or pale yellowish (4A2, 4A3), when dried
cus, Tilia, etc. on bare clayey mull soil, 22 Aug. 1977, H. Harmaja (S-F249360,
orange-ochre (5B6). Receptacle surface pale brownish ochre
ex-H6015773). – France, Saône-et-Loire, La Grande-Verrière, Senavelle, on
the ground under Pseudotsuga menziesii, 12 Sept. 2008, J.-P. Dechaume, NV (5A3, 5A4), slightly hygrophanous, when dried dark reddish
2008.09.13 (dupl. S). – Spain, Huesca, Javierregay, humus of Quercus rotun- brown (5E5), furfuraceous to very finely warty, seldom shallowly
difolia and Q. humilis, 5 Dec. 2009, F. Prieto & A. González, KH.09.250 (S); wrinkled at the base. Warts flattened, gregarious, concolor-
Huesca, Sallent de Gállego, Lanuza, 14 Oct. 2006, I. Olariaga (BIO-Fungi ous. Stipe not well developed. Basal tomentum and mycelium
13002); Huesca, Yebra de Basa, close to Sta Orosia chapel, in Fagus syl- abundant, white to pale cream (4A2) when fresh, ochre (5A4)
vatica forest, 11 Oct. 2009, P. Siljeström (ARAN-Fungi A8700091). – Sweden,
to orange-ochre (6A4) when dried. Spores narrowly ellipsoid
Gotland, Ala, Stenstugu, near a big Quercus robur tree in meadow, on rich
ground, among grass, 26 Sept. 2009, E. Bohus-Jensen, K. Hansen & I. Ola- to ellipsoid, inequilateral, with two large guttules, very rarely
riaga, KH.09.217 (S); Gotland, Lojsta, Lojsta slot, under Corylus on a chalk- with a third small guttule, smooth, hyaline, 9.5–11 × (4.5–)5–6
rich slope, 19 Sept. 2000, T. Knutsson, TK2000-078 (S); Närke, Havsta, Brun- µm (Lm = 10–10.6 µm, Wm = 5.1–5.5 µm, Qm = 1.9–2; n = 5).
torpskärret, under conifers, 10 Aug. 2008, B. Wasstorp, JS.08.59 (S); Skåne, Paraphyses curved, a few straight or broadly hooked, of the
Degeberga, Segesholm, on a steep slope on bare ground, under Fagus and
same width or slightly broader at apices, 3–4 µm wide, without
Ulmus, 23 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen, I. Olariaga, KH.10.256 (S);
Skåne, Fjälkstad, Balsberget, on rich ground among leaf litter under Fagus,
notches or slightly sinuous underside, uppermost cell 40–76 µm
20 Sept. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.212 (S); Skåne, long, when fresh containing yellow guttules; when dried hyaline
Kristianstad, N. Lingenäset, Storskogen, on ground in broadleaf forest, guttules or granules. Asci 127–170 × 9 –10 µm. Apothecial
18 Sept. 1996, S.-Å. Hanson s.n. (C); Uppland, Uppsala, Carolinaparken, section 900–1900 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 100 µm thick, of
under Corylus avellana, 7 Sept. 2010, S. Ryman, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & dense textura intricata, visible as a yellowish zone, cells cylin-
I. Olariaga, KH.10.180 (S); Uppland, Uppsala, Hågadalen-Nåsten Nature
drical to slightly swollen. Medullary excipulum 600–1300 µm
Reserve, Predikstolen, under Quercus robur, Ulmus glabra, Sorbus aucu-
paria, with Hepatica nobilis, Geum urbanum, Convallaria majalis, on rich thick, of textura intricata, hyphae 5–13 µm wide, thick-walled,
ground, 19 Sept. 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.176 (S); ibid., 6 Oct. sometimes with a thinner outer wall, hyaline, without resinous
2010, KH.10.182 (S). exudates. Ectal excipulum of textura prismatica, sometimes of
Fig. 33   Otidea flavidobrunneola. a. Apothecia; b. apothecium showing basal tomentum†; c. spores in water †; d. paraphyses in water †; e. ectal excipulum in
water †; f. ectal excipulum in KOH†; g. basal mycelium in water † (a, c: KH.09.153; b, d – g: H6010806, holotype). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried material. —
Photos: b. J. Kearey.
a textura angularis, 100 –120 µm, cells thin-walled, yellowish, Specimens examined. Finland, Uusimaa, Nurmijärvi, parish centre, under
distinctly citrine yellow in KOH, 18–38 × 11–13 µm. Surface with Quercus, 16 Sept. 1987, P. Askola 2220 (H); Uusimaa, Nurmijärvi, parish
centre, clayey soil under Quercus, 11 Aug. 1988, P. Askola 2334 (H); Uusi-
broadly conical warts, 40 –70 µm high, formed by fasciculate,
maa, Nurmijärvi, parish centre, the margin of the park by the vicarage, under
short hyphoid hairs, of 3–4 ovoid to elongated cells, constricted Quercus, 18 Aug. 1988, P. Askola 2360 (H). – Norway, Nord-Trøndelag, Leks-
at septa, 5 – 9 µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. vik, Gjøråsvika, on rich ground, on slope under Corylus and Picea, 3 Sept.
Non-warted parts with 2–3-celled hyphoid hairs, with claviform 2009, K. Hansen & I. Olariaga, KH.09.153 (S). – Sweden, Uppland, Bondkyrka,
uppermost cell, more rarely cylindrical, 33 – 55 × 8 –13 µm. Vårdsätra naturpark, 17 Aug. 1927, H. Svensson (UPS F-146554); Uppland,
Resinous exudates abundant, yellowish brown, partially dis- Uppsala, in front of the prison, on bare ground under deciduous trees, 14 Sept.
1938, R. Gustafsson (UPS F-146718).
solving and turning slightly reddish in MLZ, partly dissolving,
bright yellow and appearing gelatinous in KOH. Basal myce- Notes — Otidea flavidobrunneola is macroscopically charac-
lium of 4 – 6 µm wide, hyaline to very pale yellow hyphae, with terised by cup-shaped, split apothecia, especially with age very
scattered swollen septa, with rounded to rod-shaped, yellow pale yellowish brown outside and cream-white to pale yellow
resinous exudates, slowly dissolving in KOH, quickly in MLZ. hymenium. Microscopically, the small spores and the yellow
ectal excipulum turning brighter yellow in KOH are diagnostic. out notches, uppermost cell 20–71 µm long, when fresh with
The apothecia and basal tomentum become characteristically homogeneous content or seldom containing slightly refractive,
darker upon drying: the outside turns dark brown, the hyme- light yellow granules at apices, often with a yellow refractive
nium and the basal tomentum orange ochre (Fig. 33b). Otidea body (Fig. 34d); when dried small, slightly refractive, hyaline
caeruleopruinosa and O. flavidobrunneola are morphologically granules. Asci 153 –169 × 9 –10.5 µm. Apothecial section
very similar, but differ in the spore sizes (Lm = 11.2 –11.8 µm 750–1000 µm thick. Subhymenium c. 100 µm thick, of dense
vs 10.1–10.6 µm) and colours of the basal tomentum in dried textura intricata, hyphae 3–6 µm wide. Medullary excipulum
specimens. According to Harmaja (2009a), O. flavidobrunneola of textura intricata, 500–700 µm thick, hyphae 4–9(–13) µm
is reminiscent of O. bufonia, but the latter has a darker brown wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin to thick-walled, hyaline
basal tomentum and larger, narrowly fusoid spores. We report to very pale yellow, without resinous exudates. Ectal excipulum
here the first finds outside Finland. of textura prismatica-angularis, 80–150 µm, cells thin-walled,
very pale yellow, unchanged in KOH, 10–33 × 6–15 µm. Sur-
29. Otidea lactea J.Z. Cao & L. Fan in Cao et al., Mycologia face with low flattened warts, 35–53 µm high, formed by short,
82: 735. 1990 fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 2–3 ovoid cells, constricted at
septa, 6–9 µm wide. Non-warted parts with 2–4-celled hyphoid
Holotype. China, Heilongjiang province, Yichun City, on ground (rotten hairs, with subclaviform to claviform uppermost cell, 43–58 ×
wood?) under broadleaf trees, 6 Sept. 1987, J.Z. Cao (HMAS 61359, ex-
7.5–13 µm. Resinous exudates abundant, yellow or reddish
MHSU 1803).
to brownish yellow, dissolving into amber drops in MLZ. Basal
Notes — We were not able to get the material of O. lactea mycelium of 3–7 µm wide, very pale yellow, slightly swollen
on loan, but it appears to be a distinct species based on the hyphae, not changing in KOH, with very scattered amorphous
entire, cup-shaped, cream white apothecia and paraphyses or rod-shaped, yellow resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ.
with broadly clavate to subglobose apices (Cao et al. 1990). Specimens examined. Denmark, Jylland, Nystrup Plantage, Kridtstien, on
Also, in our LSU phylogeny (including a GenBank sequence of calcareous soil under Abies, 1 Nov. 2007, T. Læssøe, TL-13332 (C); N Jylland,
the holotype, DQ443447 from Liu & Zhuang (2006)), O. lactea Rold Skov, Buderupholm Bjergskov, by fence of Cypripedium, calcareous soil
forms a distinct sister lineage (ML 71 %, PP 99 %) to a clade of along roadside, deciduous forest, 14 Sept. 1998, K. Hansen, KH.98.84 (C);
seven collections of O. minor from Europe (ML 95 %, PP 98 %, Jylland, Vorsø, under Salix caprea, 25 Sept. 1981, T. Læssøe, TL-0684 (C);
Fig. 1). Otidea minor differs from O. lactea in the (most often) ibid., on base of Salix caprea, 8 Sept. 1982, T. Læssøe, TL-0754 (C); Sjæl-
land, Geelskov, 10 km N of Copenhagen, 3 Aug. 1950, M. Lange (C-F-47967).
split apothecia, with a yellow outer surface and often more
– Finland, Helsinki, Toukola, Koreankatu, Acer, Betula, Populus tremula, Salix
narrow, straight to bent, subclaviform to claviform paraphyses caprea, Sambucus, Sorbus, Aegopodium podagraria, Urtica dioica, 8 Sept.
apices. Otidea lactea has the characteristic broad apices of 1992, R. Saarenoksa 24592 (H); Varsinais-Suomi, Lohja, Pähkinäniemi, very
the paraphyses of the O. concinna clade, which however, in rich, somewhat dry grass-herb forest with calcareous ground, 1 Aug. 1997,
O. lactea becomes hooked with age (Cao et al. 1990). The holo- U. Nummela-Salo & P. Salo 4051 (H); Varsinais-Suomi, Lohja, Virkkala,
type was originally deposited in MHSU (Cao et al. 1990), but NE-slope of Pähkinäniemi, very rich, somewhat dry grass-herb forest with
calcareous soil, nearby Corylus avellana, Populus tremula, Betula pendula,
later transferred to HMAS (confirmed by Hong-Mei Lu, HMAS).
12 Sept. 2006, U. Nummela-Salo & P. Salo 10724 (H). – Italy, Calabria, Acri
(CS), Croce di Greca, 14 Sept. 1995, C. Lavorato, CL 950914-01 (dupl. S).
30. Otidea minor (Boud.) Olariaga & K. Hansen, comb. & stat. – Sweden, Gotland, Fårö, Avanäset, under Pinus sylvestris, on humus,
nov. — MycoBank MB808975; Fig. 34 sandy soil, 27 Sept. 2011, J.C. Zamora, KH.11.103 (S); Gotland, Lojsta hed,
