I.

CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

A. TREASON (ART. 114)

a. It is a breach of allegiance to a government, committed by a person
who owes allegiance to it.
b. Q: What is allegiance?
i. A: It is the obligation of fidelity and obedience, which one
owes to the government under which he lives, in return for
the protection he receives.

-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a Filipino citizen or an alien residing in the
Philippines.
2. There is a war in which the Philippines is involved.

-WAYS OF COMMITTING TREASON

1. Levying war against the government, or
2. Adhering to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort

-REQUIREMENTS OF LEVYING WAR

1. There must be an actual assembling of men
2. For the purpose of executing a treasonable design by force

-WAYS OF PROVING TREASON

1. Two‐witness rule – The testimony of two witnesses is
required to prove the same overt act of giving aid or comfort.
2. Confession of the accused in open court.

-TREASON VS REBELLION
1. Treason, the purpose of levying war is to help the enemy
while Rebellion, The purpose is merely to substitute the
government with the rebels’ own form of government.

-TREASON VS SEDITION
1. Treason, Violation by a subject of his allegiance to his
sovereign or country while Sedition is raising of commotions or
disturbances in a state.

B. CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT TREASON (ART. 115)

-ELEMENTS
1. In time of war
2. Two or more persons come to an agreement  to:
a. Levy war against the government, or
b. Adhere to enemies and to give them aid or comfort
3. They decide to commit it  
 -ELEMENTS OF PROPOSAL TO COMMIT TREASON
1. In time of war                                                                      
2. A person who has decided to levy war against the
government, or to adhere to the enemies and give them aid and
comfort.
3. Proposes its execution to some other person or persons.
C. MISPRISION OF TREASON (ART. 116)
-ELEMENTS
1. Offender must be owing allegiance to the government of the
Philippines
2. Offender is not a foreigner
3. He has knowledge of any conspiracy to commit treason
against the said government
D. ESPIONAGE (ART. 117)
-Espionage is the offense of gathering, transmitting, or losing
information respecting the national defense with intent, or there is
reason to believe that information is to be used to the injury of the
Republic of the Philippines or to the advantage of any foreign nation.

- MODES OF COMMITTING ESPIONAGE

1. First mode: By entering, without authority, a warship, fort or
military or naval establishments or reservation to obtain any
information, plans or other data of confidential nature relative
to the defense of the Philippines.
2. Second mode: By disclosing to the representative of a foreign
nation the contents of the articles data or information referred
to.

II. CRIMES AGAINST THE LAW OF NATIONS

A. INCITING TO WAR OR GIVING MOTIVES FOR REPRISALS (ART. 118)

-ELEMENTS
1. Offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts
2. Such acts provoke or give occasion for a war involving or
liable to involve the Philippines or expose the Filipino citizens to
reprisals on their persons and property.

