International Journal of

Environmental Research
and Public Health

Article
Factors Influencing Abortion Decision-Making
Processes among Young Women
Mónica Frederico 1,2, *, Kristien Michielsen 1 , Carlos Arnaldo 2 ID
and Peter Decat 3
1 International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
[email protected]
2 Centro de Estudos Africanos, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, C. P. 1993, Maputo, Mozambique;
[email protected]
3 Department of Family Medicine and primary health care, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
[email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +258-82-435-1370

Received: 29 December 2017; Accepted: 11 February 2018; Published: 13 February 2018

Abstract: Background: Decision-making about if and how to terminate a pregnancy is a dilemma for
young women experiencing an unwanted pregnancy. Those women are subject to sociocultural and
economic barriers that limit their autonomy and make them vulnerable to pressures that influence or
force decisions about abortion. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the individual,
interpersonal and environmental factors behind the abortion decision-making process among young
Mozambican women. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Maputo and Quelimane.
Participants were identified during a cross-sectional survey with women in the reproductive age
(15–49). In total, 14 women aged 15 to 24 who had had an abortion participated in in-depth interviews.
A thematic analysis was used. Results: The study found determinants at different levels, including
the low degree of autonomy for women, the limited availability of health facilities providing abortion
services and a lack of patient-centeredness of health services. Conclusions: Based on the results of the
study, the authors suggest strategies to increase knowledge of abortion rights and services and to
improve the quality and accessibility of abortion services in Mozambique.

Keywords: abortion; decision-making; young women; Maputo; Quelimane

1. Introduction
Abortion among adolescents and youth is a major public health issue, especially in developing
countries. Estimates indicate that 2.2 million unplanned pregnancies and 25% (2.5 million) unsafe
abortions occur each year, in sub-Saharan Africa, among adolescents [1]. In 2008, of the 43.8 million
induced abortions, 21.6 million were estimated to be unsafe, and nearly all of them (98%) took place in
developing countries, with 41% (8.7 million) being performed on women aged 15 to 24 [2].
The consequences of abortion, especially unsafe abortion, are well documented and include
physical complications (e.g., sepsis, hemorrhage, genital trauma), and even death [3–6]. The physical
complications are more severe among adolescents than older women and increase the risk of morbidity
and mortality [6,7]. However, the detrimental effects of unsafe abortion are not limited to the individual
but also affect the entire healthcare system, with the treatment of complications consuming a significant
share of resources (e.g., including hospital beds, blood supply, drugs) [5,8].
The decision if and how to terminate a pregnancy is influenced by a variety of factors at different
levels [9]. At the individual level these factors include: their marital status, whether they were
the victim of rape or incest [10,11], their economic independence and their education level [10,12].
Interpersonally factors include support from one’s partner and parental support [12]. Societal
determinants include social norms, religion [9,13], the stigma of premarital and extra-marital sex [14],

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329; doi:10.3390/ijerph15020329 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 2 of 13