Russpark, grazed forest with Pinus sylvestris, on calcareous ground, 2 Oct.
Basionym. Otidea cantharella var. minor Boud., Icon. Mycol. livr. 23: n°. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga, KH.10.311 (S); Småland, Stenbro-
411. 1909 (preliminary text with ‘circulaires’). hult, Stockanäs SSV of Stenbrohults kyrka, under Pyrus, Salix and Prunus
≡ Flavoscypha cantharella var. minor (Boud.) Häffner, Rheinland Pfäl. domestica, 9 Aug. 2011, G. Aronsson (UPS F-548414); Södermanland,
Pilzj. 4: 36. 1994. Södertalje, Mörkö, Oaxen, in rich soil in deciduous forest, Corylus avellana,
Lectotype designated here: Boud., Icon. Mycol. livr. 23: n°. 411, pl. 326. Salix caprea, with Lactarius citriolens, 10 Sept. 1994, P. Höljer (H7003652);
1909; MycoBank MBT178086. Uppland, Uppsala, the park in front of the prison, on bare soil, among needles
etc. under Abies, 16 Aug. 1932, S. Lundell (S-F108335, Fungi Exs. Suec.
Misapplied names
93); Öland, Högby, Horns kungsgårds Nature Reserve, under Corylus,
– Otidea cantharella sensu Lundell & Nannfeldt, Fungi Exs. Suec. 1– 2: 93.
6 Aug. 2000, T. Knutsson, TK2000-057 (S).
1934.
– Flavoscypha cantharella sensu Dennis, Brit. Ascomyc.: pl. 8 D. 1978. Notes — Otidea minor is recognised macroscopically by
Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 8 – 33 mm high, 4 – 41 apothecia with a yellow outside, and shallow ribs and veins
mm wide, broadly ear-shaped or shallowly cup-shaped, often at the base of at least some apothecia. Otidea concinna and
elongated on one side, normally split, often stipitate. Hymenium O. oregonensis can be distinguished by the broader spores
light ochre (3A2, 3A3) to yellowish grey (4A3), sometimes with with a lower Qm (Fig. 29). In fresh material of O. minor, some
weak rose stains or spots, when dried yellowish ochre (4A4, paraphyses had a strikingly, yellowish refractive body in the
4A5) to ochre (5A4). Receptacle surface citrine yellow (2A6, upper part, a so far unique feature within Otidea. To assess its
2A7), slightly hygrophanous, in drying slightly paler, fading to taxonomic value, this feature has to be checked in additional
brownish ochre (4B5, 4B6) in age, when dried reddish ochre fresh material and in closely related species.
(6B6– 6D6) to reddish brown (5B4, 5B5), slightly furfuraceous Otidea minor has been confused with O. phlebophora due to the
to slightly warty, some apothecia with low ridges coming from presence of ribs or veins at the base of the apothecia (Lundell &
the stipe, restricted to the base or reaching 1/2 –1/3 of the apo- Nannfeldt 1934, Dennis 1978). Harmaja (2009a) proposed the
thecium, sometimes interconnected by low veins. Warts minute, provisional name O. subconcinna for O. minor as circumscribed
conical, concolorous to brownish. Stipe often well developed, here. After examining two collections annotated by him, we
cylindrical, 2 –12 × 2 – 5 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium consider the Finnish material to be conspecific with our Swed-
abundant, white, seldom with purplish tones, very pale yellow ish finds, based on both morphological and molecular data.
(4A2) when dried. Spores narrowly ellipsoid, often inequilateral, Although Harmaja (2009a) did not directly compare O. minor
with two large guttules, smooth, hyaline, (10 –)10.5 –12.5(–13) (as O. subconcinna) and O. phlebophora, he stated in the key
× (4.5 –)5 – 5.5(– 6.2) µm (Lm = 10.7–12.3 µm, Wm = 5 –5.6 µm, that O. phlebophora has ‘other tinges of yellow’ and mostly
Qm = 2.1– 2.3; n = 10). Paraphyses straight to bent, seldom straight paraphyses. We could not confirm these differences
curved, subclaviform to claviform at apices, 3–8 µm wide, within the material we examined. Instead, O. minor can be distin-
guished from O. phlebophora by the presence of at least some 31. Otidea oregonensis K. Hansen & Olariaga, sp. nov. —
apothecia without ribs, and ribs when present shallower and MycoBank MB808973; ITS barcode GenBank KM010048;
less anastomosing, as well as normally split apothecia. In spite Fig. 35
of their morphological similarity, O. minor and O. phlebophora
Etymology. Named after Oregon, the area where most of the specimens
are not sister species in our four-gene phylogeny, but both of this species have been collected.
are deeply nested within the O. concinna clade (Hansen &
Olariaga 2015; see also Fig. 3). Boudier´s plate under Otidea Holotype. USA, Oregon, Douglas Co., Umpqua National Forest, Diamond
Lake Ranger District, under Pseudotsuga menziesii and Abies concolor, 7 Nov.
cantharella var. minor shows shallow ribs at the base of some
2010, J. Moore, Moorefun 58 (OSC). Isotype (S).
apothecia, agreeing with our material, and as considered by
Harmaja (2009a). No original material could be located in PC, Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 12–48 mm high, 23–80
and we therefore designate Boudier’s plate as the lectotype. mm wide, shallowly to deeply cup-shaped, sometimes elon-
gated on one side or obconical, split, seldom entire, sometimes
stipitate. Hymenium greyish white (2A2) to pale ochre (4A2–
4A4), sometimes with rose stains or spots, when dried pale
ochre (4A2 – 4A4). Receptacle surface bright citrine yellow
Fig. 34   Otidea minor (KH.10.311)*. a. Apothecia; b. apothecium showing veined outer receptacle; c. spores; d. paraphyses showing a crystallized body; e. ectal
excipulum; f. ectal excipulum in Melzer’s reagent, resinous exudates mostly washed away, showing free hypoid hairs. — Scale bars = 10 µm; * = fresh material.
(2A6– 2A8), slightly hygrophanous, fading to brownish ochre without notches, uppermost cell 28–70 µm long, when dried
(4B5, 4B6) in age, when dried brownish ochre (4A4, 4B4, 5B4), containing small, weakly refractive, hyaline granules. Asci
furfuraceous, sometimes some apothecia wrinkled-veined at 171–203 × 9–10.5 µm. Apothecial section 1000–1400(–2000)
the base, seldom with short ribs reaching up 1/3 to the mar- µm thick. Subhymenium 100–140 µm thick, of dense textura
gin, partly covered by white tomentum from the base. Warts intricata, hyphae 2–4.5 µm wide, with scattered swollen, up to
sometimes present toward the base, minute, flat, concolorous. 12 µm wide cells. Medullary excipulum 650–850(–1400) µm
Stipe sometimes well developed, cylindrical, 3–18 × 3–11 mm. thick, of textura intricata, hyphae 5–9(–17) µm wide, some-
Smell mild. Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant, white, times swollen, thin- to thick-walled, hyaline, without resinous
when dried very pale yellow (4A2). Spores narrowly ellipsoid exudates. Ectal excipulum of textura prismatica to textura
to ellipsoid, sometimes inequilateral, with two large guttules, angularis, 70–100 µm thick, cells thin-walled, very pale yellow,
rarely with a few small granules, smooth, hyaline, 10 –11.5 brighter yellow in KOH, 16–37 × 8–14 µm. Surface with low
× 5.5 – 6(– 6.5) µm (Lm = 10.4 –11.3 µm, Wm = 5.6 – 5.9 µm, warts, 35–70 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate hyphoid
Qm = 1.8 – 2; n = 7). Paraphyses bent to curved, sometimes hairs, of 2–4 ovoid cells, constricted at septa, 5–9 µm wide.
straight, subclaviform to capitate at apices, 3 – 6(– 8) µm wide, Non-warted parts with 2–4-celled, hyphoid hairs, with claviform
Fig. 35   Otidea oregonensis. a. Apothecia; b. apothecia showing faded colour in the outer receptacle; c. spores in water †; d. paraphyses in water †; e. ectal
excipulum in water †; f. ectal excipulum in KOH† (a, c – f: Moorefun 58, holotype; b: rh139). — Scale bars = 10 µm; † = dried material. — Photos: a. J. Moore;
b. R. Helliwell.
uppermost cell, 33 – 55 × 7–12 µm. Resinous exudates often ensis was therefore mixed. The ITS-LSU phylogeny, including
abundant, yellow, dissolving into amber drops in MLZ, brighter a larger sampling of the O. concinna clade, likewise resolves
yellow in KOH. Basal mycelium of 3–5(–8) µm wide, sometimes O. oregonensis as a distinct species.
slightly swollen, very pale yellow hyphae, not changing in KOH, Otidea phlebophora and O. minor, so far only known from
with very scattered, spheroid to rod-shaped, yellow resinous Europe, resemble O. oregonensis in the cup-shaped apo-
exudates, dissolving in MLZ. thecia with yellow outside and swollen paraphyses. Otidea
Specimens examined. USA, Oregon, Jackson Co., Rogue River National phlebophora differs macroscopically from O. oregonensis in
Forest, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies concolor, Pinus ponderosa, predominantly entire apothecia, with always a strongly veined-
2 Dec. 1999, B. Schroeter (OSC 72950); ibid., 27 Oct. 1990, D. McKay, ribbed base reaching up 1/2 to the margin, while only small
NSW6354 (OSC 132740, dupl. S); Oregon, Josephine Co., Bureau of Land
veins are present in some apothecia of O. oregonensis. Based
Management, Medford District, Grants Pass Resource Area, Little Pickett
Creek, under Pseudotsuga menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens, Lithocarpus on the material examined here, the slightly narrower spores in
densiflorus, Quercus chrysolepis, 19 Dec. 2000, R. Meyer (OSC 108041); O. phlebophora (Qm = 2–2.1 vs Qm = 1.8–2 in O. oregonensis)
Oregon, Marion Co., near Breitenbush Hot Springs Community, 27 Oct. are a constant and reliable character to separate these species
1996, J. Trappe (OSC 56745); Oregon, Umpqua NF, Diamond Lake RD, (Fig. 29). Otidea minor tends to have smaller, shallower and
under Pseudotsuga menziesii, 2 Nov. 2010, J. Moore, Moorefun 31 (S); ibid., more broadly cup-shaped apothecia than O. oregonensis. The
old growth forest with Abies concolor, Pseudotsuga menziesii, 2 Nov. 2010,
spores of O. minor have a higher Qm value (2.1–2.3) that does
R. Helliwell, rh139 (OSC); Washington, Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot National
Forest, Camp Creeks Falls Trail, 6 Nov. 1997, M. Castellano (OSC 56829). not overlap with the Qm of O. oregonensis.
Notes — Otidea oregonensis is characterised by a citrine

