Grade 9 Academic Mathematics mpm1d Unit 1

Principles of Mathematics – MPM1D
Grade 9 – Academic Mathematics
Version A
MPM1D – Principles of Mathematics Introduction
Grade 9 Mathematics (Academic)

Welcome to the Grade 9 Principals of Mathematics, MPM 1D. This full-credit course is
part of the new Ontario Secondary School curriculum.
In this course, you will develop generalizations of mathematical ideas and methods
through the exploration of applications, the effective use of technology, and abstract
reasoning. You will investigate relationships to develop equations of straight lines in
analytic geometry, explore relationships between volume and surface area of objects in
measurement, and apply extended algebraic skills in problem solving. You will engage
in abstract extensions of core learning that will deepen your mathematical knowledge
and enrich your understanding.
Material
This course is self-contained and does not require a textbook. You will require lined
paper, graph paper, a ruler, a scientific calculator and a writing utensil.
Expectations
The overall expectations you will cover in the lesson are listed on the first page of each
lesson.
Lesson Description
Each lesson contains one or more concepts with each being followed by support
questions. At the end of the lesson the key questions covering all concepts in the
lesson are assigned and will be submitted for evaluation.
Evaluation
In each lesson, there are support questions and key questions. You will be evaluated
on your answers to the key questions in each lesson, the mid-term exam and the final
exam.
Support Questions
These questions will help you understand the ideas and master the skills in each
lesson. They will also help you improve the way you communicate your ideas. The
support questions will prepare you for the key questions.
Copyright © 2004, Durham Continuing Education Page 2 of 56

Write your answers to the support questions in your notebook. Do not submit these
answers for evaluation. You can check your answers against the suggested answers
that are given at the end of each unit.
Key Questions
The key questions evaluate your achievement of the expectations for the lesson. Your
answers will show how well you have understood the ideas and mastered the skills.
They will also show how well you communicate your ideas.
You must try all the key questions and complete most of them successfully in order to
pass each unit. Write your answers to the key questions on your own paper and submit
them for evaluation at the end of each unit. Make sure each lesson number and
question is clearly labelled on your submitted work.
Mid-term and Final Examination

The mid-term and final exams are weighted exams. Knowledge and understanding
40%; Application 30%; Communication 10%; Thinking/Inquiry 20%.
What You Must Do To Get a Credit

In order to be granted a credit in this course, you must
Successfully complete the Key Questions for each unit and submit them
for evaluation within the required time frame.
Complete the mid-term exam after Unit 2.
Complete and pass a final examination.
Your Final Mark

• Each Unit has 5 lessons each worth 2% (10% per Unit x 4 Units) 40%
• Midterm Test 30% Term
• Final Examination 30%

Unit One
Lesson One
Introduction to ratios
Simplifying ratios
Equivalent ratios
Solving proportions using ratios
Rate
Unit rate
Percent
Percent of a number
Lesson Two
Introduction to integers
Addition and subtraction of integers
Multiplication and division of integers
Lesson Three
Introduction to rational numbers

Ordering rational numbers in numerical order
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of non-fraction rational numbers
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of fractions
Lesson Four
Introduction to exponents
Multiplying powers of the same base
Dividing powers of the same base
Powers of powers
Zero exponents
Negative exponents
Converting into scientific notation
Converting from scientific notation
Multiplying numbers in scientific notation
Lesson Five
Introduction to square root

Pythagorean Theorem

Unit Two
Lesson Six
Introduction to polynomials
Like terms
Addition and subtraction of polynomials
Distributive law
Multiplication and division of polynomials
Simplifying expressions then using substitution
Lesson Seven
Introduction to algebra
Solving for unknowns
Checking solutions to algebraic equations
Lesson Eight
Introduction to problem solving

5 steps suggested to problem solving
Lesson Nine
Introduction to slope
Cartesian plane
x and y coordinates on the Cartesian plane
Plotting order pairs
Quadrants of the Cartesian plane
Recognizing positive, negative, zero and undefined slopes
Using the rise and the run of a given line to find its slope
Using a pair of coordinates of a line to calculate slope
Lesson Ten
Introduction to relationships in data

Graphing relationship in data
Working with table of values
Creating graphs for tables of values
Using graphs to solve related questions

Unit Three
Lesson Eleven
Introduction to the line

Standard form of an equation
Y-intercept form of an equation
Converting to and from standard to y-intercept form
Parallel lines
Perpendicular lines
Point of intersection of two lines
x and y intercepts
Lesson Twelve
Introduction to direct and partial variation

The origin on a Cartesian plane
“m” in the equation y = mx
graphing equation of the form y = mx
Introduction to partial variation
“b” in the equation y = mx + b
graphing equation of the form y = mx + b
Lesson Thirteen
Introduction to scatter plots

Creating scatter plots
Positive, negative and no correlation
Determining the equation of best fit
Extrapolation
Interpolation
Lesson Fourteen
Introduction to averages (measures of central tendency)

Mean average
Median average
Mode average
Lesson Fifteen
Introduction to perimeter and circumference

Radius and diameter
Calculations using pi (π)
Solving perimeter/circumference questions using formulas and substitution

Unit Four
Lesson Sixteen
Introduction to area and surface area

Radius and diameter
Solving area and surface area questions using formulas and substitution
Lesson Seventeen
Introduction to volume
Radius and diameter
Solving volume questions using formulas and substitution
Lesson Eighteen
Introduction to angle geometry

Angle types
Angle properties
Angle properties involving parallel lines and transversals
Finding unknown angles with justification
Lesson Nineteen
Introduction to Triangles and Quadrilaterals

Triangle types
Triangle properties
Quadrilateral types
Quadrilateral properties
Finding unknown angles with justification
Lesson Twenty
Introduction to Triangle medians and altitudes

Median properties
Centroid
Altitude properties
Orthocentre

Ratios, Rate and
Percent
Lesson 1
MPM1D – Principles of Mathematics Unit 1 - Lesson 1
Lesson One Concepts

Introduction to ratios
Simplifying ratios
Equivalent ratios
Solving proportions using ratios
Rate
Unit rate
Percent
Percent of a number
Ratios
A ratio is a comparison of two or more numbers with the same units.
What is written first in the description matches with the first number in the ratio and what
is second matches with the second and so on.
Example
♦♦♦♥♥♥♥ The ratio of ♦to ♥ is 3 to 4.
Ratios can written in the following three ways:
3
1. as a fraction,
4
2. as a ratio, 3: 4
3. with words, 3 to 4
Ratios in Lowest Terms

A ratio is in lowest terms (simplest form) when the greatest common factor of the terms
is one. 6:4 in lowest terms is 3:2. Both terms are divided by two to produce a ratio in
lowest terms.
Example
Give the ratio of A:B in lowest terms.
AAAABBBBBBBBBBABABBABAAAB