adolescents’ status, and autonomy within society [12]. At the organizational level, the existence of sex
education [10,14], the health care system, and abortion laws influence the decisions if and where to
have an abortion.
Those factors are related to power and (gender) inequalities. They limit young women’s autonomy
and make them vulnerable to pressure. Additionally, the situation is exacerbated when there is a lack
of clarity and information on abortion status, despite the existence of a progressive law in this regard.
For example, Mozambican law has allowed abortion if the woman’s health is at risk since the
1980s [15–18]. In 2014, a new abortion law was established that broadened the scope of the original law:
women are now also allowed to terminate their pregnancy: (1) if they requested it and it is performed
during the first 12 weeks; (2) in the first 16 weeks if it was the result of rape or incest, or (3) in the
first 24 weeks if the mother’s physical or mental health was in danger or in cases of fetus disease or
anomaly. Women younger than 16 or psychically incapable of deciding need parental consent [19,20].
Notwithstanding the progressive abortion laws in Mozambique, hospital-based studies report
that unsafe abortion remains one of the main causes of maternal death in Mozambique [3]. However,
hospital cases are only a small share of unsafe abortions in the country. Many women undergo an
abortion in illegal and unsafe circumstances for a variety of reasons [3], such as legal restrictions,
the fear of stigma [21–23], and a lack of knowledge of the availability of abortion services [3,9,23].
According to the 2011 Mozambican Demographic Health Survey (DHS), at least 4.5% of all
adolescents reported having terminated a pregnancy [24]. Unpublished data from the records of
Mozambican Association for Family Development (AMODEFA) which has a clinic that offers sexual
and reproductive health services, including safe abortion, indicate that from 2010 to 2016 a total
of 70,895 women had an induced abortion in this clinic, of which 43% were aged 15 to 24. Of the
1500 women that had an induced abortion in the AMODEFA clinic in the first three months of 2017,
27.9% were also in this age group [25]. These data show the high demand for (safe) abortion among
young women.
For all this described above, Mozambique is an interesting place to study this decision-making
process; given the changing legal framework, women may have to navigate gray areas in terms of
legality, safety, and access when seeking abortion, which is stigmatized but necessary for the health,
well-being, and social position of many young women.
The objective of this study is to explore the individual, interpersonal and environmental factors
behind the abortion decision-making process. This entails both the decision to have an abortion and
the decision on how to have the abortion. By examining fourteen stories of young women with an
episode of induced abortion, we contribute to the documentation of the circumstances around the
abortion decision making, and also to inform the policymakers on complexity of this issue for, which
in turn can contribute to improve the strategies designed to reduce the cases of maternal morbidity
and mortality in Mozambique.

2. Materials and Methods

This is an exploratory study using in-depth interview to explore factors related to abortion
decision-making in a changing context. As research on this topic is limited, we opted for a qualitative
research framework that aims to identify factors influencing this decision-making process.

2.1. Location of the Study

The study was conducted in two Mozambican cities, Maputo and Quelimane. These cities were
selected because they registered more abortions than other cities in the same region. According to
the 2014 data from the Direcção Nacional de Planificação, 629 and 698 women, respectively, were
admitted to the hospital due to induced abortion complications in Maputo and Quelimane [26].
Furthermore, the two differ radically in terms of culture, with Maputo in the South being patrilineal
and Quelimane in the Central Region matrilineal, which could influence the abortion decision-making
process. The fieldwork took place between July–August 2016 and January–February 2017.
 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, x 3 of 12

and
Int. Quelimane
J. Environ. in the
Res. Public Central
Health Region
2018, 15, 329 matrilineal, which could influence
the abortion decision-making
3 of 13
process. The fieldwork took place between July–August 2016 and January–February 2017.

2.2.
2.2.Data
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Figure 1. The process of recruitment of the participants.

Figure 1. The process of recruitment of the participants.

Participants
Participantswho were
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who reported an abortion
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In this contact, (MF) introduced
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participant of the study she took part in, explained the follow-up study and asked
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To start the interview, the participant was invited to tell her life history from puberty until the
moment when the abortion occurred. During the conversation, we used probing questions to elicit
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 4 of 13

more details. Gradually, we added questions related to the abortion and factors that influenced the
decision process. The main questions were related to the pregnancy history, abortion decision-making,
and help-seeking behaviour. The guideline was adapted from WHO tools [27,28]. Before the
implementation of the guideline, it was discussed first with another Mozambican researcher to see how
they fell regarding the question. After those questions were revised or removed from the guideline.

2.3. Data Analysis

The analysis consisted of three steps: transcription, reading, and codification with NVivo version
11(QSR International Pty Ltd., Doncaster, Australia). After an initial reading, one of the authors
(MF) developed a coding tree on factors determining the decision-making. A structured thematic
analysis was used to make inferences and elicit key emerging themes from the text-based data [29,30].
The coding tree was based on the ecological model, which is a comprehensive framework that
emphasizes the interaction between, and interdependence of factors within and across all levels
of a health problem since it considers that the behaviour affects and is affected by multiple levels of
influence [31,32].
Next, the codes and the classification were discussed among the researchers (Mónica Frederico,
Kristien Michielsen, Carlos Arnaldo and Peter Decat). Finally, the data was interpreted, and conclusions
were drawn [33].

2.4. Ethical Consideration

Before the implementation of this research, we obtained ethical approval from the Institutional
Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Nacional Bioethical Committee for Health (IRB00002657).
We also asked for the institutional approval of the Minister of Health and authorities at the provincial
and community levels. The participants gave their informed consent after the objectives and interview
procedures had been explained to them. The participants were informed that they might be contacted
and invited, within six months, to participate in another interview.