32. Otidea phlebophora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. Fung.
yellow receptacle surface, often a wrinkled to veined, or shal-
8: 97. 1889 — Fig. 36
lowly ribbed apothecial base, and relatively broad spores. The
apothecia are typically obconical cup-shaped, with a narrow Basionym. Peziza phlebophora Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
base. Otidea oregonensis was treated as O. rainierensis Ka- ser. III, 18: 122. 1866.
nouse by Peterson (1998), primarily based on the presence of ≡ Flavoscypha phlebophora (Berk. & Broome) Harmaja, Karstenia 14:
107. 1974.
swollen apices of the paraphyses. Also, one of the paratypes
Lectotype designated here: England, North Somerset, Brislington, 16
of O. rainierensis (EGS2179), sequenced by Peterson (1998), Sept. 1853 (K(M) 144045, ex Herb. C.E. Broome) !; MycoBank MBT178087.
is nested within the O. oregonensis lineage in our ITS-LSU
phylogeny (Fig. 3). Nevertheless, our sequences of the holotype Apothecia gregarious, 8–12 mm high, 3–40 mm wide, shal-
of O. rainieriensis, from four different gene regions, show it lowly to deeply cup-shaped, sometimes elongated on one side,
belongs to another lineage, well separated from O. oregonensis entire, seldom split, often stipitate. Hymenium pale ochre (4A2,
(Hansen & Olariaga 2015). Kanouse´s concept of O. rainier- 4A3), sometimes with rose stains or spots, when dried yellowish
Fig. 36   Otidea phlebophora (JV06-385). a. Apothecia; b. spores in water †; c. paraphyses in water †; d. ectal excipulum in water †. — Scale bars = 10 µm;
†
 = dried material. — Photos: a. J. Vesterholt.
ochre (4B4, 5B6, 5C6) to reddish brown (6C5, 6C6). Recepta- O. integra as a separate species. The position of O. integra is
cle surface bright citrine yellow (3A7, 2A7), sometimes with a without support in our ITS-LSU phylogeny (Fig. 3).
greenish hue (2A6), slightly hygrophanous, fading to brownish
ochre (4B5) in age, when dried yellowish brown (5B6, 5C6) to Nomenclatural notes — Harmaja (1974: 107) indicated a lec-
reddish brown (6C6, 6D6), furfuraceous, with high ridges in the totype of O. phlebophora at K, but he gave no collection number
basal part of all apothecia reaching up 1/2 –1/3 to the margin, and the typification was not achieved. We have studied three
interconnected by veins, partly covered by white basal tomen- of four syntypes at Kew and select here the richest collection
tum. Warts minute, flat to rounded, appressed, concolorous. containing ten apothecia as the lectotype. It conforms to the
Stipe often well developed, cylindrical, 1–10 × 1.5–3 mm. Basal current interpretation of the name, with several entire apothecia
tomentum and mycelium abundant, white, very pale ochre (5A2) (i.e. without a split), a ribbed-veined base seen on two of the
when dried. Spores narrowly ellipsoid, sometimes inequilateral, apothecia (the others with the base glued to the cardboard),
with two large guttules, smooth, hyaline, (9.5 –)10 –11.5(–12) spores in the range 9.5 –11.7 × 4.7– 5.9 µm (Lm = 10.6 µm,
× (4.5 –)5 – 5.5(– 6.2) µm (Lm = 10.2 –11 µm, Wm = 4.9 – 5.1 Wm = 5.1 µm), paraphyses straight and enlarged at apices, and
µm, Qm = 2 – 2.1; n = 5). Paraphyses straight to bent, cylindri- abundant yellow resinous exudates in the ectal excipulum that
cal to claviform at apices, 2 – 3.5 µm wide, without notches, dissolve into amber drops in MLZ.
uppermost cell 23 – 46 µm long, when dried containing small,
rather refractive, hyaline guttules. Asci 130 –153 × 8 –9 µm. 33. Otidea rainierensis Kanouse, Mycologia 41: 674. 1949
Apothecial section 650–1000 µm thick. Subhymenium 80–100
µm thick, of dense textura intricata, hyphae 2 – 3 µm wide. Holotype. USA, Washington, Pierce County, Lower Tahoma Creek, Mt
Rainier National Park, 23 Aug. 1948, A.H. Smith 30553 (MICH 14410) !
Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 450 – 650 µm thick,
= Otidea kauffmanii Kanouse, Mycologia 41, 6: 673. 1949.
hyphae 4 –7(–14) µm wide, sometimes swollen, thick-walled, Holotype. USA, Michigan, Lakeland, 18 July 1915, C.H. Kauffman (MICH
hyaline to very pale yellow, without resinous exudates. Ectal 14409) !
excipulum of textura prismatica-angularis, 80 –100 µm thick,
cells thin-walled, hyaline to very pale yellow, unchanged in KOH, Kanouse (1949) only had dried material of O. rainierensis and
15–21 × 6–11 µm. Surface with low flattened warts, 40–60 µm described the outside of the apothecia as ‘ochraceous buff ’,
high, formed by short, fasciculate hyphoid hairs, of 3 –4 ovoid ‘cinnamon buff ’ to ‘wood brown’ and the hymenium as ‘avel-
cells, constricted at septa, 8 –12 µm wide. Non-warted parts laneous’, ‘vinaceous buff’ to ‘drab grey’. For O. kauffmanii she
with 2 – 3-celled hyphoid hairs, with claviform uppermost cell, had notes on fresh material and she separated it from O. rain-
30–60 × 7–13 µm. Resinous exudates abundant, yellow, dis- ierensis based on the presence of yellow tones in the apothecia
solving into amber drops in MLZ. Basal mycelium of 3.5–7 µm (outside ‘chamois’ to ‘ochraceous’, hymenium ‘cream buff ’). We
wide, slightly swollen, very pale yellow hyphae, not changing believe O. rainierensis does have yellow apothecial tones, as
in KOH, with very scattered, spheroid to rod-shaped, yellow we observed small yellow resinous exudates (in water) in the
resinous exudates, dissolving in MLZ. type collection of O. rainierensis, and as observed in closely
Specimens examined. Denmark, NE Jylland, Rubjerg Knude Plantage, allied species the yellow colour can fade and almost disappear
under Abies in large fairy ring, 28 Aug. 2006, J. Vesterholt & L. Vesterholt, with age (Fig. 32b). Different spore sizes were also used to
JV06-385 (C); NE Sjælland, Ravnsholts Hegn, under Picea abies, 30 Aug. distinguish the two species. The spores of the holotype of O.
1999, B.W. Pedersen (C-F-71506). – Finland, Varsinais-Suomi, Lohja, kauffmanii are however, larger than noted in the protologue,
Jalassaari, Alho, by the Ahtiala manor, in rich forest with Quercus robur, 11.5–12.5 × 5.5–6.5 µm, Lm = 11.9 µm, Wm = 6 µm, Qm = 2
Corylus avellana, Prunus padus, cultivated Larix sibirica and Betula, 30 Aug.
(spores 8–10(–12) × 5–6(–7) µm in the protologue), and thus
1967, H. Harmaja (H6010675). – Sweden, Dalarna, Husby, Husby värdhus,
on lawn under Quercus, Tilia, Larix and Acer, 31 Aug. 1958, R. Morander overlapping with the spores of the holotype of O. rainierensis,
(UPS F-144691); Skåne, Helsinborg, Jordbodalen by Harlyckan, on sandy 11–12 × 6.5–7 µm, Lm = 11.7, Wm = 6.7 µm, Qm = 1.7. We sug-
ground in deciduous forest under Quercus, 13 July 1995, S.-Å Hanson, SÅH gest O. kauffmanii and O. rainierensis constitute a single spe-
30601 (C); Uppland, Djurö, Runmarö, Södersunda, in the city, on the ground cies, based on molecular and morphological study of the type
under Syringa, 18 Sept. 1949, G. Haglund & R. Rydberg (S-F108338, UPS material (Fig. 3). Our ITS sequences of the holotypes differ by
F-144689); Uppland, Uppsala, Sunnersta, Almlund, calcareous, humus-rich
4 bp. See also comments on O. microspora under Excluded,
clay, 23 Aug. 1986, J. Nitare (UPS F-119845). – UK, Northampshire, King´s
Cliffe, on soil, 1853, M.J. Berkeley (K(M) 144046, syntype of P. phlebophora); dubious and imperfectly known taxa. Otidea rainierensis is
North Somerset, Brislington, The Beeches, Sept. 1853, C.E. Broome (K(M) characterised by a smooth apothecial base, long and relatively
194582, syntype of P. phlebophora). broad spores, compared to the rest of the species in the O. con-
cinna clade, and by paraphyses with abruptly enlarged, broadly
Other specimen examined. Otidea integra — Italy, Sopramonte, 1892,
G. Bresadola (S-F108342). Locality not specified, in silvis mixtis, 1892, G. Bre- clavate to globose apices.
sadola (PC 124965).
Notes — Otidea phlebophora is primarily characterised by Excluded, dubious and imperfectly known

