Hydrodynamic Interaction & SQUAT PDF
Hydrodynamic Interaction & SQUAT PDF
Interaction
&
SQUAT
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
>>>Introduction
After successful completion, the participant will have
an improved understanding of the following:
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
>>> Background
1) Wind, sea conditions and currents are the main external factors, which affect
maneuvering characteristics of a ship.
2) At the start and each of each voyage, ships are in shallow, restricted and congested
waters where greater difficulty is experienced in manoeuvring.
3) Certain types of vessels like tugs, pilot vessels etc., by nature of their duties, work
close to other ships as a routine and also maneuver in shallow and congested waters.
4) Operations like picking up a pilot, double banking, towing rescue, and replenishment
at sea involve working of two vessels close to each other.
6) Over the years; Ship size has increased and vessels have become faster. Small ports
with narrow and shallow channels have come up and existing ports, under
commercial pressures to accommodate larger ships have gone for dredging channels
resulting in vessels navigating with very low under keel clearances.
>>>All these demands dictate the greater need for seafarers to
understand & prepare for phenomenon called interaction between vessels
& shallow waters.
V1 P
1
A1
V2 > V1: P2 < P1
increasing speed = decreasing pressure
V2 P
2
A2 5
Hydrodynamic Interaction
v1 A2
Bernoulli's principle
v2 states that in fluid
flow, an increase in
A1 velocity occurs
simultaneously with
P2
decrease in pressure
P1
Bernoulli's theorem states that the pressure in a
fluid decreases as its velocity increases. In the
diagram above the same amount of fluid has to pass
through the constriction during any given time as
passes through the wider parts of the river, so the
fluid velocity v2 in the constriction is larger than the
velocity v1 outside it.
(This phenomenon is easy to observe in any creek or
river.) As a consequence the pressure P2 is smaller
than the pressure P1.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
>>> Hydrodynamic Forces
On a stationary ship the pressures
acting on ship’s hull are of hydrostatic
origin.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
If this void is not filled
up with backflow of
water, the ship will get
sucked backwards in the
partial vacuum. The
return flow or back flow
has a velocity.
(V1)
(P1)
(V2)
(P2)
Thus there is a peak of positive pressure at the stern but of
a smaller magnitude in comparison to the positive pressure
at the bow.
(V2) (V1)
(P2) (P1)
high (+) pressure areas low (-) pressure areas high (+) pressure areas
(Drawing) 11
Hydrodynamic Interaction
>>> Hydrodynamic Pressure
The figure below shows the dynamic forces along the hull of a
forward moving vessel. These are:
The positive peak at the bow is due to build up of water and
reduced speed of water passing along the hull.
Along the parallel hull as the speed of water increases, the
pressure decreases giving a suction effect.
Peak of positive pressure close to aft is weaker as compared to
that near forward.
Mean Pressure
Plot of local pressure over the mean hydrostatic pressure
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>>> Hydrodynamic Pressure
When the vessel is moving forward, the hydrodynamic
forces come into play. This due to the changes in the local
water speed over the free stream speed. The graph below
shows the changes in the local water speed through the
longitudinal direction when the vessel is moving ahead.
high (+) pressure areas. low (-) pressure areas high (+) pressure areas.
higher speed
Suction
V
cL
Suction
Z
Y Heave
Z
Sway
Yaw Roll
Surge
X
Y Pitch
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
>>> Hydrodynamic Pressure
The hull of the ship is subjugated to forces when she is in motion. The forces
acting on the hull may be along three axes.
Hydrodynamic forces when resolved along the 3 axes cause different effects.
Along the vertical axis a heave force is experienced thus causing mean rise
or sinkage and trimming of the vessel.
Along the Y axis running along the beam of the ship it acts as sway force or a
side force is experienced, thus causing repulsion or attraction of the
ship’s hull with some external body.
Along the X axis running along the length of the ship it acts as a surge force
or longitudinal force causing slowing down of the ships motion or
acceleration.
Turning moment about vertical axis gives rise to yaw i.e. turning of ship’s
bow or stern to port or starboard.
Turning moment about the beam give rise to pitching i.e. change of trim.
Turning moment about the longitudinal axis gives rise to roll i.e. heeling of
the ship to one side.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
Translation
Heave
is the linear vertical (up/down) motion
Sway
is the linear lateral (side-to-side) motion
Surge
is the linear longitudinal (front/back) motion
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
Rotation
There are three special axes in any ship, called vertical, lateral and longitudinal
axes. The movements around them are known as roll, pitch and yaw.
Roll
is when the vessel rotates about the
longitudinal (front/back) axis
Pitch
is when the vessel rotates about the transverse (side-to-
side) axis
Yaw
is when the vessel rotates about the vertical (up-down) axis
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
Interactions >>> Two Ships
1) Behavior of ships in close proximity of another ship(s) or
obstruction(s) is called interaction.
