Highway Booster
Highway Booster
Highway Booster
Introduction
1
Development of Highway
Roman Roads Treasguet construction Metcalf construction Telford
constructions Macadam construction.
John Macadam (1756-1836) was the first person to put forward a
concept in which he suggested that heavy foundation stones are not required
at all at the bottom layer.
Important year’s of highway development
1.
Nov. 1927 Jayankar committee formed.
2.
Feb. 1928 Recommendations by Jayankar committee
3.
1929 central road fund
4.
1934 Indian road congress
5.
1939 motor vehicle act
6.
1943 – 1963 Nagpur road plan (finished in 1961)
7.
1952 Central Road Research Institute (But some books
recommended 1950)
8. 1956 National highway act
9. 1961 – 1981 Bombay road plan
10. 1981 – 2001 Lucknow road plan
Some More Information
National Highway Authority of India Act was passed in 1988
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna was started in december, 2000
The main feature of Tresaguet road was thickness was only 30 cm
Road foundation for modern highway construction was developed by
telford and mecadam
The longest National Highway of India is NH -44
The shortest National Highway of India is NH - 47-A
Highway Engineering 627
Special Points:
The most accessible road is village road.
Approximate length of National Highway in India is 50000 Km.
Area of State(Km 2 )
Length of MDR
12.5
OR
= 90 × Numbers of towns in state
Which ever is maximum
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Road Patterns
Radial roads
Built up
area Radial radius
Ring
road Central
business area
Central
business
area Built up area
(a) Radial or star & circular pattern. (b) Radial or star & block pattern.
Grid
Central Radial
business roads
area
Built up
area
Special Points:
Chandigarh Rectangular and block pattern
Nagpur road plan formulated star and grid pattern.
New Delhi Radial and circular pattern at connaught place.
Highway Engineering 629
Geometric Design 2
The total time requirement for Perception, Intellection, Emotion and
Volition (PIEV) that is from the instant the object comes in the line of
sight of the driver to the instant he arrives at a final decision under normal
circumstances is called reaction time. As per IRC, it is 2.5 sec. for SSD
(90th percentile reaction time).
Total reaction time of a Driver does not depend upon speed of Vehicle.
Light reflecting devices used to guide the driver along the proper alignment
are called Delineators.
The Max. speed at which vehicles can continuously travel safely under
favourable conditions is called design speed.
Design Vehicles are those whose dimensions and weight are adopted for
determining the elements of highway design. Max permissible width of
vehicle is 2.44 m.
Design speed is the basic parameter which determines all other geometric
design features.
Where site conditions, cost etc. do not permit ruling design speed, then
the speed is decreased to minimum design speed.
Topography of the land, through which the road passes is known as
terrain.
Terrain % Cross-slope
Plain 0-10
Rolling 10-25
Mountainous 25-60
Steep > 60
Cross-sectional elements
1. Friction: Lack of adequate friction causes slipping or skidding.
Slipping: Wheel revolves more than corresponding longitudinal
movement.
Skidding: When longitudinal movement on road is more than wheels
revolution.
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re
632 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)
YES NO
v2
Provide e = e1 Find f1 0.07. If f1 0.15
gR
YES NO
e = 0.07 Put e = 0.07 f = 0.15 the
safe allowable speed Va 0.22 gR
Special Points:
(a) Max super elevation for plain and rolling terrain, hilly terrain bound
by snow = 0.07
(b) For Urban roads is = 0.04
(c) Minimum super elevation for drainage purpose = 2 – 4%.
(d) For hilly terrain not bound by snow its = 0.10
Attainment of super-elevation
(a) Outer edge rotated about Method (1), rotating about centre line.
the crown.
Position of crown
Outer
Inner edge
edge
E
Outer edge
(b) Crown shifted outwards Method (2), rotating about the inner edge.
(diagonal crown method).
Special Points:
(a) In rotating the pavement about the inner edge leads to no drainage
problem as well as centre of the pavement is raised resulting in altered
vertical alignment.
(b) In rotating the pavement about the centre line, the vertical profile
remains unchanged & there is advantage in balancing the earth work.
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Loop Ramp
Outer
Connection
Minor Road
Partial Cloverleaf
Full Cloverleaf
Minor road
Elevated Rotatry
Major road
Rotary Interchange
Rotary interchange is useful when a number of roads intersect at the
interchange & sufficient land is available.
Directional interchange requires more than one structure or a 3 level
structure. These are operationallry more efficient but very costly.