high anastomosing ribs and veins towards the apothecial base. taxa
Diagnostic characters are in addition, the predominantly entire
apothecia, with a citrine yellow outside. For a comparison with Cochlearia (Cooke) Lambotte, Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, ser.
O. concinna, O. minor and O. oregonensis see Notes under 2. 14: 323. 1888
those species. Harmaja (1986) elevated O. integra to species Nom. illegit. Art. 53.1, non Cochlearia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 647. 1753 (Cruciferae).
rank based on smaller apothecia and broader, curved paraphy- Basionym. Peziza subg. Cochlearia Cooke, Mycographia part 6: 252
ses. The likely original specimen of O. integra collected in 1892 (‘Index Systematicus’). 1879.
and kept in Bresadola’s herbarium (S-F108342), shows curved
paraphyses up to 5 µm broad, the same as Harmaja (1986, Notes — Eckblad (1968) selected Peziza cochleata as the
2009a) gave for O. phlebophora. The paraphyses in the O. phle- type species for the genus Cochlearia considering it a synonym
bophora material examined by us were straight to bent, and of Otidea. However, Rifai (1968) had already selected Peziza
otherwise similar to the original material of O. integra. In spite of aurantia as the type species, herewith making Cochlearia a
the morphological similarity, the ITS2 sequence of O. integra (281 synonym of Aleuria. He felt too much doubt had surrounded
bp obtained) is different from the ITS sequences of the material the identity of P. cochleata and it better not be selected as the
assigned to O. phlebophora by us, and we preliminary accept type species.
Otidea abietina (Pers.) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Otidea auriculariiformis Henn., Hedwigia 36: 232. 1897
Naturk. 23 – 24: 330. 1870 ‘1869 –1870’
Holotype. Brazil, A. Glaziou no. 20181 (S-F9965, ex Herb. Sydow) !
Basionym. Peziza abietina Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 113. 1794: Fr., Syst.
Mycol. 2: 47. 1822. Notes — This species belongs to the genus Phillipsia, Sar-
≡ Discina abietina (Pers.) Rehm, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., ed. 2, 3: 977. 1896. coscyphaceae. The large spores, (30.5 –)31.5 – 36.5(– 37) ×
≡ Pseudotis abietina (Pers.) Boud., Icon. Mycol. list prél. 600 sp.: 3 (un- 12.5–14.0 µm (Lm = 33.2 µm, Wm = 13.1 µm, from 13 spores),
numbered page). 1904. are ellipsoid, inequilateral in profile view, smooth or with faint
cyanophobic, parallel, longitudinal ridges. Asci seem thick-
Notes — Nannfeldt (1966) stated that the original material
walled, with an internal eccentric thickened apical pad. The
belongs to Peziza badia, but Harmaja (2009a) and Carbone
medullary excipulum is of interwoven hyphae, running mostly
(2010c) reported two collections in Persoon’s herbarium under
parallel with the outer surface and the ectal excipulum is a
O. abietina representing O. propinquata and a third collection
narrow band of textura prismatica, with the long axes of the
O. bufonia. If typified with elements belonging to either O. pro-
cells parallel to the exterior. The tropical distribution and the
pinquata or O. bufonia, the name O. abietina would take priority
substrate, suggested in the diagnosis to be wood, are typical
over any of those. Otidea abietina is the type species of the
for Phillipsia.
genus Pseudotis (Boud.) Boud. The identity of Pseudotis will
thus remain open until O. abietina is clarified or typified. Another
way to typify O. abietina would be to select an element belong- Otidea cinerascens Velen., Novit. Mycol.: 152 .1947
ing to Peziza badia. However, this choice should be studied Holotype. Czech Republic, Moravia, Žarošice, Aug. 1940, V. Vacek (PRM
more thoroughly, since it would make Pseudotis available as 151779).
a genus name for the Peziza depressa-Ruhlandiella lineage, if
Notes — The grey-ochraceous apothecia and spores with
Peziza is split into smaller genera in the future (Hansen et al.
parallel sides suggest O. cinerascens belongs to the O. aluta-
2005). For the time being we regard O. abietina as a nomen
cea complex. Type not studied by us, but annotated in 2009 by
ambiguum, as several others (Harmaja 2009a, Carbone 2010c,
B. Spooner as O. alutacea (a photograph of the collection and
Parslow & Spooner 2013).
annotation provided by Jan Holec, PRM).
Otidea alba Velen., Monograph. Discom. Bohemiae 1: 354.