Solution
10
The ratio of A:B is 10:15 or .
15
10 ÷ 5 2
In lowest terms both 10 and 15 are divisible by 5 so = or 2:3.
15 ÷ 5 3
Equivalent Ratios
Any two or more ratios that simplify to the same lowest terms are equivalent ratios.
Example
Show that the following ratios are equivalent:
12:16 and 60:80
Solution
12:16 has a greatest common factor of 4 reducing the ratio to 3:4 and
60:80 has a greatest common factor of 20 also reducing the ration to 3:4
12 ÷ 4 = 3 60 ÷ 20 = 3
or 3:4 and or 3:4
16 ÷ 4 = 4 80 ÷ 20 = 4
Solving Proportions
Equivalent ratios are used when trying to solve questions involving proportion.
Example
Solve each proportion.
12 24
a) 4 : 5 = x : 35 b) =
20 x
Solution
a) To find x, cross multiplication is used then is followed by division.
4 x
4 : 5 = x : 35 is the same as =
5 35
140 = 5x
(35)(4)=140 (5)(x)=5x
28 = x

12 24
b) =
20 x
12x = 480
x = 40
Rate
Rates compare two numbers that are expressed in different units.
Unit rate is a comparison where the second term is always one.
Example
Write the following ratios as a unit rate.
a) 24 soft drinks for 12 people.
b) $475 earned in 40 hours worked.
Solution
24 24 x
a) 24 : 12 = so =
12 12 1
24 = 12x
2=x
Therefore there are two soft drinks per person
475 475 x
b) 475 : 40 = so =
40 40 1
475 = 40x
11.88 ≈ x
Therefore the unit rate is $11.88/hr.

Support Questions
1. Write the following ratios in simplest form.
a) 20:35
b) 75:125
c) 13:39
2. Write as a ratio in the lowest terms.

a) 4 cups of water for every 3 cups of flour
b) $12 saved for every $75 spent
c) 8 people passed for every 10 writing a test
3. Write each ratio.

a) clubs to diamonds
b) hearts to clubs
c) spades to diamonds
d) spades to hearts
♣♣♣♣♦♦♦♦♥♥♥♥♥♥♠♠
4. Write each ratio in simplest terms.
a) 2 home runs to 3 home runs
b) $10 to $2
c) 32 days to 8 days
5. On a hockey team 6 of 19 players are defensemen. Write each ratio in

simplest terms.
a) defensemen to team members
b) team members to defensemen
c) defensemen to non-defensemen
6. A gas tank in a car holds 54 litres. The cost of a fill up is $38.54.

a) What is the unit price per litre? (round to the nearest cent)
b) Using the answer in “a”, how much will 35 litres cost?
c) How many litres can be purchased with $15.00?
7. Johnny had 15 hits in 40 at bats. How many at bats are needed to achieve 100
hits?

Percent
Percent means the number of parts per hundred.
Expressing a fraction as a decimal then as a percent
Example
Express the following fraction as a percent.
4
5
Solution
4
= 4÷5 1st convert to decimal
5
4 ÷ 5 = 0.8
0.8 × 100 = 80%
Multiply the decimal by 100
Percent of a Number
Example
a) Find 35% of 200.
b) 20% of a number is 15.
c) Calculate the total cost of a shirt costing $24.99 with 7% GST.
“of” means multiplication

Solution
a) 35% of 200 = (0.35)(200)

= 70
Therefore 35% of 200 is 70

b) 20% of a number is 15
(0.20)(x) = 15 “is” means =

0.20x = 15
x = 15 “a number” is an
0.20 unknown (x)
x = 75
Therefore 20% of 75 is 15
c) Calculate the total cost of a shirt costing $24.99 with 5% GST.
Total cost = cost of item + tax
5% of 24.99 = (0.05)(24.99) Rounded to the

= $1.25 nearest penny
Total cost = 24.99 + 1.25

= $26.24
Support Questions
Write the following ratios in simplest form.
8. Express each fraction as a percent.

2 7 9
a) b) c)
5 8 8
9. Express each percent as a decimal.

a) 34% b) 112% c) 0.9%
d) 23.5%
10. Express each percent as a fraction in lowest terms.

a) 55% b) 78% c) 0.5%
d) 125%
11. Find
a) 25% of 200 b) 70% of 350 c) 180% of 150
d) 0.7% of 1000

Support Questions
12. Determine the number in each statement.

a) 30% of a number is 90.
b) 8% of a number is 24.
c) 125% of a number is 50.
13. A pair of jeans that normally sells for $49.50 is on sale for 35% off.
What is the sale price of the jeans before taxes?
14. A MP3 player costs $149.95. What is the total cost of the MP3 player
including 5% GST and 8% PST.
15. The population in a town increased by 850 citizens. This represents an increase
of 6.4% over last year. What was the population of the town last year.
Key Question #1
1. Write the following ratios in simplest form. (3 marks)
a) 12:18
b) 25:155
c) 8:32
2. Write as a ratio. (3 marks)

a) 4 teaspoons of sugar for every 5 cups of flour
b) 5 t-shirts for every $200 raised
c) 6 buckets of popcorn for every 3 tickets soldö
3. Write each ratio. (4 marks)

a) happy faces to airplanes ☺☺☺☺☺☺
b) stars to flowers
c) flowers to airplanes
d) stars to happy faces
øéö—éö—ööéøøééÎ——öø
4. Write each ratio in simplest terms. (3 marks)
a) 2 goals to 4 goals
b) $15 to $5
c) 32 people to 2 people

Key Question #1 (continued)

5. On a soccer team 3 of 11 players are defensemen. Write
each ratio in simplest terms. (3 marks)
a) defensemen to team members
b) team members to defensemen
c) defensemen to non-defensemen
6. Express each fraction as a percent. (3 marks)

3 11 2
a) b) c)
4 8 3
7. Express each percent as a decimal. (4 marks)

a) 47% b) 216%
c) 0.75% d) 72.4%
8. Express each percent as a fraction in lowest terms. (4 marks)

a) 34% b) 65%
c) 0.04% d) 325%
9. Find (4 marks)
a) 29% of 300 b) 62% of 100
c) 180% of 2200 d) 0.2% of 1000
10. The regular price of a DVD player is $84.99. It is on

sale for 30% off. What is the amount of the discount?
What is the sale price? What is the total price after
13% sales tax is included? (3 marks)
11. The number of people in a town in 2003 was 2500. The population for 2004
increased by 2.5%. What was the population increase? What was the town’s
population in 2004? (3 marks)

12. An instructor used the following equation to calculate a students’ final mark.
Final Mark = 75% of term + 25% of exam mark.
Suppose your term mark is 77%. How will your mark change as your exam mark
has been taken into account? Copy and complete the table below: (3 marks)
Term mark Exam mark Final mark

77% 100%
77% 90%
77% 80%
77% 70%
77% 60%
77% 50%
77% 40%
77% 30%
77% 20%
77% 10%
77% 0%
13. Write to explain how your final mark in question 12 changes as your
examination mark goes from great to not so good. (3 marks)

Integers
Lesson 2
Lesson Two Concepts

Introduction to integers
Addition and subtraction of integers
Multiplication and division of integers
Integers
Integers are the set of numbers …,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…
Adding and Subtracting Integers