Unit Purpose
Cloverleaf Interchange Grade Separation
Traffic Studies Traffic flow
Rotary Island Traffic Control device
Road Junction Informatory Sign
Give way, stop Men at work, major road Petrol pump, hospital
compulsory left, ahead, Hair pin bend direction sign.
speed limit
Violation is a Existence of For guiding the road user
legal offence hazardous conditions.
Highway Engineering 657
Classification of sings
Mandatroy/Regulatory: Circular
These inform the road users of laws end regulations; violation is a legal
offence.
Dead slow is a regulatory sign.
900 330
30
GIVE
90 WAY
70
750
STOP R45 900
GIVE WAY ONE WAY SIGN
600
70
470 750
600 900
Compulsory Speed Horn
keep Left Limit Prohibited
As per IRC : 67–2001, a Traffic sign indicating the speed limit on a road
should be of circular shape with white background and red border.
Exception: Stop and Give way sign
GIVE
WAY
Cautionary/Warning– Triangular
DIRECTION SIGN
ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN
Note:-
Bridge Bridge
carrying carrying
railway below railway above
the road the road
Level Crossing
70 70
90
90
0
R45
0
R45
900
NARROW 900
ROAD AHEAD PEDESTRION
CROSSING
Special Points:
Trip is defined as the one way movement having single purpose and
mole of Travel blue a point of origin and a point of destination.
Colour of light used for visibility during fog is yellow.
Road delineators used to provide visual Assistance to drivers about
alignment of the road ahead, especially at Night.
Indian High ways have coloured milestones:
(a) Yellow and white milestones – National highway
(b) Green and white mildstones – State highway
(c) Blue/Black and White mildstones – City/Main District road
(d) Orange and White Milestones – Village road.
Traffic signal: These control devices alternately direct the traffic to
stop & process at intersection using red & green traffic lights signals
automatically.
Highway Engineering 659
Co-ordination of Traffic Signal System
3600
Si =
time-head way (secs)
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Indicator Respective
Test Results
1. Flakiness Index >15%
2. Elongation >15%
3. Angularity Number 0-11
4. Soundness Index >18%
(MgSO4)
>12%
(Na2SO4)
5. Water absorption >0.6%
value
6. Stipping value >25%
Penetration
100 G
100 G
Types of cutback
RT-1 is lowest viscosity used for surface painting but RT-4 may be
used for premix in macadam.
RT-5 is used for grouting which has highest viscosity.
MC – 2 will be thicker than MC – 1 but RC –5 & SC – 5 will have
same viscosity.
Tar: It can be produced in 3 stages.
(a) Refining or distillation of crude tar
(b) Carbonization of coal to produce crude tar.
(c) Blending of distillation residue with distillate oil fraction to give desired
road tar.
Pavement Design 8
Pavement: It is the loda bearing & load distributing component of a road.
Types
Base
course Base-course
Sub-base
course
Soil-subgrade Soil subgrade
Bird Baths: These are localised pavement surface areas with slightly
lower elevation than surrounding pavements. It is due to subgrade
failure.
Subsidence: It is a localised/Abrupt lowering of the road surface. It
may result from poorly compacted bad fill, poor local drainage.
Distortion: Irregular deformation of pavement. It may be the result
of differential traffic induced permanent deformation of a pavement
layer.
Depression: Bird baths are localised pavement surface areas with
slightly lower elevation than surrounding pavements. It is due to
subgrade failure.
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Repairing of defects
Wall Features
Parapet wall To give protection to the motorists
Check Wall To add the overall stability to the hill face.
Breast wall To buttress the upfill slopes of the road cross
section.
Gabion Wall Constructed with dry stone masonry encased in wire
mesh
CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION
ESE - CIVIL Engg. PAPER 1 CUT OFF
Year UR OBC ST OH HH
Year UR OBC ST OH HH
Year UR OBC ST OH HH
A
CIVIL BOOSTER 9255624029
Year UR OBC SC ST OH HH
(Out of
2017 500)
244.75 244.75 220.75 228 231.25 152
(Out of
2016 220.5 186 164 163.75 139.5 87.5
500)
2015 131 62 50 50 50 40
2014 136 100 80 79 79 30
2013 83 69 62 56 59 32
2012 84 54 62 40 40 45
Year UR OBC SC ST
B
CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION
Year UR OBC
2011 25 22.5
2012 33.03 29.73
2013 27.13 24.42
2014 26.57 23.91
2015 27.52 24.77
2016 25 22.5
2017 28.7 25.8
2018 26.9 24.2
2019 28.2 25.4
C
CIVIL BOOSTER 9255624029
275
2019
D
CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION
145064
2019
E
CIVIL BOOSTER 9255624029
CIVIL ENGINEERING FACTS
1. John Smeaton is known as the Father of CIVIL Engineering.
2. Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya is the first INDIAN CIVIL Engineer.