Otidea cochleata (L.) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins
1934
Naturk. 23–24: 329. 1870. ‘1869 –1870’
Holotype. Czech Republic, Karlštejn, Sept. 1924, Fechtner (PRM 149788) !
Basionym. Peziza cochleata L., Sp. Pl. 4: 183. 1753: Fr., Syst. Mycol.,
Notes — The holotype specimen has the typical oblong Index: 129. 1832.
spores of the O. alutacea complex, (13.5 –)14.5 –16.5(–17.5) ≡ Cochlearia cochleata (L.) Lambotte, Fl. Mycol. Belgique 1: 323. 1880.
× 6.5–7.5 µm (Lm = 14.9 µm, Wm = 6.9, Qm = 2.1). Judging from Notes — The interpretation of the original description is
the spore size, O. alba might represent either O. alutacea s.str. difficult, but O. cochleata has been treated as a taxon in the O.
or the O. alutacea clade 3b. It should be considered in future alutacea group (e.g. Lundell & Nannfeldt 1938, Dissing 2000,
studies of the complex. Mornand & Courtecuisse 2005, Zhuang 2006), probably follow-
ing Bulliard (1791: plate 154 as Peziza cochleata). Part of the
Otidea aurantia (Pers.) Massee, Brit. Fungus-Fl. 4: 448. 1895 Bulliard plate (f. b) has now been selected as the lectotype for
O. alutacea (Carbone 2010a). The name O. cochleata should
Basionym. Peziza aurantia Pers., Observ. Mycol. 2: 76. 1800: Fr., Syst.
be considered in future revisions of the O. alutacea complex.
Mycol. 2: 49. 1822.
For a review of the nomenclatural history of O. cochleata see
Notes — This is the type species of Aleuria, A. aurantia Carbone (2010a) and Parslow & Spooner (2013).
(Pers.: Fr.) Fuckel.
Otidea darjeelensis (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 4. 1892
Otidea aurantia var. atromarginata (W. Phillips & Plowr.)
Basionym. Peziza darjeelensis Berk., Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc.
Massee, Brit. Fungus-Fl. 4: 449. 1895 3: 202. 1851.
Basionym. Peziza aurantia var. atromarginata W. Phillips & Plowr., Gard.
Notes — Rifai (1968) stated that the type specimen of P. dar-
Chron. 17: 191. 1882.
jeelensis at Kew has iodine positive asci and echinulate spores,
Notes — The blood red disc with short, obtuse, dark brown, and does not belong to Otidea. Two collections of P. darjeelensis
3–4 septate hairs, giving the margin a dark appearance suggest are present in Kew that may represent original material: India,
this may be a species of Melastiza. The spores are tuberculate Sikkim, J.D. Hooker (K(M) 177412, ex Herb. Berkeley); and
with thread-like appendages. India, Sikkim (K(M) 177413, ex Herb. Cooke). No annotation
label by Rifai was found (B. Aguirre-Hudson, pers. comm. ), but
he most likely studied the collection from Berkeley’s herbarium,
Otidea aurantia var. stipitata (W. Phillips) Massee, Brit. Fungus-
because he listed J.D. Hooker as the collector. The collection
Fl. 4: 448. 1895
K(M) 177413 might be a part of K(M) 177412, because Cooke
Basionym. Peziza aurantia var. stipitata W. Phillips, Man. Brit. Discom.: (1876, f. 215) illustrated P. darjeelensis from specimens in
57. 1887. Berkeley’s herbarium. Both collections should be studied and
Notes — The small, bright scarlet apothecia with a ‘stem a lectotype selected.
equalling the height of the cup, 4 mm’ and the ornamented
spores suggest this is a species of Aleuria or Sowerbyella. It was Otidea dochmia (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8:
described as a variety of Aleuria aurantia (as Peziza aurantia 95. 1889
Oed.). Ramsbottom (1914) cited O. aurantia var. stipitata as a
Basionym. Peziza dochmia Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10:
synonym of Sowerbyella rhenana (as Aleuria rhenana Fuckel), 364. 1869.
but the type material is presumably lost (Spooner & Yao 1995) ≡ Phillipsia dochmia (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seaver, N. Amer. Cup-fungi,
and no modern interpretation can be provided. Operc.: 184. 1928.
≡ Aurophora dochmia (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rifai, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Notes — The original sense of O. grandis corresponds most
Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., sect. 2, 57: 52. 1968. likely to a species of the Peziza depressa-Ruhlandiella lineage
Notes — This is the type species of the genus Aurophora. (Hansen et al. 2005) due to the lack of a split. No original mate-
Rifai (1968) distinguished Aurophora from Phillipsia by its fan- rial of O. grandis seems to be kept in Persoon´s herbarium (L).
shaped apothecia and the presence of a gelatinous matrix in The name O. grandis has been used for O. bufonia (Boudier
the medullary excipulum. 1905; specimen PC0093644 is O. bufonia) or O. unicisa (Ka-
nouse 1949, Liu & Zhuang 2006). We regard it here as a nomen
dubium and confusum in agreement with Harmaja (2009a).
Otidea domingensis (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 97. 1889
Basionym. Peziza domingensis Berk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. II, 9: 201.
Otidea grandis var. scheremetjeffii Henn., Hedwigia 42, 3:
1852.
(116). 1903
Notes — This is the type species of the genus Phillipsia,
Notes — Hennings (1903) described this taxon based on
P. domingensis (Berk.) Berk. (see Hansen et al. 1999).
specimens kept in formalin and the colours provided in the
protologue are probably imprecise. The spore size can fit
Otidea doratophora (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 96. O. bufonia or O. onotica, but there is no type material extant in
1888 B or S, and a precise interpretation cannot be proposed here.
Basionym. Peziza doratophora Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 1: 90. 1885.
Notes — The small spores and asci, along with the pointed Otidea harperiana Rehm, Ann. Mycol. 2: 34. 1904
paraphyses, suggest this taxon does not belong to Otidea. Cash Holotype. USA, Ohio, Blue Mountains, on ground, 6 June 1903, Harper
(1953) proposed O. doratophora is a synonym of Ionomidotis 333 (S-F9961, ex Herb. Rehm, ‘Herb. R.A. and A.M. Harper 333’) !
irregularis (Schwein.) E.J. Durand (as Midotis irregularis).
Notes — This species is closely related or conspecific with
Peziza phyllogena Cooke. The asci are strongly amyloid in
Otidea euplecta (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 97. 1889 MLZ with a general bluing over the apex and the spores are
Basionym. Peziza euplecta Cooke, Mycographia part 3: 125. 1876. ornamented with irregular, low, separate warts that are higher
and more densely placed at the poles (forming ‘pole caps’).
Holotype. USA, Alabama, Peters 4560 (K(M) 161851, ex Herb. Berkeley
Our spore measurements from the holotype, 18–19.5 × 8–9
as Peziza phlebophora var.) !
µm (Lm = 18.6 µm, Wm = 8.5 µm, from 15 spores) are larger
Notes — The type is in a poor condition: one apothecium im- than those given in the protologue, 15 –17 × 5–7 µm.
mature; the other infected. But the species likely belongs to
Sarcoscypha, Sarcoscyphaceae. The asci are inamyloid, thick-
Otidea hirneoloides (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 96. 1889
walled and with an eccentrically placed, thickened operculum,
spores are ellipsoid, slightly inequilateral, 19–21 × 10.5–11 µm, Basionym. Peziza hirneoloides Berk. in Berkeley & Curtis, J. Linn. Soc.
smooth, and paraphyses straight, filiform, branching above. The Bot. 10: 365. 1869.
≡ Phillipsia hirneoloides (Berk.) Berk., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 388. 1881.
excipulum is composed of interwoven hyphae that give rise on
the outside to shallow pustules. Notes — The wood-inhabiting, ear-shaped apothecia, and
especially, the cymbiform spores suggest this name is to be
Otidea felina (Pers.) Bres., Fungi Trident. ser. 2, fasc. 14: referred to Phillipsia. Hansen et al. (1999) suggested P. hirneo-
103. 1900 loides belongs to the Phillipsia domingensis complex.
Basionym. Peziza felina Pers., Mycol. Eur. 1: 223. 1822.