Example
a) (−3) + (−5)
b) (+5) – (−7)
If these two signs are opposite then the sign becomes negative
Solution
a) (−3) + (−5) = −3 −5
= −8
b) (+5) − (−7) = +5 +7
= +12
If these two signs are the same then the sign becomes positive
Support Questions
1. Add.
a) (+4) + (−5) b) (−7) + (−3) c) (−8) + (+8)
d) (0) + (−6) e) (2) + (+8) f) (−7) + (+2)
g) (+1) + (−7) h) (+7) + (+1) i) (+1) + (−5)
2. Subtract
a) (+1) − (−2) b) (−4) − (−3) c) (−9) − (+8)
d) (0) − (−2) e) (+5) − (+6) f) (−8) − (−2)
g) (−7) − (−7) h) (−7) − (+3) i) (+1) − (−5)

Support Questions
3. For each statement, write an expression then simplify.
a) moves forward 3 steps and moves backwards 5 steps
b) goes up an elevator 9 floors then down 6 floors
c) a gain of $15 followed by a loss of $8
d) a loss of $25 followed by a gain of $32
e) a rise in temperature of 18°C then a drop of 20°C
4. For each statement, write an expression then finish the question.

a) A plane goes up into the air 2000m then increases another 1500m and then
decreases its elevation by 1000 m. Find the height of the plane.
b) An elevator is on the 16th floor. The elevator descends 8 floors, then ascends
14 floors to the top of the building. What floor is the elevator on?
c) The open value of a stock is $2. Later that day the stock increase by $8 only
to fall back by $4 to end the day. What is the closing value of the stock?
d) At 8:00 am the temperature outside is 6°C. At noon the temperature had

increased by 9°C. By 4:00 pm the temperature had increased another 3°C
and by 9:00 pm the temperature had decreased 7°C. What was the
temperature at 9:00 pm?
e) The opening balance in a bank account is $4000. $2532 was spent on living
expense. $3217 was deposited into the account from salary. What is the
closing balance?
Multiplying and Dividing Integers

The product or quotient of an integer question with an even amount of negative values
will always give a positive answer unless one of the values is zero.
The product or quotient of an integer question with an odd amount of negative values
will always give a negative answer unless one of the values is zero.
Example
a) (+1)(−5)( −2)(−1)(+3)(−2)
b) (−3)( −2)( −1)(+1)
c) (-32) ÷ (-4)

+ 28
d)
−7
Solution
or (+60)
a) (+1)(−5)( −2)(−1)(+3)(−2) = 60
4 negative signs in question
b) (−3)( −2)( −1)(+1) = − 6 gives positive answer
c) (-32) ÷ (-4) = +8 3 negative signs in question

gives negative answer
+ 28
d) = −4
−7
Support Questions
5. Multiply.
a) (+4)(−5)( −2)(−3) b) (−7)(−3)(+1) c) (−8)(+9)
d) (0)(−6)( −2)(−5) e) (2)(+8) f) (−1)(+2)
g) (−1)(−7) h) (+7)( −1)(+1) i) (−1)(−5)( −1)(−4)
6. Divide
a) (+8)÷(−4) b) (−9)÷(−3) c) (−12)÷(+2)
− 36 100
d) (−15)÷(+5) e) f)
−9 − 25
(+8) (+42)
g) h) i) (+120)÷(−10)
(−2) (+7)
− 72 (+81)
j) k) (−9)÷(+3) l)
(+9) (−3)
7. For each statement, write an expression then finish the question.

a) A person paid $2 a day for 6 days on lunch. How much did this
person spend in total?
b) A person made $40 a day for 8 days worked. How much did this person
make in total?
c) A car traveled 400 km in 5 hours. How many km did

the car travel per hour?
d) An individual 3 times collected 8 stamps for his collection.

Key Question #2
1. Add, subtract, multiply or divide as required. (13 marks)
a) (+4) + (−5) b) (−7) + (−3) c) (−8) + (+8)
d) (0) + (−6) e) (2) + (+8) f) (−7) + (+2)
g) (0) − (−2) h) (+5) − (+6) i) (−8) − (−2)
j) (−7) − (−7) k) (−7) − (+3) l) (+1) − (−5)
m) (+4)(−5)( −2)(−3) n) (−7)(−3)(+1) o) (−8)(+9)
p) (0)(−6)( −2)(−5) q) (2)(+8) r) (−1)(+2)
−36
s) (+8)÷(−4) t) (−9)÷(−3) u)
−9
100 −72
v) w) (+120)÷(−10) x)
−25 ( +9)
( +81)
y) (−9)÷(+8) z)
( −3)
2. For each statement, write an expression then simplify. (4 marks)

a) moves backwards 3 steps and moves forward 7 steps
b) goes up 14 stairs then down 8 stairs
c) a gain of $11 followed by a loss of $18
d) a rise in temperature of 1°C then a drop of 9°C
3. A hockey player was given $5 for each of 6 goals she scored. Find her total
earnings. (2 marks)
4. An overall loss of $16 000 occurred over an 8 day period. Find the mean loss
per day. (2 marks)
5. For each statement, write an expression then write its quotient or a product.
(4 marks)
a) A company twice suffers a loss of 5 trucks.
b) On 5 occasions, a baseball player lost 6 baseballs.
c) The mean daily gain when $8 000 is gained over 6 days.
d) A chicken place sells 5 buckets of 20 pieces of chicken.
6. What did it mean when it is said that “two negatives make a positive?” Is this
always true? Prove with examples. (4 marks)

Rational Numbers
Lesson 3
Lesson Three Concepts

Introduction to rational numbers
Ordering rational numbers in numerical order
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of non-fraction rational numbers
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of fractions
Rational Numbers
m
Rational numbers are the set of numbers that can be written in the form , where m
n
and n are integers and n ≠ 0 .
Rational numbers can always be represented on a number line.
Rational numbers can be written as a decimal by dividing the numerator by the

denominator.
Examples of rational numbers.
3 32 1 2
-4, 5.7, 1.23415, 125.67, , − , −4 ,
4 5 8 9
Example
a) State the rational number represented by the letter on the number line.
A B C D
-2 -1 0 1 2
b) Which rational number is greater?
.7, .69
c) Which rational number is greater?
3 16
,
5 25

Solution
a) A = −2; B = −1.25; C = 0.5; D = 1.75
b) Since .7 means 70 parts per one hundred and .69 mean 69

parts per one hundred then .7 > .69
“>” means greater than and “<” means less than
3 16 16 3
c) = .60 and = .64 ,therefore, .64 > .60 or >
5 25 25 5
Support Questions
1. Which rational number is greater?
2 3 1 3 2
a) , − b) , c) − ,0.41
4 4 2 7 5
1 5
d) , e) 0.3, −0.33 f) 5.9,5.99
3 18
7 8 2 66
g) − , − h) 0.1, −0.11 i) ,
12 18 3 90
3 4
j) − , −
8 9
2. List in order from least to greatest.