2.5. Concepts
The providers are the people who carried out the abortion procedure. These may be categorized
into skilled and unskilled providers: the former refers to a professional (i.e., nurse or doctor) offering
abortion services to a client, while the latter is someone without any medical training. Another concept
that requires further explanation is the legal procedure. This corresponds to a set of steps to be followed
to comply with the law [19,20]. Specifically, this means that a committee should authorize the induced
abortion and an identification document should be available, as well as an informed consent form from
the pregnant woman. If the woman is a minor, consent is given by her legal guardian. An ultrasound
exam is required to determine the gestational age.

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of the Participants

The characteristics of the interviewees are summarized in Table 1. The 14 participants were
aged 17 to 24 years. Eight had completed secondary school, four had achieved the second level of
primary school, and two were university students. Almost all (13) were Christian. Five participants
were studying, eight were unemployed, and one was working. The median age of their first sexual
intercourse was 15.5 years. Participants reported living with one or both parents (12), with their uncle
(1) or alone (1). They lived in suburban areas of Maputo and Quelimane, which are slums with poor
living conditions. In these areas, most households earn their income through small businesses that
also involve child labour (e.g., selling food or drinks).
Among the participants, five reported more than one pregnancy. One interviewee first had a
stillbirth and then two abortions. Another woman gave birth to a girl and afterward terminated two
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 5 of 13

pregnancies. Two interviewees reported two pregnancies, the first of which was brought to full term
and the second one terminated. One woman first had an abortion and afterward gave birth to a child.
In short, 14 interviewees in total reported on the experiences and decision-making of 16 abortions.
One participant stated that the pregnancy was the consequence of rape. Of the 16 reported abortions,
seven were performed after the new law came into force at the end of 2014, and nine were carried out
before this time.

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics and abortion procedure.

Characteristics of Respondents Categories Median/Number

Age (median, range) - 21 (min: 17; max: 24)
Age at sexual activity onset (median, range) - 15.5 (min: 14; max: 18)
Primary school 4
Education attainment (number) Secondary School 8
University 2
Catholic + Evangelic 13
Religion (number)
Muslim 1
Studying 5
Occupation (number) Without occupation 8
Vendor 1
Abortion procedure Number of clients
Skilled 12
Provider characteristics
Unskilled 2
Health facility 7
Location of abortion
Outside of health facility 7
Pills 5
Treatment for abortion Aspiration/curettage 8
Traditional medicine 1
Yes 0
Followed legal procedure
No 14

3.2. Abortions Stories

In this study, 12 abortions were done by skilled providers and two by unskilled providers. The
unskilled providers were a mother and a husband, respectively. None of the cases, whose abortion
was done by a skilled provider, included in this study followed the legal procedure.
In the analysis of the interviews, we studied the personal, interpersonal and environmental
factors that influenced six different types of abortion stories, see Table 2: (1) an abortion was performed
because the pregnancy was unwanted; (2) an abortion was carried out although the pregnancy was
wanted; (3) the abortion was done by an unskilled provider at home; (4) an abortion was carried out by
a skilled provider outside the hospital; (5) a particular abortion procedure (medical or chirurgical) was
chosen, and (6) the legal procedure was not followed in the hospital. Factors influencing the choice for
a particular technical procedure were also examined.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 6 of 13

Table 2. Summary of induced abortion stories. (We changed the table format, please confirm.)

Abortion Stories Personal Interpersonal Environmental

Unable to be a mother
Had a bad past experience
Has another child
Unwanted pregnancy (5 + 1 *) Lack of support The result of rape
Wanted to study
Financial problems
Felt depressed
Partner did not recognize the child
Convinced by sister
Afraid of being sent away
Abortion although pregnancy is wanted
Convinced/forced by mother
(7)
Partner did not want the child
Partner’s behaviour changed
Partner was married
Carried out by partner
Unskilled provider (2)
Carried out by mother
Abortion services are not available in the
Unaware of legal obligations
Abortion outside hospital (8) Provider told us to go to his home local healthcare settings
Lack of money Fear of signing a document
Mother said that they would kill me at
Abortion at home (2) hospital
Decided by partner
Decided by provider (aspiration,
Technical procedure curettage **, pills ***)
Husband gave traditional medicine (1)
Why the legal procedure is not followed Information about legal procedures was
Provider did not inform us about it
in the hospital (6) not available
* The result of rape; ** Seven participants; *** six participants.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 7 of 13