3. India celebrates Engineer's Day on 15 September every year as a tribute to
the greatest Indian Engineer Bharat Ratna Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya.
4. Shakuntala A. Bhagat is the first INDIAN Woman CIVIL Engineer.
5. Elattuvalapil Sreedharan is known as "Metro Man" of India.
6. George Stephenson, an English Civil engineer and mechanical engineer, is
known as Father of Railway Engineering.
7. Elmina Wilson was the first woman to receive a Bachelor of civil engineering
degree at Iowa State College, and the first one to complete her master's
degree in the field. She was known as the "first lady of structural
engineering", she collaborated with Marston to build the 168-foot-tall Ames,
Iowa, water tower, the first raised steel tower west of the Mississippi.
8. Karl Von Terzaghi, Austrian Civil Engineer,Geotechnical Engineer and
Geologist known as "Father of Soil Mechanics"
9. Ludwig Prandtl changed the field of the fluid mechanics and is called the
modern father of fluid mechanics because
10. Stepan Prokopovych Timoshenko is consider to be the father of modern
engineering mechanics.
11. The survey of India is central engineering agency in-charge of mapping
and surveying, set up in 1767.
12. George Everest was surveyor-general of India, under whom great
Trigonometrical survey (1802-1852) was completed and Mount Everest was
named in his honour by Andrew Scott Waugh.
13. Qutub Minar, is the tallest minaret in the world made up of Bricks. Qutub
Minar is 73-metre (239.5 feet) tall tapering tower of five storeys, with a
14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the
top of the peak. It is having a spiral staircase of 379 steps. It's design is
thought to have been based on the minaret of Jam, in western Afghanistan.
14. Golden Quadrilateral is the largest highway project in India and the fifth
longest in the world. The project was launched in 2001 by Atal Bihari
Vajpayee and was completed in 2012. It consists of 5,846 km (3,633 mile)
four/six lane express highways.
15. Taj Mahal is an ivory white marble on the south bank of the Yamuna river
in the in Agra (UP). It was built for Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan.
16. Indira Gandhi Canal is the longest canal in india and largest irrigation project
in the world. It is 649 km long and runs through Haryana, Punjab and
Rajasthan.
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CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION
17. Tehri Dam is located on the Bhagirathi river, Uttarakhand. It is the highest
dam (261 meters) in India and 8th tallest dam in the world. It is a Earth and
rock-fill type dam.
18. Bhakra Nangal Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej river,
Himachal Pradesh.
19. Hirakund dam is a composite dam built across the Mahanadi River in Orissa.
It is one of the longest dams in the world about 26 km in length.
20. Nagarjuna Sagar dam is the world's largest Masonry dam with a height of
124 meters, built accross krishna River in Andhra Pradesh.
21. Kizhi Pogost situated on Kizhi island in north-west Russia stands as the
worlds largest-standing structure built entirely from Wood.
22. India is the world's 2nd largest cement producer and consumer.
23. The Great wall of China is wall built in 220-206 BC by Qin Shi Huang. It is
made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood and other materials.
24. The Cantilever railway bridge is the second longest sea bridge in India (after
Bandra-Worli Sea Link) with a total length of nearly 2.065 km. The Pamban
Bridge is India's first sea bridge and third longest rail bridge of India. It is
build across the Palk Strait water body.
25. Pir Panjal Tunnel is the India's longest (10.96 km) railway tunnel in Jammu
& Kashmir.
26. Bandra Worli Sea Link is a cable Stayed bridge with pre-stressed concrete-
steel viaducts on either side that links Bandra in the Western Suburbs of
Mumbai with Worli in South Mumbai.
27. John smeaton pioneered The use of 'hydraulic lime', which led to discovery
of modern cement.
28. An Indian company erected a 10-storey structure in 48 hours in Mohali,
Chandigarh. The man responsible, Harpal Singh, chairman and managing
director of Synergy Thrislington, says he made Instacon - short for "instant
construction" -to show the world that it could be done in India.
29. The Delhi Metro is the world's 10th longest metro system in length and
16th largest in ridership.
30. The Godavari Bridge also known as Kovvur Rajahmundry bridge over river
Godavari in Rajahmundry is Asia's second longest road-cum-rail bridge
crossing a water body. The 2.7 kilometres long bridge has two lanes of road
single railway line.
31. The Kathipara Junction of Chennai is the largest cloverleaf interchanges in
India and largest cloverleaf flyover in the whole of Asia. Kathipara cloverleaf
grade separator is located at the intersection of Grand Southern Trunk Road,
Inner Ring Road, Poonamallee road and Anna Salai.
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