1 6 1
a) 0.6, , − ,1.1, − ,0
9 4 2
5 1 1
b) − , −0.75, , −1.7, − ,0.9
12 5 6,
2 3 1
c) ,0.67, , −0.71, ,0.13
3 4 8
3. Represent all of the following rational numbers on the same number line.
a) .43 b) .85 c) .62
d) .08 e) .21

Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers (Fractions)

To add and subtract fractions a common denominator must be present. A lowest
common denominator is best.
Example
Add or subtract as indicated.

1 4 3 5 2 2
a) + b) + c) 1 − 2
6 6 8 6 3 5
Solution
1 4 5
a) + =
6 6 6 Only the numerators are added. 4 + 1 = 5
The denominator is the same, as required

3x3=9
24 is the lowest common

3 5 9 20 denominator. In other words,
b) + = +
8 6 24 24 24 is the lowest number that
both 8 and 6 divide evenly
8 x 3 = 24
29 5 into.
= or 1
24 24
2 2 5 12
c) 1 − 2 = −
3 5 3 5
5 x 2 + 2 = 12
25 36
3x1+2=5 = −
15 15
−11 11
= or −
15 15
Support Questions
4. Add or subtract as indicated.
4 3 11 2 3 1
a) − − b) + c) − +
7 7 14 14 2 6
5 3
d) − e) (+3.2) –(-3.9) f) (-1.8)−(-6.7)
6 8

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
g) 3.9 + (-4.5) h) (-1.1) − (-1.1) i) ⎜ + ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
j) ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ k) ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ l) ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ −8 ⎠
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers (Fractions)

You should not use common denominators when multiplying or dividing fractions.
Example
Multiply or divide as indicated.
2 8
a) ×
7 9
1 7
b) 2 × 3
6 8
4 8
c) ÷
5 11
Solution
Both 14 and 6 can be divided by
2 8 16
a) × = 2 so it is usually best to simplify
7 9 63 before multiplying.
2 7 / / 7 31 217
14 31 14
b) 2 × 3 = × = 3 × =
6 8 6 8 6/ 8 24
4 8 4 11 4/ 1 11 11 1
c) ÷ = × = × 2 = or 1
5 11 5 8 5 8/ 10 10

Support Questions
5. Multiply or divide as indicated. Simplify all fraction answers.
⎛ 11 ⎞
⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎜7⎟
b) ⎝ ⎠
3 1
a) ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ c) − ×
⎝ 7 ⎠⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎛ 2⎞ 2 6
+⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
5 3
d) ÷ e) (+3.2) ÷(-3.9) f) (-1.8)×(-6.7)
6 8
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
g) 3.9 ÷ (-4.5) h) (-1.1) × (-1.1) i) ⎜ + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛6⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
j) ⎜ − ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ k) ⎜ − ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ l) ⎜ − ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ −10 ⎠
Key Question #3
1. Which rational number is greater? (5 marks)
1 4 22 21 2
a) , b) , c) − , −.41
3 9 25 24 5
4 23 3
d) , e) 0.01, f) 4.7,4.71
3 18 200
6 5 2 22
g) − , − h) 0.2, −0.22 i) ,
11 9 7 70
5 6
j) − , −
8 9
2. List in order from least to greatest. (3 marks)

1 5 1
a) 0.51, , − ,1.1, ,0
2 4 3
4 1 7
b) ,0.9, , −1.27, − ,0.93
13 5 5,
1 2 2
c) ,0.76, , −0.17, ,0.31
4 5 7


3. Represent all of the following rational numbers on the same number line.
(5 marks)
23
a) .72 b) .81 c)
100
3
d) .06 e)
5
4. Add, subtract, multiply or divide as indicated and simplify if needed. (24 marks)
2 4 2 4 4 2
a) − − b) + c) − +
5 5 8 8 3 5
4 4
d) − e) (+5.1) +(-3.1) f) (1.6)−(-2.4)
5 9
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
g) 8.1 + (-5.7) h) (-2.2) − (-2.2) i) ⎜ + ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
j) ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ k) ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ l) ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ −8 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝7⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞
⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎜ 6 ⎟
n) ⎝ ⎠
4 1
m) ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ o) − ×
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎛ 3 ⎞ 5 8
−⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
4 3
p) ÷ q) (+7.1) ÷(-4.9) r) (-0.8)×(-6.3)
7 8
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
s) 8.9 ÷ (-9.5) t) (-2.2) × (-2.2) u) ⎜ + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛3⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
v) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ w) ⎜ − ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ x) ⎜ − ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝9⎠ ⎝ 21⎠ ⎝ −10 ⎠
5. Cliff fenced his yard using lengths of fencing that were 2.4 m, 5.7 m
and 4.3 m respectively. The fencing cost $20.23/m. How much did
the fence cost? (3 marks)
1
6. Add 1 to the numerator of the fraction . How does the size of the fraction
5
change? (2 marks)

1
7. Add 1 to the denominator of the fraction . How does the size of the fraction
5
change? (2 marks)
1
8. How does the size of the fraction change when both the numerator and the
5
denominator are increased by 1? (2 marks)

Exponents
Lesson 4
Lesson Four Concepts

Introduction to exponents
Multiplying powers of the same base
Dividing powers of the same base
Powers of powers
Zero exponents
Negative exponents
Converting into scientific notation
Converting from scientific notation
Multiplying numbers in scientific notation
Exponents
The raised value is
53 the exponent
The bottom value is

called the base
53 Together the base and exponent are called a “power”.
53 in expanded form is 5 × 5 × 5 .
Example
Evaluate each power.
a) 53
b) 105
Solution
a) 53 = 5 x 5 x 5
= 125
b) 105 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
= 100 000

Support Questions
1. Evaluate.
a) 43 b) 82 c) (0.5)3
2 3
⎛3⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
d) ⎜ ⎟ e) ⎜ − ⎟ f) −62
⎝4⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
3
⎛ 1⎞
( −6 )
5 2
g) 0.7 h) i) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Multiplying Powers
Exponent Law for Multiplying Powers: To multiply powers with the same base, keep
the base and add the exponents. x n × x m = x n + m , where x ≠ 0, n and m are natural
numbers.
Example
Write each product as a single power.
a) 43 × 45
b) 105 × 102
c) 6 × 63
Solution
a) 43 × 45 = 43+5 = 48
b) 105 × 102 = 105+ 2 = 107
c) 6 × 63 = 61+3 = 64
Any number without a visible exponent has an

exponent of one. i.e. 6 = 61

Dividing Powers
Exponent Law for Dividing Powers: To divide powers with the same base, keep the
base and subtract the exponents. x n ÷ x m = x n − m , where x ≠ 0, n and m are natural
numbers and n > m.
Example
Write each quotient as a single power.
a) 68 ÷ 65
b) 105 ÷ 10
Solution
a) 68 ÷ 65 = 68−5 = 63
b) 105 ÷ 10 = 105−1 = 10 4
Support Questions
2. Write each quotient or power as a single power.