2) It happens due to hydrodynamics based Bernoulli’s theorem.
3) Interaction takes place between one ship and another body due
to complex distribution of dynamic pressures acting on the ship’s
hull.
4) When the pressure fields around the hull change in any way due
to presence of another vessel, transverse/vertical obstruction
and imbalance of pressures results in net forces (interactive
forces).
>>> These can be resolved into forces and turning moments
- Longitudinally > resulting in surge and roll
- Transversely > resulting in swaying and pitching
- Vertically > resulting in heaving and yawing
5) Examples of interaction effects on land are:
a) Sway is felt when a large vehicle passes at great speed
b) Suction created by a high-speed train passing a railway
platform
c) Ground effect experienced when an aircraft lands or takes
off. 19
Hydrodynamic Interaction
Interactions >>> Two Ships
We will consider an interaction between two ships in a narrow channel and
head-on to each other.
1) Back flow around a vessel is restricted due presence of another ship.
2) Restriction increases velocity of backflow on the side of the restriction.
This results in a drop of pressure towards the side of the obstruction.
3) The difference in the magnitude of pressure fields in the transverse
direction causes sway forces and yaw.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
Interactions >>> Two Ships
We shall consider the interactive forces influence in
three (3) distinctive phases:
B
A
B
A
B
A
A B
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
Interactions >>> Two Ships
Overtaking In Narrow Channels
“B ship”. “A ship”.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
SHIP SQUAT
>>> is the reduction of the vessels under-keel clearance
caused by its relative movement. A vessel tends to squat
when making way through the water or riding with the
current.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
SHIP SQUAT
>>> How does a ship squat occurs?
A ship, while making way through the water tends to
push a mass of water in or on her bow or stern. This
water flows back the under and the side of the ship.
Thus Ship Squat will cause the vessel to either trim on
the bow while moving ahead, or by the aft when moving
astern.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
SHIP SQUAT
>>> How does a ship squat occurs?
This causes a drop in pressure, resulting in the ship
dropping vertically in the water. Ship squat thus is
made up of two components, namely mean bodily
sinkage plus a trimming effect. If the ship is on even
keel when static, the trimming effect depends on the
ship type and C B being considered.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction
SHIP SQUAT
How does a ship squat occurs?
In case of a very small ship’s under-keel clearance
as featured let’s say 1.0 or 1.5 meters. Ship Squat
should be monitored carefully.
At certain speed,
trim too much aft
ship squat could
cause the vessel to
trim too much either
forward or aft
depending on the
speed of the ship.
Which would later on trim too much forward
could cause the ship
to ground.
There are various
ways to calculate a
ship squat.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
>>> In shallow waters, following effects may
be evident: Sluggish movement…..
As the hull moves along the water, the water which is displaced is
not instantly replaced by surrounding water.
A partial vacuum is created.
The vessel takes longer to answer helm.
Response to engine movement becomes sluggish.
Speed reduces.
Bank
Vibration:
In shallow water vibrations set up.
It becomes very difficult to correct a yaw or sheer
with any degree of rapidity.
Steering:
Steering becomes erratic.
Rate of turning is reduced.
Turning circle becomes larger.
Loss of speed due to turning is less in shallow
water.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
>>> In shallow waters, following effects may
be evident:
Smelling the ground:
Occurs when a ship is
nearing an extremely
shallow depth of water,
such as a shoal.
The ship likely to take
a sudden sheer.
The sheer is first
towards the shallow,
then violently away
from it.
The movements of a sluggish ship may suddenly
become astonishingly lively.
These effects are called smelling the ground.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
>>> Factors governing squat:
Squat varies on the following factors:
Block co-efficient:
Squat directly varies with CB.
Squat µ CB
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
>>> In shallow waters, following effects may
be evident:
<< Precaution >>
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
Bow cushion and bank suction effects:
Occurs in narrow
channels near fast
proximities of banks. water
cushion
There is a tendency effect
for the bow of a ship Bank
to be pushed away
from the bank, maximum
called bow cushion. onshore
thrust
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
Bow cushion and bank suction effect:
Caused by the
restricted flow of
water on the bank's
side, velocity of
water to the bank
increases and
pressure reduces.
Results in drop of
water level towards
the bank.
As a result, a thrust
is set up towards
bank.
A vessel approaching to the bank will have to apply
helm to the bank and reduce speed to prevent the
sheer from developing.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
Interactions don't only occur between the vessels
themselves, but also between the vessel and the
river or sea bank. If the vessel is sailing
eccentrically in a channel, the hydrodynamic
pressure field differs between starboard and port.
As a result of this,
a lateral force and a
bow out moment act
on the vessel,
usually sucking it to
the nearest bank.
Smaller under keel
clearances still
reinforce this
phenomenon.
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Hydrodynamic Interaction (HI)
>>> Canal effect:
Vessel heels towards bank to displace
constant volume.
Water level drops towards a bank.
bow out
Thank you !
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