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Bio 50
Bio 50
1 The structure of the cell surface membrane can be described by the fluid mosaic model.
(a) The diagram shows the fluid mosaic model of the cell surface membrane.
1 3
(i) Which of the shaded structures transport charged molecules or ions across
the membrane?
(1)
A 1 and 2 only
B 3 and 4 only
C 1, 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2, 3 and 4
(ii) Which of the shaded structures contain both hydrophilic regions and
hydrophobic regions?
(1)
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B 3 and 4 only
C 1, 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2, 3 and 4
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(iii) A student measured the width of the phospholipid bilayer shown on the
diagram as 2.5 cm. The actual size of this bilayer is 5 nm.
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(b) Explain why the phospholipids are arranged in two layers in a cell surface membrane.
(3)
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2 There are various ways to scan the brain.
(a) (i) Brain tumours are dense masses of cells. The presence of brain tumours can be
Can be used to
Type of scan
identify the tumour
CT
MRI
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(b) Describe how positron emission tomography (PET) scans can be used to investigate
brain structure.
(2)
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3 Cystic fibrosis is a genetically inherited condition.
A couple who are both carriers for the condition have a 25% chance of having a baby
Answer........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) Cystic fibrosis can be caused by a number of different mutations in the CFTR gene.
(i) A gene contains a number of base pairs. Of the base pairs in this gene,
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Which of the following shows the total number of hydrogen bonds (H bonds)
present in this gene?
(1)
A 2.0 × Q
B 2.5 × Q
C 4.0 × Q
D 5.0 × Q
(ii) Explain why different mutations in the CFTR gene can lead to differences in
the severity of the symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
(2)
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4 A moderate amount of exercise is considered good for the human body.
(a) A student carried out 20 minutes of physical exercise. During this time, her heart
(ii) Describe how the brain reduces the activity of the sweat glands after the exercise.
(2)
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(b) Explain why too much exercise could be harmful to the human body.
(3)
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5 Muscle fibres contain a number of proteins, including actin, myosin and collagen.
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(c) The diagram shows actin and other components (P and Q) of a thin filament in a myofibril.
P Q
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(i) Describe the interaction between P and Q that allows muscle contraction.
(2)
(ii) The thick filament in a myofibril contains myosin. The myosin head contains the
enzyme ATPase.
Explain the importance of the primary structure for the functioning of this enzyme.
(3)
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6 The diagram shows three different zones found in a plant root.
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⎫
⎪
⎪
⎬ zone 3
⎪
⎪⎭
⎫
⎪
⎬ zone 2
⎪
⎭
⎫
⎬ zone 1
⎭
In zone 1, the percentage of cells carrying out mitosis decreases from the tip to the
start of zone 2.
(i) Which one of the following would be the correct null hypothesis?
(1)
A the percentage of cells carrying out mitosis increases from the tip to the
start of zone 2
B the percentage of cells in interphase decreases from the tip to the start of
zone 2
C there is no change in the percentage of cells carrying out mitosis from the
tip to the start of zone 2
D there is no change in the percentage of cells in interphase from the tip to
the start of zone 2
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(ii) Devise an investigation to test this hypothesis.
(5)
(b) In zone 2, the plant cells elongate due to a change in their cellulose cell walls.
(i) Cellulose and amylopectin are polymers of hexose sugars.
State one difference between the hexose in cellulose and the hexose in amylopectin.
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(1)
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(c) In zone 3, some of the cells differentiate to give rise to phloem sieve tube elements and
others differentiate into phloem companion cells.
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(i) Explain how genetically identical cells in zone 3 can differentiate to give rise
to different tissues.
(3)
(ii) The student also hypothesised that the cells in zone 1 would be smaller in size
than the cells that had differentiated into xylem vessels in zone 3.
The student prepared microscope slides of sections from zones 1 and 3.
Explain how the student could compare the sizes of cells in zone 1 with the
sizes of xylem vessels in zone 3.
(3)
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7 (a) The diagram shows some of the features of a human liver cell.
(i) Which of the labelled features in the liver cell contain RNA?
(1)
A 1 only
B 1 and 3 only
(ii) Cells produce lactate during anaerobic respiration. Lactate travels in the blood to
the liver.
Liver cells can absorb lactate from the blood.
Deduce what happens to the lactate in these cells.
(2)
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(iii) During protein synthesis, two amino acids are joined together to form a dipeptide.