a) 43 ÷ 4 b) 92 × 95 c) (0.5)3 × (0.5)2
( −6 )
7 3 7
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞
d) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ e) ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ f)
( −6 )
3
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠ ⎝6⎠ ⎝6⎠
h) ( −2 ) × ( −2 ) × ( −2 )
2 3 4
g) 0.45 × 0.47
Zero and Negative Exponents
Zero exponent: x 0 is defined to be equal to 1; that is, x 0 =1 ( x ≠ 0).
Negative Integer Exponent: x − n is defined to be the reciprocal of x n ; that

1
is x − n = n (x ≠ 0 and n is an integer).
x

Example - Evaluate each power.
( −3 )
0
a)
b) 0.250
c) 5 −2
1
d)
2 −3
Any positive value or any negative value in brackets
Solution with an exponent of zero is always equal to zero
( −3 )
0
a) =1 When a negative exponent occurs we rewrite
the question with one as the numerator and
b) 0.250 =1 the restated question without the negative
exponent sign in the denominator
1 1
c) 5 −2 = 2
=
5 25
1
d) −3
= 23 = 8
2
This time the negative exponent is in the
denominator so the denominator is rewritten as the
numerator without the negative exponent
Support Questions
3. Write each power as a positive then evaluate.
1
a) 4−2 b) ( −5)−3 c)
3 −2
d) 10 −1
4. Evaluate.
a) −2−2 b) ( −2)−2 c) 22
d) 2 −2
5. Write each expression as a single power then evaluate.

a) 2−5 × 22 b) 52 × 5 −2
2 3
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 3 −2 3 2
c) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ d) ×
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 3 −2 3 4

Support Questions (continued)

6. Use the law of exponents to evaluate each expression.
8−2
a) 5 −2 × 53 × 5−1 b) ( −4)3 × ( −4)−6 × (−4) c)
8 −3
Power of Powers
Exponent Law for a Power of Power is x m ( ) n

= x mn , where m and n are Integers.
Example
Write as a power with a single exponent.
a) (6 )
3 2
b) ((−2) )4 3
c) (5 ) × (5 )
2 3 4 6
Multiply the exponents together

Solution
a) (6 ) = 6 = 6
3 2 3×2 6
Remember to add the exponents here

b) ((−2) ) = (−2) = (−2)
4 3 4×3 12
c) (5 ) × (5 ) = 5 × 5 = 5
2 3 4 6 6 24 30
Support Questions
7. Write as a power with a single exponent.
a) (7 )
−2 −1
b) (5 ) 3 5
c) (4 )
0 6
−2
(3 ) × (3 )
4
d) ⎡( −2 ) ⎤ f) ⎡⎣( −16)2 ⎤⎦ × ⎡( −16 ) ⎤
4
3 2 3 4 5 3
e)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
g) (6 ) ÷ (6 )
5 2 3 3
h) (10 ) ÷ (10 )
3 6 2 9
i) (3 )
6 0

Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation: a number expressed as the product of a number greater than –10
and less than –1 or greater than 1 and less than 10, and a power of 10.
Scientific Notation is used to express either very large number or very small numbers.
Example
Write the following numbers in scientific notation.
a) 3650
b) 0.00035
When the value is equal to or greater
Solution than 10 or equal to or less than –10, we
want the decimal between the first and
second digit working from left to right.
a) 3600.
Decimal point is here

and we want it there.
3 6 0 0.
Between the 3 and 6
becomes 3.60 ×103 The exponent become 3 by moving the

decimal over 3 positions between the 3
and 6.
b) 0.00035
The decimal will be moved between the first and
second non-zero digit working from left to right.
The decimal will be

move to this position.
Becomes 3.5 ×10−4

For all values between -1 and 1 a
negative exponent will be used
0. 0 0 0 3 5
The exponent moved right 4
decimal places therefore the
exponent becomes 4
If the decimal is moved left then the exponent will be positive and if the decimal is
moved right the exponent will be negative.

Support Questions
8. Write in scientific notation.
a) 1400 b) 0.0124 c) 1 000 000
d) 0.000 000 17 e) 12 500 f) 135 000
g) –0.001 27 h) –345 i) 12.5 ×104
j) -49 ×10−2 k) 0.000 82 l) 2 47 000 000 000
9. Write as a numeral.
a) 2.3 × 10−5 b) −4.6 × 10 −2 c) −7.8 × 103
d) 4.82 × 107
10. Simplify to scientific notation.

7.12 × 108
a) ( 3.45 × 103 )( 7.25 × 10 −7 ) b)
5.35 × 10 4
c) 3.1× 10−2 × 4.89 × 10−3
Key Question #4
1. Evaluate. (9 marks)
a) 34 b) 71 c) (0.3)2
2 3
⎛4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
d) ⎜ ⎟ e) ⎜ − ⎟ f) −24
⎝5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
3
⎛ 2⎞
( −2 )
5 4
g) 0.3 h) i) ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠
2. Write each quotient or power as a single power. (8 marks)

a) 5 4 ÷ 5 b) 72 × 75 c) (.5)4 × (.5)4
( −3 )
6 3 2 9
⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞
d) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ e) ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ f)
( −3 )
5
⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝8⎠ ⎝8⎠
h) ( −4 ) × ( −4 ) × ( −4 )
2 5
g) 0.95 × 0.92
3. Write each power as a positive then evaluate. (4 marks)

a) 2−3 b) ( −4)−2
1
c) −3 d) 10 −2
5


4. Evaluate. (4 marks)
a) −3−2 b) ( −2)−3
c) 33 d) 3 −3
5. Write each expression as a single power then evaluate. (4 marks)

a) 3−4 × 32 b) 21 × 2−1
2 −1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 4 −2 42
c) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ d) ×
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠ 4 −2 44
6. Use the law of exponents to evaluate each expression. (3 marks)

7−3
a) 10 −2 × 103 × 10−2 b) ( −5)2 × ( −5)−4 × ( −5) c) −4
7
7. Write as a power with a single exponent. (9 marks)

a) ( 3−3 ) (5 ) (10 )
−1 4 3 0 5
b) c)
−2
(2 ) × (2 )
2
d) ⎡( −6 ) ⎤ 3 2 3 5
f) ⎡⎣( −10)3 ⎤⎦ × ⎡( −10 ) ⎤
4 4 3
e)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
g) (7 ) ÷ (7 )
3 2 4 −1
h) (9 ) ÷ (9 )
1 6 2 6
i) (8 )
9 0
8. Write in scientific notation. (12 marks)

a) 2300 b) 0.024 c) 1 000
d) 0.000 045 200 e) 38 500 f) –5 000
g) –0.001 78 h) –591 i) 85 ×106
−2
j) -.49 ×10 k) 0.012 8 l) 2 47 000 000
9. Write as a numeral. (4 marks)

a) 3.78 × 10−2 b) −4.6 × 102
c) −7.84 × 104 d) 6.92 × 106
10. Simplify to scientific notation. (3 marks)