Q: What is reprisal?
A: It is any kind of forcible or coercive measure whereby one
State seeks to exercise a deterrent effect or to obtain redress or
satisfaction, directly or indirectly, for consequences of the illegal
acts of another State which has refused to make amends for
such illegal conduct.
B. VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY (ART. 119)
- Neutrality is a condition of a nation that, in times of war, takes
no part in the dispute but continues peaceful dealings with the
belligerents.
-ELEMENTS
1. There is a war in which the Philippines is not involved  
2. A regulation is issued by a competent authority to enforce
neutrality
3. Offender violates such regulation.
C. CORRESPONDENCE WITH HOSTILE COUNTRY (ART. 120)
-ELEMENTS
1. There is war in which the Philippines is involved
2. Offender makes correspondence with the enemy country or
territory occupied by enemy troops
3. Correspondence is either –
a. Prohibited by the Government
b. Carried on in ciphers or conventional signs
c. Containing notice or information which might be
useful to the enemy or intended by the offender to aid
the enemy.
Q: What is correspondence?
A: It is communication by means of letters or it may refer to the
letters which pass between those who have friendly or business
relations.
D. FLIGHT TO ENEMY’S COUNTRY (ART. 121)
-ELEMENTS
1. Existence of war in which the Philippines is involved
2. Offender owes allegiance to the Philippines
3. Offender attempts to flee or go to the enemy country
4. Going to enemy country is prohibited by competent authority
E. PIRACY & MUTINY (ART. 122)
Piracy is robbery or depredation in the high seas, without lawful
authority and done with animo furandi (with intent to steal) and
in the spirit and intention of universal hostility.
-WAYS OF COMMITTING PIRACY
1. First mode: By attacking or seizing a vessel on the high seas or
in Philippine waters; or
2. Second mode: By seizing the whole or part of the cargo or
equipment of the vessel while on the high seas or the personal
belongings of its complements or passengers.
-ELEMENTS OF PIRACY
1. Vessel is on high seas or in Philippine waters
2. Offenders are not members of its complement or passengers
of the vessel,
3. Offenders –
a. Attack that vessel, or
 b. Seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its
equipment or personal belongings of its complement or
passengers.
High seas mean any waters on the sea coast which are without
the boundaries of the low water mark although such waters
may be in the jurisdictional limits of a foreign government, parts
of the sea that are not included in the exclusive zone, in the
territorial seas, or in the internal waters of a state, or in the
archipelagic waters of an archipelagic state
Q: What is mutiny?
A: It is the unlawful resistance to a superior officer or the raising
of commotions and disturbances on board a ship against the
authority of its commander
-ELEMENTS OF MUTINY
1. Offenders are members of the complement or
passengers of the vessel.
2. Intent to gain is immaterial.
3. Attack from the inside.
F. QUALIFIED PIRACY (ART. 123)
-QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Seizure of the vessel by boarding or firing upon the same
2. Abandonment of the victims without any means of saving
themselves
3. When the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide,
physical injuries or rape
-ANTI-PIRACY & ANTI-HIGHWAY ROBBERY (P.D. 532)
Q: What is a vessel?
A: It is vessel or watercraft used for transport of passengers and
cargo from one place to another through Philippine waters. It
shall include all kinds and types of vessels or boats used in
fishing.
Q: What constitutes Philippine highway?
A: Philippine Highway shall refer to any road, street,
passage,highway and bridges or other parts thereof or railway
or railroad within the Philippines used by persons or vehicles or
locomotives or trains for the movement or circulation of
persons or transportation of goods, articles or property or both.
Q: What is piracy?
A: Piracy is any attack upon or seizure of any vessel or the taking
away of the whole or part thereof or its cargo, equipment or the
personal belongings of its complement or passengers,
irrespective of the value thereof, by means of violence against
or intimidation of persons or force upon things committed by
any person including a passenger or member of the
complement of said vessel, in Philippine waters, shall be
considered as piracy. The offenders shall be considered as
pirates and punished as hereinafter provided.
 Q: What is highway robbery or brigandage?
A: Highway Robbery/Brigandage is the seizure of any person for
ransom, extortion or other unlawful purposes or the taking
away of the property of another by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons or force upon things or other unlawful
means, committed by any person on any Philippine Highway
- PUNISHABLE ACTS; ANTI-HIJACKING LAW P.D. NO. 6235
1. Usurping or seizing control of an aircraft of Philippine registry
while it is in flight, compelling the pilots thereof to change the
course or destination of the aircraft;
2. Usurping or seizing control of an aircraft of foreign registry
while within Philippine territory, compelling the pilots thereof
to land in any part of the Philippine territory;
3. Carrying or loading on board an aircraft operating as a public
utility passenger aircraft in the Philippines, any flammable,
corrosive, explosive, or poisonous substances;
4. Loading, shipping or transporting on board a cargo aircraft
operating as a public utility in the Philippines, any flammable,
corrosive, explosive, or poisonous substance if this was done in
accordance with the rules and regulations set and promulgated
by the Air Transportation Office on this matter;  

III. CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE STATE

A. ARBITRARY DETENTION (ART. 124)

-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a public officer or employee
2. He detains a person
3. Detention is without legal grounds.
-WITHOUT LEGAL GROUND
1. When he has not committed any crime or, at least, there is no
reasonable ground for suspicion that he has committed a crime.
2. When he is not suffering from violent insanity or any other
ailment requiring compulsory confinement in a hospital.
-RAMOS VS ENRILE G.R. NO. 81567 OCTOBER 3, 1991
-ARBITRARY DETENTION VS ILLEGAL DETENTION
Arbitrary Detention, The principal offender must be a public
officer while Illegal Detention, The principal offender is a private
person.
-ARBITRARY DETENTION VS UNLAWFUL ARREST
Arbitrary Detention , The purpose for detaining the offended
party is to deny him of his liberty while Unlawful Arrest purpose
is to accuse the offended party of a crime he did not commit, to
deliver the person to the proper authority, and to file the
necessary charges in a way trying to incriminate him.
B. DELAY IN THE DELIVERY OF DETAINED PERSONS (ART. 125)
 -ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a public officer or employee
2. He has detained a person for some legal ground
3. He fails to deliver such person to the proper judicial
authorities within:
a. 12 hours for crimes/offenses punishable by light
penalties or their equivalent;
b. 18 hours for crimes/offenses punishable by
correctional penalties or their equivalent;
c. 36 hours for crimes/offenses punishable by afflictive
penalties or their equivalent.
-WHAT IS LENGTH OF WAIVER
1. Light offense‐ 5 days  
2. Serious and less serious offenses  ‐7 to 10 days
-ARBITRARY DETENTION VS DELAY IN DELIVERY OF DETAINED
Delay in the Delivery of Detained Persons, The detention is legal
at the outset but becomes arbitrary when the detention
exceeds any of the periods of time specified in Art. 125, without
the person detained having been charged before the proper
judicial authority while Arbitrary Detention is illegal at the very
inception because of the absence of lawful cause for such
arrest.
C. DELAYING RELEASE (ART. 126)
-PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. Delaying the performance of judicial or executive order for
the release of a prisoner
2. Unduly delaying the service of the notice of such order to said
prisoner
3. Unduly delaying the proceedings upon any petition for the
liberation of such person.
-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a public officer or employee
2. There is a judicial executive order for the release of the
prisoner or detention prisoner, or that there is a proceeding
upon a petition for the liberation of such person
3. Offender without good reason delays:
a. Service of notice of such order to the prisoner, or
b. Performance of such judicial or executive order for
the release of the prisoner, or
c. Proceedings upon a petition for the release of such
person.
D. EXPULSION (ART. 127)
-ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Expelling a person from the Philippines
2. Compelling a person to change his residence
-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a public officer or employee
 2. He either:
a. Expels any person from the Philippines
b. Compels a person to change residence
3. Offender is not authorized to do so by law
-VILLAVICENCIO VS LUKBAN 39 PHIL 778
Q: What is the crime committed if aliens are deported without
an order from the President or the Commissioner of
Immigration and Deportation after due proceedings?
A: Expulsion.
Note: Only the courts by a final judgment can order a person to
change his residence.
Pursuant to Sec. 69 of the Revised Administrative Code, only the
President of the Philippines is vested with authority to deport
aliens.
E. VIOLATION OF DOMICILE (ART. 128)
-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is public officer or employee;
2. He is not authorized by judicial order to enter the dwelling
and/or to make a search for papers and for other effects.
-MODES OF COMMITTING THE CRIME
1. First mode: Entering any dwelling against the will of the
owner thereof
Note: In the first mode, lack of consent would not
suffice as the law requires that the offender’s entry
must be over the owner’s objection, express or implied.
2. Second mode: Searching papers or other effects found
therein without the previous consent of such owner
Note: In the second mode, mere lack of consent is
sufficient.
3. Third mode: Refusing to leave the premises after having
surreptitiously entered said dwelling and after having been
required to leave the same
Note: In the third mode, what is punished is the refusal
to leave, the entry having been made surreptitiously.