3.3. Abortion Following an Unwanted Pregnancy

In the stories about unwanted pregnancies, mostly personal factors were mentioned as reasons,
with some interviewees stating that they felt unable to be a mother at the time of the pregnancy: “(It)
was at the time that I was taking pills that I got pregnant, and I induced abortion because I was not prepared (for
motherhood).” (24 years)
Some had had a bad experience in the past: “Maybe I would be abandoned and it would be the same.
(Sigh)... I learned with my first pregnancy.” (23 years)
Also, the existence of another child was mentioned as a reason to have an abortion: “I got pregnant
when I was 20, and I had a baby. When I became pregnant again, my daughter was a child, and I could not have
another child.” (23 years)
For other participants, studies were the main reason why the pregnancy was not wanted: “He was
informed about it, and he said that I should keep it. However, as I wanted to continue my studies, I told him no,
no (I) do not.” (17 years)
At the interpersonal level, a lack of support from the partner was often mentioned as a reason
for not wanting the baby: “He said that he recognizes the paternity, but it is not to keep that pregnancy.”
(22 years)
Women frequently mentioned environmental circumstances related to their poor socio-economic
situation: “I am staying at Mom's house; it is not okay to still be having babies there.” (23 years)
“At home, we do not have any resources to take care of this child!” (20 years)

3.4. Abortion Following a Wanted Pregnancy

In these cases, the decision to abort the pregnancy was not made by the woman herself but
imposed by others or by the circumstances.
Some participants reported that their parents/family had decided what had to be done: “They
decided while I was at school. If (it) was my decision I would keep it because I wanted it.” (18 years).
Other young women indicated the refusal of paternity as a reason to terminate the pregnancy.
“Because my son’s father did not accept the (second) pregnancy. There was a time, we argued with each
other, and we terminated the relationship. Later, we started dating again, and I got pregnant. He said it was not
possible.” (21 years)
“(he) impregnated me and after that, he dumped me, (smiles) . . . I went to him, and I said that I was
pregnant. He said eee: I do not know, that is not my child.” (20 years).
Some women told the interviewers that they were convinced by their boyfriend to have an
abortion: “I talked to him, and he said okay we are going to have an abortion and I accepted.” (22 years)
Others mentioned their partner’s indecision and changing attitude as a reason to get an abortion,
even though they did want the baby:
“I told him I was pregnant. First, he said to keep it. (Next) He was different. Sometimes he was calling me,
and other times not. I understood that he did not want me.” (20 years)
The fear of being excluded from their family due to their pregnancy was another reason reported
by participants: “So I went to talk with my older sister, and she said eee, you must abort because daddy will
kick you out of our home.” (20 years)
“As I am an orphan, and I live with my uncle, they were going to kick me out. No one would assist me.”
(20 years)

3.5. Location of the Abortion: Home-Based Versus Hospital-Based

Two young women reported having had the abortion at home by an unskilled provider. It seems
that these unskilled providers than the women (i.e. family members, partner) made the decisions.
“It was mammy and my sister (who provided the induced abortion services). My sister knows these things.”
(18 years)
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 8 of 13

“He (the father of the child) came to my house and took me back to his house. It was that moment when I
aborted.” (21 years)
Of the 16 abortions, seven were performed through health services, by a skilled provider. For some
of them, the choice for a health service was influenced by the fact of knowing someone at the
health facility.
“I went to talk to her (friend), and she said that “I have an aunt who works at the hospital, she can help you.
Just take money”.” (20 years)
“I Already knew who could induce it (abortion). No, I knew that person. I went to the hospital, and I talked
to her, (and) she helped me.” (22 years)
Other participants went to the health facility, but due to the lack of money to pay for an abortion
at the facilities they sought help out of the health facility: “They charged us money that we did not have.
The ladies did not want to negotiate anything. I think they wanted 1200 mt (17.1 euros) if I am not wrong.
He had a job, but he (boyfriend) did not have that amount of money.” (22 years)
Some participants reported that they had an abortion outside regular facilities because the health
provider recommended going to his house: “She (mother) was the one who accompanied me. She is the one
who knows the doctor. We went to the central hospital, but he (the doctor) was very busy, and he told us to go to
his house.” (17 years)
Others reported the fear of signing a document as a reason to seek help outside of official channels:
“I heard that to induce abortion at the hospital it is necessary for an adult to sign a consent form. I was afraid
because I did not know who could accompany me. Because at that time I only wanted to hide it from others.”
(22 years).