2.94 × 1011
a) ( 4.72 × 105 )( 3.99 × 106 ) b) c) −4.53 × 102 × 8.37 × 10 −3
6.87 × 103
11. The mass of the Earth is approximately 6.0 × 1024 . The mass of
the Sun is about 3.3 × 107 times greater than the mass of the
Earth. What is the mass of the Sun? (2 marks)


12. The mass of the Sun is about 2.7 × 107 times as great as the mass of the Moon.
What is the mass of the Moon? (2 marks)
13. Two spacecraft named Veger I and Veger II were launched to visit the outer
planets of our solar system. These spacecraft have now traveled so far they
have left our solar system. Veger I is traveling at 57 000 km/h and in 275 000
years it will reach the star of Sirius. How far away is Sirius? (2 marks)
14. Brenda wrote a number in scientific notation. She made a mistake. Instead of
writing 4.5 × 105 she wrote 4.5 × 10 −5 . How many times as large as the correct
number was Brenda’s number? (2 marks)
15. If two numbers in scientific notation are divided and their quotient is also in
scientific notation, how is the power of 10 in the quotient related to the power of
10 in the two original numbers? (2 marks)

Square Root
Lesson 5
Lesson Five Concepts

Introduction to square root
Pythagorean Theorem
Square Root
Square root is a number, when multiplied by itself, results in a given number.
Example
Find the square root.
a) 25
b) 235
Solution -5 and +5, when multiplied

to itself, result in 25
a) 25 = ±5
square roots questions always give 2 answers

b) 235 ≈ ±15.33
Support Questions
1. What are the square roots of each number?
a) 9 b) 64 c) 1
d) 121 e) 23 f) 58
g) 2314 h) -16 i) 0.25
1 4
j) 1.25 k) l)
16 9
2. Determine the values that satisfy the equations.

a) n 2 = 25 b) x 2 = 121
16 1
c) w 2 = d) t 2 =
81 4
3. Determine the square roots of each number.

a) 0.09 b) 9 c) 900
d) 90 000 e) 9 000 000 f) 900 000 000

Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem is one method used to calculate an unknown side of a
right angle triangle if the other two side are known.
Pythagorean Theorem states a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Where the area of square “a” plus the area
of square “b” is equal to the area of square “c”.
The longest side of

the triangle is the
hypotenuse
c2
2
a
2
b
Since the formula for the area of a square is A = s 2 then to find the length of the a side
of a square we square root the value of the area.
Example
Find the length of a side of a square that has an area of 100 cm 2 .
Solution
The area of square was 100 then the side would be 10. We only use the
positive answer
since you cannot
100 = ±10 have negative
Example length.
a) Find the length of the hypotenuse in the given triangle using Pythagorean Theorem.
3m h
4m
b) Find the length of the missing side in the given triangle using Pythagorean Theorem.
x 18 cm
12 cm

Solution
a) Using Pythagorean Theorem a 2 + b 2 = c 2
a2 + b2 = c 2
32 + 42 = c 2 The area of square created by the
hypotenuse is 25 so the length of its side
25 = c 2
is the square root of 25.
5=c
Therefore, the length of the hypotenuse is 5 m.
b) Using Pythagorean Theorem a 2 + b 2 = c 2
a2 + b2 = c 2
x 2 + 122 = 182
x 2 = 182 − 122
x 2 = 180
x ≈ 13.4 cm
Therefore, the length of the missing side is 13.4 cm.
Support Questions
4. Calculate the length of the third side of each triangle. Round to one decimal place.
a)
8m
13 m
b)
11.2 cm
15.8 cm

5. Calculate the diagonal of each rectangle. Round to one decimal place.

1.2 m
a) b)
6 cm 3.7 m
8cm
Key Question #5
1. What are the square roots of each number? (4 marks)
a) 14 b) 81 c) 100
d) 1 e) 0.62 f) 1.73
1 36
g) h)
25 64
2. Simplify each expression. (3 marks)

a) 25 + 36 b) 25 + 36 c) 25 + 36
3. Determine the values that satisfy the equations. (4 marks)

a) n 2 = 81 b) x 2 = 70
81 1
c) w 2 = d) t 2 =
121 49
4. Calculate the length of the third side of each triangle. Round to one decimal
place. (4 marks)
a) b)
6m
17 m 10.2 cm 19.4 cm
5. Televisions are sold by the size of their screen’s diagonal. What is the
diagonal size of a television that has a monitor screen height of 22
inches and a monitor screen width of 38 inches? (2 marks)
6. Plot each pair of ordered pairs and calculate the distance between
them. (6 marks)
a) A(1,3 ), B(5,7) b) C(5,0), D(7,2) c) E(-2,3), F(1,-2)


7. For a sloping ladder to be safe, the distance from the wall to the base of the
1
ladder must be of the vertical distance from the ground to the top of the
4
ladder. A 16 m ladder is placed against a wall. How far up the wall will the
ladder reach? (4 marks)
8. Does Pythagorean Theorem work for non-right angle triangles?

Prove your answer with examples. (4 marks)

MPM1D – Principles of Mathematics Unit 1 – Support Question Answers
Support Question Answers
Lesson 1
1. a) 4:7 b) 3:5 c) 1:3
2. a) 4:3 b) 4:25 c) 4:5
3. a) 4:4 b) 6:4 c) 2:4

d) 2:6
4. a) 2:3 b) 5:1 c) 4.1
5. a) 6:19 b) 19:6 c) 6:13
6. a) b) 35L × .71 = $24.85 c) $15.00 ÷ .71 ≈ 21L

54L 1L
=
38.54 x
54 x = 38.54
54 x 38.54
=
54 54
x = $0.71/ L
7. a)
15 100
= 15 x = 4000 x = 267 at bats
40 x
2 ÷ 5 = 0.4 7 ÷ 8 = 0.875 9 ÷ 8 = 1.125

8. a) b) c)
0.40 × 100 = 40% 0.875 × 100 = 87.5% 1.125 × 100 = 112.5%
9. a) 34 ÷ 100 = 0.34 b) 112 ÷ 100 = 1.12

c) 0.9 ÷ 100 = 0.009 d) 23.5 ÷ 100 = 0.235
55 ÷ 100 = 0.55 78 ÷ 100 = 0.78

10. a) 55 11 b) 78 39
0.55 = = 0.78 = =
100 20 100 50
0.5 ÷ 100 = 0.005 125 ÷ 100 = 1.25

c) 5 1 d) 125 5
0.005 = = 1.25 = =
1000 200 100 4

11. a) b) c)
25 ÷ 100 = 0.25 70 ÷ 100 = 0.7 1.8 × 150 = 270
0.25 × 200 = 50 0.7 × 350 = 245 .007 × 1000 = 7
12. a) b) c)
0.30 × n = 90 0.08 × n = 24 1.25 × n = 50
0.30n = 90 0.08n = 24 1.25n = 50
0.30 90 0.08 24 1.25 50
n= n= n=
0.30 0.30 0.08 0.08 1.25 1.25
n = 300 n = 300 n = 40
13.
0.35 × 49.50 = 17.33
49.50 − 17.33 = $32.17
14.
GST = 149.95 × 0.05
GST = 7.50
PST = 149.95 × 0.08