G. SEARCHING DOMICILE WITHOUT WITNESS (ART. 130)

-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a public officer or employee
2. He is armed with search warrant legally procured
3. He searches the domicile, papers or other belongings of any
person
4. Owner or any member of his family, or two witnesses
residing in the same locality are not present.
- SEARCH WARRANT
It is an order in writing, issued in the name of the People of the
Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer,
 commanding him to search for personal property described
therein and bring it before the court.
-REQUISITE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF SEARCH WARRANT
A search warrant shall not issue except upon probable cause in
connection with one specific offense to be determined
personally by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched
and the things to be seized which may be anywhere in the
Philippines
H. PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION, AND DISSOLUTION OF PEACEFUL
MEETINGS (ART 131)
-ELEMENTS
1. Prohibiting or interrupting, without legal ground, the
holding of a peaceful meeting, or by dissolving the same
2. Hindering any person from joining any lawful
association or from attending any of its meetings
3. Prohibiting or hindering any person from addressing,
either alone or together with others, any petition to the
authorities for correction of abuses or redress of
grievances.
I. INTERRUPTION OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP (ART. 132)
-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a public officer or employee
2. Religious ceremonies or manifestations of any
religious are about to take place or are going on
3. Offender prevents or disturbs the same
J. OFFENDING RELIGIOUS FEELINGS (ART. 133)
-ELEMENTS
1. Acts complained of were performed:
a. In a place devoted to religious worship (not
necessary that there is religious
worship)                                   
b. During the celebration of any religious
ceremony
2. Acts must be notoriously offensive to the feelings of
the faithful.
-PEOPLE VS BAES 68 PHIL 203