Otidea lechria (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 97. 1889
Holotype. France, prope Pariseos, sylvula Meudon (L0116774, Herb.
Persoon). Basionym. Peziza lechria Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 103.
1875.
Notes — Van Vooren & Carbone (2012) revised the holotype
and demonstrated that it belongs to the O. alutacea group. Holotype. Sri Lanka, on rotten wood, Nov. 1867, G.H.K. Thwaites
(K(M)161847, ex Herb. Berkeley).
Parslow & Spooner (2013) considered O. felina a synonym of
O. alutacea. Further studies on the O. alutacea group should Notes — B. Spooner annotated the holotype in 2008, and
consider the name O. felina, which might be epitypified for an noted it has amyloid asci and belongs to Peziza.
unequivocal interpretation.
Otidea lilacina R. Heim & L. Remy, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France

Otidea fibrillosa Massee, Brit. Fungus-Fl. 4: 449. 1895 48: 65. 1932
≡ Pseudaleuria fibrillosa (Massee) J. Moravec (‘Pseudoaleuria’), Acta
Notes — The ornamented, multi-guttulate spores and straight
Mus. Morav. Sci. Biol. 88: 51. 2003.
paraphyses suggest that this taxon does not belong to Otidea.
Notes — According to Moravec (2005) this is a species of No original material could be traced in PC (B. Buyck, pers.
Pseudaleuria, P. fibrillosa. comm.).
Otidea grandis (Pers.) Boud., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 9: Otidea lobata Rodway, Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania: 116.
10. 1893 1925 ‘1924’
Basionym. Peziza grandis Pers., Ann. Bot. Usteri 15: 27. 1795. Notes — Rifai (1968) stated that the type specimen appears
≡ Peziza abietina var. grandis (Pers.) Pers., Mycol. Eur. 1: 233. 1822.
to represent the inoperculate genus Discinella.
≡ Aleuria grandis (Pers.) Gillet, Champ. France Discomyc.: 42. 1879.
≡ Scodellina grandis (Pers.) Seaver, N. Amer. Cup-fung., Operc.: 186.
1928.
Otidea luculenta (Cooke) Massee, Brit. Fungus-Fl., 4: 450. species of Otidea. The Bucholtz herbarium was bought by the
1895 (‘leuculenta’) FH, but no authentic material of O. olivacea could be located
Basionym. Peziza luculenta Cooke, Mycographia part 3: 121. 1876.
there.
Notes — The entire, orange apothecia and straight paraphy-