PST = 12.00
Sales Tax = 7.50 + 12.00

Sales Tax = $19.50
Total Price = $169.00
15.
0.064 × n = 850
0.064n = 850
0.064 850
n=
0.064 0.064
n = 13281
Lesson 2
1. a) –1 b) –10 c) 0
d) –6 e) 10 f) –5
g) –6 h) 8 i) –4

2. a) 3 b) –1 c) –17
d) 2 e) –1 f) –6
g) 0 h) –10 i) 6
3. a) +3 – 5 = -2 b) +9 – 6 = 3 c) +15 – 8 = 7
d) –25 + 32 = 7 e) +18 – 20 = -2
4 a) +2000 +1500 – 1000 = 2500

b) 16 – 8 + 14 = 22
c) 2+8–4=6
d) 6 + 9 + 3 – 7 = 11
e) 4000 – 2532 + 3217 = 4685
5. a) –120 b) 21 c) –72
d) 0 e) 16 f) –2
g) 7 h) –7 i) 20
6. a) –2 b) 3 c) –6
d) –3 e) 4 f) –4
g) –4 h) 6 i) –12
j) –8 k) –3 l) –27
7. a) 2 × 6 = 12 b) 40 × 8 = 320
c) 400 ÷ 5 = 80 d) 3 × 8 = 24
Lesson 3
1. a)
2 3
= 0.5 , − = −0.75
4 4
2 3
0.5 > −0.75 therefore >−
4 4
b)
1 3
= 0.5 , ≈ 0.43
2 7
1 3
0.5 > 0.43 therefore >
2 7

c)
2
− = −0.40
5
0.41 > −0.40 therefore 0.41 > −0.40
d)
1 5
= 0.33 , ≈ 0.27
3 18
1 5
0.33 > 0.27 therefore >
3 18
e)
0.3 = 0.30
0.3 > −0.33
f)
5.9 = 5.90
5.99 > 5.90 therefore 5.99 > 5.9
g)
7 8
− = −0.583 , ≈ −0.44
12 18
8 7
−0.44 > −0.583 therefore − >−
18 12
h)
0.1 = 0.10
0.10 > −0.11
i)
2 66
= 0.66 , ≈ 0.73
3 90
66 2
0.73 > 0.66 therefore >
90 3
j)
3 4
− = −0.375 , − ≈ −0.444
8 9
3 4
−0.375 > −0.444 therefore − >−
8 9

6 1 1
2. a) − , − , 0, .1, , 0.6, 1
4 2 9
5 1 1
b) −1.7, − 0.75, − , − , , 0.9
12 6 5
1 2 3
c) −0.71, , 0.13, , 0.67,
8 3 4
3. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
0.08 0.21 0.43 0.62 0.85
4 3 −4 3 −7
4. a) − − = − = = −1
7 7 7 7 7
11 2 13
b) + =
14 14 14
3 1 −3 x 3 1 −9 1 −8 −4 1
c) − + = x 3 + = + = = or − 1
2 6 2 6 6 6 6 3 3
5 3 5 x 4 3 x 3 20 9 11
d) − = x 4 − x3 = − =
6 8 6 8 24 24 24
e) 7.1 f) 4.9 g) –0.6 h. 0
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ 3 4 3
x6
4 x 5 18 20 38 19 4
i) ⎜ + ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ = + = x 6 + x 5 = + = = or 1
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 5 6 5 6 30 30 30 15 15
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ −7 − 5 − 7 −5 x 4 −21 −20 −41

x3
17
j) ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = + = x3 + x 4 = + = or − 1
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ 8 6 8 6 24 24 24 24
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ −2 4 − 2 4 x 3 −10 12 2
x5
k) ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = + = x5 + x3 = + =
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝5⎠ 3 5 3 5 15 15 15
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞ − 5 7 −5 7 x 7 −20 49 −69
x4
13
l) ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ = − = x4 − x7 = − = or − 1
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ −8 ⎠ 14 8 14 8 56 56 56 56

⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ −4 −3 12
5. a) ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ = × =
⎝ 7 ⎠⎝ 7 ⎠ 7 7 49
⎛ 11 ⎞
⎜ 7 ⎟ 11 2 11 5 55
b) ⎝ ⎠ =
13
÷ = × = or 3
⎛ 2 ⎞ 7 5 7 2 14 14
+⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
−3/ 1 1 −1 1 −1 1
c) × 2 = × = or −
2 6/ 2 2 4 4
5 3 5 8 5 8/ 4 20 2
d) ÷ = × = 3× = or 2
6 8 6 3 6/ 3 9 9
e) ≈ −0.82 f) ≈ 12.06 g) ≈ −0.87 h) 1.21
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ −12 −2 2
g) ⎜ + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = = or −
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 30 5 5
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ −7 −6 −7 −6/
3
21 1
h) ⎜ − ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = × = × = or 1
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ 8 5 8/ 4 5 20 20
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ 3 −4 −4 − 2
1
i) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = × = =
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ 5 62 10 5
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ −7 − 6
3
21 1
j) ⎜ − ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = × = or 1
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ 8 4 5 20 20
−2 6 −2 6/ 2 −4 4
i) × = 1× = or −
3 5 3/ 5 5 5
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞ −5 10 −5 10 / / 5 −25 25
j) ⎜ − ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = × = × = or −
//
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ −10 ⎠ 14 7 14
7
7 49 49

Lesson 4
1. a) 64 b) 64 c) 0.125
9 64
d) e) − f) –36
16 125
1
g) 0.16807 h) 36 i)
8
2. a) 43 ÷ 4 = 43−1 = 42 b) 92 × 95 = 92+5 = 97
7 6
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
(.5 )
3 3+ 2 3+ 2
c) × (.5) = (.5)
2
= (.5) = (.5) 5
d) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠
3 3 +1 4
⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞
f) ( −6 ) ÷ ( −6)3 = (−6)7−3 = (−6)4
7
e) ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠ ⎝6⎠ ⎝6⎠ ⎝6⎠
5+7
g) 0.4 × 0.4 = 0.4 = 0.412
5 7
h) ( −2)2 × (−2)3 × (−2)4 = (−2)2+3+ 4 = (−2)9
3. a) b)
1 1
4 −2 = ( −5)−3 =
42 ( −5)3
1 1 1 1
= =−
4 2
16 ( −5)3
125
c) d)
1
= 32 1
3 −2 10 −1 =
10
32 = 9
1 1 1 1
4. a) −2−2 = − =− b) ( −2)−2 = =
2 2
4 (−2) 2
4
1 1
c) 22 = 4 d) 2−2 = =
22 4
1 1
5. a) 2−5 × 22 = 2−5+2 = 2−3 = = b) 52 × 5−2 = 52−2 = 50 = 1
23 8
2 3 −1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 1−1 21 2
c) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = −1 = 1 = = 2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2 1 1
3 −2 3 2 3 −2 + 2 30 1
d) −2 × 4 = −2+ 4 = 2 =
3 3 3 3 9