IV. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

1.
A. REBELLION AND INSURRECTION (ART. 134);
-PERSONS LIABLE FOR REBELLION
The persons liable for rebellion are the leaders and their
followers
 -REBELLION VS INSURRECTION
Rebellion, the object of the movement is completely to
overthrow and supersede the existing government while
Insurrection is a movement seeks merely to effect some change
of minor importance, or to prevent the exercise of
governmental authority with respect of particular matters of
subjects.
- PEOPLE V. HERNANDEZ, 99 PHIL 515
-REBELLION VS SEDITION
Rebellion, Purpose is always political, that is to overthrow the
government, Sedition, Purpose may be political or social, that is
merely to go against the established government not to
overthrow it.
B. COUP D’ ETAT (ART. 134-A)
-ELEMENTS
1. Offender is a person or persons belonging to military or police
or holding any public office or employment
2. It is committed by means of a swift attack accompanied by
violence, intimidation, threat, strategy or stealth
3. Attack is directed against duly constituted authorities of the
Republic of the Philippines or any military camp or installation,
communication networks, public utilities or other facilities
needed for the exercise and continued possession of power
4. Purpose of the attack is to seize or diminish state power
-COUP D’ ETAT VS REBELLION
Coup D’ Etat, Essence is a swift attack against the government,
its military camp or installations, communication network and
public facilities and utilities essential to the continued exercise
of governmental powers while Rebellion, Essence of the crime is
public uprising and taking up arms against the government.
2. CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL TO COMMIT REBELLION (ART. 136);
Q: When is there conspiracy to commit rebellion?
A: There is conspiracy to commit rebellion when two or more persons
come to an agreement to rise publicly and take arms against the
government for any of the purposes of rebellion and decide to commit
it.
Q: When can there be proposal to commit rebellion?
A: There is proposal to commit rebellion when the person who has
decided to rise publicly and take arms against the government for any of
the purposes of rebellion proposes its execution to some other person
or persons. Q: Is advocacy to communism tantamount to conspiracy to
commit rebellion? A: No, because mere advocacy of theory or principle
is insufficient to constitute conspiracy to commit rebellion unless the
advocacy is converted into action.
3. DISLOYALTY TO PUBLIC OFFICERS OR EMPLOYEES (ART. 137);
1. Failing to resist a rebellion by all means in their power
 2. Continuing to discharge the duties of their offices under the control of
the rebels
4. INCITING TO REBELLION (ART. 138);
1. Offender does not take arms or is not in open hostility against the
government
2. He incites others to the execution of any of the acts of rebellion
3. Inciting is done by means of speeches, proclamations, writings,
emblems, banners, or other representations tending to the same end
5. SEDITION (ART. 139);
1. Offender rise
a. Publicly, and
b. Tumultuously
2. They employ force, intimidation or other means outside of
legal methods
3. Offenders employ any of those means to attain any of the
following objects to:
a. Prevent the promulgation or execution of any law or
the holding of any popular election
b. Prevent the national government, or any public
officer from freely exercising its or his functions, or
prevent the execution of any administrative order
c. Inflicting any act of hate or revenge of any person or
property of any public officer or employee
d. Commit, for any political or social end, any act of hate
or revenge against private persons or any social cases
e. Despoil, for any political or social end any person,
municipality or province, or the National Government of
all its property or any part thereof
-TUMULTUOS
Acts are considered tumultuous if caused by more than 3
persons who are armed or provided with the means of violence.
-PERSON LIABLE FOR SEDITION
The offender may be a public or private person.
6. CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT SEDITION (ART. 141);
To be liable, there must be an agreement and determination to
rise publicly and tumultuously to attain any of the objects
specified in Art. 139
7. INCITING TO SEDITION (ART. 142);
-ELEMENTS
1. Inciting others to the accomplishment of any of the acts
which constitute sedition by means of speeches, proclamations,
writings, emblems, etc
2. Uttering seditious words or speeches which tend to disturb
the public peace
3. Writing, publishing or circulating scurrilous libels against the
government or any of the duly constituted authorities thereof,
which tend to disturb the public peace
8. ACTS TENDING TO PREVENT THE MEETING OF CONGRESS AND SIMILAR
BODIES (ART. 143);
1. There be projected or actual meeting of the Congress
or any of its committees or subcommittees,
constitutional committees or divisions thereof, or of any
provincial board or city or municipal council or board
2. Offender, who may be any person, prevents such
meeting by force or fraud
9. DISTURBANCE OF PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS OR SIMILAR BODIES
(ART. 144);
1. There is a meeting of Congress or any of its
committees or subcommittees, constitutional
commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or any
provincial board or city or municipality council or board
2. Offender does any of the following acts:
a. Disturbs any such meetings
b. Behaves while in the presence of any such
bodies, in such a manner as to interrupt its
proceedings or to impair the respect due it
10. VIOLATION OF PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY (ART. 145);
1. Using force, intimidation, threats, or frauds to
prevent any member of Congress from –  
a. Attending the meetings of congress or of any
of its committees or subcommittees,
constitutional commissions or committees
b. Expressing his opinions c. Casting his vote
2. Arresting or searching any member thereof while
Congress is in regular or special session.
11. ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES (ART. 146);
-FORMS OF ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES
1. Any meeting attended by armed persons for the
purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable
under the RPC.
2. Any meeting in which the audience, whether armed
or not, is incited to the commission of the crime of
treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition, or assault
upon a person in authority or his agents.
12. ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS (ART. 147);
-ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES VS ILLEGAL ASSOCIATION
Illegal Assembly, The basis of liability is the gathering for an
illegal purpose which constitutes a crime under the RPC while
Illegal Association, The basis is the formation of or organization
of an association to engage in an unlawful purpose which is not
limited to a violation of the RPC
13. DIRECT ASSAULTS (ART. 148);
 -WAYS TO COMMIT DIRECT ASSAULT
1. First form: Without public uprising, by employing force or
intimidation for attainment of any of the purposes enumerated
in defining the crimes of rebellion and sedition.
2. Second form: Without public uprising, by attacking, by
employing force, or by seriously intimidating or seriously
resisting any person in authority or any of his agents, while
engaged in the performance of official duties, or on the
occasion of such performance.
14. INDIRECT ASSAULTS (ART. 149);
1. Person in authority or his agent is the victim of the forms of
direct assault
2. A person comes to the aid of such authority or his agent
3. Offender makes use of force or intimidation upon such
person coming to the aid of the authority or his agent
15. DISOBEDIENCE TO SUMMONS ISSUED BY CONGRESS, ITS
-COMMITTEES, ETC., BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS, ITS
COMMITTEES, ETC. (ART. 150);
-ACT PUNISHABLES
1. Refusing, without legal excuse, to obey summons of
Congress, it’s special or standing committees and
subcommittees, the Constitutional Commissions and its
committees, subcommittees or divisions, or by any commission
or committee chairman or member authorized to summon
witnesses
2. Refusing to be sworn or placed under affirmation while being
presented before such legislative or constitutional body or
official
3. Refusing to answer any legal inquiry or to produce any books,
papers, documents or records in his possession, when required
by them to do so in the exercise of their functions  
4. Restraining another from attending as a witness in such
legislative or constitutional body
5. Inducing disobedience to a summons or refusal to be sworn
by any such body or official
16. RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO A PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR THE
AGENTS OF SUCH PERSON (ART. 151);
: 1. An agent of a person in authority is engaged in the
performance of official duty or gives a lawful order to the
offender
2. Offender disobeys such agent of a person in
authority                            
3. Such disobedience is not a serious nature
-DIRECT ASSUALT VS RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO A
PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR AGENTS OF SUCH PERSON
Resistance or Serious Disobedience, Person in authority or
his agent must be in actual performance of his duties & Committed only
 by resisting or seriously disobeying a person in authority or his agent
while Direct Assault, Person in authority or his agent must be engaged
in the performance of official duties or that he is assaulted by reason
thereof & Committed in four ways By:
1. Attacking.
2. Employing force
3. Seriously intimidating
4. Seriously resisting a person in authority or his agent
-PERSONS IN AUTHORITY (ART. 154)
A person in authority is one directly vested with jurisdiction,
that is, the power and authority to govern and execute the laws.
Ex. 1. Mayors
2. Division superintendent of school
3. Public and private school teachers
4. Provincial Fiscal
5. Judges
6. Lawyers in actual performance of duties
7. Sangguniang Bayan member
8. Barangay Chairman
9. Members of the Lupong Tagapamayapa
17. TUMULTS AND OTHER DISTURBANCES OF PUBLIC ORDER (ART. 153);
-TYPES
1. Causing any serious disturbance in a public place, office or
establishment.
2. Interrupting or disturbing performances, functions or
gatherings, or peaceful meetings, if act is not included in Arts.  
131 and 132.
3. Making any outcry tending to incite sedition in any meeting,
association or public place.
18. UNLAWFUL USE OF MEANS OF PUBLICATION AND UNLAWFUL
UTTERANCES (ART. 154);
1. Publishing or causing to be published, by means of printing,
lithography or any other means of publication, as news any false
news which may endanger the public order, or cause damage to
the interest or credit of the State.
2. Encouraging disobedience to the law or to the constituted
authorities or by praising, justifying or extolling any act
punished by law, by the same means or by words, utterances
and speeches.
3. Maliciously publishing, causing to be published any official
resolution or document without proper authority, or before
they have been published officially.
4. Printing, publishing, or distributing books, pamphlets,
periodicals or leaflets which do not bear the real printer’s name,
or which are classified as anonymous.