Otidea onotica var. ochracea (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 95.
ses with orange granules suggest this name does not belong
1889
to Otidea. Nannfeldt (1966) noted that O. luculenta has ‘other
affinities’ than Otidea, but did not provide a generic placement. Basionym. Peziza onotica var. ochracea Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 48. 1822: Fr.
loc. cit. (‘ß ochracea’).
≡ Peziza ochracea (Fr.) P. Karst., Not. Sallsk. Fauna Fl. Fenn. Forh. 10:
Otidea luteonitens (Berk. & Broome) Massee, Brit. Fungus- 110. 1869.
Fl. 4: 449. 1895 ≡ Otidea ochracea (Fr.) Seaver, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa State Univ. 5:
45. 1904.
Basionym. Peziza luteonitens Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
II, 7: 180. 1851. Notes — Fries (1822) stated that this variety is close to
Notes — This name is currently placed in Aleuria as Aleuria O. onotica. It was elevated to species rank by Karsten (1869), who
luteonitens (Berk. & Broome) Gillet. later considered it a synonym of O. onotica (Karsten 1871). As
no original material exists and the original description is meagre,
we are not able to provide a good interpretation of this taxon.
Otidea micropus (Pers.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 98. 1889
Basionym. Peziza micropus Pers., Icon. Desc. Fung. 2: 30. 1800: Fr.,
Otidea pleurota (W. Phillips) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 97. 1889
Syst. Mycol. 2: 54. 1822.
Basionym. Peziza pleurota W. Phillips in Cooke, Mycographia part 5:
Notes — This name is a synonym of Peziza varia (Hedw.: 208. 1878.
Fr.) Fr. sensu Hansen et al. (2002). ≡ Iotidea pleurota (W. Phillips) Clem., Gen. Fungi: 175. 1909.
Holotype. England, 1877, W. Phillips (K(M)29973).
Otidea microspora (Kanouse) Harmaja, Karstenia 15: 32. 1976 Notes — Eckblad (1968) observed strongly amyloid asci in
Basionym. Otidea alutacea var. microspora Kanouse, Mycologia 41: 668. the type and concluded it belongs to Peziza. B. Spooner an-
1949. notated the type as ‘Peziza badiofusca ?’.
Notes — Kanouse (1949) described this taxon as a variety
of O. alutacea. She indicated two different collections as the Otidea radiculata (Sowerby) Bres., Fungi Trident. ser. 2, fasc.
type; A.H. Smith 9351 after the diagnosis and A.H. Smith 17699 11–13: 72. 1898
in the material examined. We have studied A.H. Smith 9351 Basionym. Peziza radiculata Sowerby, Col. Fig. Engl. Fung. 1: 46 (un-
(MICH 14406, dupl. UPS F-629985 !) and it has far larger spores numbered page), t. 114. 1797: Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 81. 1822.
than stated in the protologue (13 –15.5 × 7– 8 µm vs 9–10 ×
5.5–6.5 µm). The oblong spores, an ectal excipulum of textura Notes — This name is placed in Sowerbyella, as S. radicu-
angularis, and the absence of yellow pigment in KOH indicate lata (Sowerby) Nannf. Yao & Spooner (2006) examined the
it belongs to the O. alutacea complex. As for A.H. Smith 17699 type at K and confirmed its placement.
(UPS F-629996 !), the spores match the original description.
The apothecial shape is similar to that of O. rainierensis. A Gen- Otidea reisneri Velen., České Houby 4 –5: 872. 1922
Bank ITS sequence of a paratype of O. microspora (A.H. Smith
30502) differs only 1 bp from the ITS sequence of the holotype Notes — Svrček (1976) studied the type material and con-
of O. rainierensis (Fig. 3), but we prefer not to select a lectotype cluded it is a synonym of Sowerbyella radiculata (Sowerby: Fr.)
until all the original material has been examined. We therefore Nannf.
treat the name as doubtful for the time being.
Otidea schulzeri Quél. in Schulzer, Hedwigia 24, 4: 150. 1885
Otidea neglecta Massee, Grevillea 22: 66. 1894
Notes — The apothecia of O. schulzeri were described as
Notes — This name was erected as a new name for O. auri- elongated on one side, split, pale yellow-grey and pseudo
cula in the sense of Rehm (1883), Saccardo (1889) and Bresa stipitate. However, the very thick flesh (3–4 mm), the straight
dola (1884, as Peziza). The species that these three authors paraphyses and the spore size (20–28 µm) suggest this taxon
treated under the epithet auricula is Wynnella silvicola (Beck) does not represent Otidea. Also Nannfeldt (1966) stated that
Nannf. in its current sense. O. schulzeri could hardly belong to Otidea.
Otidea obtecta (Schwein.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 98. 1889 Otidea silvicola Beck in Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 97. 1889
Basionym. Peziza obtecta Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 4: Notes — This is Wynnella silvicola. The name was created
170. 1832 ‘1834’.
for Peziza atrofusca Beck, a later homonym for P. atrofusca
Notes — The original description gives stipitate, 1–1.5 cm Berk. & M.A. Curtis.
wide, cinnamon-coloured apothecia with a split, growing among
leaves. Seaver (1928) stated that the identity of O. obtecta is Otidea sparassis Quél., Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 54: 65. 1892
uncertain. No original material could be located in PH and the
identification of this species cannot be inferred. Notes — The uniguttulate spores do not suggest an Otidea.
This taxon might refer to a sparassoid Helvella species.
Otidea olivacea Bucholtz, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalists Moscou
2: 325. 1897 Otidea subonotica Henn., Hedwigia 36: 232. 1897
Notes — The curved, uniguttulate spores and the occurrence Notes — The original description does not provide any dis-
on a rotten trunk suggest that this taxon does not refer to a cordant feature for Otidea, except it was reported from Brazil.
No type material of O. subonotica exists in Hennings herbarium Boudier JLÉ. 1908. Icones Mycologicae, livr. 21. Klincksieck, Paris, France.
in B (Carbone 2009) or in S, and its correct placement cannot Boudier JLÉ. 1909a. Icones Mycologicae, livr. 23. Klincksieck, Paris, France.
Boudier JLÉ. 1909b. Icones Mycologicae, livr. 24. Klincksieck, Paris, France.
be inferred with certainty here.
Boudier JLÉ. 1910. Icones Mycologicae, livr. 29. Klincksieck, Paris, France.
Bresadola G. 1884. Fungi Tridentini novi, vel nondum delineati, descripti, et
Otidea succosa (Berk.) Thüm., Mycoth. Univ. 15: no. 1411. iconibus illustrati. Ser. 1, fasc. 4–5: 43–70, pl. 46–75. Monauni, Trento, Italy.
1879 Bresadola G. 1898. Fungi Tridentini novi, vel nondum delineati, descripti, et
iconibus illustrati. Ser. 2, fasc. 11–13: 47– 81, pl. 151–195. Zippel, Trento,
Basionym. Peziza succosa Berk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. I, 6: 358. Italy
1841. Bresadola G. 1900. Fungi Tridentini novi, vel nondum delineati, descripti, et
iconibus illustrati. Ser. 2, fasc. 14: 83–118, pl. 196–217. Zippel, Trento, Italy.
Notes — This is currently considered to be a species of Bresadola G. 1933. Iconographia mycologica. Vol. XXV. Trento, Italy.
Peziza s.l. (Hansen et al. 2005). Bulliard JBF. 1791. Herbier de la France. Tome 11. Paris, France.
Cao JZ, Fan L, Liu B. 1990. Some species of Otidea from China. Mycologia
82: 734 –741.
Otidea tasmanica Rodway, Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania: Carbone M. 2009. Il genere Otidea I. Sull’identità di Peziza onotica. Rivista
116. 1925 ‘1924’ di Micologia 52: 11– 28.
Carbone M. 2010a. Il genere Otidea III. Identità e tipifizione di Peziza
Notes — Rifai (1968) studied the type specimen of O. tas alutacea. Bollettino dell’Associazione Micologica ed Ecologica Romana
manica in Kew and synonymised it with Peziza praetervisa 80 – 81: 22 – 38.
Bres. (sensu Dennis, as Rifai depicted ornamented spores Carbone M. 2010b. Il genere Otidea IV. Prima parte. Otidea caligata, l’attuale
from the type specimen). Thus, O. tasmanica might be close nome di Otidea abietina sensu Breitenbach & Kränzlin, con discussione
to, or a synonym of, Peziza subviolacea Svrček. sull’abbandono dell’epiteto abietina. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilz-
kunde 88: 14 –17.
Carbone M. 2010c. Il genere Otidea IV. Seconda parte. Otidea caligata,
Otidea violacea A.L. Sm. & Ramsb., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. l’attuale nome di Otidea abietina sensu Breitenbach & Kränzlin, con dis-
5: 237. 1916 cussione sull’abbandono dell’epiteto abietina. Schweizerische Zeitschrift
für Pilzkunde 88: 64 – 66.
Holotype. England, Warwickshire, W.B. Grove 1915 (K(M) 30407, ex Herb. Carbone M, Campo E, Vauras J. 2010. Records on Otidea mirabilis and
W.B. Grove). O. tuomikoskii from Finland. Karstenia 50: 25 – 34.
Carbone M, Van Vooren N. 2010 ‘2009’. Il genere Otidea – II. Otidea fuckelii,
Notes — Parslow & Spooner (2013) examined the holotype una nuova specie pubblicata per chiarire le differenti interpretazioni di
and concluded it is a species of Peziza (cf. azureoides Dona- O. leporina. Rivista di Micologia 52: 313 – 330.
dini). Cash EK. 1953. A record of the fungi named by J.B. Ellis. Part. II. The division
of mycology and disease survey, special publication 2: 167– 345.
Clements FE, Shear CL. 1931. The genera of fungi. Wilson, New York, USA.
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INDEX to species, varieties and forms
Accepted names treated in the monograph are in bolditalic.
abietina 166, 167, 193, 195, 197, 224 formicarum 168, 171, 174, 176, 177, 179, 189, papillata 175, 179, 185, 189, 191, 198, 200
abietina var. grandis 225 197, 200, 201 papillata f. pallidefurfuracea 189
abietina f. / var. nigra 195 fuckelii 185, 187 pedunculata 206, 207, 209
alba 185, 224 fusconigra 192, 205 phlebophora 167, 168, 174, 178, 213, 217, 219,
alutacea 175–177, 179, 181, 182, 224, 225 grandis 205, 207, 208, 209, 225 220, 222, 225
alutacea var. microspora 226 grandis var. scheremetjeffii 225 phyllogena 225
angusta 176, 198, 200 harperiana 225 platyspora 178, 179, 180, 182
apophysata 167, 168, 178, 179, 180 –182 hirneoloides 225 pleurota 226
atrofusca 226 indivisa 195 –197 praetervisa 227
aurantia 223, 224 integra 168, 174, 178, 223 propinquata 167, 177, 178, 191–193, 195, 224
aurantia var. atromarginata 224 kauffmanii 171, 175, 213, 214, 223 pseudobadia 206, 209
aurantia var. stipitata 224 kaushalii 174, 176, 177, 178, 202, 205 pseudoleporina 168, 174, 176, 177, 179, 185,
auricula 167, 185, 187, 226 kunmingensis 178, 184, 185 188, 197, 200, 201
auriculariiformis 224 lactea 174, 178, 179, 213, 219 purpurea 179, 205, 211
azureoides 227 lechria 225 pusilla 192
badiofusca 226 leporina 166, 167, 171, 174, 175, 177, 179, 185, pyxidata 216
bicolor 178, 211 188, 189, 192, 209 – 211 radiculata 226
borealis 168, 171, 174, 176 –178, 212, 213 leporina f. major 185 rainierensis 174, 175, 179, 213, 214, 217, 222,
boudieri 180 leporina f. / var. minor 185, 195 223, 226
brevispora 174, 179, 205 leporina var. onotica 209 reisneri 226
brunneoparva 168, 179, 187, 191 leporina var. rubescens 185 rhenana 224
bufonia 175, 176, 179, 185, 192, 205, 206, 209, lilacina 225 rosea 209
211, 213, 219, 224, 225 lobata 225 schulzeri 226
caeruleopruinosa 168, 174, 177, 179, 213, lohjaënsis 200 scutellata 216
215, 219 luculenta 226 shimizuensis 167
caligata 189, 193, 195, 197 luteonitens 226 silvicola 167, 185, 187, 226
cantharella 167, 178, 189, 191, 192, 193, 197, marsupium var. pyxidata 216 sinensis 174, 178, 213
216, 219 micropus 226 smithii 168, 171, 176, 179, 192, 205, 209, 211
cantharella var. minor 188, 189, 219, 220 microspora 226 sparassis 226
cinerascens 185, 224 minor 174, 177, 178, 189, 213, 217, 219, 222 subconcinna 219
cochleata 166, 167, 180, 183 –185, 195, 206, mirabilis 171, 174 –176, 179, 192, 205, 207, subformicarum 168, 171, 174, 179, 197, 198,
207, 223, 224 209, 211, 213 200
cochleata var. alutacea 182 myosotis 185, 187 subonotica 226
cochleata var. umbrina 206, 175 nannfeldtii 168, 175 –177, 179, 185, 189, 191, subpurpurea 178, 211
concinna 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, 178, 189, 197, 198, 201, 202 subterranea 167, 178, 179, 181
210, 213, 216, 219, 223 neglecta 226 subviolacea 227
crassa 174, 185, 187 obtecta 226 succosa 227
daliensis 167, 168, 178–180, 181, 192, 197 ochracea 226 tasmanica 227
darjeelensis 224, 225 olivacea 192, 226 tianshuiensis 178, 213
dochmia 224 olivaceobrunnea 178, 192 tuomikoskii 171, 177, 179, 185, 189, 200, 202
domingensis 225 onotica 166, 167, 174, 177–179, 205, 209, umbrina 184, 187, 206 – 208
doratophora 225 225, 226 unicisa 167, 168, 174, 177, 178, 202, 205,
euplecta 225 onotica var. brevispora 174, 205, 206 211, 225
felina 179, 180, 185, 187, 225 onotica var. ochracea 226 varia 226
fibrillosa 225 oregonensis 168, 174, 177, 178, 213, 217, violacea 227
flavidobrunneola 177, 179, 213, 216, 217 219, 220, 223 yunnanensis 167, 174, 178, 179, 202, 204, 205