6. a) 5 −2 × 53 × 5−1 = 5−2+3−1 = 50 = 1
1 1
b) ( −4)3 × ( −4)−6 × (−4) = (−4)3−6+1 = (−4)−2 = =
( −4) 2
16
8−2 83
c) −3
= 2 = 83−2 = 81 = 8
8 8
7. a) (7 )
−2 −1
= (7)( −2)( −1) = (7)2
b) (53 )5 = (5)(3)(5) = 515
c) (4 )
0 6
= 4(0)(6) = 40 = 1
−2
d) ⎡⎣( −2)3 ⎤⎦ = ( −2)(3)( −2) = (−2)−6
e) (32 )3 × (34 )5 = ( 3 )
(2)(3)
× (3)(4)(5) = (3)6 × (3)20 = (3)6+ 20 = (3)26
4 4
f) ⎡⎣( −16)2 ⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣( −16)3 ⎤⎦ = (−16)(2)(4) × (−16)(3)(4) = (−16)8 × (−16)12 = (−16)8+12 = (−16)20
g) (65 )2 ÷ (63 )3 = (6)(5)(2) ÷ (6)(3)(3) = (6)10 ÷ (6)9 = (6)10−9 = (6)1
h) (103 )6 ÷ (102 )9 = (10)(3)(6) ÷ (10)(2)(9) = (10)18 ÷ (10)18 = (10)18−18 = (10)0 = 1
i) (36 )0 = (3)(6)(0) = (3)0 = 1
8. a) 1400 = 1.4 × 103 b) 0.0124 = 1.24 × 10 −2 c) 1 000 000 = 1.0 × 106
d) 0.00000017 = 1.7 × 10−7 e) 12500 = 1.25 × 104 f) 135000 = 1.35 × 105
g) −0.00127 = −1.27 × 10 −3 h) −345 = −3.45 × 102 i) 12.5 × 104 = 1.25 × 105
j) −49 × 10−2 = −4.9 × 10−1 k) 0.00082 = 8.2 × 10−4
l) 247000000000 = 2.47 × 1011
9. a) 2.3 × 10 −5 = 0.000023 b) −4.6 × 10−2 = −0.046 c) −7.8 × 103 = −7800
d) 4.82 × 107 = 48200000
(3.45 × 103 )(7.25 × 10 −7 )

= 3.45 × 7.25 × 103 × 10 −7
10. a) = 25.0125 × 103+( −7)
= 25.0125 × 10 −4
= 2.5 × 10−3

7.12 × 108
5.35 × 10 4
b) = ( 7.12 ÷ 5.35 ) × 10 ÷ 10
8 4
= 1.3308 × 108− 4
= 1.33 × 104
3.1× 10 −2 × 4.89 × 10−3

= 3.1× 4.89 × 10 −2 × 10 −3
c) = 15.159 × 10( −2)+( −3)
= 15.159 × 10 −5
= 1.52 × 10−4
Lesson 5
1. a) 9 = ±3 b) 64 = ±8 c) 1 = ±1
d) 121 = ±11 e) 23 ≈ ±4.8 f) 58 ≈ ±7.62
g) 2314 ≈ ±48.1 h) −16 = undefined i) .25 = ±0.5
1 1 1 4 4 2
j) 1.25 ≈ ±1.12 k) = =± l) = =±
16 16 4 9 9 3
2. a) b) c)
16
w2 =
81
n 2 = 25 x 2 = 121 w2 =
16
81
n 2 = 25 x 2 = 121
16
n = ±5 x = ±11 w2 =
81
4
w=±
9

d)
1
t2 =
4
1
t2 =
4
1
t2 =
4
1
t=±
2
3. a) 0.09 = ±0.3 b) 9 = ±3 c) 900 = ±30
d) 90000 = ±300 e) 9000000 = ±3000 f) 900000000 = ±30000
4. a) b)
a2 + b2 = c 2
a +b =c
2 2 2
(11.2)2 + b 2 = (15.8)2
(8) + (13) = c
2 2 2
125.44 + b 2 = 249.64
64 + 169 = c 2
125.44 − 125.44 + b 2 = 249.64 − 125.44
233 = c 2
b 2 = 124.2
233 = c 2
b 2 = 124.2
15.3 ≈ c
b ≈ 11.1
5. a) b)
a +b =c
2 2 2
a2 + b 2 = c 2
(6)2 + (8)2 = c 2 (1.2)2 + (3.7)2 = c 2
36 + 64 = c 2 1.44 + 13.69 = c 2
100 = c 2 15.13 = c 2
100 = c 2 15.13 = c 2
10 = c 3.9 ≈ c

Grade 9 Academic Mathematics mpm1d Unit 1

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Grade 9 Academic Mathematics mpm1d Unit 1

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Principles of Mathematics – MPM1D

Grade 9 – Academic Mathematics

Grade 9 Mathematics (Academic)

Copyright © 2004, Durham Continuing Education Page 2 of 56

Mid-term and Final Examination

What You Must Do To Get a Credit

Your Final Mark

• Final Examination 30%

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Introduction to rational numbers

Introduction to square root

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Introduction to problem solving

Introduction to relationships in data

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Introduction to the line

Introduction to direct and partial variation

Introduction to scatter plots

Introduction to averages (measures of central tendency)

Introduction to perimeter and circumference

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Introduction to area and surface area

Introduction to angle geometry

Introduction to Triangles and Quadrilaterals

Introduction to Triangle medians and altitudes

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Lesson One Concepts

♦♦♦♥♥♥♥ The ratio of ♦to ♥ is 3 to 4.

Ratios can written in the following three ways:

Ratios in Lowest Terms

Give the ratio of A:B in lowest terms.

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Show that the following ratios are equivalent:

12:16 and 60:80

Solve each proportion.

a) To find x, cross multiplication is used then is followed by division.

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Rates compare two numbers that are expressed in different units.

Unit rate is a comparison where the second term is always one.

Write the following ratios as a unit rate.

a) 24 soft drinks for 12 people.

b) $475 earned in 40 hours worked.

Therefore there are two soft drinks per person

Therefore the unit rate is $11.88/hr.

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2. Write as a ratio in the lowest terms.

3. Write each ratio.

5. On a hockey team 6 of 19 players are defensemen. Write each ratio in

6. A gas tank in a car holds 54 litres. The cost of a fill up is $38.54.

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Expressing a fraction as a decimal then as a percent

Express the following fraction as a percent.

Multiply the decimal by 100

a) Find 35% of 200.

b) 20% of a number is 15.

c) Calculate the total cost of a shirt costing $24.99 with 7% GST.

“of” means multiplication

a) 35% of 200 = (0.35)(200)

Therefore 35% of 200 is 70

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(0.20)(x) = 15 “is” means =

c) Calculate the total cost of a shirt costing $24.99 with 5% GST.

Total cost = cost of item + tax