19. ALARMS AND SCANDALS (ART. 155);

 1. Discharging any firearm, rocket, firecracker, or other
explosive within any town or public place, calculated to cause
alarm or danger.
2. Instigating or taking an active part in any charivari or other
disorderly meeting offensive to another or prejudicial to public
tranquility.
3. Disturbing the public peace while wandering about at night or
while engaged in any other nocturnal amusements.
4. Causing any disturbance or scandal in public places while
intoxicated or otherwise, provided the act is not covered by Art.
153.
-ARANETA VS CA
20. DELIVERING PRISONERS FROM JAILS (ART. 156);
1. There is a person confined in a jail or penal establishment
2. Offender removes therefrom such person or helps the escape
of such person
21. EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE (ART. 157);
1. Offender is a convict by final judgment
2. He is serving his sentence which consist of deprivation of
liberty
3. He evades the service of his sentence by escaping during the
term of his sentence
22. EVASION ON OCCASION OF DISORDERS (ART. 158);
1. Offender is a convict by final judgment, who is confined in a
penal institution
2. There is disorder, resulting from:
a. Conflagration
b. Earthquake
c. Explosion
d. Similar catastrophe
e. Mutiny in which he has not   participated
3. Offender evades the service of his sentence by leaving the
penal institution where he is confined on the occasion of such
disorder or during the mutiny
4. Offender fails to give himself up to the authorities within 48
hours following the issuance of proclamation by Chief Executive
announcing the passing away of such calamity.
23. VIOLATION OF CONDITIONAL PARDON (ART. 159); AND
Conditional pardon is a contract between the Chief Executive, who
grants the pardon and the convict, who accepts it.
1. Offender was a convict                
2. He was granted a conditional pardon by the Chief Executive
3. He violated any of the conditions of such pardon
24. COMMISSION OF ANOTHER CRIME DURING SERVICE OF PENALTY
IMPOSED FOR ANOTHER PREVIOUS OFFENSE (ART. 160).

V. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST

1. COUNTERFEITING THE GREAT SEAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES (ART. 161);
1. Forging the great seal of the Government of the
Philippines
2. Forging the signature of the President
3. Forging the stamp of the President of the
Government of the Philippines
2. USING FORGED SIGNATURE OR COUNTERFEITING SEAL OR STAMP
(ART. 162);
1. Great Seal of the Republic was counterfeited or the
signature or stamp of the Chief Executive was forged by
another person
2. Offender knew of the counterfeiting or forgery
3. He used the counterfeit seal or forged signature or
stamp
3. MAKING AND IMPORTING AND UTTERING FALSE COINS (ART. 163);
-ACT PUNISHABLE
1. There be false or counterfeited coins
2. Offender made, imported or uttered such coins
3. In case of uttering such false or counterfeited coins,
he connived with the counterfeiters or importers
Counterfeiting- Counterfeiting means to imitate a coin that is genuine.
It gives an appearance of one of legal tender. The coin is counterfeit
even if it has more intrinsic value than the coin of legal tender.
-KINDS OF COINS THE COUNTERFEITING IF WHICH IS PUNISHED
1. Silver coin of the Philippines or coins of the Central
Bank of the Philippines
2. Coin of the minor coinage of the Philippines or of the
Central of the Bank of the Philippines
3. Coin of the currency of a foreign country.