The diagram shows two identical amino acids.
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Complete the diagram to show how the dipeptide is formed from these two
amino acids.
(2)
R R
H H
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(c) Each liver cell carries out respiration.
(iii) The electron transport chain occurs in the cristae of mitochondria. The electron
transport chain involves a number of carrier molecules.
Explain the role of these carrier molecules in the electron transport chain.
(3)
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8 Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in adult men.
A number of investigations have been carried out to study prostate cancer in a large
15
Percentage of male population
Key
with prostate cancer (%)
Sweden
Finland
10
Denmark
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(b) In another investigation, the effect of diet on the development of prostate cancer
was studied.
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Data were collected on prostate cancer death rates and the intake of sugar. Some
of the data are shown in the table.
420 5.0
840 8.5
1260 12.0
1680 16.0
2100 20.0
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Answer........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) In a third investigation, prostate cancer in identical and non-identical male twins
was studied.
Key
Probability of both twins
0.8
identical twins
0.6 non-identical twins
0.4
0.2
0.0
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Age at diagnosis / years
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Analyse the data from these three investigations to evaluate the likely causes
of prostate cancer.
(6)
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9 Changes in diet are affecting the health of people in the UK.
(a) The table shows mean data for adult males in the UK in 1967 and 50 years later in 2017.
2017 84 178
The National Health Service (NHS) states that BMI can be used to assess the
weight category of an adult male. The table shows these categories.
Underweight -18.4
Healthy weight 18.5 – 24.9
The mean BMI for adult males in 1967 indicates that they were in the healthy weight category.
Use the BMI formula to determine the mean weight category for adult males in 2017.
mass in kilograms
BMI =
(height in metres)2
(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The effect of being shown a cheeseburger on saliva production in a child was studied.
The mass of saliva produced by this child was measured.
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The child was then shown a cheeseburger and the new mass of saliva produced
was measured. The change in the mass of saliva produced was recorded.
This was repeated with the child being shown a cheeseburger on eight occasions,
at five minute intervals.
The results in the table show the change in mass of saliva produced compared
with the mass of saliva produced before the child being shown a cheeseburger.
1 + 0.30
2 + 0.18
3 + 0.05
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4 + 0.02
5 + 0.02
6 – 0.08
7 – 0.18
8 – 0.19
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(ii) Name the type of learning behaviour shown by the child as they were
repeatedly shown a cheeseburger.
(1)
(iii) Explain what happens at the synapse to cause a decrease in saliva production
when the child was shown a cheeseburger on more than six occasions.
(4)
(c) When the child was shown the cheeseburger, information would have been sent
from the eye to the brain.
Describe the role of sodium ions in the functioning of a mammalian rod cell.
(3)
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10 Nandrolone is an anabolic steroid, it is a molecule with a similar shape to testosterone.
Nandrolone has been used as a performance-enhancing substance by athletes in the past.
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(a) A number of investigations with mice have been carried out to study the effect of
nandrolone on the structure and function of the aorta.
In these investigations, all the mice were of one type and were all supplied with
the same amount of food and water. These mice were placed into four groups.
Each group was treated differently for eight weeks. The treatments are shown in
the table.
Treatment
Group
Allowed to exercise Given nandrolone
P No No
Q No Yes
R Yes No
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S Yes Yes
Mean maximum
Group
percentage recoil (%)
P 57
Q 38
R 80
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S 53
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The use of nandrolone has been linked to a variety of cardiovascular conditions.
Explain how the use of nandrolone could lead to atherosclerosis.
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(ii) In investigation 2, some of the cells from the middle layer of the aortas of the
mice were removed.
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Two protein complexes, A and B, are found in the cells of the middle layer.
These protein complexes are involved in the electron transport chain.
The graphs show the relative percentage of these two protein complexes in
each group of mice.
Complex A Complex B
200 200
Relative percentage of
Relative percentage of
150 150
protein (%)
protein (%)
100 100
50 50
0 0
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P Q R S P Q R S
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(iii) The transcription factor Tfam is involved in the production of mitochondria.
In investigation 3, some of the cells from the middle layer of the aortas of the mice
Q 75 ± 10
R 170 ± 25
S 85 ± 15
A student concluded that nandrolone affects the quantity of mRNA per cell
coding for Tfam.
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*(b) Analyse the data from these three investigations to discuss the advantages of an
exercise programme without nandrolone.
(6)
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