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Persoonia 35, 2015: 166 – 229

www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X688000

A monograph of Otidea (Pyronemataceae, Pezizomycetes)

INTRODUCTION Our multilocus phylogenies and robust hypotheses of species

© 2015 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures

MATERIALS AND METHODS intR (5´-CACTGGGTAATTGGAGGTTT-3´); ConcITS2midF

Taxon Voucher Locality /year/collector GenBank Accession no 4

Monascella botryosa CBS 233.85 Spain, 1985, J. Guarro – KC012688

Taxon Voucher Locality /year/collector GenBank Accession no 4

O. kauffmanii (2) MICH14409 USA, 1915, C.H. Kauffman KF717579 –

Taxon Voucher Locality /year/collector GenBank Accession no 4

RESULTS of which 145 were parsimony informative characters. The inser-

100 O. cantharella (3) SE O. cantharella

100 O. alutacea (22) NO

99 O. sp. ‘b’ SE O. sp. ‘b’

O. formicarum (1) FI O. oregonensis (2) US

100 100 O. sp. ‘a’ (2) SE

TAXONOMY 4. Spores 14 –17 × 7–9 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. O. kaushalii

Holotype. Finland, Kainuu, Paltamo, Melalahti, Myllymäki, predominantly

(Fig. 2) and the LSU phylogeny place FH301035 as a strongly

Misapplied names Bourgneuf-en-Retz, 5 Nov. 2009, G. Moyne, NV 2009.11.01 (S); Picardie,

Holotype. Finland, Koillismaa, Kuusamo, Juuma, Jäkälävuoma, western 6

Apothecia gregarious to caespitose, 12–22 mm high, 8–15 mm 5.2

Notes — Otidea oregonensis is characterised by a citrine

Notes — Otidea phlebophora is primarily characterised by Excluded, dubious and imperfectly known

Otidea alba Velen., Monograph. Discom. Bohemiae 1: 354.

Basionym. Peziza felina Pers., Mycol. Eur. 1: 223. 1822.

Otidea lilacina R. Heim & L. Remy, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France

Notes — The entire, orange apothecia and straight paraphy-

INDEX to species, varieties and forms

Accepted names treated in the monograph are in bolditalic.

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Notes — Otidea oregonensis is characterised by a citrine

Notes — Otidea phlebophora is primarily characterised by Excluded, dubious and imperfectly known

Notes — The entire, orange apothecia and straight paraphy-