3.6. Abortion Procedure

The women were not able to explain why a particular abortion procedure (i.e., pills or aspiration,
curettage) was used. It appears that they were not given the opportunity to choose and that they
submitted themselves to the procedure proposed by the provider.
“The abortion was done here at home. They just went to the pharmacy, bought pills and gave them to me.”
(18 years)

3.7. Legal Procedure

None of those treated at the hospital stated that legal procedures were followed. They also
mentioned that they had to pay without receiving any official receipt.
“First we got there and talked to a servant (a helper of the hospital). The servant asked for money for a
refreshment so he could talk to a doctor. After we spoke (with servant), he went to the doctor, and the doctor
came, and we arranged everything with him.” (22 years)
“We went to the health center, and we talked to those doctors or nurses I mean, they said that they could
provide that service. It was 1200 mt (17.1 euros), and they were going to deal with everything. They did not give
us the chance to sign a document and follow those procedures.” (20 years)

4. Discussion
The objective of this study was to describe abortion procedures and to explore factors influencing
the abortion decision-making process among young women in Maputo and Quelimane.
The study pointed out determinants at the personal, interpersonal and environmental level.
Analysing the results, we were confronted with four recurring factors that negatively impacted on
the decision-making process: (1) women’s lack of autonomy to make their own decisions regarding
the termination of the pregnancy, (2) their general lack of knowledge, (3) the poor availability of local
abortion services, and (4) the overpowering influence of providers on the decisions made.
The first factor involves women’s lack of autonomy. In our study, most women indicate that
decisions regarding the termination of a pregnancy are mostly taken by others, sometimes against
their will. Parents, family members, partners, and providers decide what should happen. As shown
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 9 of 13

in the literature, this lack of autonomy in abortion decision-making is linked to power and gender
inequality [34–38]. On the one hand, power reflects the degree to which individuals or groups can
impose their will on others, with or without the consent of those others [34,37,38]. In this case,
the power of the parent/family is observed when they, directly or indirectly, influence their daughters
to induce an abortion, for instance by threatening to kick them out of their home. On the other
hand, gender inequality is also a factor. This refers to the power imbalance between men and women
and is reflected by cases in which the partner makes the decision to terminate the pregnancy [38].
Besides this, the contextual environment of male chauvinism in Mozambique also makes it more
socially acceptable for men to reject responsibility for a pregnancy [34,35,37,39,40]. Finally, women’s
economic dependence makes them more vulnerable, dependent and subordinated. For economic
reasons, women, have no other choice but to obey and follow the family or partner’s decisions. Closely
linked with women’s lack of autonomy is their lack of knowledge. Interviewees report that they do not
know where abortion services are provided. They are not acquainted with the legal procedures and do
not know their sexual rights. This lack of knowledge among women contributes to the high prevalence
of pregnancy termination outside of health facilities and not in accordance with legal procedures.
Our participants often report that abortion services are absent at a local level, as has also been
pointed out by Ngwena [41]. This is a particular problem in Mozambique. Not all tertiary or quaternary
health facilities are authorized to perform abortions. The fact that only some tertiary and quaternary
facilities are allowed to do so creates a shortage of abortion centres to cover the demand. In fact, only
people with a certain level of education and a sufficiently large social network have access to legal and
proper abortion procedures.
Finally, our study shows that providers mostly decide on the location, the methods used and the
legality of abortion procedures. Patients are highly dependent on the health providers’ commitment,
professionality and accuracy and the selected procedures are not mutually decided by the provider and
the patient. Providers often do not refer the client to the reference health facility or do not inform them
of the legal procedures, creating a gap between law and practice that stimulates illegal and unsafe
procedures. The reasons for this are unclear. It might be due to a lack of knowledge among health
providers too, and, perhaps, provider saw here an opportunity to supplement the low salary [42].
Participants who seek help at the health facility they do so contacting the provider in particular, as
indication given by someone.
This corroborates with studies conducted by Ngwena [41,43], Doran et al. [44], Pickles [45],
Mantshi [46], and Ngwena [47], which pointed out the obstacles related to the availability of services
and providers’ attitudes towards safe abortion, although the law grants the population this right [41,
43–47]. As Ngwena [41,43] argues, the liberalization of abortion laws is not always put into practice
and abortion rights merely exist on paper. Braam’ study [48] therefore highlights the necessity of
clarifying and informing women and providers of the current legislation and ensuring that abortion
services are available in all circumstances described in the law.
Finally, despite cultural differences between Maputo and Quelimane, the result did not suggest
differences between two areas studied regarding factors influencing the decision to terminate and how
the abortion is done. However, the Figure 1 suggests that there was trend to have more participants
from Maputo reporting abortion episode in her life than Quelimane. This difference maybe be because
Maputo is much more multicultural and the people of this city have more access to information
that gives them the opportunity to learn about matter of reproductive health including abortion,
than Quelimane. So, due to this there is trend decrease the taboo relation to abortion in Maputo than
in Quelimane.
These abortion stories illustrate the lack of autonomy in decision-making process given the power
and gender inequalities between adults and young women, and also between man and women. They
also show the lack of knowledge not only on the availability of abortion services at some health
facilities, as well as, on the new law on abortion. All these lacks that women have are reinforced by
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 329 10 of 13