4. MUTILATION OF COINS, IMPORTATION AND UTTERING OF MUTILATED

COINS (ART. 164);
-MUTILATION OF COINS
Mutilation means diminishing or taking off by ingenuous means
part of the metal in the coin either by filing or substituting it for
another metal of inferior quality
1. Coin mutilated is of legal tender
2. Offender gains from the precious metal dust
abstracted from the coin
3. It has to be a coin.
5. SELLING OF FALSE OR MUTILATED COINS, WITHOUT CONNIVANCE
(ART. 165);
 1. Possession of coins counterfeited or mutilated by another
person, with intent to utter the same, knowing that it is false or
mutilated.
2. Actually uttering such false or mutilated coin, knowing the
same to be false or mutilated.
6. FORGING TREASURY OR BANK NOTES OR OTHER DOCUMENTS
PAYABLE TO BEARER, IMPORTING AND UTTERING OF SUCH FALSE OR
FORGED NOTES AND DOCUMENTS (ART. 166);
1. Forging or falsification of treasury or bank notes or other
documents payable to bearer.
2. Importation of such false or forged obligations or notes.
Note: It means to bring them into the Philippines, which
presupposes that the obligations or notes are forged or falsified
in a foreign country.
3. Uttering obligations or note knowing them to be false or
forged, whether such offer is accepted or not, with a
representation.
Note: It means offering obligations or notes knowing them to be false or
forged, whether such offer is accepted or not, with a representation
7. COUNTERFEITING, IMPORTING AND UTTERING INSTRUMENTS NOT
PAYABLE TO BEARER (ART. 167);
1. There be an instrument payable to order or other document
of credit not payable to bearer
2. Offender forged, imported or uttered such instrument
3. In case of uttering, he
8. ILLEGAL POSSESSION AND USE OF FORGED TREASURY OR BANK NOTES
AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF CREDIT (ART. 168);
1. Any treasury or bank notes or certificate or other obligation
and security payable to bearer, or any instrument payable to
order or other document of credit not payable to bearer is
forged or falsified by another person
2. Offender knows that any of those instruments is forged or
falsified
3. He performs any of these acts:
a. Using any of such forged or falsified instrument; or
b. Possessing with intent to use any of such forged or
falsified instruments
-HOW FORGERY IS COMMITTED (ART. 169)
1. By giving to a treasury or bank note or any instrument
payable to bearer or to order mentioned therein, the
appearance of a true and genuine document
2. By erasing, substituting, counterfeiting, or altering by any
means the figures, letters, words, or signs contained therein.
(Art. 169)
9. FALSIFICATION OF LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENTS (ART. 170);
 1. There be a bill, resolution or ordinance enacted or approved
or pending approval by either House of the Legislature or any
provincial board or municipal council
2. Offender alters the same
3. He has no proper authority therefore 4. Alteration has
changed the meaning of the document
10. FALSIFICATION BY PUBLIC OFFICER, EMPLOYEE OR NOTARY (ART.
171);
-US VS MATEO 25 PHIL 324
-FEIGNING
 1. Offender is a public officer, employee, or notary public.
2. He takes advantage of his official position –  
a. He has the duty to make or prepare or to otherwise
intervene in the preparation of the document; or
b. He has the official custody of the document which he
falsifies.
3. He falsifies a document by committing any of the following
acts:
11. FALSIFICATION BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS AND USE OF FALSIFIED
DOCUMENTS (ART. 172);
-FALSIFICATION OF PRIVATE DOCUMENTS VS FALSIFICATION OF
PUBLIC/OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
Falsification of private documents, Mere falsification is enough VS
falsification of Public/official documents, Aside from falsification,
prejudice to a third person or intent to cause it, is essential.
12. FALSIFICATION OF WIRELESS, CABLE, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE
MESSAGES AND USE OF SAID FALSIFIED MESSAGES (ART.
173);
-ACTS PUNISHABLE
13. FALSE MEDICAL CERTIFICATES, FALSE CERTIFICATES OF MERIT OR
SERVICE (ART. 174);
14. USING FALSE CERTIFICATES (ART. 175);
15. MANUFACTURING AND POSSESSION OF INSTRUMENTS OR
IMPLEMENTS FOR FALSIFICATION (ART. 176);
16. USURPATION OF AUTHORITY OR OFFICIAL FUNCTIONS (ART. 177);
17. USING FICTITIOUS NAME AND CONCEALING TRUE NAME (ART. 178);
-USE OF FICTITIOUS NAME VS CONCEALING NAME
18. ILLEGAL USE OF UNIFORMS OR INSIGNIA (ART. 179);
19. FALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A DEFENDANT (ART. 180);

20. FALSE TESTIMONY FAVORABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (ART. 181);

21. FALSE TESTIMONY IN CIVIL CASES (ART. 182);
-PERJURY VS FALSE TESTIMONY
22. FALSE TESTIMONY IN OTHER CASES AND PERJURY (ART. 183);
-PEOPLE VS CAPISTRANO, 40 PHIL 902
 -PEOPLE VS BNAZIL
-PEOPLE VS BELLA DAVID
-FALSE TESTIMONY VS PERJURY
23. OFFERING FALSE TESTIMONY IN EVIDENCE (ART. 184);
24. MACHINATIONS IN PUBLIC AUCTION (ART. 185);
25. MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE (ART.
186);
26. IMPORTATION AND DISPOSITION OF FALSELY MARKED ARTICLES OR
MERCHANDISE MADE OF GOLD, SILVER, OR OTHER
PRECIOUS METALS OR THEIR ALLOYS (ART. 187);

27. SUBSTITUTING AND ALTERING TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES OR

SERVICE MARKS (ART. 188);
28. UNFAIR COMPETITION AND FRAUDULENT REGISTRATION OF TRADE
MARK OR TRADE NAME, OR SERVICE MARK; FRAUDULENT
DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN, AND FALSE DESCRIPTION (ART.
189).