poor availability of abortion services and the fact that the providers we not taking their role to help
those women, as it is exposed in the next sections.
This study interviewed young women who had an induced abortion at some point in their lives
(15 years up to their age at interview date). As such, it does not provide any information on the factors
behind the decisions of those who did not terminate their pregnancy.
The results presented in this paper only reflect the perceptions of the young women who had an
induced abortion, not those of their parents or partners. The paper is based on qualitative data that
provides insights into factors influencing abortion decision-making. Since the sample included in the
study is not representative for the population of young women in Mozambique, the results cannot
be generalized.

5. Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, we recommend the following measures to improve the abortion
decision-making process among young women:
First, strategies should be implemented to increase women's autonomy in decision-making:
The study highlighted that gender and power inequalities obstructed young women to make their
decision with autonomy. We reiterate the Chandra-Mouli and colleges [49] message. There is a
need to address gender and power inequalities. Addressing gender inequality, and promotion of
more equitable power relations leads to improved health outcomes. The interventions to promote
gender-equitable and power relationships, as well as human rights, need to be central to all future
programming and policies [49].
Second, patients and the whole population should be better informed about national abortion
laws, the recommended and legal procedures and the location of abortion services, since, despite
the decision to terminate pregnancy resulted to the imposition, if they were well informed on that,
maybe they could be decide on safe and legal abortion, avoiding double autonomy deprivation. At the
same time, providers must be informed about the status of national abortion laws. Additionally, they
should be trained in communication skills to promote shared decision-making and patient orientation
in abortion counseling.
Third, the number of health facilities providing abortions services should be increased, particularly
in remote areas.
Finally, health providers should be trained in communication skills to promote shared
decision-making and patient orientation in abortion counseling.
The abortion decision-making by young women is an important topic because it refers the decision
made during the transitional period from childhood to adulthood. The decision may have life-long
consequences, compromising the individual health, career, psychological well-being, and social
acceptance. This paper, on abortion decision-making, calls attention to some attitudes that lead
to the illegality of abortion despite it was done at a health facility.

Acknowledgments: Authors gratefully acknowledge the support, contribution, and comments from all those who
collaborated direct or indirectly, especially Olivier Degomme, Eunice Remane Jethá, Emilia Gonçalves, Cátia Taibo,
Beatriz Chongo, Hélio Maúngue and Rehana Capruchand.
Author Contributions: All authors contributed significantly to the manuscript. Mónica Frederico collected data
and developed the first analysis. The themes were intensively discussed with Kristien Michielsen, Carlos Arnaldo
and Peter Decat. The subsequent versions of the article were written with the active participation of all authors.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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